COMMUNITY MEDICINE

Chapter-1: Man and Medicine-Towards Health for All

Essays: ---

Short Notes:

1. Changing concepts in public health

Short answers: ---

Chapter-2: Concept of Health and Disease

Essays:

1. What is epidemiological triad? Describe in detail the agent, host and environmental factors.
2. Describe various levels of prevention and interventions with examples. (***) [*how these levels
of prevention are applied to prevent Vitamin A deficiency among young children in a
community]
3. List and define the various types of mortality indicators. What are the uses and limitations of
mortality data? Which mortality indicator would you choose to decide the relative importance
of a disease as a cause of death in a community? (also as a part of Chapter-3)
4. Define Health. Explain how health and development are inter-related. Discuss in brief the
various indicators of health.

Short Notes:

1. Epidemiological triad
2. Lifestyle and health. (Pgs.20,35,40)
3. Primordial prevention (***)(Pgs. 39, 341)
4. Rehabilitation
5. Ice-berg phenomenon (***)
6. Human Development Index (HDI) (**)
7. International classification of diseases
8. Levels of prevention [*primary prevention] (**)
9. Define ‘AGENT’ in disease causation. Explain different types of agents
10. Human Poverty Index (HPI)
11. Disability limitation
12. Determinants of health (**)
13. Disease surveillance [*surveillance][*sentinel] (***)
14. Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI) (**)
15. Positive Health
16. Control versus eradication of disease
 17. Health economics (?)
18. Indicators of health (**)
19. Levels of intervention

Short answers:

1. Any 2 morbidity indicators [*measurement of morbidity] (**)

2. Any 2 mortality indicators
3. Define health. (**)
4. Sullivan’s index (***)
5. Rehabilitation
6. Concept of positive health
7. Millennium development goals
8. Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
9. Monitoring and surveillance
10. Disease elimination and eradication with examples
11. Primordial prevention with example
12. Sentinel surveillance
13. Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)(***)
14. Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
15. Iceberg
16. Socio-economic indicators
17. Definition of community treatment
18. Phases of public health (can’t find)

Chapter-3: Principles of epidemiology and epidemiologic methods

Essays:

1. Define source and reservoir of infection. Describe in detail the dynamics and modes of disease
transmission. [*transmission of communicable diseases] (**)
2. What are the types of analytical epidemiology? Describe the steps involved in case-control
study. [*define epidemiology, *list various study designs] (****)
3. What are the objectives of an investigation of an epidemic? Describe the steps involved in such
an investigation. (***) [*write the names of different epidemiological methods]
4. Discuss in detail the steps involved in conducting a COHORT STUDY. Mention the advantages
and disadvantages of cohort study (****)
[**define epidemiology, types of studies, compare and contrast case control study with cohort
studies, uses of epidemiology, *what is a cohort? Types of cohort studies]
5. Define disinfectant. Discuss in detail about different types of disinfectants.
6. Define epidemiology. What is an epidemiological approach? Discuss the features of descriptive
epidemiological studies in brief.
Short Notes:

1. Cold chain system (****)

2. Cohort study [*Merits and demerits][*elements of] (***)
3. Proportional mortality rate
4. Tools of measurements in epidemiology. [*basic tools][**uses of epidemiology] (****)
5. Blocked flea [*blocked rat flea and its control measures] (**)
6. Epidemic curve
7. Incidence rate and its uses [*incidence and prevalence] (**)
8. Basic steps in Randomized Control Trials (**)
9. ***Relative Risk and Attributable Risk (****)
10. Direct standardization
11. Case control study [*steps] [*bias] [*advantages] (***)
12. Define and give the importance of herd immunity in disease control (**)
13. Common sources of epidemics
14. Adverse events following immunization
15. Vaccine associated paralytic polio
16. Isolation and quarantine (**)
17. Biological transmission
18. Investigation of an epidemic
19. Carrier state [*chronic carriers] (**)
20. Types of disinfection
21. Uses of descriptive epidemiology
22. Case fatality rate
23. Uses of incubation period
24. Association and causation
25. National Immunization Schedule (II)
26. Emporiatrics [travel medicine]

Short answers:

1. Case fatality rate. Its significance?

2. Incidence
3. Define Epidemiology (**)
4. Aims of epidemiology
5. Secular trends (**)
6. Serial interval
7. Uses of epidemiology
8. Methods of disinfection
9. Population-Attributable risk
10. Secondary attack rate
11. Survival rate
 12. Biological transmission
13. Herd immunity
14. Concurrent disinfection
15. Define: Emporiatrics
16. Point prevalence
17. Index case
18. Generation time (**)
19. 2 advantages of a cohort study
20. Define eradication
21. Types of zoonoses
22. Define pandemic
23. Median incubation period
24. Pentavalent vaccine
25. Confounding factor
26. Precurrent disinfection
27. Define ‘cohort’
28. Cold chain

Chapter-4: Screening for Disease

Essays: ---

Short Notes:

1. Sensitivity and specificity

2. Criteria for screening test [*evaluation] (***)
3. Types of screening (****)
4. Multi-phasic screening

Short answers:

1. Sensitivity. [*and specificity](**)

2. Validity of a screening test
3. Lead time (**)
4. Define positive predictive value of a screening test
5. Definition of screening
6. Uses of screening
Chapter-5: Epidemiology of Communicable diseases

Essays:

1. Discuss the epidemiology of tetanus.

2. List the arboviral diseases. Explain the epidemiology, clinical features, and control of JAPANESE
ENCEPHALITIS.
3. Describe briefly the epidemiology of TUBERCULOSIS. Add a note on the RNTCP. (**)
4. Describe in detail the post-exposure prophylaxis of HUMAN RABIES.
5. Describe the epidemiology of POLIOMYELITIS in India. Explain the *strategy for polio eradication
in India. Add a note on the use of monovalent and bivalent oral polio vaccines. [*enumerate
vaccine preventable diseases] [**pulse polio programme][*surveillance](****) (I/II)
6. Describe the epidemiology, control and prevention of TYPHOID FEVER.
7. Describe the epidemiology of HOOKWORM INFESTATION. Discuss its prevention and control
measures
8. Epidemiology and prevention of LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS.
9. Describe the epidemiology and preventive measures of LEPROSY under National Leprosy Control
Programme.
10. Classify arboviral diseases. Discuss epidemiology and control of DENGUE FEVER.
11. Discuss epidemiology and prevention of MEASLES.
12. What are the major epidemiological types of MALARIA in India? Briefly outline the
epidemiological features and mode of transmission.

Short Notes:

1. Prevention of *neonatal tetanus (***)

2. Natural history of measles [**control measures][*vaccination] (****)
3. Strategies of Polio eradication in India
4. Syndromic approach in STDs.
5. Congenital rubella syndrome (**)
6. Current strategy in filarial control [*elimination of lymphatic filariasis] [**filarial indices] (****)
7. Give the case definition of ACUTE ENCEPHALITIS SYNDROME. How is it managed at PHC level?
(Japanese Encephalitis) [*control of JE] (**)
8. Diarrheal diseases [*primary prevention][*cultural factors] (**)
9. Management of cases and carriers of diphtheria
10. Investigation of food poisoning
11. Agent and host factors in leprosy [*case finding methods][*mutildrug therapy] (***)
12. Epidemiology of leptospirosis
13. Control of scabies
14. Scrub typhus
15. BCG vaccination (**)
16. Yellow fever vaccine
17. Nosocomial infections
 18. Oral polio vaccine
19. Universal precautions to prevent HIV infections
20. Radical treatment of Malaria
21. National intensified pulse polio immunization programme [*PPP] (**)
22. Acute flaccid paralysis
23. Influenza vaccines
24. Dengue fever
25. Vaccine vial monitor
26. Detection of typhoid carriers
27. Oral rehydration therapy (**)
28. Surveillance in malaria (**)
29. Opportunistic infections in AIDS
30. Contact tracing (pg. 306)
31. Strategies for D.O.T.S
32. Man-made malaria
33. Management of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
34. Control and prevention of HIV/AIDS (**)
35. Guidelines for assessing dehydration following diarrhea
36. Multi-drug therapy
37. Anti-Rabies vaccine (II)
38. Elimination of leprosy (II)
39. Social pathology in Leprosy (II)
40. Diagnosis and prevention of swine flu (II)

Short answers:

1. Rehabilitation (here also)

2. Passive surveillance in Tuberculosis
3. Chandler’s index (hookworm endemic index)[*?endemic index] (**)
4. Annual parasitic index [*and its significance in malaria](****)
5. DEC- provocative test
6. Contact tracing in STDs (**)
7. Morphological index (Leprosy)
8. Microfilaria rate
9. Urban malaria
10. Extrinsic incubation period- The interval between the acquisition of an infectious agent by a
vector and the vector's ability to transmit the agent to other susceptible vertebrate hosts.(check)
11. Meta-zoonoses
12. Case definition of a suspect case of Japanese Encephalitis
13. Chemoprophylaxis for meningococcal meningitis
14. Xenodiagnosis
15. Give the species of vector for Kala-Azar
 16. Drug supply for management of pediatric TB under RNTCP
17. Immunity categories in Tetanus
18. Objectives of MDT in Leprosy
19. Behavior change communication in Malaria
20. Acute Flaccid Paralysis
21. Low osmolality ORS [*composition] (**)
22. Prevention of perinatal transmission of Hepatitis B
23. Define “WINDOW PEROID” in AIDS and its importance
24. JE vaccine
25. Vaccines for prevention of rabies
26. Environmental factors in trachoma
27. What is Vaccine Vial Monitor (VVM)?
28. Home available fluids in diarrhea

Chapter-6: Epidemiology of chronic Non-Communicable diseases and conditions

Essays:

1. Discuss in detail about the multifactorial etiology of CANCER. Add a note on the basic approach
to the control of cancer.
2. Describe the epidemiology of ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS in India. Add a note on preventive
measures. [*classify accidents] (**)
3. Discuss in brief the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors in CORONARY HEART DISEASE.
Explain some of the steps taken to prevent CHD. (II)
4. Describe natural history of HYPERTENSION. What is tracking? Outline the strategies adopted for
its prevention and control.

Short Notes:

1. Environmental factors in cancer causation

2. Prevention of rheumatic fever [*RHD] (***)
3. Risk factors in hypertension (**)
4. Explain the concept of avoidable blindness. (prevention of blindness) (**)
5. Rule of Halves (hypertension)
6. Diet and cancer
7. Tracking of blood pressure
8. Primordial prevention of coronary heart disease [**risk factors](*II) (***)
9. High risk strategy (hypertension)
10. Warning signals of cancer [*early signs][*danger signals] (***)
11. Risk factors in IHD
12. Assessment of obesity
13. Hazards of obesity (II)
14. Screening for cancer
 15. Changing concepts in eye health care
16. Industrial accidents

Short answers:

1. Modifiable risk factors in hypertension

2. Body mass index (BMI) (***)
3. Brocca’s index (***)
4. Lorentz’s formula (**)
5. Jones’ criteria for Rheumatic Fever
6. 4 hazards of obesity
7. “Rule of halves” in hypertension
8. List the most frequent causes of domestic accidents
9. Screening methods for CA breast
10. Adverse effects of smoking on lungs
11. Cancer registry
12. Preventable blindness
13. Define ‘Accident’
14. Define ‘Blindness’
15. Warning signs of cancer
16. Self-care in diabetes mellitus

Chapter-7: Health programmes in India

Essays:

1. What is National Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme? Describe and discuss national anti-
malarial programme. (I)
2. Write in detail about NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION. (II)
3. Discuss briefly the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) and its
operational strategies to control tuberculosis in India. (II)
4. Discuss on Reproductive and Child Health Programme and compare it with Child Survival and
Safe Motherhood programme. [*enumerate national health programmes. What is reproductive
and child health? Salient features of RCH programme] (**)
5. Enumerate national health programmes. Describe the national eradication programme and give
a critical analysis of setbacks in the programme that resulted in the resurgence of malaria and
suggested revised strategy for its control.

Short Notes:

1. National Malaria Eradication Programme

2. RNTCP
3. Components of RCH
4. Minimum needs programme
 5. Role and responsibility of ASHA
6. Iodine deficiency disorders control programme

Short answers:

1. Vision 2020
2. Components of Minimum Needs Programme
3. Role of Integrated Counseling and Testing Centers
4. Selection of ASHAs
5. Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) (**)

Chapter-8: Essential Medicines and Counterfeit medicines

Essays: ---

Short Notes: ---

Short answers: ---

Chapter-9: Demography and Family planning

Essays:

1. What are the reasons for population explosion in India? Briefly review the different family
planning methods taking into account the recent advances in contraception.

Short Notes:

1. Menstrual regulation
2. Age pyramids (**)
3. Factors responsible for higher fertility rate in India (*II) (***)
4. Injectable hormonal contraceptives
5. Combined oral contraceptives (*II)
6. Post-coital contraception (II)
7. Post-conceptional methods (II)
8. All India hospital post-partum programme (**)
9. Fertility related statistics
10. National Population Policy, 2000 [*national demographic goals and revised NPP](*II) (***)
11. Urban family welfare centers (?)
12. Condoms
13. Natural family planning methods (*II) (**)
14. Fertility indices
15. Eligible couple
 16. Medical termination of pregnancy Act (*II) (**)
17. Advantages and C/I for Intra-Uterine Devices
18. Ideal candidate for IUD insertion [*mechanism of action (II)] (**)
19. Urbanization
20. Pearl index (II)
21. Stages of demographic cycle and its importance (II) (**)
22. Define sex ratio. Write the measures taken by the government pertaining to this indicator [*sex
ratio] (II) (**)

Short answers:

1. Pearl Index (***)

2. Total fertility rate
3. Define eligible couple [*target couple] (***)
4. General Martial Fertility Rate (GMFR)
5. Write 2 absolute contraindications of oral contraceptive pill
6. Demographic cycle
7. Growth Rate
8. Demographic gap
9. No scalpel vasectomy
10. Conventional contraception
11. Net reproductive rate
12. Couple Protection Rate (CPR)
13. Mechanism of action of IUDs
14. Age-Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR)
15. Mention 2 conditions for termination of pregnancy under MTP Act, 1971

Chapter-10: Preventive medicine in Obstetrics, Pediatrics and Geriatrics

Essays:

1. Define MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE. Discuss measures for reducing MMR. (*****)
[*Medical causes and social factors influencing MMR in India. Preventive and social measures to
reduce MMR in India] [*risk approach in MCH, who are at-risk pregnant women?]
2. Define INFANT MORTALITY RATE. *Discuss the different factors and their preventive measures
affecting infant mortality. [*indicators of MCH care] [*define infant mortality][*preventive and
social measures to reduce IMR] (****)
3. (?) Describe in detail the nutritional problems in public health. Mention the services delivered
by INTEGRATED CHILD DEVELOPMENT SERVICES.
4. Discuss in detail about the various aspects of SCHOOL HEALTH SERVICES in India
5. Describe the advantages of breast feeding. How can breast feeding be assessed? Add a note on
Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative.
 6. Describe the principles of ANTENATAL CARE. Explain risk-approach to antenatal care. [*discuss
in relation to the RCH programme][*objectives and components] (***)
7. Describe the various health problems of the aged. Suggest remedial measures.

Short Notes:

1. Prenatal screening [*diagnosis (II)] (**)

2. ?Healthful school environment (**)
3. Child guidance clinic (**II) (***)
4. Components of school health programme [*objectives of school health services] [*role of
teachers] (*II) (****)
5. Growth chart [*Road to Health chart] [*uses] (***II) (*****)
6. Congenital malformations
7. Low birth weight [**causes] (*II) (****)
8. Health problems among school children
9. Maternal mortality rate [*approaches for measuring maternal mortality (II)] (**)
10. Anganwadi center [*Integrated Child development services scheme][*package of services under
ICDS (II)] (***)
11. Health problems of the aged (**II) (****)
12. Healthy ageing (II)
13. Advantages of breast feeding
14. Causes of maternal mortality [*causes and prevention of maternal deaths (II)] (**)
15. Juvenile delinquency
16. Warning signs in pregnancy
17. Under-five clinic
18. Essential new-born care (II)
19. Causes of perinatal mortality in India (II)
20. Principles of artificial feeding
21. Factors affecting infant mortality (*II) (**)

Short answers:

1. Enlist any 3 components of essential obstetric care

2. Child Survival Index
3. Head circumference
4. Describe 4 objectives of antenatal care
5. Rooming-in (**)
6. Uses of growth chart (**)
7. Weaning (**)
8. Still Birth Rate
9. Name 2 problems causing disability among old age people
10. ICDS scheme [*beneficiaries] (**)
11. Perinatal mortality
 12. What is domiciliary midwifery? [*advantages] (**)
13. Objectives of school health programme [*objectives of school health services] (**)
14. What is ‘exclusive breast feeding’?
15. Pre-term babies and small for date babies
16. Milestones to be achieved by 10-11 months of age
17. Signs of good attachment in breast feeding
18. 2 indications of antenatal diagnosis
19. Juvenile delinquency

Chapter-11: Nutrition and Health

Essays:

1. Discuss the role of nutritional factors in the causation of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and
cancer.
2. Enumerate nutritional deficiency disorders that are public health problems. What is “micro-
nutrient malnutrition”? Discuss in detail the *causes, detrimental effects and various preventive
measures of NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA. (*II)(**)
3. Define balanced diet. Discuss various community nutrition programmes of Govt. of India.
4. What is nutritional assessment? How do you assess the nutritional status of the under-5 in a
given community? [**community](*II) (***)
5. (?)Define malnutrition, specify its problems. Describe etiology, prevention and control
measures.
6. Define micronutrient. Enumerate important micronutrients. Discuss spectrum of iodine
deficiency disorders and iodine deficiency disorder control programme in India.
7. Give an account of commonly occurring FOOD TOXICANTS in India and their prevention. (II)
8. Describe the levels of prevention failure in PEM. Add a note on clinic-social assessment of
children with PEM.

Short Notes:

1. Dietary goals [*prudent diet] (**)

2. Mid-day meal programme (**)
3. Aflatoxins (**)
4. ?Vitamin A prophylaxis programme
5. Diet survey (*II) (***)
6. Compare growth monitoring and nutritional surveillance
7. Balanced diet
8. Iodine deficiency disorders
9. Lathyrism [*prevention and control](**II) (***)
10. Food adulteration (**)
11. Essential fatty acids
12. Fluorosis [**endemic fluorosis (II)] (***)
 13. D/B Marasmus and Kwashiorkar
14. Food taboos in pregnancy (?)
15. Anti-oxidants
16. Vitamin A
17. Prevention of nutritional blindness
18. Nutritional anemia
19. Clinical manifestations of malnutrition (II)
20. Describe diabetic diet (II)
21. Pasteurization of milk (II)
22. Prevention of xerophthalmia (II)
23. Factors affecting energy requirement (II)
24. Gomez’ classification (II)

Short answers:

1. Balanced diet [**define] (**)

2. Limiting amino acids (**)
3. Characteristics of reference Adult Indian Man
4. Reference Adult Indian Woman
5. Lathyrism
6. Vitamin A Supplementation Programme
7. Chemical composition of tea
8. Food fad
9. Net protein utilization (**)
10. Supplementary actions of proteins
11. Model menu for a mid-day school meal
12. Pasteurization of milk
13. Food additives and food fortification
14. Indicators for epidemiological assessment of iodine deficiency
15. Wet beriberi
16. PUFA
17. Sources of fluorine
18. Advantage and disadvantage of parboiling of rice
19. Nutrients in soya bean
20. 2 age independent anthropometry indices- mid-arm circumference, weight-for-height, skinfold
thickness, mid-upper arm/height ratio
21. Protein-Energy ratio
22. Glycemic index of any 2 food items
23. Micronutrients in cancer
24. Dietary goals
25. Dietary sources of Vitamin C
Chapter-12: Medicine and Social sciences

Essays:

1. What are the types of families? Discuss the various functions of the family and its role in health
and disease.
2. What are social sciences? What is the role of family and social customs in health and disease?
3. What is the basic model of a NUCLEAR FAMILY? Discuss various cultural factors in health and
disease.

Short Notes:

1. Health problems due to industrialization

2. Social stress
3. Cultural factors in health and disease
4. Acculturation [*and health] (**II) (*****)
5. Family in health and disease
6. Medical social worker (***II) [*role of medico-social worker in hospital] (*****)
7. Temporary social groups
8. Role of emotions in health and disease
9. Social factors influencing disease
10. The art of interviewing
11. Consumer protection Act (II)
12. Role of family in health and disease (*II)
13. Rights of the patient (II)
14. Types of learning

Short answers:

1. Functions of family
2. Types of family (**)
3. Domains of learning
4. Acculturation (***)
5. Broken family [*problem family] (**)
6. Wealth Index
7. Intelligence quotient
8. Social marketing- is an approach used to develop activities aimed at changing or maintaining
people's behavior for the benefit of individuals and society as a whole.
9. Below poverty line (?)
10. Any 4 fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India
11. Mention two rights of a child
12. Name 2 defense mechanisms
13. Social security for industrial workers
Chapter-13: Environment and Health

Essays:

1. Write the sources of air pollution. Describe the strategies regarding the preventive measures of
air pollution in our country. [*control and prevention] (***)(I/II)
2. What is water pollution? Write in detail about water related diseases.
3. Define sewage. Enlist various methods of sewage disposal in unsewered areas. Discuss briefly
about water seal latrine.
4. Explain methods of refuse disposal. [*what is solid waste, sources of refuse?] (**)
5. What are the different modes of transmission of arthropod-borne diseases? Discuss the
principles of arthropod control.

Short Notes:

1. Types of ventilation
2. Indices of thermal comfort (*****)
3. Control of noise pollution [*prevention] (**)
4. Soakage pits (can’t find) (II) (***)
5. Sanitary well[*features] (****)
6. Sanitation barrier (***)
7. Purification of water on a large scale
8. Refuse disposal methods in rural areas
9. Global warming- causes and effects
10. Methods of disposal of solid wastes
11. Hazards of environmental pollution
12. Overcrowding (***)
13. Sources of water pollution. How do they affect health?
14. Enlist major air pollutants. Describe measures to control it [*indicators of air pollution] (**)
15. Sanitation measures to be followed in swimming pools
16. Effect of atmospheric pressure on health
17. Sanitary disposal of sullage in rural areas
18. Free residual chlorine
19. Rat-flea indices
20. Mosquito control measures [*Environmental control measures] (**)
21. Hardness of water [*removal] (**)
22. Sand-fly
23. Septic tank
24. Housing standards
25. Paris green
26. Principles of chlorination (**)
27. Anti-rodent measures
28. Biological transmission of arthropod-borne diseases
 29. Defluoridation
30. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
31. Composting
32. Heat stroke
33. Secondary treatment of sewage
34. Suitable measures of potable water supply to rural areas
35. Oxidation ponds
36. Salient features of rapid sand filters
37. Soil transmission of helminthes (?)
38. Bacteriological quality of drinking water
39. Cyclops (II)

Short answers:

1. Somatic effects of radiation (**)

2. Water harvesting
3. Biological control of anti-larval measures (mosquito control)
4. D/B shallow and deep wells
5. Sanitary landfill
6. Anti-rodent measures
7. 2 diseases transmitted by hard ticks/ soft ticks (**)
8. Daylight factor (**)
9. 2 types of mechanical ventilation
10. Super-chlorination
11. Heat hyperpyrexia
12. Disinfection of air
13. List the tests used in bacteriological surveillance of drinking water
14. Biological control measures against mosquito larvae
15. Non-auditory effects of noise
16. Advantages and limitations of insecticides as method of vector control
17. Define safe water
18. Nalgonda technique for defluoridation of water- Nalgonda Technique involves addition of
aluminium salts, lime and bleaching powder followed by rapid mixing, flocculation,
sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. Aluminium salt may be added as aluminium sulphate
or aluminium chloride or combination of these two. Aluminium salt is only responsible for
removal of fluoride from water. The dose of aluminium salt increases with increase in the
fluoride and alkalinity levels of the raw water. The selection of either aluminium sulphate or
aluminium chloride also depends on sulphate and chloride contents of the raw water to avoid
them exceeding their permissible limits. The dose of lime is empirically 1/20th that of the dose of
aluminium salt. Lime facilitates forming dense floc for rapid settling. Bleaching powder is added
to the raw water at the rate of 3 mg/l for disinfection.
Chapter-14: Hospital Waste Management

Essays:

1. Classify health care wastes. What are the hazards of health care waste? List out various methods
of disposal of hospital wastes.

Short Notes:

1. Health hazards of health-care waste

2. Incineration (check page 696 also)

Short answers:

1. Enlist the biomedical waste disposed in the black bin

2. List 4 treatment and disposal technologies for health-care waste
3. Categories of waste disposed into blue/white container

Chapter-15: Disaster Management

Essays: ---

Short Notes:

1. Disaster management
2. Triage (II)

Short answers:

1. Define ‘disaster’
2. Triage

Chapter-16: Occupational Health

Essays:

1. Define pneumoconiosis. Explain the various measures for prevention of occupational diseases
2. Describe the structure of Employees State Insurance Corporation. Discuss the various benefits
under ESI. (**)

Short Notes:

1. Lead poisoning[*diagnosis and prevention] (****)

2. Bagassosis
3. Benefits of ESI Scheme [*medical benefits] (***)
4. Causes and prevention of accidents in industry
5. Sickness absenteeism (**)
 6. Occupational hazards of agricultural workers [*respiratory diseases-prevention and control]
(***)
7. Occupational cancers [*and their prevention] (*II) (***)
8. Silicosis (**)
9. The Factories Act
10. Asbestosis (**)
11. Pre-placement examination and periodic examination
12. Medical measures in prevention of occupational diseases
13. Pneumoconiosis
14. Farmer’s lung (II)

Short answers:

1. Diagnosis of Lead Poisoning

2. Ergonomics (*****)
3. Anthracosis
4. Disablement benefit under ESI Scheme (**)
5. Pre-placement examination
6. Mention 4 medical measures to prevent occupational diseases
7. Measures for control of silicosis
8. Benefits to employer under ESI Act
9. Byssinosis
10. 2 physical hazards due to occupation
11. Sickness absenteesim

Chapter-17: Genetics and Health

Essays: ---

Short Notes:

1. In-utero diagnosis
2. Prevention of genetic diseases
3. Turner’s syndrome
4. Genetic counseling (**II) (****)
5. What is eugenics? (II)
6. Chromosomal abnormalities (II)
7. Factors which influence the gene frequencies in human populations

Short answers:

1. Euthenics/ **Eugenics [*define] (****)

2. Genetic counseling [*retrospective] (**)
3. Mention 4 autosomal recessive traits
 4. Define ‘population genetics’
5. Hardy-Weinberg Law
6. Human Genome Project

Chapter-18: Mental Health

Essays: ---

Short Notes:

1. Prevention of alcoholism in adolescents

2. Drug dependence [*prevention (II)] (**)
3. Drug abuse [*drug addiction] [*factors associated with high risk for drug abuse(II)] (*II) (***)
4. Types of mental illness and **causes (*II) (***)
5. Warning signals of poor mental health (II)
6. Defense mechanisms identified by psychologists (**)
7. Drug abuse

Short answers:

1. Mention 4 symptoms of drug addiction

2. Drug dependence [*drug abuse] (**)
3. Write 2 warning signals of poor mental health

Chapter-19: Health information and Basic medical statistics

Essays: ---

Short Notes:

1. Sampling [***methods][*errors] [*types] [*different random sampling methods] [*common

sampling techniques] (*******)
2. Standard deviation [*uses] (**)
3. Medical record linkage (record linkage)
4. Chi-square test (***)
5. Histogram
6. Normal distribution (**)
7. Presentation of statistical data
8. Measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) (?) (****)
9. Population surveys as a source of health information (**)
10. Standard normal curve
11. The sample registration system in India (SRS) (***)
12. Use of bio-statistics in medical science
13. Standard error
 14. Measures of dispersion
15. Census (*II) (**)
16. Registration of vital events
17. Different sources of health information
18. Data presentation
19. Uses of health information

Short answers:

1. Pictogram
2. Formulas for standard error
3. Pie-chart
4. Define ‘census’

Chapter-20: Communication for Health Education

Essays:

1. Define Health Education. Discuss various **principles [*and practice] of health education. What
are the barriers of communication? [*group approach] (*****)

Short Notes:

1. Communication [*components] [***barriers (**II)] [**types] (******)

2. Group discussion
3. Health education [*approach to] [**principle] [*objectives] [*contents] [*models (II)] (**II)
(*****)
4. Workshop as a method of health education (II)
5. Role playing
6. Health education versus health propaganda

Short answers:

1. Components of communication process

2. Differences between health education and health propaganda
3. Panel discussion
Chapter-21: Health Planning and Management

Essays:

1. Define health planning and management. Write in detail the various steps involved in
PLANNING CYCLE. [*with suitable examples] [*with reference to finding health problems in
community] (***)
2. Discuss qualitative and quantitative methods of HEALTH MANAGEMENT.
3. Define the term MANAGEMENT. Discuss in detail the various management methods and
techniques.

Short Notes:

1. Network analysis (**II) (****)

2. Cost-effective analysis
3. Planning cycle (*II) (***)
4. Management techniques (**)
5. Quantitative management techniques
6. Describe cost-benefit analysis
7. Shrivastav committee, 1975 (*II) (**)
8. Steps in health planning
9. Panchayati Raj (II)
10. ‘Critical path method’ in management

Short answers:

1. Mention 4 methods of management based on behavioral sciences

2. Cost-effective analysis
3. 2 recommendations of Mudaliar Committee
4. Bhor committee recommendations (**)
5. 2 recommendations of the Kartar Singh committee
6. Cost-benefit analysis
7. Name 2 quantitative health management techniques

Chapter-22: Health care of the community

Essays:

1. Define PRIMARY HEALTH CARE. Describe briefly the principles and elements of primary health
care. [*components][*how it is delivered to rural areas] (****)

Short Notes:

1. Health For All

2. Community health centers
 3. Principles of primary health care [****elements] (*********) (****II)
4. Functions of a sub-center [*staff and services provided (II)]
5. Voluntary health agencies in India
6. Job responsibilities of MPHA (F) (Multipurpose Health Assistant Female) (?)
7. Millennium development goals (*II) (**)
8. Indian Red Cross
9. Functions of a PHC

Short answers:

1. Write 2 principles of primary health care (**)

2. Define ‘comprehensive health care’

Chapter-23: International health

Essays:

Short Notes:

1. Functions of the WHO [*work (*II)] (****)

2. Food and Agriculture Organization
3. Role of Non-Governmental agencies in health care
4. Functions of United Nations’ Children fund
5. UNICEF [*functions] [*services] (**II) (****)

Short answers:

1. WHO theme for 2008

2. Name 2 bilateral agencies
3. GOBIFFF- Growth monitoring, Oral rehydration, Breast feeding, Immunization, Female
Education, Family Spacing, Food supplements

Don’t know where this goes:

Essay:

1. Discuss in detail about the integrated vector control. (maybe chapter 13)
2. Discuss the physical and psycho-social environmental factors affecting the health of slum
dwellers. Suggest remedial measures.

Short notes:

1. Integrated approach in vector control [*methods of control] (***)

2. Social therapy
3. Safe injection practices
 4. Rural health problems
5. Health problems of urban slums (II)
6. Urban health
7. Functions of WHB
8. Health problems of urban dwellers[*urban areas] (*II) (**)
9. Window period
10. Urban basic services
11. Crucial points in the life cycle of man (*II) (***)
12. Food fortification (II) (**)
13. Operational research (II)

Short answers:

1. 2 methods of dietary survey

2. Smoke index
3. Accident proneness
4. Mention 2 frequently used health care delivery indicators
5. Define trans-ovarian transmission with example
6. Socialized medicine
7. Comfort zone
8. Blanket therapy
9. Health intelligence
10. Define ‘primary care’
11. Mention the uses of hospital records
12. Medical audit

Indices of thermal comfort: Refer Park- Chapter 13 (under Air)

Thermal comfort refers to the subjective feeling of temperature in an environment. Optimum levels of
thermal comfort helps in maximizing productivity. Measurements of thermal comfort levels are complex
and many indices have been proposed over the years. They are:

Air temperature
 Initially the air temperature as measured from a dry bulb thermometer was taken as the
indicator of thermal comfort
 But it was found to be a unsatisfactory measure as comfort levels depended on other
factors too
Air temperature and humidity
 Later air temperature and humidity levels were considered to convey the thermal
comfort levels
 This was also unsatisfactory
Cooling power
 This takes into consideration the following factors
 Air temperature
 Humidity
 Air movements
 A device called Kata thermometer was devised by Hill to measure cooling power
 A dry Kata reading of 6 or above and an wet Kata above 20 indicates thermal comfort
Effective temperature
 The different factors determining thermal comfort – air temperature, humidity and air
movements are combined together into a single index – Effective temperature
 Effective temperature is the temperature in an environment with 100% humidity and no
air movements which will induce the same level of thermal comfort as in the present situation
 For example, if the effective temperature is said to be 30°C, it means that the thermal
comfort is equivalent to one is an environment with temperature 30°C, 100% humidity and no
air movements
 But effective temperature does not take into consideration, the effect or radiant heat
energy
Corrected effective temperature
 The effective temperature is adjusted by considering the loss or gain of heat by
radiation to arrive at a corrected effective temperature (CET)
 Thus CET is determined by 4 factors
 air temperature
 humidity
 air movements
 radiant heat
 Corrected effective temperature is measured using a combination of
 globe thermometer – to measure air temperature adjusted for radiant heat
 wet bulb thermometer – to measure humidity
 air speed measurement