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Physics Behind Drone

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot onboard. Drones fly using thrust from their propellers that must exceed the downward force of the drone's mass. Propellers spinning in opposite directions produce equal and opposite reactions that balance the drone's angular momentum and allow it to gain altitude when thrust exceeds weight. Drone flight is governed by physics principles including Newton's Third Law of motion and relationships between torque, moment of inertia, and angular acceleration.

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391 views2 pages

Physics Behind Drone

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot onboard. Drones fly using thrust from their propellers that must exceed the downward force of the drone's mass. Propellers spinning in opposite directions produce equal and opposite reactions that balance the drone's angular momentum and allow it to gain altitude when thrust exceeds weight. Drone flight is governed by physics principles including Newton's Third Law of motion and relationships between torque, moment of inertia, and angular acceleration.

Uploaded by

Techie Rehan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DRONE

WHAT IS DRONE?

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or commonly known as drone, is an Aircraft without a Human
piolet on board. Drone includes a UAV, a ground based controller, and a system of communications
between these two.

PHYSICS BEHIND DRONE:


Physics behind drone is very simple.

The three basic concepts behind flying of drone are:

1. Angular momentum
2. Newtons third law
3. Thrust

Consider a quadcopter.

//IMAGE

Working:
 In this above picture, top view of a drone is considered. In a quadcopter, consider
two opposite propellers to rotate in clockwise direction and other two in counter-
clockwise direction.
 Let the distance between flight controller and propellers be ‘R’ and radius of each
propeller be ‘r’.
 Let ‘M’ be mass of Drone.

THRUST: It is a force or push in specified direction by an object.


 Hence in quadcopters or any multicopters, propellers play major role for exhibiting
thrust, that is they exert downward force which pushes the drone upwards. This is
how drone flys.
 Remember that force applies by propellers, that is thrust exhibited should be
greater than mass of drone

THRUST> MASS OF DRONE [box]

PHYSICS:
One of the common questions asked,
WHY DOES TWO PROPELLERS OF DRONE NEED TO BE TURNED IN
CLOCKWISE DIRECTION AND OTHER IN COUNTER-CLOCKWISE
DIRECTION?
Newtons third law explains this question.
 Remember, all the propellers push the air downwards. As per NEWTONS third law,
FOR EVERY ACTION, THERE IS EQUAL AND OPPOSITE REACTION.
 Since propellers are rotating , that is their rotation is action and so caused angular
momentum is reaction (as per Newtons third law).
 Hence, angular momentum gets balanced and more force is applied by propellers
which is their thrust. So, THRUST applied is main factor for taking off of drone.
 Hence, More the thrust, more is efficient is the drone.

EXPRESSIONS FOR MAGNITUDE OF TORQUE:


We know that torque is product of angular acceleration and moment of inertia, that
is

τ = Iα
τ = torque, around a defined axis (N∙m)
I = moment of inertia (kg∙m2)
α = angular acceleration (radians/s2)

Since propellers are in shape pf circular ring, moment of inertia about its centre is M*(a^2)/2.

Hence, moment of inertia about any other point which is at a distance ‘d’ with respect to centre is
given by PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM.

I = Icm + Md2

I=(M*a^2)/2 + M*(R^2) (box) [for one propeller]

For total inertia, multiply by 4, that is:

I(total)=[(M*a^2)/2 + M*(R^2) ]*4 (box)

Total torque= α *I[total]

HENCE, FOR DRONE TO FLY, THRUST SHOULD BE GREATER THAN total torque,

THRUST > α *[(M*a^2)/2 + M*(R^2) ]*4 (box)

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