QUESTION NO.

1
1 What is urban design .Explain the role and need of urban design in today’s world.
Urban design is designing the residue left between the buildings. It is the process of
designing and shaping the physical features of cities, towns and planning for the
provision of municipal services to residents and visitors. Urban design is about making
connections between people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the
built fabric. Urban design seeks to create sustainable urban environments with long-
lasting structures ,buildings and overall livability .Urban design involves the
arrangement and design of buildings, public spaces, transport systems, services, and
amenities. Urban design is the process of giving form, shape, and character to groups
of buildings, to whole neighborhoods, and the city. It is a framework that orders the
elements into a network of streets, squares, and blocks. Urban design blends
architecture ,landscape architecture, and city planning together to make urban areas
functional and attractive.
Role of urban design in today’s world
o Significant, interrelation between form and function of the city.
o Many problems of cities are actually the result of improper
planning.
o Enhancing the city advantages.
o Diminishing the city disadvantages.
o Reduce environmental stress of the city.
Need of urban design in today’s world
• Make the city look appealing.
• Diminish the city’s disadvantages.
• Enhance the city’s advantages.
Question no.
2 Explain the objectives of urban designing with stress on activity of urban
designer.
Provide adequate spaces and linkages for pedestrians ,cyclists and transit and
freight vehicles. Create appropriate transitions from highway to streets. Reinforce
the sense of space.
o Contribute to city’s fabric.
o Enhance city advantages.
Diminish city’s disadvantages.
o Enhance the city’s culture.
Foster the opportunities for future development and maintain the viability of
existing use.
Encourage use of local and recycled material.
o Define the city character.
o Provide adequate space and linkages for pedestrians, cyclists, and transit and
freight vehicles .
o Provide a walkable pedestrian-oriented environment that is supportive of transit.
o Make Universal Design principles and accessibility a priority Use Crime
Prevention Through Environmental Design principles to improve public safety
o Emphasize design features which buffer pedestrians from moving traffic.
Activity of urban designer.
• Analysis • Collaboration • Policy formulation • Design generation •
Implementation
QUESTION NO.
3
State the difference between architecture, urban planning and
urban design .Detail out the purpose of urban designer

Purpose of urban designer

• Arranging for sanitation and cleanliness of the town and its adjoining areas.
• Allocating space for marketing centers , shops, and so on.
• Arranging for education, health and medical services.
• Setting apart space for industries, parks and public places including burial
sites
QUESTION NO.
4 What is imageability. Discuss five elements.
Physical qualities which relate to the attributes of identity and structure in the mental
image. It is that shape, color, or arrangement which facilitates the making of vividly
identified, powerfully structured, highly useful mental images of the environment. It
might also be called legibility. An imageable city helps residents and visitors better to
orientate themselves spatially, to navigate through the city, and to find their way. It is
having 5 elements.
Path
Basically, paths can be streets, with their pedestrian or vehicular flows. But paths can
also consist of only parts of various streets, along which pedestrians circulate. It is one of
the major orientation systems in the city, and most of the residents refer to their
neighborhood according to the name of the nearest subway station.
NODES
Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which
are the intensive foci to and from which people travel.
EDGES
Edges are the linear elements not considered as paths: they are usually, but not quite
always, the boundaries between two kinds of areas.
LANDMARKS
Landmarks, the point references considered to be external to the observer, are simple
physical elements which may vary widely in scale.
DISTRICTS
Districts are the relatively large city areas which the observer can mentally go inside of,
and which have some common character,

QUESTION NO
5 EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING:- URBAN PATTERN ,URBAN FABRIC, TEXTURE,
DENSITY
O urban pattern:-
The pattern of the city is the way how different functions and elements of the settlement
form are distributed and mixed together spatially. It can be measured by the size of its
grain. Grain is fine when similar elements or functions are widely dispersed throughout
the district without forming any large clusters. On the other hand, grain is coarse if
different elements and functions are segregated from each other in a way that extensive
areas of one thing are separated from extensive areas of other things . o URBAN fabric
:- Urban fabric is the physical form of towns and cities.
Texture
Degree of mixture of course and fine element of urban form. • Even or uneven • Built or
inbuilt
Density:-
Urban density is a term used in urban planning and urban design to refer to the number of
people inhabiting a given urbanized area.
 QUESTION NO.
6 Discuss the principals of scale in urban design with sketches.
Scale:- system of measurement convenient to us and whatever we are measuring.
Types
Intimate scale:- ranges from and limited to small spaces. Intimate scale are generally
forty feet.
Urban scale:-grand urban spaces. Urban scale is 450’.
Monumental scale:- monumental scale are 4000’.
Degree of enclosure:- sense of space which is given by the relationship of viewing
distance to building height.
Full enclosure:- enclosure consist of space beyond which we are not able to see.(1:1)
45 degree. Threshold of enclosure:-we can create punctures.(1:2) degree Minimum
enclosure(1:3):- can be done by creating spaces which creates the flow outside the
enclosed .18 degree
Loss of enclosure:- total loss of enclosure.(1:4) 14 degree

Question no.
7 Describe the impact of building typology on urban forms.
The urban space must be a pre-existence with respect to building projects, which shall
successively interpret and carry it out. Knowledge and means at our disposal must also
be determined in terms physical planning as to define, establish, and/or issue standards
or an urban space. The creation of this architectural object - urban space - requires a
reformulation of understanding methods and transmitting the outdoors space’s form
independently from the building project, which shall interpret the latter and carry it out
. Those subjects send us to different kinds of problems:
• To clarify the town concepts oF designers and citizens;
• To know the relation between the town concept and its physical expression;
•To define the normal expression of urban planning;
• To discuss the morphology characteristics that translate the town concept to be
implemented;
• To adapt professional practices to new architectonic responsibilities.
To discuss the morphologic characteristics that translate the town concept to be
implemented in a given time and the changes to production method and space
consumption intended by society as to come closer to the town that has been
collectively decided upon as being desirable and possible. In general terms, this normal
characterization would originate what we would call ‘urban style’.
QUESTION NO.
8 What are the elements of urban space. Describe the role of these elements in
shaping any urban area.
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN
BUILDINGS
Buildings are the most pronounced elements of urban design - they shape and
articulate space by forming the street walls of the city. Well designed buildings
and groups of buildings work together to create a sense of place.
PUBLIC SPACE
Great public spaces are the living room of the city - the place where people come
together to enjoy the city and each other. Public spaces make high quality life in
the city possible - they form the stage and backdrop to the drama of life. Public
spaces range from grand central plazas and squares, to small, local neighborhood
parks.
STREETS
Streets are the connections between spaces and places, as well as being spaces
themselves. They are defined by their physical dimension and character as well as
the size, scale, and character of the buildings that line them. Streets range from
grand avenues such as the Champs-Elysees in Paris to small, intimate pedestrian
streets. The pattern of the street network is part of what defines a city and what
makes each city unique
. TRANSPORT
Transport systems connect the parts of cities and help shape them, and enable
movement throughout the city. They include road, rail, bicycle, and pedestrian
networks, and together form the total movement system of a city. The balance of
these various transport systems is what helps define the quality and character of
cities, and makes them either friendly or hostile to pedestrians. The best cities are
the ones that elevate the experience of the pedestrian while minimizing the
dominance of the private automobile. They include:- • Train stands • Bus stands •
Taxi stands
LANDSCAPE
The landscape is the green part of the city that weaves throughout - in the form of
urban parks, street trees, plants, flowers, and water in many forms. The landscape
helps define the character and beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting spaces
and elements. Green spaces in cities range from grand parks such as Central Park
in New York City and the Washington DC Mall, to small intimate pocket parks.
Q.10.Write a short notes on following?
Neighborhood unit
The term neighborhood has been frequently referred to in the context of traditional
and contemporary residential development. Since the coining of the expression
‘neighborhood unit’ in 1929 by Clarence A. Perry, it has become a recurring theme
in planning our cities. The planning agencies continue to adapt and make modular
use of the neighborhood unit when planning new communities. The social and
physical connotations of neighborhood must be understood in order to be able to
carry forward its essence for the benefit of planned development efforts. The paper
in this context brings forth the concept as forwarded by its protagonists, its
interpretation at various points of time, and establishes the need to understand its
essence in the contemporary urban context.
The neighborhood as a unit is a ubiquitous phenomenon in every urban and
nonurban area. Arnold Whittick (1974) describes neighborhood unit as an
integrated, and planned urban area related to the larger community of which it is a
part, and consisting of residential districts, a school or schools, shopping facilities,
religious buildings, open spaces, and perhaps a degree of service industry.

Q.11Describe the following:

Broad acre city
A Broadacre City was an urban development. According to Wright, structures in a
Broadacre city ought to be organic and in harmony with humanity as well as the
environment. According to Wright, structures in a Broadacre city ought to be
organic and in harmony with humanity as well as the environment.
Garden city
Garden city, the ideal of a planned residential community, as devised by the
English town planner Ebenezer Howard (q.v.) and promoted by him in Tomorrow: A
Peaceful Path to Social Reform (1898). Howard’s plan for garden cities was a
response to the need for improvement in the quality of urban life, which had
become marred by overcrowding and congestion due to uncontrolled growth since
the Industrial Revolution.
Geddesian triad
Inspired by the French sociologist Frederic Le Playʼs (1802–1886) triad of ʻLieu,
Travail, Familleʼ — which Geddes translated to “Work, Place, Folkʼ — Geddes
developed a new approach to regional and town planning based on the integration of
people and their livelihood into the environmental givens of the particular.
The central Geddesian lessons — his emphasis of the fundamental unity and
interdependence of culture and nature, and his emphasis on transdisciplinary
education and locally adapted direct action as a means of cultural transformation —
are of profound contemporary significance. For Geddes the role of the designer was
two-fold: i) to contribute to the material adaptation of people and their livelihood to
the specific opportunities and challenges of the places they inhabit, and ii), to affect
in the transformation of culture through education. Geddesʼ aim was not only to
contribute to the physical expression of culture in the form of material designs, but
also to engage in cultural metadesign and affect the social and psychological
expression of culture through transdisciplinary education that engaged hands, heart,
and mind.

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Q.12 Write short note on radiant city and garden city.

The Radiant City grew out of this new conception of capitalist authority and a pseudo
appreciation for workers’ individual freedoms.
• The plan had much in common with the Contemporary City - clearance of the historic
cityscape and rebuilding utilizing modern methods of production.

• In the Radiant City, however, the pre-fabricated apartment houses, les unites, were at the
centre of "urban" life. Les unites were available to everyone based upon the size and needs of
each particular family.

• Sunlight and recirculating air were provided as part of the design.

• The scale of the apartment houses was fifty meters high, which would accommodate,
according to Corbusier, 2,700 inhabitants with fourteen square meters of space per person.

• The building would be placed upon pilotis, five meters off the ground, so that more land
could be given over to nature. Setback from other unites would be achieved by les redents,
patterns that Corbusier created to lessen the effect of uniformity.

Inside les unites were the vertical streets, i.e. the elevators, and the pedestrian interior streets
that connected one building to another.

• Automobile traffic was to circulate on pilotis supported roadways five meters above the
earth.

• The entire ground was given as a "gift" to pedestrians, with pathways running in orthogonal
and diagonal projections.

• Other transportation modes, like subways and trucks, had their own roadways separate from
automobiles.

• The skyscrapers were to provide office space for 3,200 workers per building.

• Corbusier spends a great deal of the Radiant City manifesto elaborating on services
available to the residents.

• Each apartment block was equipped with a catering section, laundry chores in basement.

• Directly on top of the apartment houses were the roof top gardens and beaches, where
residents sun themselves in A natural" surroundings - fifty meters in the air.

• Children were to be dropped off at les unites’ day care centre and raised by scientifically
trained professionals.

•
The workday, so as to avoid the crisis of overproduction, was lowered to five hours a day.

• Women were enjoined to stay at home and perform household chores, if necessary, for
five hours daily.

• Transportation systems were also formulated to save the individual time.

• Corbusier bitterly reproaches advocates of the horizontal garden city (suburbs) for the
time wasted commuting to the city.

• Because of its compact and separated nature, transportation in the Radiant City was to
move quickly and efficiently.

• Corbusier called it the vertical garden city.

• Many scholars have adopted the notion that the Corbusier of the Radiant City was a
kinder, gentler Corbusier.

• However, they have failed to consider that the so-called individual freedoms that
Corbusier promoted were not freedoms at all.

• Certainly, Corbusier provided leisure time activities that he enjoyed, such as sunbathing
on the roof or playing basketball.

Garden city

 Given by Ebenezer Howard

 He analyzed the reason for people to move to city or country side
 This concept attempts to reduce and solve social problems
 The garden city consist for different zones, street types and green
 The core in central park, surrounded by a commercial, cultural and administrative
zone.
 To avoid problems which occurs in city expansion, the concept limits the city max
population to 32000 people
 Thus new city has to be found in a reasonable distance of 7km. So the cities are well
connected
 A Peaceful path to social Reform.
 This work was reissued in 1902 as garden cities of tomorrow
 The founder of the English garden- city movement , which influenced through the
world.
 This book offered a vision of towns free of slumps and enjoying the benefits of both
town (such as opportunity, amusement and high wages) and country (such as beauty,
fresh air and low rents )
Q.13 Principles of enclosure
‘Enclosure’ is the term given to any part of a building that physically separates the
external from the interior environment. It is often referred to as the ‘building
envelope’, although ‘enclosure’ is considered the more precise term.
Human physiology is capable of tolerating only a narrow range
of environmental conditions. Beyond this range, health and wellbeing are
compromised. Through the materialization of volumes, architecture is able to
create enclosed spaces in the form of structures. A building consists of a collection
of spaces bounded by separators of the interior environment, and separators of
the exterior environment (the enclosure).
Where exactly the enclosure begins and the exterior environment stops can
sometimes be unclear, such as in the case of ‘buffer spaces’ such as garages
screened porches, attics or vented crawlspaces.
The physical components of the building enclosure include:
• The roof system.
• The above-grade wall system (including windows and doors).
• The below-grade wall system.
• The base floor system.
The principles of building enclosure were defined by the building scientist Neil
Hucheon in 1963:
• Strength and rigidity.
• Control of heat flow.
• Control of air flow.
• Control of water vapour flow.
• Control of liquid water movement.
• Stability and durability of materials.
• Fire.
• Aesthetic considerations
• Cost