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Free and Forced Vortex PDF

The document discusses free and forced vortices. A free vortex occurs when fluid enters a stationary cylinder and swirls due to viscosity and gravity, forming a surface depression. A forced vortex is induced by rotating a cylinder, causing the fluid within to rotate uniformly like a flywheel. The experiment aims to understand these vortex types and measure their surface profiles using an apparatus that can generate both free and forced vortices through interchangeable orifices and a rotating paddle wheel.

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Rana Hanzla
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533 views4 pages

Free and Forced Vortex PDF

The document discusses free and forced vortices. A free vortex occurs when fluid enters a stationary cylinder and swirls due to viscosity and gravity, forming a surface depression. A forced vortex is induced by rotating a cylinder, causing the fluid within to rotate uniformly like a flywheel. The experiment aims to understand these vortex types and measure their surface profiles using an apparatus that can generate both free and forced vortices through interchangeable orifices and a rotating paddle wheel.

Uploaded by

Rana Hanzla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Abstract:

Vortex is the swirling motion of fluid around a central region. Pumps used in different industrial
applications draw water from water reservoirs. The existence of free surface vortices has been a
significant focus of study for hydraulic engineers.

Objective:
• To Understand the difference between free and forced vortices.
• To determine the surface profile of a vortex apparatus.

Introduction:
When a liquid contained in a cylindrical vessel is given the rotation either due to rotation of the vessel
about vertical axis or due to tangential velocity of water, surface of water no longer remains horizontal
but it depresses at the center and rises near the walls of the vessel. A rotating mass of fluid is called
vortex and motion of rotating mass of fluid is called vortex motion. Vortices are of two types viz. forced
vortex and free vortex. When a cylinder is in rotation then the vortex is called forced vortex. If water
enters a stationary cylinder then a vortex is called a free vortex.

Apparatus:
The apparatus used in this experiment is free and forced vortex apparatus, and it consists of;
• Cylindrical vessel with four inlet/outlet ports to generate free and forced vortices

• Three interchangeable orifices and paddle wheel to fit in base of tank

• Measuring bridge with adjustable pointers and internal calliper to measure vortex dimensions

• Pitot tubes for estimation of velocities in vortex

• Quick-release fittings for easy connection to hydraulics bench

• F1-10 Hydraulics Bench

Description:
A. Free Vortex: The free vortex is generated by water discharging through an interchangeable
orifice in the base of the cylinder and the resulting profile is measured using a combined calliper
and depth scale.
B. Forced Vortex: The forced vortex is induced by a paddle in the base of the cylinder which
is rotated by jets of water.

Theory:
Vortex refers to the region in a fluid in which the flow is rotating around an axis line, which may be
straight or curved. Vortices form in stirred fluids.

Free vortex:
In a free vortex the tangential velocity is given by uφ = C/r, and theoretically the velocity becomes
infinite at the centre. Near the axis, in a real fluid, velocities would indeed be high, but as frictional
losses tend to vary as the square of the velocity, they would not be negligible and the assumption that
the total head remains constant will not be valid. The central part of a vortex in a real fluid tends to
rotate as a solid body. This can be modeled as a forced vortex surrounded by a free vortex as illustrated
in Figure

Forced vortex:
A relatively simple example of rotational flow is the case of the forced vortex, which is also known as
a flywheel vortex. A fluid may be subjected to translation or rotation at constant accelerations without
relative motion between particles. If there is no relative motion between particles, then the fluid is free
from shear stresses and is in a state of relative equilibrium. For example, a body of fluid contained in
a vessel that is rotating about a vertical axis with constant angular velocity will eventually reach a
state of relative equilibrium and rotate with the same angular velocity as the vessel, forming a forced
vortex. Three body forces arise relative to a spinning coordinate system: the Coriolis body force, the
body force from angular acceleration, and the centrifugal body force. If the fluid is assumed to be at
rest in the coordinate frame, the Coriolis force will be zero. If the angular velocity is constant, then the
only rotational body force remaining is the centrifugal body force. The acceleration of any particle of
fluid at radius r due to rotation will be –Ω2r perpendicular to the axis of rotation.

Observations:
In this experiment, we have observed both free and forced Vortex Flows in which swirling motion
occurred like typical cyclones. Vortex flows indicated turbulent flow. We saw that in absence of
external forces, due to viscous friction and gravitational effects, fluid, which is water in this
experiment, tends to organize into a collection of twisted vortices. It acts like downdraft irrotational
drain as a surface depression was formed above the drain orifice. This type of vortex flow can move,
twist, stretch and interact in complex ways like smoke rings. But when we applied external
mechanical power to the fluid flow, we noticed that fluid shifts to vertical upward draft resulting in
flywheel vortex which is forced vortex flow by forming paraboloid revolution. Forced vortex is
formed as the rotation settles down. Forced vortex flow tends to be rotational flow as fluid under
influence of supplied energy constantly rotated and we observed relative motion between fluid
particles in this case acquiring external mechanical energy.
Free vortex:
Forced vortex:

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