KURSUS KOMPETENSI

TELEKONROL
Versi 1-05

SESSI 2

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Kandungan Sessi
• Bincang mengenai: -
– Rekabentuk RTU
– Spesifikasi RTU di dalam TNB

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Role of RTU
• Collect data from the plant
• Process and execute control commands from
the Master Station
• Additional Roles:-
– Data Concentrator
• Collects data from IEDs, slave RTUs, etc
– PLC
• As PID Controller
• Runs Logic Programs
– Disturbance Recorder
– Local Control

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Rekabentuk RTU
• Typically grouped into either:-
– Single Board RTU
– Modular RTU
• Modular RTU
– Single Processor
• Talus RTU
– Master Processor with Inteliigent I/O
• Foxboro C50
• GE D20
– Networked RTUs
• Microsol
• PDSB Viscon2
Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Role of RTU
• Collect data from the plant
• Process and execute control commands
from the Master Station

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 RTU – MAJOR
INTERFACES
PRIMARY POWER

CONTACT INPUTS
COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL
ANALOG INPUTS
(TO MASTER)
RTU
CONTACT OUTPUTS

ANALOG OUTPUTS

MAN MACHINE INTERFACE

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 RTU – MAJOR
COMPONENTS

COMMUNICATION
RTU
INTERFACE

POWER SUPPLY

COMMON
LOGIC

DIGITAL INPUT ANALOG INPUT DIGITAL OUTPUT ANALOG OUTPUT

LOGIC & TERM. LOGIC & TERM. LOGIC & TERM. LOGIC & TERM.

Indication, pulse counter Analog measured

digital measured value value command Analog
outputs

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 RTU POWER SUPPLY
• Power needed for:-
– the operation of the RTU itself,
– isolated power for the “wetting” of contact inputs,
– the operation of the coils of heavy duty interposing
relays of the control output points (Refer Control
Output Subsystem Requirements)
– Communication equipment such as modems.
• In TNB, RTUs have been powered by:-
– AC with internal RTU Chargers that are battery
backed
– 48Vdc supplied by dedicated RTU Battery Charger
– 48Vdc supplied by Telecommunications Battery
Charger
Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 RTU POWER SUPPLY
• Because of maintenance issues and cost-
effectiveness, new policy is to use station DC supply
to power the RTU.
• Two types of DC Supply systems in TNB substations
that are equipped with circuit breakers:-
– 110V DC Center-Tap Earthed System, typically found in
substations with voltage level of 33kV and above,
– 30V DC System (floating earth), typically found in substations
with only 11kV circuit breakers.
• RTU power supply module shall be able to operate
from an input substation DC power supply with a
tolerance of +20% and -15% of nominal input voltage
and maintain full normal operation over the input
supply range.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 RTU CLOCK
• RTU requires clock for:-
– Time-tagging of events such as SOE
– Synchronizing other sub-ordinate devices such as IEDs etc.
• The RTU shall be equipped with a real time clock with
full calendar (including leap year support).
• The RTU shall maintain date and time during
deenergisation of up to 72 hours such that upon start-
up the latest time is used.
• The minimum discernable change in the time
generated by the RTU Clock is defined as the RTU
Clock Resolution. The RTU clock resolution shall be 
1 millisecond (IEC 60870-4 Table 7 Class TR4).
• The clocks shall have an accuracy of 2 ppm and shall
not drift more than 7.2 msec per hour.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 RTU CLOCK
• Why  2ppm?
– 2 x 10-6 x 60 seconds x 60 minutes = 7.2ms/hr
– For SOE, we require time between two substations to
be within 10ms of each other.
– Optimal time-synchronization frequency from Master
Station is once every hour
• Why battery-backed up to three days?
– Best to have the RTU start-up with the present date
and time
– Not dependant on initialization and time-sync from
master to start operations, i.e. comms to be available
– Can start logging events (event-logging function)

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE
• The Digital Input Subsystem shall be made up of
modules and termination assemblies to monitor
the state of devices and alarms through the
sensing of the state of contacts. These contacts
from the plant equipment are voltage free contacts
• Plant provides voltage free contacts. RTU will
provide the sensing voltage. TNB does not specify
sensing voltage
• Sensing voltage can be internal (from RTU‟s PSU)
or external (eg from station DC, 110Vdc)
• Two methods for sensing digital inputs:-
– Provide sensing voltage across the digital input point and
its common
– Provide a make contact across the digital input point and
its common
Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE

Vsense

S
Field Contact

Eg:
Digital Input Module
Contact Closed -> Vsense = 48Vdc -> Logic 1
Contact Open -> Vsense = 0Vdc -> Logic 0

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE

Field Contact

Eg:
Digital Input Module
Contact Close -> Logic 1
Contact Open -> Logic 0

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE
– The RTU must be able to detect and process
any event of at least 5ms in duration. Any
events with less than 5ms duration shall be
regarded as contact bounce or spurious
signals. Minimum Detect Time
– The RTU shall have a programmable
debounce filter that can be configured to
reject pulses from 5ms to 25 ms in width, in
1ms steps. A digital filter is preferred for this
application.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE

Debounce Filters: Function is to filter contact bounce

Contact debounce period is the amount of time for which the state of a
digital input points must be detected in a valid ON or OFF condition,
before it is considered to be in that conditions

Debounce Final State

Period

Contact Bounce Change of state

recognised
Initial
State

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE
• Relay Chattering
– When a point changes state repeatedly, the
point is said to be chattering. This will cause
the RTU to be repeatedly sending back all
these changes. Other events may be lost and
the communication channel will be
unnecessarily busy.
– The RTU shall be equipped with anti-chatter
algorithm to reduce nuisance reporting of
noisy or chattering plant contacts.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE
• Relay Chattering

– The relay chatter filter will have two configurable

parameters; the number of changes, Nc and the
chatter filter period, Tc, to define its filtering function.
If a point changes state more than Nc times within a
period of Tc, the system will mark the point as
chattering and disable it so that no further changes of
state or events will be recorded until the point
recovers from chattering.
– The relay chatter filter must be able to automatically
restore monitoring of the point when it detects that it is
no longer in a chattering state.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE

Eg : Relay Chattering
1 2 3 4

Last report date

No. of Changes, Nc = 5
Chatter Filter Period, Tc = 100ms

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE
• Double Bit Processing
– Switching devices such as isolators and breakers
have an intermediate or travelling state as they
change from a closed to an open position.
– Double bit processing allows the RTU to block the
reporting of these intermediate states.
– The Double Bit Processing Time is the time interval
the detecting system waits when a status change
occurs for a double-bit point to ensure that double bit
transition or intermediate states that occur during the
interval is not reported.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE
• Double Bit Processing

– The transition states are “00” and “11”. Valid states are “01”
and “10”.
– When a double-bit point changes state, the detecting system
waits for a time interval equal to the double-bit processing time.
– If the point changes state to a transition state and then to a final
valid state during that interval, the digital input subsystem will
not report the transition state.
– If the point fails to reach a valid state at the end of the interval,
the subsystem will report the transition state as the final state.
– The double-bit processing time shall be a configurable
parameter ranging from 0 to 255 seconds (default 10 seconds).

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE –
Double Bit Processing
t0 10 Closed
tC – Change Time
t1 00 Travel tC tDBP – Double Bit Processing Time

t2 01 Open

Case Time Events Reported

Reported
t2-t1 > tDBP t1 + tDBP CB Travel at <t1>
t2 CB Open at <t2>
t2-t1 < tDBP t2 CB Open at <t2>

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE –
Sequence of Events (SOE)
– It shall be possible to assign any DI data points in
the RTU as an SOE point.
– When a change of state occurs, the event shall be
identified with a point identification number, the type
of event, and the time of occurrence in hours,
minutes, second, and milliseconds.
– events that occur when RTU not time sync shall still
be time-tagged but RTU must flag the events as
possibly out of synchronization.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE –
Sequence of Events (SOE)
– All events must be time-tagged with the time
of occurrence.
– The maximum variation between the time
that the system tags an event and the actual
time the event happens is defined as the
“Event Time Tagging Error”. The Event Time
Tagging Error should not be more than one
millisecond.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE -
SOE
– Separating Capability is the minimum time
by which events must be separated such that
the sequence of their occurrence can be
determined correctly. The time separating
capability shall be  5 milliseconds for events
occurring within a substation (IEC 60870-4
Table 6 Class SP3).
– SOE Time Resolution is the minimum time by
which two events must be separated in order
that the corresponding time tags are different.
The Time Resolution shall not exceed one
millisecond.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE -
SOE
– For double-bit points configured as SOE
points, the detecting system shall time tag the
event recorded at the time of the event in the
following manner:-
• If the point changes state to a transition state and
then to a final valid state during that interval, the
detecting system will time-tag the event at the time
that the point changes state to a valid state.
• If the point fails to reach a valid state and remains
in the transition state until the end of the time
interval, then the detecting system shall time-tag
the event at the time the point initially changes
state to the transition state.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE –
SOE
• The RTU shall have a Main SOE buffer located in
the RTU‟s main processor or similar module.
• This Main SOE buffer shall contain time-tagged
sequential memory to store SOE events from all
the digital input modules and subsystems within
the RTU.
• The RTU shall use this Main SOE buffer to report
SOE data to the Host.
• Event shall be stored in the chronological order in
which they occur.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIGITAL INPUT MODULE –
SOE
• This cyclic memory buffer shall be separate
from all other RTU data buffers.
• When the cyclic buffer becomes full of entries
that have not been reported to the Host the
event archiving ceases and the RTU notes it
is now „losing‟ events. An alarm indication
shall be provided to indicate that the RTU
SOE data buffer has overflowed.
• Events that have been reported to the Host
can be overwritten by new events.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Counters
• Most RTUs use the same digital input module for counters
• A dedicated module maybe required if the digital input module
cannot handle the count rate specified
• TNB requirements : The maximum input pulse rate will be at least 20
pulses per second. Based on energy meters.
• Each pulse counter readings shall be maintained in 32-bit registers.
• FREEZE commands generated internally within the RTU at a regular
time intervals. The FREEZE command shall cause the contents of
the counter register to be copied to a separate freeze register. RTU
read the freeze register and transmit counts to the master station
when requested without changing the contents of the register.
• RESET commands can also be generated internally within the RTU at
a regular time. The RESET command effectively zeroes the counter.
• FREEZE & RESET commands generated internally within the RTU at
a regular interval. A reset of the count shall take place once it has
been frozen and reported. The time stamp at the time of freeze shall
be recorded.
• User configurable, channel-by-channel basis, range 1–255 minutes
(default 30 minutes).
Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 BCDs
• BCD functionality normally integrated with the
Digital Input Module
• The number of BCD digits shall be configurable
from one decade (0…9) to four decade
(0000…9999) without sign.
• A settling time shall be configurable for each
BCD input for validating a stable BCD input
indication. The settling time is selectable in
steps in the range of 0.1 to 25.5 seconds. Any
change on an input channel shall retrigger the
settling time.
Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 ANALOG INPUTS
• A/D conversion shall be with a minimum resolution of
12 bits, plus the sign bit for bipolar conversion giving an
overall range of –4096 to +4095.
• Over-range detection shall be provided.
• The overall accuracy of the DC Analogue Input Sub-
system, from input terminal to digital value shall be
better than 0.1% for current inputs and 0.05% for
voltage inputs, of full scale within the specified
operating range of the equipment, with less than +/-
0.005% per deg. C temperature error.
• For the 4-20mA dc analogue inputs, 4mA will
correspond to a count of 0; 20mA will correspond to the
maximum count, while 0mA will give a corresponding
negative count. For a 12-bit ADC, 4mA will correspond
to 0 count, 20mA to 4095 while 0mA will give a reading
of –1024
Jabatan Kejuruteraan
Bahagian Penghantaran
count.
(Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
(ILSAS)
 ANALOG INPUTS

• Analog Input modules can provide

instantaneous values
• Configurable parameters:-
– Deadband/Jitter
– Force to Zero
– Smoothing Factor

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 ANALOG INPUTS –
Deadband/Jitter/Threshold
– To prevent noisy input signals from
continuously reporting analogue fluctuations
within the RTU and to the Master Station
– Only values that changes by a value that
exceeds the Deadband will be recorded and
reported.
– configurable in the range of 0 to at least 5% of
full scale

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 ANALOG INPUTS - Force to
Zero
– To eliminate noise fluctuations around the
zero value,
– The RTU shall report a zero value for any
readings within zero and the Force to Zero
value.
– configurable from 0 to at least 5% of full scale

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 ANALOG INPUTS –
Smoothing Factor
• It shall be possible to configure a smoothing
factor for each analog input to ensure that fast
transient interference does not cause large
fluctuations in the actual reported value that
could result in incorrectly reporting limit
transgressions.
• The smoothing factor, F, shall be applied as
shown:-
Valuesmooth, new = F*Valuenew + (1-F)* Valuesmooth, old

=F(Valuenew - Valuesmooth, old)+Valuesmooth, old

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 ANALOG INPUTS
• Some RTUs can also provide other processed
values such as:-
– Min/Max Value
– Average Value
– Rate of Change Value
• For each input, it is possible to assign alarm
limits for the Low Alarm and for the High Alarm.
When limit is violated, an alarm/event is
generated and reported to the Control Center.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 CONTROL OUTPUTS
– Also referred as digital outputs
– Control outputs used to control various
power system devices (breaker
TRIP/CLOSE, motor operated switches
OPEN/CLOSE, tap changer RAISE/LOWER,
relay RESET, digital setpoint, etc.).
– The control output point shall be in the form
of normally open relay contacts. Transistor
output is not acceptable.
– Some RTUs may have two different digital
output modules; one for secure control and
the other for digital output.
Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 SECURE CONTROL – Design
Criteria

• For secure control, the RTU shall be designed to be

fail-safe.
• Minimum design criteria:
– 1-of-n : Only one control point on a control output
module can be selected or executed at any given
time.
– No false output shall result during power up, power
down or RTU reset.
– The control selection shall be automatically canceled
if after receiving the `control selection‟ message, the
`execute‟ command is not the next received
message and/or it is not received within a
predetermined configurable time-out period.
Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 SECURE CONTROL – Design
Criteria
– No false output shall result from a single point of
failure. Hardware protection
– The verification message for a check-before-operate
control sequence shall be obtained by re-encoding
the verification message directly from the control
point selection lines. A simple echoing of the
received message is not acceptable.
– The RTU‟s control output shall be incorporate
protection to guard against false output selection
due to a single component failure, erroneous
address or selection decoding.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 SECURE CONTROL – Select
Before Execute
Select-Before-Operate (SBO) Controls shall be used for bsecured
operation, such as the Trip and Close operations of circuit breakers.
Only one point can be controlled at a time. Each command requires
that the following steps be performed in sequence:
– Device Selection: Upon receipt of the Master Station command
message, the specified device is selected.
– Device Selection Validation: After the device is selected, the
address is re-encoded and sent to the Master Station for
validation.
– Control Execution: Upon receipt of the command execution
message from the Master Station, the command is executed.
– Automatic Reset: If the command message is not received within
a specified period, the device is de-selected.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 DIRECT OPERATE
• Direct-Operate (Pulse Output) Controls are typically used for
controlling devices and systems that do not require the control
security as specified in 14.5 above. They can be configured as
single or raise/lower pair output. Direct-Operate (Pulse Output)
Controls shall be used for “step” functions such as precisely timed
RAISE and LOWER commands to generator controllers. Multiple
RAISE/LOWER points can be controlled simultaneously. On
receipt of a command message from the Master Station, a timed
pulse is sent to a specified device. The time duration is specified in
the command message. These controls shall be configurable for
latching or pulsed operation.
• Preferred that the RTU supports the Direct-Operate (Pulse Output)
Control functionality using the same module as the Secure
Control. The control mode, either Secure or Direct-Operate, shall
be configurable using software or hardware methods. The Direct-
Operate Controls can, however, be provided as a separate module
than the Secure Control module.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Control Output Module – Other
functionalities
• Dummy Circuit Breaker
– A latching relay which is installed in the RTU to
simulate a circuit breaker
– Used to test control functions
– Status of dummy CB is monitored back
• Control Isolate Switch
– A single switch which can be used to disable all
control outputs
– Status of switch is monitored by the Control Center

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 ANALOG OUTPUT
• Capability to output analog values (voltage or current) proportional to
digital data received from the Master Station. Analog outputs are used for
such functions as setpoints for proportional controllers, and data outputs
to chart recorders.
• For critical control such as power plant set-point control - select-before-
operate analog output control. Less critical control such as meter drive,
direct output analog control
• Resolution of the DAC shall be at least 12 bits plus sign (4095).
• The output of the AO point shall settle to 0.15% of the digitally encoded
value within 100 milliseconds of an updated input.
• Overall accuracy of the D/A converters shall be 0.15 % of full scale over
the specified operating temperature range of the RTU.
• The RTU shall support 4 to 20mA DC analog output (less than 1500 ohm
load). When the Master Station sends a digital value of 0 to the RTU, the
RTU‟s analog output shall provide a 4mA signal. Similarly when the
Master Station sends a digital value corresponding to the maximum count,
the analog output shall produce a 20mA signal.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 ANALOG OUTPUT
• Each analog signal output shall remain at its last set
output level until a new value is sent for the point. In the
event of an RTU malfunction due to communication,
the analog outputs shall remain at last sent.
• For 4 to 20mA analog output, the value shall revert to
0mA if the module or the RTU experiences a loss of
power.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 RTU COMMUNICATION
INTERFACES

Slave to Host Slave to Host

protocol protocol
Master / Host 2
Host RTU
IED protocol

SubMaster IED

Submaster to * Relay
satellite protocol * Smart meter

Satellite RTU

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 RTU – MASTER STATION
COMMUNICATION
• This session will concentrate on the
communication ports within the RTU which is
meant for communication with the Master
Station.
• All RTUs will have capability to communicate
with multiple master station independently
• Various channel/port configuration for
communication with Master Station:-
– Single Channel Communication
– Main and Standby Port Configuration
– Redundant Channel Configuration
– Loop/Regeneration /Repeater (WISP+)
Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Single Channel
In a single channel or
standalone configuration, the
Ch. A
RTU communicates to the
control center through one HOST COMMUNICATION

communication port. There is APPLICATION

RTU 1
(HCA-RTU 1)
no redundancy. The RTU may
be connected to the control RTU
center in a point-to-point circuit
or in a multi-drop network. The
communication port
configuration is as shown.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Main/Standby Channels
• two communication ports are used
for communication with the control
center.
• RTU shall monitor Main Standby

communications with the Master

Station and in the event of a loss
of communications on the main
channel, failover from the main HOST COMMUNICATION
APPLICATION
communication channel to a RTU 1
(HCA-RTU 1)
standby channel shall occur.
• One communication port shall be RTU
assigned as the Main channel and
the other as the Standby channel.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Redundant Channel
• two ports are again used.
• Each of the communication port is
configured with the same protocol
and uses the same or identical point Ch. A Ch. B

database within the RTU.

• primary difference is that the RTU HOST HOST
COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION
does not decide when to failover or APPLICATION
RTU 1
APPLICATION
RTU 1
which port to communicate through. (HCA-RTU 1) (HCA-RTU 1)

• RTU will simply respond to all

communication traffic from any of the
ports. RTU

• It will be up to the Master Station to

determine which comm port to
communicate through.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Regeneration/loop
• Two possible alternatives to this
configuration. The first employs loop
switching and allows the Master Station
to switch between the two channels and
to physically divide the loop into two
segments. This allows the Master
Station to communicate through both
channels on the loop simultaneously as
well as to dynamically reconfigure the
network in the case of failures. This is
the present configuration used by RTUs
equipped with Ext. WISP+ protocols.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Regeneration/loop
• The other alternative does not have the capability for
network reconfiguration through loop switching. In this
configuration, the Master Station has to alternate
communications between the two channels in the loop to
prevent collisions. The Master Station has to ensure that
one channel is connected through a terminating resistor
when the other channel is communicating. Effectively,
the loop switching is carried out at the Master Station
end. For either of this loop switching configurations,
communication ports are normally assigned the channel
designation of the Master Station channel, typically
either A or B.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 RTU SUBMASTER
• RTU needs to report to the Master Station(s)
• RTU can act as Submaster to:-
– Other RTUs (termed as Slave/Satellite RTUs)
• Outside the substation
– IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices)
• Within the substation

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Submaster RTU – Slave RTUs
• Slave RTUs in other
substations
• Typically because of
communication limitations
• Within substation, use
networked RTU or Slave RTU
Submaster
distributed I/O concept
RTU
• Support Point to Point
Communication
• Support Multidrop
communication
• Protocol – RTU Protocol
• Single Submaster can Slave RTUs
support multiple protocols
Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Submaster RTU – IEDs
• As a general practice, tripping alarms from
protection relays are monitored by hard-wiring
the voltage free contacts from the relay to the
RTU‟s digital input module. Parameters such as
MW, MVAr, current and voltage are monitored
using transducers. Other than these alarms and
parameters, TNB may require additional data
from the protection relays which can be provided
through a serial communication link. The RTU
shall include all hardware and software
necessary to provide an optical interface to
numerical protection relays and intelligent
electronic devices for this purpose.
Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Submaster RTU – IEDs
• Protocol is IEC 60870-5-103
• The RTU must be able to support communication with
at least 32 IEDs on a single channel.
• The RTU shall have the capability to transmit
commands to the microprocessor-based protection
relays in response to control commands from a SCADA
master station port, or any other software selectable
serial communication port.
• The RTU shall be capable of receiving data available
from the microprocessor-based protection relays. It
shall be possible to map these data for transmission to
the SCADA master station.
• The RTU shall be capable of receiving disturbance
records available from the microprocessor-based
protection relays for retrieval by a SCADA master
Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005
station or a local/remote
Bahagian Penghantaran
Firdaus Yon
PC throughInstitut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
the serial ports.(ILSAS)
 Programmable Algorithm
Functionality
• Ability to write logic programs in the RTU which
will allow it to carry out close loop control, like
PLCs, as well as other functions such as alarm
grouping, filtering etc.
• TNB has specified Windows-based graphical
programming tool that is compliant with the
Open Standard PLC programming languages to
IEC 1131-3 (Soft PLC) standard
• Planned algorithms include Capacitor bank
switching, transformer load shedding

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Data Display Interface
• Optional Requirement
• Capability to support a local backlit LCD display
panel to display RTU status, digital and analog
input points
• Different as compared to using local MMI, i.e.
PC communicating with RTU using telecontrol
protocol, although this alternative is also
acceptable
• More tightly coupled to RTU

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Local Logging Functionality
• Allow connection of a printer/logger to the RTU
• Printer will be used to print either on demand or event
logging
• For local logging, can be used either for:-
– SOE data
– RTU Internal Alarms & Status
– Analog Values (Periodic and Limit Transgression)
– Control Commands Received and Executed
• For hard copy on demand printing, can print database
values
– RTU General Parameters
– I/O Parameters
– RTU Protocol Mapping Information
Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Monitoring & Diagnostic
•
Software
Located in the firmware of the RTU processor cards and
accessed using a video terminal (VT) or a personal computer
(PC) running a VT100 emulation program.
• Test system connected to the maintenance port of the RTU
• Used to:-
– perform all the RTU management, configuration, and
expansion functions;
– monitor all stored data and all RTU inputs in an easy to
interpret format;
– exercise RTU outputs; and to diagnose/troubleshoot the RTU.

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 Monitoring & Diagnostic
Software
– view the operational status of RTU modules and firmware.
– view the current date and time of the RTU.
– monitor current data values (DI, AI & Counters).
– monitor the pending/last control output states of the control
points.
– view archived SOE data which resides in the respective SOE
buffers.
– view archived analog input and counter values.
– allow self-tests to be performed on memory and serial ports.
– For analog inputs, view Minimum and Maximum value, Average
value, Rate of Change value, Value in engineering format
(Scaled Values)
– monitor communications between the Master Station and RTUs.
– Do control in offline, password protected mode
– View mapped protocol data

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 RTU Configuration Software
• Used to configure the RTU
• Configuration shall be stored in non-volatile
memory but not battery back RAM
• Ability to upload and download
• Revision control
• Report generator capability
• Use same maintenance port as the test system

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)
 END OF SESSION
• Any Questions?

Jabatan Kejuruteraan (Telekontrol) -Dec 2005 Firdaus Yon Institut Latihan Sultan Ahmad Shah
Bahagian Penghantaran (ILSAS)