Sexually transmitted Diseases- Are infections transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected person

through sexual contact.

 STDs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.
 STDs are significant global health priority because of their overwhelming impact o women and infants
and their inter-relationships with HIV and AIDs.
LIST OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES IN HUMANS
1. Chlamydia
 often simply known as chlamydia, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium
Chlamydia trachomatis.
 Most people who are infected have no symptoms.
 When symptoms do develop this can take a few weeks following infection to occur.
 Symptoms in women may include vaginal discharge or burning with urination.
 Symptoms in men may include discharge from the penis, burning with urination, or pain and
swelling of one or both testicles.
 The infection can spread to the upper genital tract in women causing pelvic inflammatory
disease which may result in future infertility or ectopic pregnancy.
 Repeated infections of the eyes that go without treatment can result in trachoma, a common
cause of blindness in the developing world.
How can it spread ?
• Chlamydia can be spread during vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can be passed from an infected
mother to her baby during childbirth.
• The eye infections may also be spread by personal contact, flies, and contaminated towels in
areas with poor sanitation.
• Chlamydia trachomatis only occurs in humans.
• Diagnosis is often by screening which is recommended yearly in sexually active women under
the age of twenty five, others at higher risk, and at the first prenatal visit.
• Testing can be done on the urine or a swab of the cervix, vagina, or urethra.
• Rectal or mouth swabs are required to diagnose infections in those areas.
2. Gonnorrhea
 Gonorrhea is a highly contagious sexually transmitted disease that is caused by the bacterium
Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
 The mucous membranes of the genital region may become inflamed without the development
of any other symptoms.
 When symptoms occur, they are different in men and women.
 In men, gonorrhea usually begins as an infection of the vessel that carries urine and sperm
(urethra).
 In women, it will most likely infect the narrow part of the uterus (cervix).
 If untreated, gonorrhea can result in serious medical complications.
 Gonorrhea is commonly referred to as "the clap."
 The risk factors for gonorrhea are not unlike those for all sexually transmitted diseases. Both
men and women can become infected through a variety of sexual contact behaviors, including
oral, anal, or vaginal intercourse.
 The disease is transmitted very efficiently. In fact, women run a 60-90% chance of contracting
the disease after just one sexual encounter with an infected male.
 The disease can also be transmitted from an infected mother to her infant during delivery.
Causes and symptoms
• If treated early, gonorrhea can be cured. Unfortunately, many individuals with gonorrhea,
particularly women, will experience no symptoms to alert them to the possibility that they have
contracted gonorrhea, and therefore, many do not seek treatment.
• When present, the symptoms and complications of gonorrhea are primarily limited to the
genital, urinary, and gastrointestinal systems and usually begin between one day and two
weeks following infection.
• If left untreated, serious complications can result if the disease spreads to the bloodstream and
infects the brain, heart valves, and joints.
• Untreated gonorrhea can also result in severe damage to the reproductive system, making an
individual unable to conceive a child (sterile).
Symptoms of Gonorrhea in women
 As many as 80% of women with gonorrhea show no symptoms. If present, symptoms may
include the following:
 bleeding between menstrual periods
 chronic abdominal pain
 painful urination
  vaginal discharge, often cloudy and yellow
 in the case of oral infection, there may be no symptoms or only a sore throat.
 anal infection may cause rectal itching or discharge.
3.Syphilis
• Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum
subspecies pallidum.
• The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents
(primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary)
• The primary stage classically presents with a single chancre (a firm, painless, non-itchy skin
ulceration ) but there may be multiple sores.
• In secondary syphilis, a diffuse rash occurs, which frequently involves the palms of the hands
and soles of the feet.
• There may also be sores in the mouth or vagina.
• In latent syphilis, which can last for years, there are few or no symptoms.
• In tertiary syphilis, there are gummas (soft, non-cancerous growths), neurological, or heart
symptoms.
• Syphilis has been known as "the great imitator" as it may cause symptoms similar to many
other diseases.
4. Chanroid
 Chancroid is a bacterial infection that causes open sores on or around the genitals of men and
women. It’s a type of sexually transmitted disease (STD), which means it’s transmitted through
sexual contact. It’s rarely seen in the United States. It occurs most frequently in developing
nations.
 The bacterium Haemophilus ducreyi causes this infection. It attacks tissue in the genital area
and produces an open sore that’s sometimes referred to as a chancroid or ulcer.
Who is at risk for chancroid?
 If you’re sexually active, you may be at risk for chancroid. If you travel to or live in a country
that’s lacking in certain resources, you may be more at risk than people who live in places with
abundant resources.
 If you’re a heterosexual male or a minority, you’re risk of chancroid increases. Other risk
factors for chancroid include:
 poverty
 sex with commercial sex workers
 drug and alcohol use disorder
 anything associated with higher risk sexual practices
 multiple partners
5. Human Papillomavirus
 Human papillomavirus infection is an infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) .
 Most HPV infections cause no symptoms and resolve spontaneously.
 In some people, an HPV infection persists and results in warts or precancerous lesions.
 An HPV infection is caused by human papillomavirus, a DNA virus from the papillomavirus
family, of which over 170 types are known.
 More than 40 types are transmitted through sexual contact and infect the anus and genitals.
 Risk factors for persistent HPV infections include early age of first sexual intercourse, multiple
partners, smoking, and poor immune function.
 HPV is typically spread by sustained direct skin-to-skin contact with vaginal and anal sex
being the most common methods.
 Occasionally, it can spread from a mother to her baby during pregnancy. It does not spread via
common items like toilet seats.
6. Herpes Simplex Virus
• The herpes simplex virus, also known as HSV, is an infection that causes herpes. Herpes can
appear in various parts of the body, most commonly on the genitals or mouth. There are two
types of the herpes simplex virus.
 HSV-1: Also known as oral herpes, this type can cause cold sores and fever blisters around
the mouth and on the face.
 HSV-2: This type is generally responsible for genital herpes outbreaks.
7. Trichomonas Vaginalis
 Trichomonas vaginalis is an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent
of trichomoniasis .
 It is the most common pathogenic protozoan infection of humans in industrialized countries.
 Transmission usually occurs via direct, skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual, most
often through vaginal intercourse.