2/3/2017

PRACTICAL USES OF NONLINEAR

PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
Jerod G. Johnson, PhD, SE
SEAU Education Conference February 22, 2017

Disclaimer
This presentation is meant to neither explicitly endorse nor discourage
the use of the nonlinear pushover analysis method for any given design
scenario. As with any method, nonlinear pushover has its benefits and
limitations. Whether nonlinear pushover analysis is appropriate lies at
the discretion of the engineer in responsible charge.

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Presentation Outline
1. What is Nonlinear Analysis?
2. What is Nonlinear Pushover Analysis?
3. Why Use Nonlinear Pushover Analysis?
4. What are the Common Perceptions?
5. Embracing Innovation.
6. Embracing Nonlinearity.
7. Nonlinear Pushover Analysis – A Good First Step.
8. Nonlinear Element Modeling
9. Examples
10. Nonlinear Pushover Limitations
11. Time History – Quick Summary
12. Software

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1. What is Nonlinear Analysis?

Simple Definition of Nonlinearity:
An alteration of material, element or system modeling properties as a
function of load (including direction of load), displacement, deformation
or velocity.

Wikipedia:
In physical sciences, a nonlinear system is a system in which the output is
not directly proportional to the input.

Simple example – a tension only element.

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Types of Nonlinearity
• Geometric Nonlinearity – Also known as P-Delta.
• Rate Dependent Nonlinearity – Properties change as a function of rate
(e.g. viscous damper)
• History Dependent Nonlinearity – Properties change as a function of
repeated load (cumulative ductility or fatigue).
• Cyclical Dependent Nonlinearity – Change of hysteretic properties
(e.g. tension only braces).
• Contact Nonlinearity (e.g. footing/soil interface, pounding)
• Material Nonlinearity – e.g. yielding of steel.

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Geometric Nonlinearity

P P
θ2 u1 2 θ3
This example is for illustrative F Axial loads in members (1, 3)
purposes and assumes equal change as a result of load F.
member lengths and section 1 3
properties

Forces: Basic Stiffness Stiffness reduction matrix due to geometric Displacements:

Matrix: nonlinearity:
F 24EI/L3 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 -6P1/5L-6P3/5L -P1/10 -P3/10 u1
0 = 6EI/L2 8EI/L 2EI/L + -P1/10 -2P1L/15-2P2L/15 -P2L/30 θ2
0 6EI/L2 2EI/L 8EI/L -P3/10 -P2L/30 -2P2L/15-2P3L/15 θ3

Note: The P1, P2 and P3 forces are the developed frame forces which are resolved through iterative
processes.

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Rate Dependent Nonlinearity

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History/Cyclical Dependent Nonlinearity

Slen Intermediate
der

Stocky
Concentric Braces

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Contact Nonlinearity
Footing Deflection
8

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pounding
-1

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Material Nonlinearity
Some materials are more ductile than others….
Some materials behave better when confined….

Structural Steel – Fy = 50ksi Rebar– fy = 60ksi

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Material Nonlinearity (cont.)

Some materials are less ductile than others….
Some materials behave better when confined….
Unconfined Concrete Confined Concrete
f’c = 4000psi f’c = 4000psi

Mander Concrete Model

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Material Nonlinearity (cont.)

“Ductile” systems are driven to enable material nonlinearity.

This is the basis behind:
• Ties and confinement in “Special”
reinforced concrete sections.
• Lateral bracing of moment frame beams in
SRMF and OMF.
• Lateral bracing of beams in other BF
systems.
• The casing and grout of a BRB.
• Definitions of seismic compactness.

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Material Nonlinearity (cont.)

“Ductile” systems are driven to enable:

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Element Nonlinearity
Repeated cycles of stable (material) nonlinearity are preferred and even encouraged in
the codes. This is reflected in the R factors. Let’s observe…

F F F F

∆ ∆ ∆ ∆

Non-Degrading Stiffness Degrading Pinched Buckling

R RR R R R R R R R R R ??
BRB/SRMF SCSW OCBF

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2. What is Nonlinear Pushover Analysis?

Piecewise monotonically displacing a structure consistent

with a rational loading pattern while explicitly accounting for
nonlinearity of specific lateral force resisting elements
(plastic hinges). The displacement magnitude of the
structure is compared against the reactions that develop as
nonlinear mechanisms develop.

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What is Nonlinear Pushover Analysis?

4
∆
C0 – SDOF to MDOF Modifier.
C1 – Elastic to Inelastic Modifier.
C2 – Pinched Hysteresis Modifier.
C3 – P-Delta Modifier

Base Shear vs. Displacement

1200

1000

800
Base Shear

600
Nonlinear
rxn rxn 400 Linear

200

How is this performed? 0 ∆

0 2 4 6 8 10
Rooftop Displacement

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3. Why Use Nonlinear Pushover Analysis?

• Explicit accounting of nonlinearity.
• More accurate prediction of member forces.
• More accurate prediction of base shear.
• More direct prediction of displacements.
• Offers consideration of multiple performance
scenarios.
• Provides a rational methodology for higher ductility
demand and/or irregular structures (per ASCE 41)
• Does not require input ground motions.
• Credit where credit is due (ASCE 41).

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Why Use Nonlinear Pushover Analysis? (cont.)

• Direct accounting of performance (as opposed to

prescriptive design).
• Less conservative than ELF, Lower construction cost.
$ Construction

Is the cost of construction

proportional to the
complexity of the design
approach?

Design Complexity ($)

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Performance can be better than expected:

“…observed seismic performances of three existing buildings in

Christchurch subjected to the 2011 Lyttleton event were compared
to the predicted performance of the analytical nonlinear models of
the subject buildings. In general, the observed performance of the
buildings was found to be better than that predicted by the
analytical models.”

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Performance can be better than expected (cont.)

If performance is better than predicted by the most sophisticated of

nonlinear analysis procedures then how conservative are the
provisions using equivalent lateral force static methods?

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Performance can be better than expected (cont.)

If performance is often better than expected, then the tools
for analysis and design may be too conservative.

Does it make sense to embrace a design methodology that

is more complex but produces a less conservative design?

A more complex design approach is more costly but can

yield major savings in construction along with a more
reliable (targeted) outcome. This is especially relevant in
today’s discussion regarding resiliency.
.

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4. What are the common perceptions?

March 2014 Issue of Structure Magazine reported the following results of
a survey of Academician/Research Engineers, Industry Professionals,
Consultants and others…

• More than 75% of respondents said that guidance for most of these topics [nonlinear
analysis and design] was ambiguous.
• Claims of inadequate software (21%), too complicated (29%), not practical/time
consuming (61%), lack of research (22%), lack of guidelines (43%).
• More guidance is needed for: Modeling NL Elements (42%), NL Procedures (18%),
Benchmark problems with solutions (35%).

Head, Dennis, Muthukumar, Nielson, Mackie – Structure Magazine, March 2014

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What are the common perceptions? (cont.)

“…there is a need to be able to communicate to the importance of doing nonlinear analysis
to the owners, as the apparent gain to pay for a more extensive analysis is not always clear.”

“Nonlinear analysis can be used when owners request ways to reduce costs (for new
construction) by optimizing material use, more likely though as demonstrating a building
retrofit is perhaps not even necessary (or if it is, that only minor changes/systems are
needed rather than what the code would require), or even as a way of quantifying
performance for owners, insurance and risk managers that may look at inventories of
structures. So, the major question to the owner is whether they’d prefer to pay now or pay
later?”

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From the Experts… (March 2016 Structure Magazine)

When to conduct NL Analysis

• Irregular building type

• Assumptions of code-based linear are not valid
• Retrofitting
• Viscous dampers, isolators or new type of LFRS

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From the Experts… (March 2016 Structure Magazine)

• NL Procedures are “time consuming, computationally demanding and required added
cost of a peer review” Not to mention the added cost of design.
• Pushover analysis should not be used as the sole measure and not be needed if one is
performing a nonlinear time history.
• Pushover is less useful for drift/ductility, but rather to help proportion the structure to
activate any intended ductile mechanism.
• Pushover not appropriate for multi-mode buildings.
• “…the need for more education and training on advanced topics like nonlinear analysis
cannot be overstated.”
• “Pay now or pay later?”

Head, Pathak, Muthukumar, Mackie– Structure Magazine, March 2016

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5. Embracing Innovation

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A Tip Calculator?

Much more than a tip calculator!....

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What do we do…fundamentally?

Design Buildings?

How?

Mathematical Models…

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What was the basis of these equations?:

Mathematical Models:

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We Use Mathematical Models to:

• Predict behavior of structural systems with respect to

theoretical load.
• Ensure structures are sufficiently strong to resist the anticipated
load.
• Reliably predict loads a structure may experience.
• Reliably predict the minimum strength of structural elements.

Mathematical Models:

Mn=FyZx Mn=Asfy(d-a/2)

" $%& ' (%) ' *% +,-.

T 2
#

φPn,max = 0.80φ[0.85f’c(Ag-Ast) + fy(Ast)]

F 24EI/L3 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 u1

M2 = 6EI/L2 8EI/L 2EI/L θ2
M3 6EI/L2 2EI/L 8EI/L θ3

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Tools of the Trade…Today:

Evolution of Computer Power:

Moore’s Law: The number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles

approximately every two years.
-Gordon E. Moore – co-founder of Intel Corporation and Fairchild Semiconductor.

This law is now used in the semiconductor industry to guide long-term planning and to set
targets for research and development.

What does this say about the advancement of computer power over the last 20 years?

Increase = 210 = 1,024

How about the last 40 years?
Increase = 220 = 1,048,576

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Moore’s Law:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law

Embracing Nonlinearity

It can do more than equivalent lateral

forces!

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6. Embracing Nonlinearity
Lumped Plasticity
Models

Re: ASCE 41, FEMA P695,

Others

Embracing Nonlinearity
Professor Ed Wilson:

“The enormous increase in speed and memory

capacity of inexpensive personal computers and
the development of new numerical methods allow
structural engineers to conduct earthquake
response analysis of large and complex three-
dimensional structures. Therefore, I am
optimistic many structural engineers will
realize linear and non-linear time-history
dynamic analysis of structures is not difficult
and performance based design is now a
reality.”

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Embracing Nonlinearity

Professor Ed Wilson (cont.):

“After fifty years of conducting linear and non-linear earthquake

analyses of many different types of structures, I am concerned with the
increase in use of the approximate Response Spectrum Method. The
fundamental equilibrium equations are not satisfied for systems over
one-degree-of-freedom. In addition, the application of the method to
nonlinear structural analysis has no theoretical or physical
justification.”

So, what is Dr. Wilson Talking About?

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Higher Mode Response

Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems

1.4 Seconds 0.67 Seconds

91% Mass
Activation

0.38 Seconds 0.28 Seconds

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Higher Mode Response

Multi-Degree of Freedom

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Higher Mode Response

The simple calculation of story drifts is not appropriate when using dynamic
response spectrum analyses because combined modal displacements can be
less than the combined modal story drift (signs are lost). This is a
consequence of simplified approaches.
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“…..the application of the method to nonlinear structural analysis has

no theoretical or physical justification.”
1.4 Seconds 0.67 Seconds

In other
words, what
0.38 Seconds
happens to
0.28 Seconds
these mode
shapes when
yielding
occurs?
91% Mass
Activation

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7. Nonlinear Pushover Analysis – A Good First Step

• A good ‘first step’ into the larger world of nonlinear

analysis.
• A good ‘first step’ into the advanced capabilities of
the tools we use.
• A good tool for helping us understand the basis
behind many code provisions.
• Primary Shortcoming; how to handle higher mode
effects.

A Nonlinear Model:

• Includes explicit modeling of mechanisms (ductile and

brittle) that are likely to occur as material limit states are
reached and surpassed.

• Remember, a material or element reaching to a limit state

doesn’t necessarily mean collapse. A system failure means
collapse.

What has been asked in regions of low seismicity?

Why would you want something to yield?

-Targeted nonlinearity, fuse, system control, reduction of forces.

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A Nonlinear Model
Nonlinear models explicitly include nonlinear mechanisms or nonlinear material
behaviors that become activated upon reaching a theoretical load or displacement
threshold.
Nonlinear

Linear:
Linear

σ = εE
Nonlinear:

σ = ??
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Consider a Beam Approaching it’s Flexural Limit State:

Stress Diagrams

Fb=M/S Fy Fy

Mn=FyZx

Elastic Elasto-Plastic Plastic

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How do the strain diagrams correlate?

Stress Diagrams

Elastic Elasto-Plastic Plastic

Strain Diagrams
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Consider a Concrete Beam:

Stress Diagrams

σc σc 0.85f’c

Mn=Asfy(d-a/2)
fy
σs fy

Elastic Elasto-Plastic Plastic

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How do the strain diagrams correlate?

Stress Diagrams

εc εc εcu=0.003

εs εt>0.00207 εt>0.00207
Elastic Elasto-Plastic Plastic
Strain Diagrams
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Comparing Strain and Curvature

N.A.

d/2

Strain(ε)

φ
Curvature: φ = ε/(d/2)
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Consider Load vs Curvature Diagram:

Moment Curvature Chart Mn

250

200
Moment (k-ft)

150

100

50

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012
Curvature (1/in)

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Consider Load vs Curvature Diagram:

Moment Curvature Chart

250

200

150 What if the beam is not ductile?

Moment (k-ft)

e.g. an over-reinforced or under-reinforced concrete beam?

100 e.g. a steel MF beam w/ lack of lateral bracing?

50

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012
Curvature (1/in)

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Consider Load vs Curvature Diagram:

Moment Curvature Chart

250

200

150
Moment (k-ft)

100 Some other unstable behavior may occur

before stable hysteretic nonlinearity develops.
50

0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012
Curvature (1/in)

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8. Nonlinear Element Modeling

• Lumped (Concentrated) Plasticity

• Distributed Plasticity (forced based fiber

nonlinearity)

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Nonlinear Building Modeling

• Lumped (Concentrated) Plasticity vs

• Distributed Plasticity (forced based fiber
nonlinearity)

• Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover) vs

• Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis

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Nonlinear Static vs. Nonlinear Dynamic?

Nonlinear Static Pushover Curve Key Differentiators: Element Hysteretic Response

500 • Geoseismic Input 20000

450
• Time 15000
Base Force (kips)

400
350 • Complexity 10000

300
• Project Needs
Beam Force (kip-in)

5000
250
200
150
• $$ -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

100 • Software -5000

50
-10000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 -15000

Roof Displacement (inches) -20000

Beam Rotation (rad)

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Nonlinear Analysis

• Explicitly includes either lumped plasticity elements or

distributed plasticity elements to predict a system’s response
to an input function.

• May use either piecewise static analysis (pushover) or a full

response-history analysis.

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Lumped (Concentrated) Plasticity:

Fy 0.85f’c

Mn=FyZx Mn=Asfy(d-a/2)

fy

These very familiar models represent the ultimate strength limit state of these beams.
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Lumped Plasticity Example:

Plastic flexural hinge will develop at the

support

W14x159

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Lumped Plasticity Example

Force

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Nonlinear Pushover:
∆

Force Pattern

Force

Reaction

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Nonlinear Pushover:

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Nonlinear Pushover:

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Nonlinear Pushover:

The ‘flat’ nonlinear region is

simply a reflection of the
flat hysteretic backbone of
the input

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Nonlinear Pushover:

Why displacement vs. reaction and not moment vs. rotation or

curvature? The ‘flat’ nonlinear region is
simply a reflection of the
flat hysteretic backbone of
the input

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Distributed Plasticity:
Reinforcement

Unconfined Concrete

Confined Concrete

Note: this column may require at

least 7 layers of material to
effectively model
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Distributed Plasticity Example:

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Distributed Plasticity Example:

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Distributed Plasticity Example:

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Distributed Plasticity Example – Pushover:

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Comparison:
Distributed Plasticity Lumped Plasticity

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Strain Hardening?

Distributed Lumped
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Comparison

2 Min. 52 Sec. 0.14 Sec.

Distributed Lumped
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Lumped Plasticity vs. Distributed?

Key Differentiators:
• Time
• Complexity
• Project Needs
• $$
• Accuracy
• Software

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Nonlinear Dynamic – Distributed Plasticity

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Nonlinear Pushover

Can use either lumped (discrete) plasticity models, sometimes

called “links” or “hinges” or the elements may be included with
specific material nonlinearities with explicit modeling using
nonlinear fiber or shell type elements.

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Nonlinear Pushover

Can, in more explicit terms than elastic analysis, identify and

quantify specific mechanisms and the order in which they are
expected to occur.

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Nonlinear Pushover Larger Application:

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Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover)

Roof
Displacement

Base
Reaction

Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover)

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Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover)

Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover)

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Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover)

Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover)

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Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover)

Knowing the
order of hinge
occurrence may
or may not be
important, but
knowing that
beam hinging is
likely to dominate
the nonlinear
behavior is
important

Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover)

Nonlinear Static Pushover Curve

500
450
400
Base Force (kips)

350
300
250
200 4
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Roof Displacement (inches)

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Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover)

Nonlinear Static Pushover Curve

500
450

Prevention
Occupancy
400
Base Force (kips)

Immediate

Collapse
350

Damage
300

Control

Safety
Life
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Roof Displacement (inches)

Nonlinear Pushover

• Can help us understand the basis behind code provisions.

• Can help us understand the consequences of element failure (e.g.

brace buckling).

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Nonlinear Pushover

Braced Frame – Unbalanced Forces:

AISC 341-10 F1-4a, F2-3.

In ‘V’ and inverted ‘V’ configurations, beams in braced frames must

account for unbalanced effects of braces reaching full yield
strength and post-buckled compression strength.

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Nonlinear Static Analysis (Pushover)

Frame 1 Frame 2 Frame 3

Simple Frame Comparisons

A case study in the consequences of buckling
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Frame 1

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Frame 1

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Frame 1

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Frame 1

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Frame 1

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Frame 1

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Frame 2

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Frame 2

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Frame 2

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Frame 2

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Frame 2

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Frame 3

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Frame 3

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Frame 3

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Frame 3

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Frame 3

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Pushover Curves Superimposed 3

700

600

500
Base Shear (kips)

400 Frame 1
2
Frame 2
Frame 3
300

200

100

1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Rooftop Displacement (inches)
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A Caveat…
While this example corroborates the requirements of AISC 341, research by Sen,
Roeder, Lehman & Berman at University of Washington shows much better performance
in braced frames when quasistatically loaded under a fully reversed increasing amplitude
cyclical protocol…

See Structure
Magazine – July 2015
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Nonlinear Pushover

Strong column/weak beam:

AISC 341-10 E3-4a

Requires that the sum of nominal flexural strengths of columns at a joint

must be greater than the sums of the flexural strengths of the beams (with
over-strength included) at the same joint.

Why?

Beam mechanisms are preferred over column mechanisms.

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The Stability Issue P P

θ2 2 θ3
F

1 3

What happens if the geometric nonlinear stiffness matrix overpowers the initial
matrix?
24EI/L3 6EI/L2 6EI/L2 -6P1/5L-6P3/5L -P1/10 -P3/10
6EI/L2 8EI/L 2EI/L + -P1/10 -2P1L/15-2P2L/15 -P2L/30
6EI/L2 2EI/L 8EI/L -P3/10 -P2L/30 -2P2L/15-2P3L/15

The effects of geometric nonlinearity can become greater than the effects of
strain hardening.
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Pushover Analysis:
Roof Disp.

Base Shear vs. Displacement

400

350

300

Base Shear
250

200

150

100

50

0
0 2 4 6 8 10

Base Rooftop Displacement

Reaction

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The Stability Issue

Base Shear vs. Displacement
What is happening here?: 400
350
300
P
Base Shear

P 250
θ2 2 θ3 200
F W/O P-delta
150
W/ P-delta
1 3 100
50 Geometric
0 nonlinearity
0 2 4 6 8 10 controls over strain
Rooftop Displacement hardening

Residual column forces create reduced stiffness which creates increased

displacements which create even more residual column forces.

This is a consequence of columns which yield in flexure before beams yield in

flexure.
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Problems with Beam/Column Strength Ratios

Roof Disp.

Base Shear vs. Displacement

400
350
300

Base Shear
250
200
W/O P-delta
150
W/ P-delta
100
50
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Rooftop Displacement
Base
Reaction

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Nonlinear Pushover

A more elaborate demonstration.

Nonlinear Pushover can help us understand the effectiveness of a

reinforcement scenario…

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North-South Pushover

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North-South Pushover

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North-South Pushover

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North-South Pushover

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North-South Pushover

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North-South Pushover

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North-South Pushover
Failure occurs at 38 inches rooftop displacement

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North-South Pushover Curve

Pushover Curve

1400

1200

1000
Base Shear (kip)

Approximated displacement for a quake

800
can be calculated using classical
methods, adjusted to account for altered
600
stiffness (and other factors).
400

200 4
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Displacement (in)

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Nonlinear Pushover

Can help us understand alternate load paths that may develop as

members are pushed to failure…

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Nonlinear Pushover

Consider a multi-tiered braced

frame with pseudo-static lateral
forces:

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Nonlinear Pushover

Member forces based strictly upon

the input loads would be:

Do these forces really reflect the

design level earthquake?

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Nonlinear Pushover

What are the consequences of braces

buckling in compression?

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Nonlinear Pushover
Brace Hysteretic Backbone
A typical brace hysteretic backbone: 600

500

400

300

What happens in the frame as these

Axial Force (kip)

200
axial mechanisms begin to form? 100

0
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
-100

-200

-300

-400
Axial Deformation (in)

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Nonlinear Pushover

Brace Hysteretic Backbone

600
500
400
Axial Force (kip)

300
200
100
0
-2 -100 0 2 4 6

-200
-300
-400
Axial Deformation (in)

Concept courtesy of
Brent Maxfield, SE

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Nonlinear Pushover

A ‘pseudo’ nonlinear approach?

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Nonlinear Pushover

Can help us demonstrate the validity of a new approach…

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Bennett Federal Building

Salt Lake City

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Buckling Restrained Brace Concept

Images Courtesy of Corebrace

Buckling Restrained Brace Concept

Special Concentric Brace Hysterisis Backbone
Unbonded Brace Hysterisis Backbone

80
80 Fmax=68.8 ksi

Fmax=62.8 ksi
60 Fye=55 ksi
60 Fye=51.7 ksi

40 40

TENSION TENSION
27.5 ksi
20
20
Stress (ksi)
Stress (ksi)

0
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

-20 -8.45 ksi

-20
COMPRESSION
-40 COMPRESSION
Fye=-51.7 ksi
-40
-42.24 ksi
-60

Fmax=-65.2 ksi
-60
-80 Strain (%)
Strain (%)

tension Intermediate
Local buckling less critical
displacement
than inelastic buckling
typical
buckling
brace

unbonded
brace
compression

Axial force-displacement behavior

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Nonlinear Pushover
Bennett Federal Building
N-S Push-over V vs Roof Displacement

SCBF Braces Begin

to Buckle
50000
45000
40000 SCBF
Base Shear - kips

35000
30000
25000
20000
BRBF
15000
10000 BRBF Braces
5000 Begin to Yield
0
0 5 10 15
Roof Displacement - Inches

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Nonlinear Pushover

Can help us understand what happens with combinations of

systems in a more explicit manner…

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Horizontal Combinations

In the same direction, along the same line - Shear Wall and
Moment frame:

100k w18x60 strut

w14x120

w14x120

12” thick wall

12’ f’c=4,000psi
I = 0.35Ig
0.98k 0.98k 98.04k
w18x60

20’ 20’
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Horizontal Combinations

In the same direction, along the same line - Shear Wall and Heavy
Moment frame:

100k w30x261 strut

w24x370

w24x370
12” thick wall
12’ f’c=4,000psi
I = 0.35Ig
7.69k 7.69k 84.62k

20’ 20’
SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Horizontal Combinations

This demonstrates one immutable truth:

Loads follow the path of most resistance

Unless a stiffness compatibility exists, logic may predicate that the less
rigid system be abandoned entirely.

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Horizontal Combinations

What happens if the stiffness of the load path changes as a result of

loading (or deforming)?

Dual System?

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Horizontal Combinations

What does nonlinear pushover predict for this scenario?

• Let’s use ρ = ρmin (0.0015) for vertical reinforcement

• Let’s use lumped plasticity models

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Horizontal Combinations

Lumped Plasticity Approach:

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Horizontal Combinations

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Horizontal Combinations

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Horizontal Combinations

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Horizontal Combinations

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Horizontal Combinations

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Horizontal Combinations

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Horizontal Combinations

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

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Horizontal Combinations

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Horizontal Combinations

Pushover Curve
600

500
Base Shear (kip)

400

300

200

100

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Displacement (in)
SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

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Horizontal Combinations

Nonlinear pushover demonstrates that the concrete wall does virtually

all of the work and must literally become compromised before the steel
frame begins to act.

Unless a stiffness compatibility exists, logic may predicate that the less
rigid system be abandoned entirely.

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Horizontal Combinations

Another Approach?

Use of distributed plasticity elements in lieu of lumped

plasticity…

Account for nonlinearity of materials instead of nonlinearity of

sections…

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Horizontal Combinations

concrete
12” thick wall with
ρvert = 0.0015

reinforcement

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Horizontal Combinations

Stress in
Reinforcement

Stress in
Concrete

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Horizontal Combinations

Stress in
Reinforcement

Stress in
Concrete

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Horizontal Combinations

Stress in
Reinforcement

Stress in
Concrete

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Horizontal Combinations

Stress in
Reinforcement

Stress in
Concrete

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Horizontal Combinations

Stress in
Reinforcement

Stress in
Concrete

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Horizontal Combinations

Pushover Curves
400

350

300

Base Shear (kip)

250

200

150

100

50

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Displacement (in)

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Nonlinear Pushover

Can help us demonstrate that a system or geometry can work.

Large scale example – Combination of Systems

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Nonlinear Pushover
Seismic Retrofit

Nonlinear Pushover
Seismic Retrofit

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Case Study – College of Nursing

Case Study – College of Nursing

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Case Study – College of Nursing

Nonlinear Pushover

Seismic Retrofit

Pushover demonstrated that the existing core walls could

satisfy performance objectives while working in concert with
new braced frames.

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10. Nonlinear Pushover Analysis Limitations…

• Does not directly account for cyclic behavior.
• Does not adequately capture higher mode effect.
• Does not have an explicit accounting for displacement.
• Does not account for highly transient effects (near field,
unidirectional pulse).
• No accounting for cumulative ductility or cumulative
energy. 1

0.8

0.6
1
0.8
0.6
0.4

Acceleration(g)
Acceleration (g)

0.4
0.2
0.2 0

0 -0.2
-0.4
-0.2
-0.6
-0.4
-0.8
-0.6 -1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (sec) Time (sec)

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10. Nonlinear Time History – Quick Summary

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Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis - MF

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis - MF

Area within the enclosed force vs.
displacement loop is energy dissipated
20000

15000

10000
Beam Force (kip-in)

5000

0
-0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000
Beam Rotation (rad)

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Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis – BF/BRBF

Red = Yielding and/or Buckling

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Keeping it Simple?
Successful & efficient
nonlinear modeling
requires a targeted
approach.

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So, why not use Nonlinear Time History?

• Time
• $$
• Ground Motions
• Owner Objectives
• Computing Power
• Review

SEAU: 2017 Education Conference

Software
• Hand 1.0 (by Ron Hamburger)
• SAP 2000 Ultimate
• ETABS Ultimate
• Perform 3D
• STAAD Pro
• Opensees (Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation,
NEES)
• ANSYS
• LS Dyna
• ANSR (proprietary)

• RISA?

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The End

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