‘US 2006) us) United States cz) Patent Application Publication co) Pub. No.: US 2006/0163971 Al 6 sy (60) os) Gunderson SOLID STATE ELECTRIC GENERATOR Inventor: Graham Alan Gunderson, Spokane, WA (US) Correspondence Address THE LAW OFFICE OF EDELMAN 130 San Aleso Avenue San Franeisco, CA 94127 (US) AWRENCE Assignee: Magnetic Power Ine. Appl. Nos 111836,337 Filed 4 0, 2006 Related U.S. Application Data Provisional application No, 60(645,674, fled oa Jan 21, 2005, Publication Clasifcato Int. Cl, HOXK 1722 (2006.01) HOLE 300 (2006.01) 63971AL (43) Pub. Date: Jul. 27, 2006 (32) USC 3100267, 335/206 ABSTRACT A solid-state electrical generator including at least one permanent magnet, magnetically coupled oa ferromagnetic ‘core provided with atleast one hole penetrating its volume the hoe(s) and magnet(s) being placed such thatthe hole(s) pencirating the ferromagnetic core's volume intercept Mux from the permanent magnet(s) coupled into the ferromag- etic core. Afist wire col is wound around the frromag- ‘etic core forthe purpose of moving the eoupled permanent ‘magnet fhe within the ferromagnetic core. A seoand wire is routed through the hole(s) penetrating the volume of the ferromagnetic core, for the purpose of intercepting this ‘moving magnetic Mux, thereby inducing an output electeo- motive force, A changing voltage applied to the fist wire coil cues coupled permanent magnet Mux to move withia the core relative to the holes) peneiating the core volume thus inducing electromotive force along wires) passing ‘through the hole) in the ferromagnetic core. The mechani- cal action of an electrical generator is thereby synthesized ‘without use of moving parts"atent Application Publication Jul. 27,2006 Sheet 2 of 4 US 2006/0163971 A1ent Application Publication Jul. 27,2006 Sheet 3 of 4Patent Application Publication Jul. 27,2006 Sheet 4 of 4 US 2006/0163971 A1US 2006/0163971 AI SOLID STATE ELECTRI [0001] This application claims priority to. Provisional Application GOl645,674 filed Jan. 21, 2008, entitled PER- MANENT MAGNET DRIVEN ELECTRIC GENERA- TOR ENERATOR BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION {0002} [0003] ‘This invention relates to a method and device for enerting electrical power using solid state means, [0004] 2. Description ofthe Related Art [0005] Ic has Jong been Known that moving # magnetic fiekd across @ wire will generate an eleciromative force (EMP), oF voltage, along the wire. When this wire is ‘connected in an electrical closed cireuit, in order to perform ‘work, an electric current is driven through tis closed eiruit by the induced electromotive fore. [0006] It has also Jong been known that this resulting ‘loci current eauses the closed cireuit to become encircled with a secondary, imluced magnetic field, whose polarity ‘opposes the primary magnetic fekl that first induced the EME. This magnetie opposition creates mutual repulsion as 8 moving magnet moves toward such a closed eireuit and ‘attraction as that moving magnet then moves away from the ‘closed circuit. Both these actions tend to slow, oF “drag” the progress of the moving magnet geoerating the EMF, causing the electric generator to act as a magnetic brake, in dtest proportion tothe amount of electie eurent produced. 1, Field of the Invention [0007] Gas engines, hydroelectric dams and steamed turbines have historically been used to overcome this mag- nite braking action occurring within mechanical electric generators. A large amount of mechanical power is ult mately roguired to produce 2 large amount of electrical power since the magnetic braking interaction esuling from Induced electrical curent is generally proportional to the ‘amount of power being venerated, [0008] There has been a long felt need for @ generator Which reduces or eliminates this wel-knowa magnetic brak- ing interaction, while nevertheless generating useful electric power, The need for convenient, economical, and powerful sources of renewable energy remains ungent. When the magnetic felds within a generator are caused to move and Jeract by means other than applied mechanical force, ‘eleciic power can be supplied without the necessity of ‘consuming limited natoral resources, thus with far greater ‘economy. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] It has Jong been Known that the source of the ‘magnetism witha a permanent magnet i spinning electeic ‘current within ferromagnetic atoms of ceriain element, persisting indefinitely in accord with well-defined quantam fules. This atomic current encircles each atom, therchy ‘causing each stom to emit a magnetic field, as a miniature ‘lectromagiel, [0010] This atomic current does not exist in magness lone. It also exists in ondinary malic ina, and in any ‘element or metallic alloy that can be “magnetized”, that is, Jul. 27, 2006 exhibits ferromagnetism. All ferromagnetic stoms and “magnetic metals” contain such quantum slomic clecro- smagness. [0011]_ In specific ferromagnotic materials, the orientation axis of each atomic electromagnet is exible. The orien tion of magnetic flax within, as well as extemal 10 ¢ rmateral, easily pivots. Such materials are refered 10 as ‘magnetically “soll”, de to this magnetic flexibility [0012] Permanent magnet materials are magnetically hard The orientation axis ofeach atomic electromagnet is fixed in place within a rigid crystal structure, The total ‘magnetic fick! produced by these atoms cannot easily move. ‘This constraint permanently aligns the eld of ordisary magnets, hence the name “permanent” [0013] The axis of circular current flow in one ferromag- ‘elie atom can direct the axis of magnetism within another ferromagnetic atom, through a process known as spia cexeliange, This gives a soft maynetie material, lke raw ion, the uselul ability w aim, focus, and redirect the magnet field emitted from a magnetically hard permanent magnet [0014] In the present invention, a permanent magnet's ‘gid fleld is sent into a magnetically exible, “sot” mag- ‘etic materil. The permanent magnets apparcat location, ‘observed from poin’s within the magnetically soft material, will effectively move, vibrate, and appear to shift position when the magnetization of the soft magnetic material is ‘modilated by ancillary means (much like the sun, viewed While underwater, appears 10 move when the water is agitated). By this mechanism, the motion required for gen- etation of electricity can be symihesized within a soft Fera- ‘magnetic material, without roquiring physical movement oF ‘an applied mechanical force [0015] ‘The present invention synthesizes vital motion of ‘magnets and their magnetic fields, producing an electrical generator deseribed herein, which doesnot require mechani- fal action or moving pars. The present invention deseribes fn electrical generator wherein magnetic braking phenom ena, known as expressions of Lenz’s Law, do not oppose the ‘cans by which the magnetic field energy is caused to move. The synthesized magnetic motion thereby manifests without ‘meclianial or electrical resistance. This synthesized mag- ‘netic motion i aided by forees generated in aecontance with Lenz’s Lav, in order to produce acceleration ofthe synthe- sized maynetie motion, instead of pysical “magnetic brak- jing” common 0 mechaiically-nctusted electrical genera- tors. Because ofthis novel magnetic interaction, the solid state static generator of the present invention is bust stenerator, requiring only a small eletre force to operate, BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0016] So thatthe above-rected features of the present fvention ean be understood in detail, a more particular description ofthe invention, briefly summarized above, may bbehad by reference to various embodiments, some of whieh are illustrated in the appended drawings, It is 10 be noted, however, that dhe appended drawings illustrate only typical ‘embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, forthe invention may admit to other equally effective embodiment, [oor7] FIG, invention is an exploded view ofthe generar of thisUS 2006/0163971 AI [0019] FIG. 3 is a sehematie diagram of the magnetic ction occuring within the generator of FIGS. I and 2. [0020] FIG. 4s aciouit diagram, illustrating one method ‘of electrically operating the generator of this invention, DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0021] FIG. 1 depicts a partially exploded view of an ‘embodiment of an electric generator of this invention. The parts have been numbered, with the numbering convention applied to FIGS. 1, 2, and 3. [0022] Numeral 1 represents a permanent magnet with its North pole pointing inward toward the soft ferromagnetic ‘core of the device. Similarly, numeral 2 indicates permanent ‘magnets of preferably the same shape and composition, with their South poles aimed inward toward the opposite side. oF ‘opposite surface of the device. The letters "S” and °N" ‘denote these respective magnetic poles inthe drawing. Other magnetic polarities and configurations may be used with suceess; the patem shown merely illustrative of one ef cient mode of adding magnets © the core. [0023] The magnets may be formed of any polarized ‘magnetic materia In order of descending effectiveness, the ‘most desirable permancnt-magnet materials are Neody- ‘mium-Iron-Boron (NIB) magnets, Samarium Cobalt mag- nets, AINICo allay magnets, or “ecramic” stontinm-, barium- or lead-ferrite magnets. primary factor determin ing permanent magnet material composition isthe magnetic flux strength of the particular material type. In an embod rent of the invention, these magnets may also be substituted ‘with one or more electromagnets producing the required ‘magnetic fux. In another embodiment of the invention, 2 superimposed DC current bias can be applied to the ontput ‘wire to generate the required magnetic flux, in substitution ‘of, or in eonjunetion with said permanent magnets. [0024] _ Numeral 3 indicates the magnetic ere. Ths core is ‘itcal member of the generator, determining the charae- teristics of output power capacity, optimal magnet typo, ‘elecrical impedance, and operating frequency range. This ‘eore may be any shape, composed of any ferromagnetic substance, formed by any process (Sintering, casting, adhe- sive bonding, tape winding. ec) wide spectrum of geom- tries, materials, and processes are known in the art of ‘magnetic cores. Efective eomuton materils include, but are not imited 10, amorphous metal alloys (such as that sold under the trademark designation “Metglas” by Meiglas Ine Conway S.C), nanocrystalline alloys, manganese and zine ferrites as well as ferrites of any suitable clement including ‘any’ combination of magnetically “haed” and "soR" fetes, powdered metals and ferromagnetic alloys, laminations of ‘cobalt andor iton, and silconviron “eleetticalstee!" This jnvention successfully ulizes any ferromagnetic material, while functioning as claimed. In an embodiment of the ‘invention, and for the purpose of illustration, a circular “toroid” core is ilustrated, In an embodiment of the inven- tion, the composition may be bonded iron powder, com- monly available from many manofacturces, [0025] Regardless of core type, the core is prepared with holes, through which wires may pass, which have bee Jul. 27, 2006 rilled or formed to penetrate the core’s ferromagnet volume. The toroidal core 3 shown includes radial holes pointing toward a common center. If, for example stl Wire rls were 1 be inserted through each of these holes, these \wires would meet atthe center point ofthe core, producing fan appearance similar to a spoke wheel, If square oF rectangular core (not ilistrated) is used instead, these holes fare preferably oriented parallel 19 the cores flat sides, ‘easing sil rods passed through the holes to form a square arid pattem, as the rods cross each other in the interior window" area framed by the core. While in other embedi- sents of the invention, these holes may take any possible ‘orientation or pales of orientation within the scope ofthe present generator, a simple row of radial holes is illustrated herein as one example [0026] Numeral 4 depicts a wire or bundle of wires, i. ‘uit wire 4 that pick-up and eamy the generators output power. Typically this wire is composed of insulated copper, {hough other output mediums such as aluminum, iron, electric material, polymers, and semiconducting materials ‘may be substituted. [may be seen in FIG. I and FIG. 2 that \wire4, which serves as an output medium, pases alternately ‘through neighboring holes formed in eore 3. The path taken by wire 4 undulates, passing in an opposite direction trough cach adjacent hole. If an even namber of holes is used, the ‘Wire will emerge on the same side of the ore it frst entered fon, once all holes ae fille. The resulting pair of trailing Jeads may be twisted together or similarly terminated, form- ing the opt terminals ofthe generator shown at Numeral S. Output wire 4 may also make multiple passes trough cach hole in the core, Though the winding pattem is not necessarily undulatory this basic form is shown by way of ‘example, Many effective connection styles exist; this il ‘tation shows the simplest, All successful eonnection meth- fds pas wire dat some point through the holes i the core [0027] Numeral 6 in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 points to a partial illustration of the input winding, or inductive ooil wed t0 shift the permanent magnets" fields within the core, Typ cally, this ire coil encircles the core. wrapping arownd it. For the toroidal core presente, input coil 6 resembles the cuter windings of a typical toroidal inductor, common electrical component. For the sake of elaity, only a few turns of coil 6ure shown in each of drawing FIGS. 1,2, and 3. In practice, this eoil may cover the entire core, or specific Sections ofthe core, including or not including te magnets, ‘while remaining within seope of the present invention, [0028] FIG. 2 shows the same representative generator of FIG. 1, looking transparently “down” through it from above, So the reotive positions of the eore holes (dotted Jines), the path of the output wite, and magnet positions (as shaded aress) are made clear [0029] The generator shown uses a core with 8 radially rill holes. Te spacing between these istrative oles is ‘equa. As shown, each hole is displaced 45 degrees from the ‘ext All holes” centers lay along a common plane; this ‘imaginary plane is centered halfway along the com's ve ‘ical thickness. Cores of any shape and size may include as ow as two, oF as many as hundreds of holes, anda similar ‘number of magnets. Other variations exist, sich as genera- tors with multiple rows of holes, vigmg and diagonal pattems, oF ouiput wire 4 molded directly into the core ‘terial. In any case, the basie magnetic infraction shown 1G. 3 occurs or each hole in the core, as detailed below.US 2006/0163971 AI [0030] FIG. 3 shows the same design, viewed broadside, “The curvature of the core has been flatlensto the page for the purpose of illusfation, ‘The magnets are represented schematically. protruding from core top and bottom, with arrows indicating the direction of magnetic fux—arrow hheads pointing north, wails south {0031} In practice the free, unattached polar ends of the ‘generstor's magnets may be left as-is, in open at, oF provided with common ferromapnete path Inking unused North and South poles together, as a magnetic “ground” ‘This common retum path is typically made of stel, icon oF similar material, taking the form of a ferrous enclosure housing the device, I may serve the addtional pups of @ protecting chassis. The magnotc return may’also be another Jerromagnetic core in repetition of the present invention, Tomming a stack o¢ layered series of generators, sharing ‘common magnets between generator cores. Any such addi tions are without dizect bearing onthe Functional principle of the penerator ise and have therefore been omited from these illustrations. [0032] Two example Hux diagrams are given in FIG. 3 ach example is shown in a space between schematically ‘depicted parial input coils 6. A positive or negative polarity ‘marker indicates the direction of input current, applied through the input col This applied current produces “modu- Jating™ magnetic Mux, which is used to synthesize motion of the permanent magnets, and is shown as a double-tailed horizontal arrow (a) along the core 3. Fach example shows this double-taled arrow (a) pointing © the right or the Tet ‘depending on the polarity of applied! current. [0033] In either case, vertical ux entering the core (b, 3) from the extemal permattent magnets (1,2) is swept along, within the core, by the direction of the double-tailed arcow representing the input cols magnetic ux (3). These curved ‘rtaws (b) inthe space between the magnets and holes ean be seen to shift or bond (a->b).as if they were streams or jets (of tir subject to changing wind (, [0034] The resulting sweeping motion of the peamaneat ‘magnets’ fields causes their ux () to brash Baek and forth ‘over the holes and wire 4 passing through these bole. Just sing meclianieal yenerator, when magnetic lux brushes oF “cuts” sideways aoross a conductor in this way. EMF or voltage is induced, By connecting an electrical load across the ends ofthis wire conductor (Numeral 8, in FIGS. 1, 2) ‘current is allowed to flow through the Toad in closed rit, delivering electrical power able to perform work Input of an altemating current across the input coil 6 generates aa altemating magnetic Beld (a) causing the fells ‘of permanent magnets I, and 2 0 shift () within the core 3, inducing clecrial power througl load attaeed wo tenn nals §), as if the fixed magnets (1,2) themselves were physically moving. However, no mechanical motion is present. [0035] In.a mechanieal weneratr, induced current power. Jing an electrical load retumns back through output wire 4 ‘reating a secondary induced magnetic fel, exerting forces ‘which substantially oppose the original magnetic field inducing the original EMF. Since load currents induce theit ‘own, socandary magnetic felds opposing the original act of Induction in this way, the source of the original induction rexjires additional energy to restore isell and continue tenerating electricity, In mechanical generators, the enengy= Jul. 27, 2006 inducing motion ofthe generator’s magnetic felds is being physically actuated, requiring a strong prime mover (such as 4 steam turbine) 10 restore the EMF-generating magnet Tiekds” motion, against the braking elfec of the outp indeed magnetic fields (ihe induced field (c), and the inducing feld (b), destructively in mutual opposition. 1 is this inductive opposition which ultimately must be over come by physical force, which is commonly produced by consumption of other enemy resources [0036] The electric generator of the present invention is ‘ot actuated by: mechanical force. The generator of the present invention also males we ofthe indoced, secondary ‘magnetic field in such a way as to not cause opposition, but instead addition, and resulting acceleration of magnetic field ‘motion. Because the present invention is not mechanically ‘actuated, and because the magnetic fekls do not act 1 ‘desroy one another in mul opposition, the present inven- tion does not require consumption of natural resources in order 19 generate electricity: [0037] The present generator's induced magnetic fleld resulting from electri current Rowing through the load and returning through output wire 4, is that of a closed loop cencirling each hole inthe core admitting the outst con {ductor or conductive medium (4 ). The present generators induced magnetic fields ereate magnetic flux in the form of closed loops within dhe ferromagnetic core. The magnetic field “encircles” each hole in the core carrying output wire 4, similar the threads ofa serew “encircling” the shaft of the serew. {0038} Within this generator, the magnotic field fom Suipat medium or wife 4 Imma ences cach hale Forme in th core () caning this o wire 4. Since trite d may fake an posing direction tag ech nih bering hoe the ection ofthe resaingmsgnei fel wil Tikewne be opposite The dgectons of ars (b) ad (6) are teach Tle, opposing, eae a oppnite iets, ince (6) the ining He an (6) she nce Ho, ech posing one sootber wile genersting electri. {0039} “oweves this magnetic opposition is efetvely Gizected ayeinst te penmancat mage that are inject thee noth core bt not the source of the sterating tpoctic input id 6 Tate presen solid sate generic, induced output fn C6 is dred o oppose the perma sent mags (2) ot the pt fax sour (6) ht fs Spnthesrng evi motion of those magnets CL. 2) by its ‘gneicng ation on cre {0040} The present generator employs magnets 38 the source of motive pressure diving the genaraey, since ty are the eyeing oppose of “pushed sins by the Spposing reton induced by opt cunt which is pow ching Toa. Experiments show tht high-qalitypemanent fragnets ean be magnetically “posbed aint in this way for very Tong pris of time, before booming demagne- fied or “spent {0041} FIG. 3 ihstrates inducing representative ux sows () dicted oppositely aginst induce representa tive Mo (6) ln materi typically ud to form coe 8 els ‘owing in mutlly opposite dietions fend to snes ech over, usa postive and negative numbers of etal mag rita som to ze, [0042] On the remaining side of each hole, opposite the Permanent magnel, 0 mual opposition takes place.US 2006/0163971 AI Induced sux (@) caused by the generator Toad currents remains present; however, indueing Hux from the permanent ‘magnets (b is not present since no magnet is preset, on this side, to source the necessary fix. This leaves the induced flux (c) encizcing the hol, as well as input Hux (a) from the ‘input coils 6, continuing its path along the core, on either side of each hole, [0043] On the side of each core hole where a magnet is present, action (b) and resetion (e) magnetic fx substn- tally cancel and annihilate, being oppositely directed within the care. On the othor side af each hoe, where no magnet is present, input lux (2) and reaction Mux (e) share a common ‘direction, Magnetic flux thereby adds together in these ‘ones, where induced magnetic flux (e) ads the input fhux (2). This is the reverse of typical generator action, where induced fox (¢) is typically opposing the “input” sux originating the induction, [0044] Since the magnetic interaction herein is & combi nation of magnetic fux opposition and magnetic Mux aecel- ‘eration, there is no longer an overall magnetic braking, oF ‘otal opposition effec, The braking and opposition is cou- terbalanced by a simultaneous magnetic acceleration within the core. Since mechanical motion is absent, the equivalent ‘electrical effect ranges from idling, or absence of apposition, toa strengthening and overall acceleration of the electrical ‘input signal (within coils 6). Proper selection of the perma rent mgnet (1,2) material and flux density, cone 3 material magnetic characteristics, core hole pattern and spacing, and ‘output medium conaection technique ereate embodiments ‘wherein the present generator will display an absence of ‘electrical loading atthe input andr an overall amplifiation ‘of the input signal This ultimately eanses less input energy to be rexjired in onder to work the generator. Therefore, as increasing amounts of energy are withraven from the gen- ‘erator as output power perlorming useful work, decreasing amounts of energy are generally required to operate it. This process endures, Working against the permanent magnets (1 2) until they are demagnetzed. [0045] In an embodiment of this invention, FIG. 4 illus: eats atypical operating circuit employing the generator of this invention. A square-wave input signal, furished by appropriate transistorized switching means, is applied atthe temninals (S), 10 the primary (a) of @ step. transformer 11, The secondary winding (b) of the input transformer may be a single tur, in series witha capacitor 12 and the generator 13 input coil (), forming a series resonant circuit. The fregueney of the applied square wave (S) mus either match, or bean integral sub-harmonic ofthe resonant frequeney ofthis 3-element transformer-eapacitor- Jndvetor inp circuit [0046] Generator 13 output winding (A) is connected to resistive load L through switch 14. When stitch 14 is closed, generated power is dissipated at L, which is any resistive load, for example, an incandescent lamp or resistive hater, [0047] Once input resonance is achieved, and the square ‘wave input frequency applied at S is such thatthe combined reactive impedance of foal inductance (b+e) is equal in magnitude (0 the opposing reactive impedance of capaci tance 12, the electrical phases of current through, and voliage across, generator 13 input coil (c) will flow 90 Jul. 27, 2006 ‘degrees apart in resonant quadrature. Power drawn from the Ste wave inparenerysoue plying power wll ow be at minimum, [0048] In this condition, the resonant energy present atthe ‘2enemtor input may be measured by connecting a voltage probe across the test points (v), situated across the generator Snpit coil, together With a cure prohe around point), situated in series with the generator input coil (c). The instantaneous vector product of these Wo measurements indicates the energy circulating at the generator’s input, ‘ultimately shifting the permanent mznes”fekls in onder 10 freate wsefil induction, This situation persists until the magnets are no longer magnetized [0049] 1 will be apparent ro those skilled in the at that a Square (or other) wave may be applied directly to the slenerator input terminals (¢) without use of other com ‘ents. While this remis effective, advantageous re-tener- ating effects may not be realized to their fullest extent with such direet excitation, Use ofa resonant circuit, particularly with inclusion of a capacitor 12 as suggestod, facilitates recirculation of energy within the input circuit, generally producing efficient excitation and a reduction of roquird input power as loads are applied. [0050] While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present invention, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic soope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that flow 1A deviee for generating electricity, (One oF more permanent magnets; A ferromagnetic core, intercepting flux emit from ssid permanent magne((s), and wound with one or more ‘wire coils acting lo magnetically modulate said core; (One or more core holes penetmting the volume of said device including (One or more output wires passing through sid core hoes, ‘whereby said core oles intereept magnetic Mux from said mets bearing on said core, 2. The device of claim 1 wherein the wire eoils wound around said ferromagnetic core modulate exposure and jnteraction between Mux from said magnets and sid core holes carrying said output wires. 3. The device of claim 2 Wherehy said modulation of ‘exposure generates electromotive force along sid output ‘Wires routed through core holes in aid eore. 4. The device of claim 3 further containing a resonant circuit comprised of capacitor in association with said wire coils) wound around said ferromagnetic core for purpose of ‘magnetically modulating said cone 'S. The device of claim 3 further containing a resonant circuit comprised of a capacitor in association with said ‘uit wires passing thromgh said core-holes for delivering ‘output poser 6. The device of claim 5 incorporating impedance-match- ing transformers, inductors, and inductor-capscitor networks in sid resonant cre 7. The device of claim 2 wherein means of magnetically modulating said core is achieved by exposure to an exter nally generated magnetic field, such asthe Farh's magnetic field, or other independent source of externally generatedUS 2006/0163971 AI ‘magnetic flux, i substitution of, or in conjunction with said wire coil wound around ssid core. '8 The device of claim 3 wherein one or more of sid permanent magnets are substituted with one or more ele: Tromagnetsto generate the required magnetic Mx, 9, The device ofelaims 2 wherein sid output wire curries ‘8 superimposed DC current bias generating the required ‘magnetic fx, i substitution of, or in conjunction with sad permanent magnets Jul. 27, 2006 10, The device of claim 2 fuer containing a circuit ‘comprised of one or more electrical reactances in association ‘with said wire coils) wound around said ferromagnetic core or magnetically modulating said core, whervin said elee- ‘rial reactance comprises a capacitor, an inductor, a trans- Tormer and combinations thereof,