Upper Mai Hydroelectric Project Ref : Micro Hydro Design Manual, A

SUPPORT PIERS dimension dgn Notes :

Chainage : 0+668.40
Young's modulus, E 200000 N/mm2
Weir level m
Length of Penstock, L m
Design Discharge, Q m3/sec
Bottom end invert 589.710 m
Ground lvl 589.710 m
Ground invert ht. : 0.000 m

Input Parameters Unit

Penstock parameters
Penstock diameter (d) 1.600 m
Angle of pipe with horizontal in ver (a ) 101.000 o
Pipe material unit weight (g ) 78.500 kN/m
Thickness of penstock (t) 0.010 m

Support piers parameters

1/2 of the distance between pier to
the upstream pier (L1u) 4.000 m
the downstream pier (L1d) 4.000 m
Coeficient of friction between pipe and support
piers (f) 0.250 steel on steel, tar paper in between
Unit weight of concrete (g concrete) 24.000 kN/m3

Ground parameters
Uphill ground slope (i) 0.000 degrees
Friction angle (f ) 34.000 degrees
Active soil pressure (Ka) 0.283
Passive soil pressure (Kp) 3.537
Unit weight of soil (g soil) 18.000 kN/m3 Boulder mixed soil
Allowable bearing pressure (Pallowable) 180.000 kN/m2

Expected loads
weight of the pipe/m 3.971 kN/m
weight of the water/m 19.704 kN/m

Assume the follwing parameters of the support piers

Support pier column parameters:

Support piers projection above penstock invert 0.40 m

Foundation level below ground level (h) 1.00 m
Pier Top section across penstock (l) 2.00 m
Pier Top section across penstock (b) 1.20 m
Total height (H) 1.70 m
Base extension on both sides(m) 0.45 m
 Slope ratio for base width h:v 500.00 1
Pier width at footing junction (b') 1.20 m
Pier length at footing junction (l') 2.00 m
Unsupported height (H') 1.00 m
SP Foundation parameter : effective distan
Thickness at the edge (t) 0.30 m
0.30
length (L) 2.90 m
Foundation Base width, B 2.10 m
Key projection below base 0.00 m

Calculated forces
Volume of pier above base 3.07 m3 Max. Press. transmittted to the found. (
Volume of pier base 1.83 m3
Total volume of pier 4.90 m3 Min. Press. transmittted to the found. (
Weight of pier (WP) 117.58 kN
Active Force due to soil pressure, Fa10 5.089 kN sum of horizontal forces
Distance of Line of action of FA10 from base 0.333 m m*sum of vertical forces,
Passive Force due to soil key provided 0.000 kN
Distance of Line of action of Passive force from
base 0.000 m

(+ve
towards
Force description Forces right)

Pipe & water wt perpendicular to pipe F1u (18.07) kN 17.74

F1d (18.07) kN 17.74
Frictional force due to pipe sld F2u (9.03) kN (1.72)
1.72
Soil pressure F10 5.09 kN 5.09
Block weight WB 117.58 kN 0.00
Surcharge soil weight 32.89 Kn 0.00
SUM 38.84
42.29
Sum of the forces on the base
43.93
37.20
c.g. l 1.05 m (i.e. the distance wt of block acts from u/s
Calculate moments
moments about point O with clockwise moment as +ve

Ref : REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN by: W.H. MOSLEY & J.H. BUNGEY
SUPPORT PIERS steel dgn
Design by simplified method (ONLY FOR SHORT COLUMN)
Support pier column parameters:
Pier Top length (l) 2.00 m
Pier Top width (b) 1.20 m
Pier width at footing junction (b') 1.20 m
Pier length at footing junction (l') 2.00 m
Unsupported height (H') 1.00 m
Is column is short or long SHORT COLUMN
Calculated forces Exp Cont
Dead load on pier 31.76 31.76 kN
Live load on pier 157.63 157.63 kN
Factored Axial load (N) 296.68 296.68 kN
Factored Horizontal load 65.89 55.80 kN
Bending moment (M) 79.07 66.96 kN-m
Eccentricity (e) 266.52 225.69 mm
Consider 10mm stirrup and 20mm main bars
Effective cover to compression steel (d') 70.0 70.0 mm
Effective cover to tension steel bar (d2) 70.0 70.0 mm
b/2-d2 (Page256) 530.0 530.0 mm
Whether this method is useable ? THIS METHOD NOT USED
Material Properties
Characteristic strength of steel (fy) 500.0 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu) 20.0 N/mm2
Modulus of Elasticity for steel(Es) 200000.0 N/mm2

Design calculation (Mosley Page256-257) Exp Cont

1) Increased moment (Ma) 236.31 224.20 kN-m
2) Reinforcement at Compression (As') 875.52 688.62 mm2
3) Reinforcement at Tension side (As) 3304.15 3117.25 mm2
4) Reduced As 2622.12 2435.22 mm2
Note : Provide both face reinforcement as obtained at tension side.

Design using IS:456-1978

d'/b 0.06
Charts for 0.50 will be used
N/(fculb) 0.006
M/(fculb2) 0.001
Reinforcement on four sides from chart 44.00
p/fcu 0.01
p 0.20
Area of steel 4800.00 mm2
perimeter along centres of bar 5840.00 mm
No. of bars 23.90
Spacing of bars 240.00 mm

Minimum reinforcement as per IS 456 : 2000

Cross-sectional area 2.40 m2

Minimum area of longitudinal steel 0.80 %
Required area of steel 0.02 m2
19200.00 mm2
Considered bar diameter 16.00 mm
C/s area of each bar 201.06 mm2
No. of rebars required 96.00 30159.2895
No. of bars provided 184.00
No. of corner bars 4.00
No. of bars in each face except corner bars 45.00
Spacing of bars along b 23.04
Spacing of bars along l 40.43
Provided area of steel 36995.40 mm2
Check for area of steel OK

Minimum reinforcement as per BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985

Table 3.27 Page no. 3/47

Cross-sectional area 2.40 m2

Minimum area of longitudinal steel 0.40 %
Required area of steel 0.01 m2
9600.00 mm2
Considered bar diameter 16.00 mm
C/s area of each bar 201.06 mm2
Clear cover 50.00 mm

No. of rebars required 48.00 9650.97263

No. of bars provided 93.00
No. of corner bars 4.00
No. of bars in each face except corner bars 22.25
Spacing of bars along b 46.62 mm
Spacing of bars along l 81.03 mm
Provided area of steel 18698.76 mm2
Check for area of steel OK

Provide steel as per BS 8110

Shear force
Factored horizontal force 65.89 Kn
C/s area of the column section 2400000.00 mm2
Shear stress 0.03 N/mm2

The value is less than any value given in table 19 of IS 456 : 2000, hence removes the requirement of shear reinforcement

Determination of links

Diameter of the links

1/4 of dia. Of largest longitudinal bar 4.00

Provided diameter of the links 10.00 mm

Spacing
least lateral dimension of the section 1200.00 mm
sixteen times the smallest dia. Bar 256.00 mm
300 mm 300.00 mm

Spacing the links 256.00 mm

Provided spacing of the links 250.00 mm
No. of links in the column 4.00
Link bar diameter 10.00 mm
C/s area of stirrup leg Asv 78.54 mm2
No. of links 3.00
Width of the member 2000.00 mm

Spacing of the links Sv 128.12 mm

Provided spacing 125.00 mm

Support pier footing design Design of Foundation (Ref : Mosley Page: 275 and S.N. Sinha)

SP Foundation parameter (Assume) :

Thickness (t) 0.30 m from below
length (L) 2.90 m 2.9 m
Foundation Base width, B 2.10 m 0.2 m

Total Axial Dead Load including footing 111.52 Kn

Total Axial Imposed Load -30.08 Kn
Moment at the base of column (exp) 43.93 Kn.m
Moment at the base of column (con) 37.20 Kn.m

eccentricity(e) 0.34 m
allowable eccentricity 0.35 m
Check for dimension of footing
Maximum value of soil pressure 48.675 kN/m2
Minimum value of soil pressure 5.915 kN/m2
At the column face, soil pressure 39.51 kN/m2
At 1.5d from the column face, soil pressure 46.20 kN/m2 Footing length is small
At 1.0d from the column face, soil pressure 43.97 kN/m2

a) For the Serviceability Limit state

Total design axial load 81.44 kN
Total design horizontal load 65.89 kN
Required base area for axial load 0.45 m2 OK

b) For the Ultimate Limit State

Column design axial load 108.00 kN
Earth pressure 17.73 Kn/m2

c) As footing is constructed on a blinding

layer minimum cover 75.00 mm
So, Mean effective depth (d) 219.00 mm

Shear Stress, vc
At the column face 0.08 N/mm2
 0.8 f cu 3.58 N/mm2

Is shear stress within permissible limit? OK

d) Punching Shear
Critical perimeter 3714.00 mm
 Area within perimeter 3714000 mm2
Therefore, Punching shear force (V) 109.77 kN
Punching shear stress, v 0.13 N/mm2 Not required as footing length is less
Ultimate shear stress for C30 concrete (From
table 5.1), Page:100 0.39 N/mm2
Ultimate shear stress for C20 concrete (From
table 5.1), Page:101 0.34 N/mm2
Check pad thickness ? t choosen is OK

e) Bending Reinforcement

Maximum ultimate moment at critical section, Mu,max 13.395 kN-m

Thickness of footing based on moment 69.647 mm
for the concrete, Mu 314.24 kN-m
Mu/fcubd2 0.00
Lever-arm, la (Fig:7.5, Page : 161) 0.95
Reinforcement area 148.01 mm2
100 As 0.02 %

bh
Provide minimum reinforcement area 0.15 %
As 1305.00 mm2
Provide reinforcement bar of f 12.00 mm
C/s area of each bar 113.10 mm2
No. of bars required 11.54 No.
Spacing of reinforcement c/c 259.80 mm
Provided spacing of bars 200.00 mm
Provided no. of bars 15.00
Provided reinforcement area 1696.46 mm2
Check for area of steel OK

Provide same reinforcement in the transverse direction

f) Final Check of Punching Shear

100As/bd 0.27 %
Ultimate shear stress for C30 concrete (From
table 5.1), Page:100 0.46 N/mm2
Ultimate shear stress (From table 5.1),
Page:101 0.40 N/mm2
Check section ? thickness is adequate

g) Shear stress in B side

Shear force at critical section 1 d from column
face 20.22 kN Not required as footing length is less
Shear stress, v 0.04 N/mm2
Check section for shear ? is safe
dro Design Manual, Adam Harvey
Blue cell : input mandatory
Black cell : result by calculation
 Safety against overturning (e<eallowable)
Expansion Contraction
effective distance, d 1.32 1.39
eccentricity, e 0.27 0.34

eallowable 0.35 0.35

OK OK

Safety on bearing capacity (Pbase<Pallowable)

smittted to the found. (Pbase,max) 48.68 47.87
OK OK
nsmittted to the found. (Pbase,min) 5.91 0.90 mSV /
Safety against sliding SH>= 1.50
sum of horizontal forces, SH 38.84 42.29 use m= 0.5
m*sum of vertical forces, mSV 83.11 74.24
mSV / SH 2.14 1.76

OK OK

(+ve
downw Line of action
ards)
x z
3.45 1.05 1.30
3.45 1.05 1.30
8.87 expansion 1.05 1.30
(8.87) contraction 1.05 1.30
0.00 1.05 0.33
117.58 1.05
32.89
166.23 expansion
148.49 contraction

133.34 expansion
115.60 contraction
ce wt of block acts from u/s face o)
Ver plane
220.11 kN-m expansion
205.97 kN-m contraction

R SHORT COLUMN)
ent of shear reinforcement
75 and S.N. Sinha)
ting length is less

ting length is less

Upper Mai Hydroelectric Project Ref : Micro Hydro Design Manual, Adam H
SUPPORT PIERS dimension dgn Notes :
Chainage : 0+668.40
Young's modulus, E 200000 N/mm2
Weir level m
Length of Penstock, L m
Design Discharge, Q m3/sec
Bottom end invert 1609.000 m
Ground lvl 1609.000 m
Ground invert ht. : 0.000 m

Input Parameters Unit

Penstock parameters
Penstock diameter (d) 1.800 m
Angle of pipe with horizontal in ver (a ) 0.000 o
Pipe material unit weight (g ) 78.500 kN/m
Thickness of penstock (t) 0.010 m

Support piers parameters

1/2 of the distance between pier to
the upstream pier (L1u) 4.000 m
the downstream pier (L1d) 4.000 m
Coeficient of friction between pipe and
support piers (f) 0.250 Steel on steel, tar paper in between
Unit weight of concrete (g concrete) 24.000 kN/m3

Ground parameters
Uphill ground slope (i) 0.000 degrees
Friction angle (f ) 34.000 degrees
Active soil pressure (Ka) 0.283
Passive soil pressure (Kp) 3.537
Unit weight of soil (g soil) 18.000 kN/m3 Boulder mixed soil
Allowable bearing pressure (Pallowable) 180.000 kN/m2

Expected loads
weight of the pipe/m 4.464 kN/m
weight of the water/m 24.938 kN/m

Assume the following parameters of the support piers

Support pier column parameters:
Support piers projection above penstock
invert 0.45 m
Foundation level below ground level (h) 1.00 m
Pier Top section across penstock (l) 2.16 m
Pier Top section across penstock (b) 1.00 m
Total height (H) 1.75 m
Base extension on both sides(m) 0.20 m
 Slope ratio for base width h:v 500.00
Pier width at footing junction (b') 1.00 m
Pier length at footing junction (l') 2.16 m
Unsupported height (H') 1.00 m
SP Foundation parameter :
Thickness at the edge (t) 0.30 m
0.30
length (L) 2.56 m
Foundation Base width, B 1.40 m
Key projection below base 0.00 m

Calculated forces
Volume of pier above base 2.89 m3 Max. Press. transmittted to the fou
Volume of pier base 1.08 m3
Total volume of pier 3.97 m3 Min. Press. transmittted to the fou
Weight of pier (WP) 95.21 kN
Active Force due to soil pressure, Fa10 5.496 kN sum of horizon
Distance of Line of action of FA10 from
base 0.333 m m*sum of vertica
Passive Force due to soil key provided 0.000 kN
Distance of Line of action of Passive
force from base 0.000 m

Force description Forces (+ve towards right)

Pipe & water wt perpendicular to pipe F1u 117.61 kN 0.00

F1d 117.61 kN 0.00
Frictional force due to pipe sld F2u 58.80 kN (58.80)
58.80
Soil pressure F10 5.50 kN 5.50
Block weight WB 95.21 kN 0.00
Surcharge soil weight 12.90 Kn 0.00
SUM -53.31
64.30
Sum of the forces on the base
-47.81
58.80
c.g. l 0.70 m (i.e. the distance wt of block acts from u/s face
Calculate moments
moments about point O with clockwise moment as +ve

Ref : REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN by: W.H. MOSLEY & J.H. BUNGEY
SUPPORT PIERS steel dgn
Design by simplified method (ONLY FOR SHORT COLUMN)
Support pier column parameters:
Pier Top length (l) 2.16 m
Pier Top width (b) 1.00 m
Pier width at footing junction (b') 1.00 m
Pier length at footing junction (l') 2.16 m
Unsupported height (H') 1.00 m
Is column is short or long SHORT COLUMN
Calculated forces Exp Cont
Dead load on pier 35.71 35.71 Kn
Live load on pier 199.50 199.50 Kn
Factored Axial load (N) 369.20 369.20 Kn
Factored Horizontal load 71.72 88.21 Kn
Bending moment (M) 87.85 108.05 kN-m
Eccentricity (e) 237.96 292.66 mm
Consider 10mm stirrup and 20mm main
bars
Effective cover to compression steel (d') 70.0 70.0 mm
Effective cover to tension steel bar (d2) 70.0 70.0 mm
b/2-d2 (Page256) 430.0 430.0 mm
Whether this method is useable ? THIS METHOD NOT USED
Material Properties
Characteristic strength of steel (fy) 500.0 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu) 20.0 N/mm2
Modulus of Elasticity for steel(Es) 200000.0 N/mm2

Design calculation (Mosley Page256-

257) Exp Cont
1) Increased moment (Ma) 246.61 266.81 kN-m
2) Reinforcement at Compression (As') 1496.12 1807.74 mm2
3) Reinforcement at Tension side (As) 3519.98 3831.60 mm2
4) Reduced As 2671.25 2982.87 mm2
Note : Provide both face reinforcement as obtained at tension side.

Design using IS:456-1978

d'/b 0.07
Charts for 0.10 will be used
N/(fculb) 0.009
M/(fculb2) 0.002
Reinforcement on four sides from chart
p/fcu 0.01
p 0.20
Area of steel 4320.00 mm2
perimeter along centres of bar 5760.00 mm
No. of bars 21.50
Spacing of bars 265.00 mm

Minimum reinforcement as per IS 456 : 2000

Cross-sectional area 2.16 m2

Minimum area of longitudinal steel 0.80 %
Required area of steel 0.02 m2
17280.00 mm2
Considered bar diameter 20.00 mm
C/s area of each bar 314.16 mm2

No. of rebars required 56.00 17592.9189

No. of bars provided 56.00
No. of corner bars 4.00
No. of bars in each face except corner ba 13.00
Spacing of bars along b 61.43
Spacing of bars along l 144.29
Provided area of steel 17592.92 mm2
Check for area of steel OK

Minimum reinforcement as per BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985

Table 3.27 Page no. 3/47

Cross-sectional area 2.16 m2

Minimum area of longitudinal steel 0.40 %
Required area of steel 0.01 m2
8640.00 mm2
Considered bar diameter 16.00 mm
C/s area of each bar 201.06 mm2
Clear cover 50.00 mm

No. of rebars required 43.00 8645.66298

No. of bars provided 44.00
No. of corner bars 4.00
No. of bars in each face except corner ba 10.00
Spacing of bars along b 80.36 mm
Spacing of bars along l 185.82 mm
Provided area of steel 8846.72 mm2
Check for area of steel OK

Provide steel as per BS 8110

Shear force
Factored horizontal force 88.21 Kn
C/s area of the column section 2160000.0 mm2
Shear stress 0.04 N/mm2

The value is less than any value given in table 19 of IS 456 : 2000, hence removes the requirement of shear reinforcement

Determination of links
IS 456:2000
Diameter of the links
1/4 of dia. Of largest longitudinal bar 4.00

Provided diameter of the links 10.00 mm

Spacing
least lateral dimension of the section 1000.00 mm
sixteen times the smallest dia. Bar 256.00 mm
300 mm 300.00 mm
Spacing the links 256.00 mm
Provided spacing of the links 250.00 mm
No. of links in the column 4.00

Link bar diameter 12.00 mm

C/s area of stirrup leg Asv 113.10 mm2
No. of links 3.00
Width of the member 2160.00 mm

Spacing of the links Sv 170.82 mm

Provided spacing 150.00 mm

Support pier footing design Design of Foundation (Ref : Mosley Page: 275 and S.N. Sinha)

SP Foundation parameter (Assume) :

Thickness (t) 0.30 m from below
length (L) 2.56 m 2.6 m
Foundation Base width, B 1.40 m 0.7 m

Total Axial Dead Load including footing 130.92 Kn

Total Axial Imposed Load 199.50 Kn
Moment at the base of column (exp) 47.81 Kn.m
Moment at the base of column (con) 58.80 Kn.m

eccentricity(e) 0.12 m
allowable eccentricity 0.23 m
Check for dimension of footing
Maximum value of soil pressure 185.016 Kn/m2
Minimum value of soil pressure 6.574 Kn/m2
At the column face, soil pressure 159.52 Kn/m2
t 1.5d from the column face, soil pressure 201.39 Kn/m2
t 1.0d from the column face, soil pressure 187.44 Kn/m2

a) For the Serviceability Limit state

Total design axial load 330.43 kN
Total design horizontal load 71.72 kN
Required base area for axial load 1.84 m2 OK

b) For the Ultimate Limit State

Column design axial load 502.50 kN
Earth pressure 140.21 Kn/m2

c) As footing is constructed on a
blinding layer minimum cover 75.00 mm
So, Mean effective depth (d) 219.00 mm

Shear Stress, vc
At the column face 0.36 N/mm2
 0.8 f cu 3.58 N/mm2
 Is shear stress within permissible limit? OK

d) Punching Shear
Critical perimeter 8948.00 mm
Area within perimeter 2132469 mm2
Therefore, Punching shear force (V) 292.33 kN
Punching shear stress, v 0.15 N/mm2
Ultimate shear stress for C20 concrete
(From table 5.1), Page:100 0.40 N/mm2
Ultimate shear stress for C20 concrete
(From table 5.1), Page:101 0.35 N/mm2
Check pad thickness ? t choosen is OK

e) Bending Reinforcement

Maximum ultimate moment at critical section, Mu,max 9.038 kN-m

Thickness of footing based on moment 57.207 mm
for the concrete, Mu 209.49 kN-m
Mu/fcubd2 0.00
Lever-arm, la (Fig:7.5, Page : 161) 0.95
Reinforcement area 99.86 mm2
100 As 0.01 %

bh
Provide minimum reinforcement area 0.15 %
As 1152.00 mm2
Provide reinforcement bar of f 16.00 mm
C/s area of each bar 201.06 mm2
No. of bars required 5.73 No.
Spacing of reinforcement c/c 506.18 mm
Provided spacing of bars 150.00 mm
Provided no. of bars 17.00
Provided reinforcement area 3418.05 mm2
Check for area of steel OK

Provide same spacing of bars in the transverse direction

Provided no. of bars 10.00

Reinforcement in the compression face

0.13% of the cross sectional area
Area of steel in compression face 998.40 mm2
Bar diameter 12.00 mm
C/s area of bar 113.10 mm2
No. of bars required 9.00
Spacing of the bars required 299.75 mm
Provided spacing of the bars 150.00 mm
Provided no. of bars 17.00

Provide same spacing of bars in the transverse direction

Provided no. of bars 10.00

f) Final Check of Punching Shear

100As/bd 0.61 %
Ultimate shear stress for C30 concrete
(From table 5.1), Page:100 0.60 N/mm2
Ultimate shear stress (From table 5.1),
Page:101 0.53 N/mm2
Check section ? thickness is adequate

g) Shear stress in B side

Distance 1d from column face 219.00 mm
Distance from face of footing to 1d 561.00 mm
Shear force at critical section 1 d from
column face 267451.12 N
Shear stress, v 0.48 N/mm2
Check section for shear ? is safe
sign Manual, Adam Harvey
Blue cell : input mandatory
Black cell : result by calculation
 Safety against overturning (e<eallowable)
Expansion Contraction
effective distance, d 0.483 0.928
eccentricity, e 0.217 0.228

eallowable 0.233 0.233

OK OK 95.795

Safety on bearing capacity (Pbase<Pallowable)

ss. transmittted to the found. (Pbase,max) 185.015692 189.397 0.97289
TRY AGAINTRY AGAIN
ess. transmittted to the found. (Pbase,min)6.5740156 2.19266 mSV /
Safety against sliding SH>= 1.50
sum of horizontal forces, SH 53.307 64.299 use m= 0.5

m*sum of vertical forces, mSV 171.664 171.664

mSV / SH 3.2203 2.6698

OK OK

(+ve
Line of action
downwards)
x z
117.61 0.7 1.30
117.61 0.7 1.30
0.00 expansion 0.7 1.30
0.00 contraction 0.7 1.30
0.00 0.7 0.33
95.21 0.7
12.90
343.33 expansion
343.33 contraction

330.43 expansion
330.43 contraction
block acts from u/s face o)
Ver plane
165.72 kN-m expansion
318.61 kN-m contraction

ORT COLUMN)
ent of shear reinforcement
Upper Mai Hydroelectric Project Ref : Micro Hydro Design Manual, A
SUPPORT PIERS dimension dgn
Chainage : 0+668.40
Young's modulus, E 200000 N/mm2
Weir level m
Length of Penstock, L m
Design Discharge, Q m3/sec
Bottom end invert 1608.600 m
Ground lvl 1608.600 m
Ground invert ht. : 0.000 m

Input Parameters Unit

Penstock parameters
Penstock diameter (d) 1.800 m
Angle of pipe with horizontal in ver (a ) 102.000 o
Pipe material unit weight (g ) 78.500 kN/m
Thickness of penstock (t) 0.010 m

Support piers parameters

1/2 of the distance between pier to
the upstream pier (L1u) 4.000 m
the downstream pier (L1d) 4.000 m
Coeficient of friction between pipe and support
piers (f) 0.250 Steel on steel, tar paper in between
Unit weight of concrete (g concrete) 24.000 kN/m3

Ground parameters
Uphill ground slope (i) 0.000 degrees
Friction angle (f ) 34.000 degrees
Active soil pressure (Ka) 0.283
Passive soil pressure (Kp) 3.537
Unit weight of soil (g soil) 18.000 kN/m3 Boulder mixed soil
Allowable bearing pressure (Pallowable) 126.000 kN/m2

Loads
weight of the pipe/m 4.464 kN/m
weight of the water/m 24.938 kN/m

Assume the following parameters of the support piers

Support pier column parameters:
Support piers projection above penstock invert 0.45 m
Foundation level below ground level (h) 1.00 m
Pier Top section across penstock (l) 2.16 m
Pier Top section across penstock (b) 1.50 m
Total height (H) 1.50 m
Base extension on both sides(m) 0.40 m
Slope ratio for base width h:v 500.00 :1
 Pier width at footing junction (b') 1.50 m
Pier length at footing junction (l') 2.16 m
Unsupported height (H') 0.55 m
SP Foundation parameter :
Thickness at the edge (t) 0.50 m
Thickness at column junction (t') 0.50 m
length (L) 2.96 m
Foundation Base width, B 2.30 m
Key projection below base 0.00 m

Calculated forces
Volume of pier above base 2.88 m3 Max. Press. transmittted to the found. (
Volume of pier base 3.40 m3
Total volume of pier 6.28 m3 Min. Press. transmittted to the found. (
Weight of pier (WP) 150.82 kN
Active Force due to soil pressure, Fa10 5.496 kN
Distance of Line of action of FA10 from base 0.333 m
Passive Force due to soil key provided 0.000 kN
Distance of Line of action of Passive force from
base 0.000 m

Force description Forces

Pipe & water wt perpendicular to pipe F1u (24.45) kN

F1d (24.45) kN
Frictional force due to pipe sld F2u (12.23) kN

Soil pressure F10 5.50 kN

Block weight WB 150.82 kN
Surcharge soil weight 21.31 Kn
SUM

Sum of the forces on the base

c.g. l 1.15 m (i.e. the distance wt of block acts from u

Calculate moments
moments about point O with clockwise moment as +ve

Ref : REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN by: W.H. MOSLEY & J.H. BUNGEY
SUPPORT PIERS steel dgn
Design by simplified method (ONLY FOR SHORT COLUMN
Support pier column parameters:
Pier Top length (l) 2.16 m
Pier Top width (b) 1.50 m
Pier width at footing junction (b') 1.50 m
Pier length at footing junction (l') 2.16 m
Unsupported height (H') 0.55 m
Is column is short or long SHORT COLUMN
Calculated forces Exp Cont
Dead load on pier 35.71 35.71 Kn
Live load on pier 199.50 199.50 Kn
Factored Axial load (N) 369.20 369.20 Kn
Factored Horizontal load 84.43 92.05 Kn
Bending moment (M) 65.43 71.34 kN-m
Eccentricity (e) 177.22 193.23 mm
Consider 10mm stirrup and 20mm main bars
Effective cover to compression steel (d') 70.0 70.0 mm
Effective cover to tension steel bar (d2) 70.0 70.0 mm
b/2-d2 (Page256) 680.0 680.0 mm
Whether this method is useable ? THIS METHOD NOT USED
Material Properties
Characteristic strength of steel (fy) 500.0 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu) 20.0 N/mm2
Modulus of Elasticity for steel(Es) 200000.0 N/mm2

Design calculation (Mosley Page256-257) Exp Cont

1) Increased moment (Ma) 316.49 322.40 kN-m
2) Reinforcement at Compression (As') (3327.33) (3288.40) mm2
3) Reinforcement at Tension side (As) 2480.88 2519.81 mm2
4) Reduced As 1632.14 1671.07 mm2
Note : Provide both face reinforcement as obtained at tension side.

Design using IS:456-1978

d'/b 0.05
Charts for 0.05 will be used
N/(fculb) 0.006
M/(fculb2) 0.001
Reinforcement on four sides from chart 44.00
p/fcu 0.01
p 0.20
Area of steel 6480.00 mm2
perimeter along centres of bar 6760.00 mm
No. of bars 32.30
Spacing of bars 205.00 mm

Minimum reinforcement as per IS 456 : 2000

Cross-sectional area 3.24 m2

Minimum area of longitudinal steel 0.80 %
Required area of steel 0.03 m2
25920.00 mm2
Considered bar diameter 20.00 mm
C/s area of each bar 314.16 mm2

No. of rebars required 83.00 26075.22

No. of bars provided 83.00
No. of corner bars 4.00
No. of bars in each face except corner bars 19.75
Spacing of bars along b 65.54
Spacing of bars along l 97.35
Provided area of steel 26075.22 mm2
Check for area of steel OK

Minimum reinforcement as per BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985

Table 3.27 Page no. 3/47

Cross-sectional area 3.24 m2

Minimum area of longitudinal steel 0.40 %
Required area of steel 0.01 m2
12960.00 mm2
Considered bar diameter 16.00 mm
C/s area of each bar 201.06 mm2
Clear cover 50.00 mm

No. of rebars required 65.00 13069

No. of bars provided 68.00
No. of corner bars 4.00
No. of bars in each face except corner bars 16.00
Spacing of bars along b 81.41 mm
Spacing of bars along l 120.24 mm
Provided area of steel 13672.21 mm2
Check for area of steel OK

Provide steel as per BS 8110

Shear force
Factored horizontal force 92.1 Kn
C/s area of the column section 3240000.0 mm2
Shear stress 0.0 N/mm2

The value is less than any value given in table 19 of IS 456 : 2000, hence removes the requirement of shear reinforcement

Determination of links

Diameter of the links

1/4 of dia. Of largest longitudinal bar 4.00

Provided diameter of the links 12.00 mm

Spacing
least lateral dimension of the section 1500.00 mm
sixteen times the smallest dia. Bar 256.00 mm
300 mm 300.00 mm

Spacing the links 256.00 mm

Provided spacing of the links 250.00 mm
No. of links in the column 12.00
Link bar diameter 12.00 mm
C/s area of stirrup leg Asv 113.10 mm2
No. of links 3.00
Width of the member 2160.00 mm

Spacing of the links Sv 170.82 mm

Provided spacing 150.00 mm

Support pier foundation design Design of Foundation (Ref : Mosley Page: 275 and S.N. Sinha)

SP Foundation parameter (Assume) :

Thickness at the edge (t) 0.50 m from below
length (L) 2.96 m 3.0
Foundation Base width, B 2.30 m 0.3

Total Axial Dead Load including footing 143.40 Kn

Total Axial Imposed Load -41.48 Kn
Moment at the base of column (exp) 30.96 Kn.m
Moment at the base of column (con) 33.75 Kn.m

eccentricity(e) 0.24 m
allowable eccentricity 0.38 m
Check for dimension of footing
Maximum value of soil pressure 47.460 Kn/m2
Minimum value of soil pressure 9.609 Kn/m2
At the column face, soil pressure 40.88 Kn/m2
At 1.5d from the column face, soil pressure 51.22 Kn/m2
At 1.0d from the column face, soil pressure 47.77 Kn/m2

a) For the Serviceability Limit state

Total design axial load 101.92 kN
Total design horizontal load 84.43 kN
Required base area for axial load 0.81 m2 OK

b) For the Ultimate Limit State

Column design axial load 134.39 kN
Earth pressure 19.74 Kn/m2

c) As footing is constructed on a blinding

layer minimum cover 75.00 mm
So, Mean effective depth (d) 419.00 mm

Shear Stress, vc
At the column face 0.04 N/mm2
 0.8 f cu 3.58 N/mm2

Is shear stress within permissible limit? OK

d) Punching Shear
Critical perimeter 12348.00 mm
Area within perimeter 4807719 mm2
 Therefore, Punching shear force (V) 102.45 kN
Punching shear stress, v 0.02 N/mm2
Ultimate shear stress for C30 concrete (From
table 5.1), Page:100 0.36 N/mm2
Ultimate shear stress for C20 concrete (From
table 5.1), Page:101 0.32 N/mm2
Check pad thickness ? t choosen is OK

e) Bending Reinforcement

Maximum ultimate moment at critical section, Mu,max 10.719 kN-m

Thickness of footing based on moment 62.301 mm
for the concrete, Mu 1259.83 kN-m
Mu/fcubd2 0.00
Lever-arm, la (Fig:7.5, Page : 161) 0.95
Reinforcement area 61.90 mm2
100 As 0.00 %

bh
Provide minimum reinforcement area 0.15 %
As 2220.00 mm2
Provide reinforcement bar of f 16.00 mm
C/s area of each bar 201.06 mm2
No. of bars required 12.00 No.
Spacing of reinforcement c/c 254.00 mm
Provided spacing of bars 250.00 mm
Provided no. of bars 13.00
Provided reinforcement area 2613.81 mm2
Check for area of steel OK

Provide same reinforcement in the transverse direction

Provided no. of bars 10.00

Reinforcement in the compression face

0.13% of the cross sectional area
Area of steel in compression face 1924.00 mm2
Bar diameter 12.00 mm
C/s area of bar 113.10 mm2
No. of bars required 18.00
Spacing of the bars required 164.59 mm
Provided spacing of the bars 150.00 mm
Provided no. of bars 20.00

Provide same spacing of bars in the transverse direction

Provided no. of bars 16.00

f) Final Check of Punching Shear

100As/bd 0.21 %
Ultimate shear stress for C30 concrete (From
table 5.1), Page:100 0.40 N/mm2

Ultimate shear stress (From table 5.1), Page:101 0.35 N/mm2

Check section ? thickness is adequate
g) Shear stress in B side
Distance 1d from column face 419.00 mm
Distance from face of footing to 1d 311.00 mm
Shear force at critical section 1 d from column
face 7672.33 N
Shear stress, v 0.04 N/mm2
Check section for shear ? is safe
Micro Hydro Design Manual, Adam Harvey
Notes : Blue cell : input mandatory
Black cell : result by calculation

paper in between
 Safety against overturning (e<eallowable)
Expansion Contraction
effective distance, d 1.40424275 1.47128
eccentricity, e 0.25424275 0.32128

eallowable 0.38333 0.38333

OK OK

Safety on bearing capacity (Pbase<Pallowable)

x. Press. transmittted to the found. (Pbase,max) 47.45958 45.9919
OK OK
n. Press. transmittted to the found. (Pbase,min) 9.60918223 4.05061
mSV /
Safety against sliding SH>= 1.50
sum of horizontal forces, SH 50.789 55.873 use m= 0.5
m*sum of vertical forces, mSV 97.131 85.172
mSV / SH 1.9124 1.5244

OK OK

(+ve (+ve
towards downw Line of action
right) ards)
x z
23.92 5.08 1.15 1.05
23.92 5.08 1.15 1.05
(2.54) 11.96 expansion 1.15 1.05
2.54 (11.96) contraction 1.15 1.05
5.50 0.00 1.15 0.33
0.00 150.82 1.15
0.00 21.31
50.79 194.26 expansion
55.87 170.34 contraction

56.29 172.95 expansion

61.37 149.03 contraction
the distance wt of block acts from u/s face o)
Ver plane
lockwise moment as +ve 272.79 kN-m expansion
250.62 kN-m contraction

ONLY FOR SHORT COLUMN)

e requirement of shear reinforcement
ey Page: 275 and S.N. Sinha)

m
m
Upper Mai Hydroelectric Project Ref : Micro Hydro Design Manual
SUPPORT PIERS dimension dgn
Chainage : 0+668.40
Young's modulus, E 200000 N/mm2
Weir level 1628 m
Length of Penstock, L 1850 m
Design Discharge, Q 3.55 m3/sec
Bottom end invert 1609.000 m
Ground lvl 1608.600 m
Ground invert ht. : 0.400 m

Input Parameters Unit

Penstock parameters
Penstock diameter (d) 1.250 m
Angle of pipe with horizontal in ver (a ) 30.000 o
Pipe material unit weight (g ) 78.500 kN/m
Thickness of penstock (t) 0.036 m

Support piers parameters

1/2 of the distance between pier to
the upstream pier (L1u) 5.000 m
the downstream pier (L1d) 5.000 m

Coeficient of friction between pipe and support piers ( f) 0.250 Steel on steel, tar paper in between
Unit weight of concrete (g concrete) 24.000 kN/m3

Ground parameters
Uphill ground slope (i) 30.000 degrees
Friction angle (f ) 34.000 degrees
Active soil pressure (Ka) 0.551
Passive soil pressure (Kp) 1.570
Unit weight of soil (g soil) 18.000 kN/m3 Boulder mixed soil
Allowable bearing pressure (Pallowable) 126.000 kN/m2

Loads
weight of the pipe/m 11.417 kN/m
weight of the water/m 12.026 kN/m

Assume the following parameters of the support piers

Support pier column parameters:
Support piers projection above penstock invert 0.31 m
Foundation level below ground level (h) 1.80 m
Pier Top section across penstock (l) 1.60 m
Pier Top section across penstock (b) 0.70 m
Total height (H) 2.50 m
Base extension on both sides(m) 1.50 m
Slope ratio for base width h:v 500.00 :1
 Pier width at footing junction (b') 0.70 m
Pier length at footing junction (l') 1.60 m
Unsupported height (H') 1.69 m
SP Foundation parameter :
Thickness at the edge (t) 0.50 m
Thickness at column junction (t') 0.50 m
length (L) 2.50 m
Foundation Base width, B 3.70 m
Key projection below base 0.00 m

Calculated forces
Volume of pier above base 2.07 m3 Max. Press. transmittted to the found. (
Volume of pier base 4.63 m3
Total volume of pier 6.70 m3 Min. Press. transmittted to the found.
Weight of pier (WP) 160.84 kN
Active Force due to soil pressure, Fa10 22.281 kN
Distance of Line of action of FA10 from base 0.600 m
Passive Force due to soil key provided 0.000 kN
Distance of Line of action of Passive force from base 0.000 m

Force description Forces

Pipe & water wt perpendicular to pipe F1u 101.51 kN

F1d 101.51 kN
Frictional force due to pipe sld F2u 50.76 kN

Soil pressure F10 22.28 kN

Block weight WB 160.84 kN
Surcharge soil weight 175.50 Kn
SUM

Sum of the forces on the base

c.g. l 1.85 m (i.e. the distance wt of block acts from

Calculate moments
moments about point O with clockwise moment as +ve

Ref : REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN by: W.H. MOSLEY & J.H. BUNGEY
SUPPORT PIERS steel dgn
Design by simplified method (ONLY FOR SHORT COL
Support pier column parameters:
Pier Top length (l) 1.60 m
Pier Top width (b) 0.70 m
Pier width at footing junction (b') 0.70 m
Pier length at footing junction (l') 1.60 m
Unsupported height (H') 1.69 m
Is column is short or long SHORT COLUMN
Calculated forces Exp Cont
Dead load on pier 114.173 114.1729 Kn
Live load on pier 120.264 120.264 Kn
Factored Axial load (N) 352.3 352.3 Kn
Factored Horizontal load 160.3 86.33589 Kn
Bending moment (M) 295.8 159.2897 kN-m
Eccentricity (e) 839.7 452.2 mm
Consider 10mm stirrup and 20mm main bars
Effective cover to compression steel (d') 70.0 70.0 mm
Effective cover to tension steel bar (d2) 70.0 70.0 mm
b/2-d2 (Page256) 280.0 280.0 mm
Whether this method is useable ? USE THIS METHOD
Material Properties
Characteristic strength of steel (fy) 415.0 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of concrete (fcu) 20.0 N/mm2
Modulus of Elasticity for steel(Es) 200000.0 N/mm2

Design calculation (Mosley Page256-257) Exp Cont

1) Increased moment (Ma) 394.42 257.92 kN-m
2) Reinforcement at Compression (As') 87.28 (995.99) mm2
3) Reinforcement at Tension side (As) 3352.94 2269.67 mm2
4) Reduced As 2377.27 1294.00 mm2
Note : Provide both face reinforcement as obtained at tension side.

Design using IS:456-1978

d'/b 0.10
Charts for 0.10 will be used
N/(fculb) 0.016
M/(fculb2) 0.019
Reinforcement on four sides from chart 44.00
p/fcu 0.01
p 0.20
Area of steel 2240.00 mm2
perimeter along centres of bar 4040.00 mm
No. of bars 11.20
Spacing of bars 360.00 mm

Minimum reinforcement as per IS 456 : 2000

Cross-sectional area 1.12 m2

Minimum area of longitudinal steel 0.80 %
Required area of steel 0.01 m2
8960.00 mm2
Considered bar diameter 20.00 mm
C/s area of each bar 314.16 mm2

No. of rebars required 29.00 9110.619

No. of bars provided 44.00
No. of corner bars 4.00
No. of bars in each face except corner bars 10.00
Spacing of bars along b 50.91
Spacing of bars along l 132.73
Provided area of steel 13823.01 mm2
Check for area of steel OK

Minimum reinforcement as per BS 8110 : Part 1 : 1985

Table 3.27 Page no. 3/47

Cross-sectional area 1.12 m2

Minimum area of longitudinal steel 0.40 %
Required area of steel 0.00 m2
4480.00 mm2
Considered bar diameter 16.00 mm
C/s area of each bar 201.06 mm2
Clear cover 50.00 mm

No. of rebars required 23.00 4624.424

No. of bars provided 32.00
No. of corner bars 4.00
No. of bars in each face except corner bars 7.00
Spacing of bars along b 73.00 mm
Spacing of bars along l 185.50 mm
Provided area of steel 6433.98 mm2
Check for area of steel OK

Provide steel as per BS 8110

Shear force
Factored horizontal force 160.32 Kn
C/s area of the column section 1120000.00 mm2
Shear stress 0.14 N/mm2

The value is less than any value given in table 19 of IS 456 : 2000, hence removes the requirement of shear reinforcement

Determination of links

Diameter of the links

1/4 of dia. Of largest longitudinal bar 4.00

Provided diameter of the links 10.00 mm

Spacing
least lateral dimension of the section 700.00 mm
sixteen times the smallest dia. Bar 256.00 mm
300 mm 300.00 mm

Spacing the links 256.00 mm

Provided spacing of the links 250.00 mm
No. of links in the column 10.00
Link bar diameter 12.00 mm
C/s area of stirrup leg Asv 113.10 mm2
No. of links 3.00
Width of the member 1600.00 mm

Spacing of the links Sv 191.41 mm

Provided spacing 175.00 mm

Support pier foundation design Design of Foundation (Ref : Mosley Page: 275 and S.N. Sinha)

SP Foundation parameter (Assume) :

Thickness at the edge (t) 0.50 m from below
length (L) 2.50 m 2.5
Foundation Base width, B 3.70 m 1.2

Total Axial Dead Load including footing 259.71 Kn

Total Axial Imposed Load 104.15 Kn
Moment at the base of column (exp) 180.63 Kn.m
Moment at the base of column (con) 97.27 Kn.m

eccentricity(e) 0.18 m
allowable eccentricity 0.62 m
Check for dimension of footing
Maximum value of soil pressure 107.651 Kn/m2
Minimum value of soil pressure 0.009 Kn/m2
At the column face, soil pressure 64.01 Kn/m2
At 1.5d from the column face, soil pressure 82.30 Kn/m2
At 1.0d from the column face, soil pressure 76.20 Kn/m2

a) For the Serviceability Limit state

Total design axial load 363.86 kN
Total design horizontal load 160.32 kN
Required base area for axial load 2.89 m2 OK

b) For the Ultimate Limit State

Column design axial load 530.24 kN
Earth pressure 57.32 Kn/m2

c) As footing is constructed on a blinding layer

minimum cover 75.00 mm
So, Mean effective depth (d) 419.00 mm

Shear Stress, vc
At the column face 0.28 N/mm2
 0.8 f cu 3.58 N/mm2

Is shear stress within permissible limit? OK

d) Punching Shear
Critical perimeter 9628.00 mm
Area within perimeter 3791239 mm2
Therefore, Punching shear force (V) 449.24 kN
Punching shear stress, v 0.11 N/mm2
Ultimate shear stress for C30 concrete (From table
5.1), Page:100 0.36 N/mm2
Ultimate shear stress for C20 concrete (From table
5.1), Page:101 0.32 N/mm2
Check pad thickness ? t choosen is OK

e) Bending Reinforcement

Maximum ultimate moment at critical section, Mu,max 261.857 kN-m

Thickness of footing based on moment 307.931 mm
for the concrete, Mu 2026.68 kN-m
Mu/fcubd2 0.03
Lever-arm, la (Fig:7.5, Page : 161) 0.95
Reinforcement area 1822.04 mm2
100 As 0.15 %

bh
Provide minimum reinforcement area 0.15 %
As 1875.00 mm2
Provide reinforcement bar of f 16.00 mm
C/s area of each bar 201.06 mm2
No. of bars required 10.00 No.
Spacing of reinforcement c/c 259.33 mm
Provided spacing of bars 150.00 mm
Provided no. of bars 17.00
Provided reinforcement area 3418.05 mm2
Check for area of steel OK

Provide same reinforcement in the transverse direction

Provided no. of bars 25.00

Reinforcement in the compression face

0.13% of the cross sectional area
Area of steel in compression face 1625.00 mm2
Bar diameter 12.00 mm
C/s area of bar 113.10 mm2
No. of bars required 15.00
Spacing of the bars required 167.00 mm
Provided spacing of the bars 150.00 mm
Provided no. of bars 17.00

Provide same spacing of bars in the transverse direction

Provided no. of bars 25.00

f) Final Check of Punching Shear

100As/bd 0.33 %
Ultimate shear stress for C30 concrete (From table
5.1), Page:100 0.37 N/mm2

Ultimate shear stress (From table 5.1), Page:101 0.32 N/mm2

Check section ? thickness is adequate
g) Shear stress in B side
Distance 1d from column face 419.00 mm
Distance from face of footing to 1d 481.00 mm
Shear force at critical section 1 d from column face 22841.20 N
Shear stress, v 0.11 N/mm2
Check section for shear ? is safe
Micro Hydro Design Manual, Adam Harvey
Notes : Blue cell : input mandatory
Black cell : result by calculation

r paper in between

er mixed soil
 Safety against overturning (e<eallowable)
Expansion Contraction
effective distance, d 1.23343347 1.64137
eccentricity, e 0.61656653 0.20863

eallowable 0.61667 0.61667 1.00016

OK OK

Safety on bearing capacity (Pbase<Pallowable)

x. Press. transmittted to the found. (Pbase,max) 107.650855 79.3853
OK OK
n. Press. transmittted to the found. (Pbase,min)0.0087415 39.2488 mSV /
Safety against sliding SH>= 1.50
sum of horizontal forces, SH 126.175 38.261 use m= 0.5
m*sum of vertical forces, mSV 248.963 274.341
mSV / SH 1.9732 7.1702
OK OK

(+ve (+ve
towards downw Line of action
right) ards)
x z
(50.76) 87.91 1.85 2.19
(50.76) 87.91 1.85 2.19
(43.96) (25.38) expansion 1.85 2.19
43.96 25.38 contraction 1.85 2.19
19.30 11.14 1.85 0.60
0.00 160.84 1.85
0.00 175.50
-126.18 497.93 expansion
-38.26 548.68 contraction

-106.88 311.29 expansion

-57.56 362.04 contraction
e. the distance wt of block acts from u/s face o)
Ver plane
lockwise moment as +ve 614.16 kN-m expansion
900.59 kN-m contraction

od (ONLY FOR SHORT COLUMN)

requirement of shear reinforcement
Mosley Page: 275 and S.N. Sinha)

m
m