Dear Wikipedia readers: We are the small non-profit that runs the #5 website in the world.

We have
only 150 staff but serve 450 million users, and have costs like any other top site: servers, power,
programs, and staff. Wikipedia is something special. It is like a library or a public park. It is like a
temple for the mind, a place we can all go to think and learn. To protect our independence, we'll
never run ads.We take no government funds. We survive on donations averaging about ₱1500.
Now is the time we ask. If everyone reading this gave ₱200, our fundraiser would be done within
an hour. If Wikipedia is useful to you, take one minute to keep it online and ad-free another year.
Please help us forget fundraising and get back to Wikipedia. Thank
 Thank you.
you.
Please Help

Construction
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Building construction)
construction)

For other uses, see Construction (disambiguation).

(disambiguation) .

In large construction projects, such as this skyscraper 

skyscraper in
in Melbourne
Melbourne,, cranes are
essential.

In the fields of architecture

of  architecture and civil engineering,
engineering, construction is a process that
consists of the building or assembling of infrastructure
of infrastructure.. Far from being a single
 activity, large scale construction is a feat of  human multitasking.
multitasking . Normally, the
 job is managed by a project manager , and supervised by a construction
manager , design engineer , construction engineer or project
or project architect.
architect.

For the successful execution of a project

project,, effective planning is essential.
Involved with the design and execution of the infrastructure in question must
consider the environmental impact of the job, the
successful scheduling
scheduling,, budgeting
budgeting,, construction site safety,
safety , availability
of building
of building materials,
materials , logistics
logistics,, inconvenience to the public caused
by construction delaysa
delaysand bidding
bidding,, etc.

Contents

[hide
hide]]

1 Types of construction projects

o 1.1 Building construction

2 Construction processes

o 2.1 Design team

o 2.2 Financial advisors

o 2.3 Legal aspects

o 2.4 Interaction of expertise

o 2.5 Procurement

 2.5.1 Traditional

 2.5.2 Design and build

 2.5.3 Management procurement systems

3 Authority having jurisdiction

4 Construction careers

5 Safety

6 History

7 See also

8 References

edit]]Types
[edit of construction projects
 Condo construction in Canada

In general, there are four types of construction:[citation needed ]

1. Residential Building construction

2. Industrial construction

3. Commercial Building construction

4. Heavy Civil construction

Each type of construction project requires a unique team to plan, design,

construct and maintain the project.

[edit]Building construction

Building construction is the process of adding structure to real property. The

vast majority of building construction jobs are small renovations, such as
addition of a room, or renovation of a bathroom. Often, the owner of the
property acts as laborer, paymaster, and design team for the entire project.
However, all building construction projects include some elements in common  –
design, financial, estimating and legal considerations. Many projects of varying
sizes reach undesirable end results, such as structural collapse, cost overruns,
and/or litigation reason, those with experience in the field make detailed plans
and maintain careful oversight during the project to ensure a positive outcome.
Commercial building construction is procured privately or publicly utilizing
various delivery methodologies, including cost es timating, hard bid, negotiated
price, traditional, management contracting, construction management-at-risk,
design & build and design-build bridging.

Residential construction practices, technologies, and resources must conform

to local building authority regulations and codes of practice. Materials readily
available in the area generally dictate the construction materials used ( e.g. brick
versus stone, versus timber). Cost of construction on a per square meter (or per 
square foot) basis for houses can vary dramatically based on site conditions,
local regulations, economies of scale (custom designed homes are always
more expensive to build) and the availability of skilled tradespeople. As
residential construction (as well as all other types of cons truction) can generate
a lot of waste, careful planning again is needed here.

The most popular method of residential construction in the United States is

wood framed construction. As efficiency codes have come into effect in recent
years, new construction technologies and methods have emerged. University
Construction Management departments are on the cutting edge of the newest
methods of construction intended to improve efficiency, performance and
reduceconstruction waste.

New techniques of building construction are being researched, made possible

by advances in 3D printing technology. In a form of additive building 
construction, similar to the additive manufacturing techniques for manufactured
parts, building printing is making it possible to flexibly construct small
commercial buildings and private habitations in around 20 hours, with built-in
plumbing and electrical facilities, in one continuous build, using large 3D
printers.[1] Working versions of 3D-printing building technology are already
printing 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) of building material per hour as of January 2013,
with the next-generation printers capable of 3.5 metres (11 ft) per hour,
sufficient to complete a building in a week .[2] Dutch architect Janjaap
Ruijssenaars's performative architecture 3D-printed building is scheduled to be
built in 2014.[3]

[edit]Construction processes

[edit]Design team
 Shasta Dam under construction in June 1942

In the modern industrialized world, construction usually involves the translation

of designs into reality. A formal design team may be assembled to plan the
physical proceedings, and to integrate those proceedings with the other parts.
The design usually consists of drawingsand specifications, usually prepared by
a design team including surveyors, civil engineers, cost engineers (or quantity
surveyors), mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, structural
engineers, fire protection engineers, planning consultants, architectural
consultants, and archaeological consultants. The design team is most
commonly employed by (i.e. in contract with) the property owner. Under this
system, once the design is completed by the design team, a number of 
construction companies or construction management companies may then be
asked to make a bid for the work, either based directly on the design, or on the
basis of drawings and a bill of quantities provided by a quantity surveyor .
Following evaluation of bids, the owner will typically award a contract to the
most cost efficient bidder.

The modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated

specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior 
designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general
contractors were more likely to be entirely separate c ompanies, even in the
larger firms. Presently, a firm that is nominally an "architecture" or "construction
management" firm may have experts from all related fields as employees, or to
have an associated company that provides each necessary skill. Thus, each
such firm may offer itself as "one-stop shopping" f or a construction project, from
beginning to end. This is designated as a "design Build" contract where the
contractor is given a performance specification and must undertake the project
from design to construction, while adhering to the performance specifications.
Several project structures can assist the owner in this integration, including
design-build, partnering and construction management. In general, each of 
these project structures allows the owner to integrate the services of architects,
interior designers, engineers and constructors throughout design and
construction. In response, many companies are growing beyond traditional
offerings of design or construction services alone and are placing more
emphasis on establishing relationships with other necessary participants
through the design-build process.

The increasing complexity of construction projects creates the need for design
professionals trained in all phases of the project's life-cycle and develop an
appreciation of the building as an advanced technological system requiring
close integration of many sub-systems and their individual components,
including sustainability. Building engineering is an emerging discipline that
attempts to meet this new challenge.

[edit]Financial advisors
Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)

May 23, 2006

September 14, 2007 (3 months before completion)

 Construction projects can suffer from preventable financial
problems. Underbidsask for too little money to complete the project. Cash
flow problems exist when the present amount of funding cannot cover the
current costs for labour and materials, and because they are a matter of having
sufficient funds at a specific time, can arise even when the overall total is
enough. Fraud is a problem in many fields, but is notoriously prevalent in the
construction field[citation needed ]. Financial planning for the project is intended to
ensure that a solid plan with adequate safeguards and contingency plans are in
place before the project is started and is required to ensure that the plan is
properly executed over the life of the project.

Mortgage bankers, accountants, and cost engineers are likely participants in

creating an overall plan for the financial management of the building
construction project. The presence of the mortgage banker is highly likely, even
in relatively small projects since the owner's equity in the property is the most
obvious source of funding for a building project. Accountants act to study the
expected monetary flow over the life of the project and to monitor the payouts
throughout the process. Cost engineers and estimators apply expertise to relate
the work and materials involved to a proper valuation. Cost overruns with
government projects have occurred when the contractor was able to identify
change orders or changes in the project resulting in large increases in cost,
which are not subject to competition by other firm as they have already been
eliminated from consideration after the initial bid.[4]

Large projects can involve highly complex financial plans and often s tart with a
conceptual estimate performed by a building estimator . As portions of a project
are completed, they may be sold, supplanting one lender or owner for another,
while the logistical requirements of having the right trades and materials
available for each stage of the building construction project carries forward. In
many English-speaking countries, but not the United States, projects typically
use quantity surveyors.

[edit]Legal aspects
This section does not cite any references or sources . Please help improve this section
 byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed.(October 2006)

Main article: Construction law 

Construction along Ontario Highway 401, widening the road from six to twelve travel
lanes.

 A construction project must fit into the legal framework governing the property.
These include governmental regulations on the use of property, and obligations
that are created in the process of construction.

The project must adhere to zoning and building code requirements.

Constructing a project that fails to adhere to codes will not benefit the owner.
Some legal requirements come frommalum in se considerations, or the desire
to prevent things that are indisputably bad  – bridge collapses or explosions.
Other legal requirements come from malum prohibitumconsiderations, or things
that are a matter of custom or expec tation, such as isolating businesses to a
business district and residences to a residential district. An attorney may seek
changes or exemptions in the law governing the land where the building will be
built, either by arguing that a rule is inapplicable (the bridge design will not
collapse), or that the custom is no longer needed (acceptance of live-work
spaces has grown in the community).

 A construction project is a complex net of contracts and other legal obligations,

each of which must be carefully considered. A contract is the exchange of a set
of obligations between two or more parties, but it is not so simple a matter as
trying to get the other side to agree to as much as possible in exchange for as
little as possible. The time element in construction means that a delay costs
money, and in cases of bottlenecks, the delay c an be extremely expensive.
Thus, the contracts must be designed to ensure that each side is capable of 
performing the obligations set out. Contracts that set out clear expectations and
clear paths to accomplishing those expectations are far more likely to result in
the project flowing smoothly, whereas poorly drafted contracts lead to confusion
and collapse.
Legal advisors in the beginning of a construction project seek to identify
ambiguities and other potential sources of trouble in the contract structure, and
to present options for preventing problems. Throughout the process of the
project, they work to avoid and resolve conflicts that arise. In each case, the
lawyer facilitates an exchange of obligations that matches the reality of the
project.

[edit]Interaction of expertise

 Apartment complex under construction inDaegu, South Korea

Design, finance, and legal aspects overlap and interrelate. The design must be
not only structurally sound and appropriate for the use and location, but must
also be financially possible to build, and legal to use. The f inancial structure
must accommodate the need for building the design provided, and must pay
amounts that are legally owed. The legal structure must integrate the design
into the surrounding legal framework, and enforce the financial consequences
of the construction process.

[edit]Procurement

Procurement describes the merging of activities undertaken by the client to

obtain a building. There are many different methods of construction

procurement; however the three most common types of procurement are:

1. Traditional (Design-bid-build)

2. Design and build

3. Management contracting

There is also a growing number of new forms of procurement that involve

relationship contracting where the emphasis is on a co -operative relationship
between the principal and contractor and other stakeholders within a
construction project. New forms include partnering such as Public-Private
Partnering (PPPs) aka private finance initiatives (PFIs) and alliances such as
"pure" or "project" alliances and "impure" or "strategic" alliances. The focus on
co-operation is to ameliorate the many problems that arise from the often highly
competitive and adversarial practices within the construction industry.

[edit]Traditional

Main article: Design –bid 

 –build 

This is the most common method of construction procurement and is well

established and recognized. In this arrangement, the architect or  engineer acts
as the project coordinator. His or her role is to design the works, prepare the
specifications and produce construction drawings, administer the
contract, tender the works, and manage the works from inception to completion.
There are direct contractual links between the arc hitect's client and the main
contractor. Any subcontractor will have a direct contractual relationship with the
main contractor.

[edit]Design and build

Main article: Design-build 

Construction of the Phase-1 (first two towers) of the

Havelock City Project, Sri Lanka.

This approach has become more common in recent yea rs and involves the
client contracting a single entity to both provide a design and to build that
design. In some cases, the Design and Build ( D & B) package can also include
finding the site, arranging funding and applying for all necessary s tatutory
consents.

The owner produces a list of requirements for a project, giving an overall view
of the project's goals. Several D&B contractors present different ideas about
how to accomplish these goals. The owner selects the ideas he or she likes
best and hires the appropriate contractor. Often, it is not just one contractor, but
a consortium of several contractors working together. Once a contractor (or a
consortium/consortia) has been hired, they begin building the first phase of the
project. As they build phase 1, they design phase 2. This is in contrast to a
design-bid-build contract, where the project is completely designed by the
owner, then bid on, then completed.

Kent Hansen pointed out that state departments of transportation (DOTs)

usually use design build contracts as a way of getting projects done when
states don't have the resources. In DOTs, design build contracts are usually
used for very large projects.[5]

[edit]Management procurement systems

Main article: Construction management 

In this arrangement the client plays an active role in the procurement system by
entering into separate contracts with the designer (architect or  engineer ),
the construction manager , and individual trade contractors. The client takes on
the contractual role, while the construction or project manager provides the
active role of managing the separate trade contracts, and ensur ing that they all
work smoothly and effectively together.

Management procurement systems are often used to speed up the

procurement processes, allow the client greater flexibility in design variation
throughout the contract, the ability to appoint individual work contractors,
separate contractual responsibility on each individual throughout the contract,
and to provide greater client control.

[edit] Authority having jurisdiction

See also: Planning permission

Construction on the Federal Reserve building in Kansas City, Missouri

Construction of the Rivers Towers building in Cúcuta, Colombia.

In construction, the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) is the governmental

agency or sub-agency which regulates the construction process. In most cases,
this is the municipality in which the building is located. However, construction
performed for supra-municipal authorities are usually regulated directly by the
owning authority, which becomes the AHJ.

Before the foundation can be dug, contractors are typically required to verify
and have existing utility lines marked, either by the utilities themselves or 
through a company specializing in such services. This lessens the likelihood of 
damage to the existing electrical, water, sewage, phone, and cable facilities,
which could cause outages and potentially hazardous situations. During the
construction of a building, the municipal building inspector inspects the building
 periodically to ensure that the construction adheres to the approved plans and
the local building code . Once construction is complete and a final inspection
has been passed, an occupancy permit may be issued.

 An operating building must remain in compliance with the fire code. The fire
code is enforced by the local fire department.

Changes made to a building that affect safety, including its use, expansion,
structural integrity, and fire protection items, usually require approval of the AHJ
for review concerning the building code.

[edit]Construction careers
The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United Kingdom
and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . Please improve this article and
discuss the issue on the talk page. (November 2010)

Helicopter view of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array ( ALMA)

Operations Support Facility (OSF) construction site. Credit ESO.
 Ironworkers erecting the steel frame of a new building at Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston

There are many routes to the different careers within the construction industry
which vary by country. However, there are three main tiers of careers based on
educational background which are common internationally:

 Unskilled and semi-skilled – General site labor with little or no construction

qualifications.

 Skilled – On-site managers who possess extensive knowledge and

experience in their craft or profession.

 Technical and management – Personnel with the greatest educational

qualifications, usually graduate degrees, trained to design, manage and
instruct the construction process.

Skilled occupations in the UK require further education qualifications, often

in vocationalsubject areas. These qualifications are either obtained directly after 
the completion of compulsory education or through "on the job" apprenticeship
training.[6] In the UK, 8500 construction-related apprenticeships were
commenced in 2007.[7]

Technical and specialized occupations require more training as a greater 

technical knowledge is required. These professions also hold more legal
responsibility. A short list of the main careers with an outline of the educational
requirements are given below:

 Quantity surveyor  – Typically holds a master's degree in quantity

surveying. Chartered status is gained from the Royal Institution of 
Chartered Surveyors.

  Architect – Typically holds 1, undergraduate 3 year degree in architecture +

1, post-graduate 2 year degree (DipArch or BArch) in architecture plus 24
months experience within the industry. To use the title "architect" the
individual must be registered on the Architects Registration Board register 
of Architects.

 Civil engineer  – Typically holds a degree in a related s ubject.

The Chartered Engineer qualification is controlled by the Engineering
Council, and is often achieved through membership of the Institution of 
Civil Engineers. A new university graduate must hold amaster's degree to
 become chartered, persons with bachelor's degrees may become
anIncorporated Engineer .

 Building services engineer  – Often referred to as an "M&E Engineer"

typically holds a degree in mechanical or electrical engineering. Chartered
Engineer status is governed by the Engineering Council, mainly through
the Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers.

 Project manager  – Typically holds a 4-year or greater higher 

education qualification, but are often also qualified in another field such as
quantity surveying or civil engineering.

 Structural engineer  – Typically holds a bachelors or master's degree in

structural engineering. A P.ENG is required from the Professional
Engineers Ontario. (ON,CANADA) New university graduates must hold a
master's degree to gain chartered status from the Engineering Council,
mainly through the Institution of Structural Engineers (UK).

 Civil Estimators are professionals who typically have a background in civil

engineering, construction project management, or construction supervision.

In 2010 a salary survey revealed the differences in remuneration between

different roles, sectors and locations in the construction and built environment
industry.[8] The results showed that areas of particularly strong growth in the
construction industry, such as theMiddle East, yield higher average salaries
than in the UK for example. The average earning for a professional in the
construction industry in the Middle East, across all sectors, job types and levels
of experience, is £42,090, compared to £26,719 in the UK .[9] This trend is not
necessarily due to the fact that more affluent roles are available however 
as architects with 14 or more years experience working in the Middle East
earns on average £43,389 per annum, compared to £40,000 in the UK.[9] Some
construction workers in the US/CANADA have made more than $100,000
annually, depending on their trade.[10]

[edit]Safety

See also: Construction site safety 

  At-risk workers without appropriate safety equipment

Construction is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world, incurring

more occupational fatalities than any other sector in both the United States and
in the European Union.[11][12] In 2009, the fatal occupational injury rate among
construction workers in the United States was nearly three times that for all
workers.[11] Falls are one of the most common causes of fatal and non-fatal
injuries among construction workers.[11] Proper safety equipment such as
harnesses and guardrails and procedures such as securing ladders and
inspecting scaffolding can curtail the risk of occupational injuries in the
construction industry.[13]

[edit]History

 A picture of a building under construction in India

Main article: History of construction

See also: History of architecture

The first huts and shelters were constructed by hand or w ith simple tools.
 As cities grew during the Bronze Age, a class of professional craftsmen,
like bricklayers and carpenters, appeared. Occasionally, slaves were used for 
construction work. In the Middle Ages, these were organized into guilds. In the
 19th century, steam-powered machinery appeared, and later diesel- and
electric powered vehicles such as cranes, excavators andbulldozers.
 Architecture and construction involves creating awesome structures that can
show the beauty and creativity of the human intellect.

[edit]See also

 Index of construction articles

 List of construction trades

 Outline of construction

 Site survey
[edit]References

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to: Construction

Library resources

About Construction

Resources in your library

Resources in other libraries

1. ^ Behrohk Khoshnevis- TEDx Feb 2012 Ojai California

2. ^ Diaz, Jesus (2013-01-31). "This Is What the First Lunar Base Could

Really Look Like". Gizmodo. Retrieved 2013-02-01.

3. ^ "The World’s First 3D -Printed Building Will Arrive In 2014". TechCrunch.

2012-01-20. Retrieved 2013-02-08.

4. ^ School districts increasingly seek alternate financing : North County

Times – Californian

5. ^ Cronin, Jeff (2005). "S. Carolina Court to Decide Legality of Design-Build

Bids". Construction Equipment Guide. Retrieved 2008-01-04.

6. ^ Wood, Hannah (17 January 2012). "UK Construction Careers,

Certifications/Degrees and occupations". TH Services. Retrieved 4 March

2012.

7. ^ ConstructionSkills – Apprenticeships

8. ^ "UK website launches salary comparison tool". Retrieved 2011-07-04.

 9. ^ a b "Salary Benchmarker". Retrieved 2011-07-04.

10. ^ "Top 10 Paying Jobs for Tradesmen". Work Boots Blog. 2011-07-08.

11. ^ a b c "Construction Safety and Health". Workplace Safety & Health

Topics. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 3

 August 2012.

12. ^ "Health and safety at work statistics".eurostat . European Commission.

Retrieved 3 August 2012.

13. ^ "OSHA's Fall Prevention Campaign". Occupational Safety and Health

 Administration. Retrieved 6 August 2012.

[show]

Construction industry by country

[show]

Technology

Categories:
 Construction

Navigation menu
 Create account

 Log in
  Article
 Talk
 Read
 Edit
 View history
 Main page
 Contents
 Featured content
 Current events
 Random article
 Donate to Wikipedia
Interaction
 Help
  About Wikipedia
 Community portal
 Recent changes
 Contact Wikipedia
Toolbox
Print/export

Languages


  Asturianu
 বাল 

 Башҡортса
 Беларуская
 Български
 Català
 Чӑвашла
 Česky
 Dansk
 Deutsch
 Eesti
 Español
 Esperanto
 Euskara


 Français
 Galego
 한국어
 िहनदी 
 Bahasa Indonesia
 Italiano


 Basa Jawa
 ಕನಡ
 ქართული
 Қазақша
 Кыргызча
 Latgaļu
 Latviešu
 Lietuvių
 Magyar 
 Македонски
 मराठ 
 Bahasa Melayu
 Монгол
 Nederlands
    
 日本語
 Norsk bokmål
 Oʻzbekcha
 Polski
 Português
 Română
 Русский
 Simple English
 Slovenčina
 Suomi
 Svenska
 Tagalog
 தமழ
 ไทย
 Türkçe
 Українська
 Tiếng Việt
 Võro
 Winaray
  
 中文
 Edit links

 This page was last modified on 14 March 2013 at 16:33.

 Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional
terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit
organization.
 Contact us

 Privacy policy

  About Wikipedia

 Disclaimers

 Mobile view


