CSEC MATHEMATICS JANUARY 2015

Section I

1. (a) Using a calculator, or otherwise, calculate the EXACT value of

(12.8) - (30 ÷ 0.375) .
2

SOLUTION:

Required to calculate: The exact value of (12.8) - ( 30 ÷ 0.375)

2

m
Calculation:
We first work out each of the calculations that are within the brackets, using

co
either basic arithmetic or the calculator. Then, we simplify to obtain the final
answer.
(12.8) - ( 30 ÷ 0.375) = (12.8)(12.8) - ( 30 ÷ 0.375)

.
2

hs
= 163.84 - 80 (by the calculator)
= 83.84 (in exact form)

(b)
! at
Mark spends of his monthly income on housing. Of the REMAINDER, he
m
"
#
spends ! on food and saves what is left.
s
as

(i) Calculate the fraction of his monthly income spent on food.

SOLUTION:
sp

! #
Data: Mark spends " of his income on housing and ! of the remainder on
.fa

food. Mark saves the rest of his income.

Required to calculate: The fraction spent on food
Calculation:
w

Let us first consider Mark’s entire income as the whole.

!
w

When " is spent on housing, the fraction that is the remainder is

3 8 3 5
w

1− = − =
8 8 8 8
#
Recall, according to the data that ! of this remainder is spent on food.
1 5
Hence, the fraction of Mark’s income which is spent on food = ´
3 8
5
=
24

(ii) Calculate the fraction of his monthly income that he saved.

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 SOLUTION

Required to calculate: The fraction of Mark’s income that is saved

Calculation:
3
The fraction of Mark’s income spent on housing = (data)
8
5
The fraction of Mark’s income spent on food = from part(i)
24
Hence, the fraction of Mark’s income that is spent on both housing and
food will be

m
3 5
= +
8 24

co
3´ 3 5
= +
8 ´ 3 24

.
9 5

hs
= +
24 24
9+5
=
24
14
at
m
=
24
s
The question says that the rest of Mark’s income is saved.
as

Hence, the fraction of Mark’s income that is saved will be

sp

14 24 14
1- = -
24 24 24
10
.fa

=
24
5
=
w

12
w

(c) (i) At Bank A, US $1.00 = BD $1.96. Calculate the value of US $700 in

w

BD$.
US$ means United States dollars and BD$ means Barbados dollars.

SOLUTION

Data: At Bank A, US $1.00 ≡ BD $1.96

Required to calculate: The value of US $700 in BD$.
Calculation:

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 US $1.00 º BD $1.96
Hence, US $700 º BD $1.96 ´ 700
= BD $1 372

(ii) At Bank B, the value of US $700 is BD $1 386. Calculate the value of US

$1.00 in BD$ at this bank.

SOLUTION

Data: At Bank B, US $700 ≡ BD $1 386.

m
Required to calculate: The value of US $1.00 in BD$ at Bank B.
Calculation:
US $700 º BD $1 386

co
$1 386
Hence, US $1.00 º BD
700

.
hs
= BD $1.98

2. (a) Simplify

p 3q2 ´ pq5
at
m
SOLUTION
s

Required to simplify: p 3q2 ´ pq5

as

Simplification:
Let us group the common terms together, for convenience, and then apply the sum
sp

law of indices to the terms in p and then the terms in q.

p 3q 2 ´ pq5 = p 3 ´ p ´ q 2 ´ q5
.fa

= p3 + 1 ´ q2 + 5
= p 4 ´ q7
w

= p 4 q7
w

(b) Express as a single fraction in its simplest form

w

a 3a
+
5 2

SOLUTION
a 3a
Required to express: + as a single fraction in its simplest form.
5 2
Solution:
The LCM of 5 and 2 is 10

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 So,
a 3a
+
5 2
2 ( a ) + 5 ( 3a ) 2a + 15a
=
10 10
17a
= (as a single fraction in its simplest form)
10

(c) Factorise completely:

m
(i) x 2 - 5x + 4

co
Required to factorise: x 2 - 5x + 4
Solution:
x 2 - 5x + 4 = x 2 - x - 4 x + 4

.
hs
= x ( x - 1) - 4 ( x - 1)
= ( x - 1)( x - 4 )
at
m
OR
We could have found the two numbers whose sum is -5 and product is 4. These
s
are -1 and -4. Hence, (x – 1) (x – 4)
as

(ii) m 2 - 4n 2
sp

Required to factorise completely: m2 - 4n 2

Solution:
.fa

m2 - 4n2 = ( m) - ( 2n )
2 2

This is now expressed as the difference of two squares, and which is of a

w

standard form.
And so,
w

m2 - 4n2 = ( m - 2n )( m + 2n )
w

(d) (i) Solve for x

2x - 7 £ 3

SOLUTION

Data: 2 x - 7 £ 3
Required to solve: For x.

Solution:

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 2x - 7 £ 3
2x £ 3 + 7
2 x £ 10
÷2
10
x£
2
x£5

Hence, x £ 5 . This is better expressed as {x : x £ 5}.

m
We use set builder notation as we cannot write out all the solutions.

co
This may also be illustrated on the number line as:

.
hs
(ii) If x is a positive integer, list the possible values of x.

SOLUTION at
m
Data: x is a positive integer.
s
Required to list: The possible values of x
Solution:
as

The solution is x £ 5 .
Hence, x will be all the positive integers that are less than or equal to 5.
sp

x = 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 . (Notice, 0 is not included as 0 is not positive)

.fa

l
(e) Find the value of 2p
g
where p = 3.14 , l = 0.625 and g = 10 .
w
w

SOLUTION
w

l
Data: T = 2p , p = 3.14 , l = 0.625 and g = 10 .
g
Required to calculate: T

Calculation:
We substitute the given values in the expression

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 l
T = 2p
g
0.625
= 2 ( 3.14 )
10
(using the calculator)
= 2 ( 3.14 ) 0.0625
= 6.28 0.0625
= 6.28 ´ 0.25
= 1.57 (exact)

m
3. (a) In a survey of 30 families, the findings were that:

co
15 families owned dogs
12 families owned cats

.
x families owned BOTH dogs and cats

hs
8 families owned NEITHER dogs NOR cats

(i) Given that:

U = {Families in the survey}

at
s m
C = {Families who owned cats}
as

D = {Families who owned dogs}

sp

Use the given information to complete the Venn diagram below.

.fa
w
w
w

SOLUTION

Data: From the 30 families surveyed, 15 owned dogs, 12 owned cats, x

owned both dogs and cats and 8 did not own either a cat or a dog.

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 (A family cannot OWN neither a cat nor a dog-This is better
expressed as 8 families do not own either a cat or a dog as is stated
above)

U = {Families in the survey}

C = {Families who owned cats}
D = {Families who owned dogs}
Required to complete: The Venn diagram that is given
Solution:

m
. co
hs
at
m
(ii) Write an expression, in x, which represents the TOTAL number of
families in the survey.
s
as

SOLUTION

Required to write: An expression, in x, which represents the total number

sp

of families in the survey

Solution:
.fa

Total number of families in the survey

= Sum of the all the families in the all the four subsets of the Universal set.
= (12 - x ) + x + (15 - x ) + 8
w

= 12 + 15 + 8 - x + x - x
w

= 35 - x
w

(iii) Write an equation which may be used to solve for x.

SOLUTION

Required to write: An equation which may be used to solve for x

Solution:
The total number of families in all the subsets of the universal set, will be
equal to the number of families surveyed in the data.

Hence, 35 - x = 30

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 (The question did not ask for the solution of x but if the value of x was
required, then x = 5 )

(b) The diagram below, not drawn to scale, shows a parallelogram ABCD.

m
. co
Using a ruler, a pencil and a pair of compasses only, construct parallelogram

hs
ABCD with AB = 8 cm , AD = 6 cm and ÐDAB = 60° .

at
Marks will be awarded for construction lines clearly shown.

Required to construct: The parallelogram ABCD with AB = 8 cm , AD = 6 cm

m
and ÐDAB = 60° .
s

SOLUTION
as

Construction: Shown in steps

sp

Step (1)
First, we draw a straight line which is longer than 8 cm and with the pair of
compasses, we draw two arcs to mark off A and B so that AB is 8 cm long. The
.fa

arcs are to be clearly shown.

w
w
w

Step (2)
At A, we construct an angle of 600. This is illustrated in the diagram below.

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 m
Step (3)
With the pair of compasses, we cut off D, so that AD is 6 cm. This is shown

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below. Notice the arc that cuts off D is clearly shown.

.
hs
at
s m
as
sp

Step (4)
.fa

With center B, an arc of radius of 6 cm is drawn above B

w
w
w

Step (5)

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 The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal in length.
So, with center D, an arc of radius 8 cm is drawn to the right of D.

The arcs drawn from B and from D intersect at C.

m
. co
hs
Step (6)
The parallelogram ABCD is now completed.at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

ALTERNATIVE
The construction could also have been done as:

Steps (1-3) are the same as above.

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 m
co
(4) At B we construct an angle of 600
(5) We cut off point C so that BC is 6 cm

.
(6) Join D to C to complete the parallelogram ABCD.

hs
BC would be parallel to AD and equal in length. Remember, the opposite sides of a

at
quadrilateral being both parallel and equal, gives a parallelogram.
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w

4. An electrician charges a fixed fee for a house visit plus an additional charge based on the
w

length of time spent on the job.

The total charges, y, are calculated using the equation y = 40 x + 75, where x represents
the time in hours spent on the job.

(a) Complete the table of values for the equation, y = 40 x + 75.

x ( time in hours) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y (total charges in $) 75 115 195 275 315

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 SOLUTION:

Data: Electrician charges a fixed fee for a home visit plus charges based on time
spent on the job. The fixed fee means that this fee is paid even when no work has
been done, i.e. just for the visit of the electrician’s appearance at the site.
Total charges = y
Number of hours spent on the job = x
y = 40 x + 75
Required to complete: The table given
Solution:
y = 40 x + 75

m
When x = 2 , we substitute to get
y = 40 ( 2 ) + 75

co
= 155

.
When x = 4 we substitute to get

hs
y = 40 ( 4 ) + 75
= 235
at
m
The completed table will now look like:
s
x ( time in hours) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
as

y (total charges in $) 75 115 155 195 235 275 315

sp

(b) On the grid given, using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 hour on the x – axis and
2 cm to represent 50 dollars on the y – axis, plot the 7 pairs of values shown in
your completed table. Draw a straight line through all the plotted points.
.fa

Required to plot: The values from the table, given the scale to use on both axes
w

SOLUTION: On carefully labelled axes we obtain

w
w

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 m
. co
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa

(c) Using your graph, determine

w

(i) the total charges when the job took 4.5 hours.
w
w

SOLUTION

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 (c)(i)

m
. co
hs
at
s m
(c)(ii)
as
sp
.fa

Required to determine: The charge when the time x = 4.5 hours.

Solution:
w

From the graph, we draw a vertical at x = 4.5 to meet the straight line. At
the point of meeting, a horizontal is drawn to meet the vertical axis, for the
w

read off.
When x = 4.5 , y = 255
w

\The total charges after 4.5 hours is $255.

(ii) the time, in hours, spent on a job if the total charges are $300.

Solution

Required to determine: The time, x, spent on the job if the charge is

$300.
Solution:
From the graph, we draw a horizontal at y = 300 to meet the straight line.

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 At the point of meeting, a vertical is drawn to meet the horizontal axis, for
the read off.
When y = 300 , x = 5.6
\A total of $300 occurred when the job lasted 5.6 hours.

(iii) The fixed charge for a visit.

SOLUTION

Required to determine: The fixed charge for a visit

Solution:

m
The fixed fee will be obtained when the time, x = 0
When x = 0, y = 75.

co
\The fixed fee for the home visit is therefore $75.

.
hs
5. The diagram below shows DLMN and its image DPQR after a transformation.

at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w

(i) Write down the coordinates of N.

w

SOLUTION

Data: Diagram showing triangles PQR and LMN.

Required to state: The coordinates of N
Solution:

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 m
. co
hs
\The coordinates of N is ( 4, 5) obtained by a read off.

(ii) at
On the grid above, draw DFGH , the reflection of DLMN in the y – axis.
m
SOLUTION
s
as

Required to draw: DFGH , the reflection of DLMN in the y – axis.

Solution:
The image is on the same perpendicular distance as the object and on the opposite
sp

side of the reflection plane. We reflect each of the three vertices in turn.
.fa
w
w
w

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(iii) Using vector notation, describe the transformation which maps DLMN onto
DPQR .

SOLUTION
Data: DLMN is mapped onto DPQR .
Required to describe: The transformation
Solution:
The object DLMN and the image DPQR are congruent and there is no re-
orientation of the image observed with respect to the object.
Hence, the transformation is deduced as a translation.
Let us consider any one of the object points, say L, and its corresponding image

m
point P, to obtain the translation vector. This procedure could have been carried
out with any of the other two object-image points.

co
Now, L is mapped onto P by a vertical shift of 6 units downwards.

.
The translation, T can be represented by the vector,

hs
æ 0ö
T =ç ÷
è -6 ø

at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

æ 0ö
ç ÷
è -6 ø
Hence, L ¾¾¾ ® P and the transformation that maps DLMN onto DPQR is a
æ 0ö
translation described by T = ç ÷ .
è -6 ø

(iv) Complete the following statement:

DPQR is mapped onto DFGH by a combination of two transformations. First,

DPQR is mapped onto DLMN by a ………………………, parallel to the

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 ………………………….; then DLMN is mapped onto DFGH by a
………………………….. in the ……………………………. .

SOLUTION:
Required to complete: The statement given

Solution:
DPQR is mapped onto DFGH by a combination of two transformations. First,
DPQR is mapped onto DLMN by a translation of +6 units, parallel to the y –
axis; then DLMN is mapped onto DFGH by a reflection in the y – axis.

m
(v) DPQR and DFGH are congruent.

co
State TWO reasons why they are congruent.

.
SOLUTION:

hs
Data: DPQR and DFGH are congruent.
Required to state: Two reasons why they are congruent
Solution:
at
m
Looking at both object and image and comparing, we obtain
s
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

In triangles PQR and FGH:

i. Qˆ = Gˆ (given as 90°)
ii. PQ = GF (given as 2 units)
iii. QR = GH (given as 3 units)

\DPQR º DFGH (Reason for congruency-two sides and the included angle)

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6. (a) The diagram below is the scale drawing of the side view of a building. Q is the
mid-point of KN and ÐKLM = ÐLMN = 90° .

m
. co
hs
(i)
at
Measure and state the length of PQ on the drawing.

PQ = …………………….
m
SOLUTION
s
Required to measure: And state the length of PQ
as

Solution:
sp
.fa
w
w
w

PQ is found to be 3.5 cm by using the ruler.

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(ii) Determine the scale of the drawing.

SOLUTION

Required to determine: The scale of the drawing

Solution:

m
. co
hs
at
The measure of LM = 6 cm (on the diagram) found by using the ruler.
m
The actual length of LM = 18 m
s
\ 6 cm º 18 m
as

= 18 ´ 100 cm
sp

Hence, the scale on the drawing is 6:1 800

The ratio is reduced its simplest form to 1:300.
.fa

(iii) Calculate the actual area of the face LMNPK on the building.
w

SOLUTION
w

Required to calculate: The actual area of the face LMNPK on the

building
w

Calculation:

The compound shape of the face LMNPK can be divided into two simple
shapes, a rectangle and a triangle.
The area of the rectangle LMNK = 18 ´ 9 m2
= 162 m2

On the diagram, the height of the triangle is 3.5 cm.

Since the scale is 1:300, the actual height of the triangle is 3.5 × 300 cm.

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 Converting to metres for consistency of units
3.5 ´ 300
=
100
= 10.5 metres

18 ´ 10.5 2
The actual area of the triangle KNP = m = 94.5 m2
2

Hence, the area of the entire face of the building

= The area of rectangle LMNK + The area of triangle KNP
= (162 + 94.5) m2

m
= 256.5 m2

co
(b) The diagram below, not drawn to scale, shows the plan of a swimming pool in the

.
shape of a rectangle and two semicircles. The rectangle has dimensions 8 metres

hs
by 3.5 metres.

22
[Use p =
7
]
at
s m
as
sp
.fa

(i) State the length of the diameter of the semi-circle, AFE.

w

SOLUTION
w

Required to state: The length of the diameter of the semi-circle, AFE

w

Solution:

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 The length of the diameter of the semicircle, AFE = 3.5 m, according to
the data.

(ii) Calculate the perimeter of the swimming pool.

SOLUTION

Required to calculate: The perimeter of the swimming pool

Calculation:
The perimeter of the swimming pool, starting and ending at the point A
= The length of straight side AB + the length of the semi-circular arc BCD

m
+ the length of straight side DE + the length of semi-circular arc EFA
ì 1æ 22 ö 1æ 22 ö ü
= í8 + ç 3.5 ´ ÷ + 8 + ç 3.5 ´ ÷ ý m

co
î 2è 7 ø 2è 7 øþ
= 27 m

.
hs
7. The masses of 60 parcels collected at a post office were grouped and recorded as shown
in the histogram below.

at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

(a) (i) We are to copy and complete the table below to show the information
given in the histogram.

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 Mass (kg) No. of Parcels Cumulative
Frequency
1–5 4 4
6 – 10 10 14
11 – 15 17 31
16 – 20 46

m
21 – 25 11

co
26 – 30 60

.
SOLUTION:

hs
Data: Table and a histogram showing the masses of 60 parcels, in kg,
obtained at the post office.
(i) Required to copy: And complete the table using the information

(ii)
given in the histogram.
at
Required to copy: And complete the column headed
m
‘Cumulative Frequency’
From the definition of cumulative frequency we can calculate to fill the
s
missing blocks
as

Mass (kg) No. of Parcels Cumulative

Frequency
sp

1–5 4 4
6 – 10 10 14
.fa

11 – 15 17 31
w

16 – 20 46−31= 15 46
21 – 25 11 46+11 = 57
w

26 – 30 60−57=3 60
w

(b) On the grid provided, using a scale of 2 cm to represent 5 kg on the x – axis and
2 cm to represent 10 parcels on the y – axis, draw the cumulative frequency
curve for the data.

Required To Draw: The cumulative frequency curve to represent the data given
in the table

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 SOLUTION

Mass is a continuous variable. Recreating the table of values to read:

L.C.L. U.C.L. L.C.B. U.C.B No. of Parcels, Cumulative Points to be

(lower and (lower and Frequency (f) Frequency Plotted (U.C.B,
upper class upper class (C.F.) C.F.)
boundary) limit)
( 0.5, 0)
1–5 0.5 £ m £ 5.5 4 4 ( 5.5, 4 )

m
6 – 10 5.5 £ m £ 10.5 10 14 (10.5, 14)

co
11 – 15 10.5 £ m £ 15.5 17 31 (15.5, 31)

.
16 – 20 15.5 £ m £ 20.5 15 46 ( 20.5, 46)

hs
21 – 25 20.5 £ m £ 25.5 11 57 ( 25.5, 57)
26 – 30 25.5 £ m £ 30.5 3 at 60 ( 30.5, 60)
m
A cumulative frequency curve is expected to start from the horizontal axis and so we ‘check
s

backwards’ to obtain ( 0.5, 0 ) as the starting point of the curve.

as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

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 m
. co
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

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(c) Use the graph drawn at (b) to estimate the median mass of the parcels.
Draw lines on your graph to show how this estimate was obtained.

Required to estimate: The median mass of the parcels using the cumulative
frequency curve

SOLUTION

m
. co
hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

The median lies at ½ of 60 = 30.

The horizontal at 30 is drawn to meet the CF curve. At this point, the vertical is
drawn to meet the horizontal axis at 15.5 as indicated.

The median mass of parcels = 15.5 kg

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8. The diagram below shows the first three figures in a sequence of figures.

m
(a) Draw the fourth figure in the sequence.
SOLUTION:

co
Data: Diagram showing the first three figures in a sequence of figures.
Required to draw: Based on the first three diagrams, the fourth figure in the

.
sequence is drawn to show as:

hs
at
s m
as

(b) The table shows the number of squares in each figure. Study the pattern in the
table and complete the table by inserting the missing values in the rows numbered
(i), (ii), (iii) and (iv).
sp

Figure (n) No. of squares

1 5
.fa

2 8
3 11
w

(i) 4 ………..
w
w

(ii) 10 ………..

(iii) ……….. 50
(iv) n …………

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SOLUTION

Required do complete: The table by inserting the missing values.

Solution:

Figure (n) No. of squares (S)

1 5 = 3 (1) + 2

2 8 = 3( 2) + 2
3 11 = 3 ( 3) + 2

m
co
In each case, we notice that the number of squares, S, is two (2) added to three
times the number (n) of the figure. We conclude that
S = (3 ´ n) + 2

.
hs
S = 3n + 2

at
So, we have now created a formula for the number of squares, S, in terms of the
number of figures, n. Now, we can easily answer (i) to (iv) by a simple
m
substitution in each case to fill the incomplete block.

When n = 4
s
(i)
S = 3( 4) + 2
as

Alternatively, the pattern can be derived

= 12 + 2 as follows:
= 14
sp

n Rule
1 5
2 5+3
.fa

(ii) When n = 10 3 5+3(2)

S = 3 (10 ) + 2 4 5+3(3)
w

= 30 + 2
= 32 n 5+3(n−1)
w
w

Note that this rule can be expressed as

(iii) When S = 50
50 = 3n + 2 S = 5+3(n−1) = 5+ 3n – 3
3n = 48 = 3n − 2
n = 16

(iv) And S = 3n + 2 (found from before)

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The completed table would now look like:

Figure (n) No. of squares

1 5
2 8
3 11
(i) 4 14

m
co
(ii) 10 32

.
hs
(iii) 16 50
(iv) n at 3n + 2
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 29 of 49

 Section II

ALGEBRA AND RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS

9. (a) The functions f ( x ) and g ( x ) are defined as:

5x - 4
f ( x) = g ( x ) = x2 - 1
3

Evaluate f ( 7) .

m
(i)

co
SOLUTION
5x - 4
Data: f ( x ) = and g ( x ) = x 2 - 1
3

.
hs
Required to evaluate: f ( 7)
Solution:

f (7) =
5 (7) - 4 at
We substitute x = 7 in the expression for f(x) to obtain
m
3
35 - 4
=
s
3
as

31 1
= or 10
3 3
sp

(ii) Write an expression, in terms of x, for f -1 ( x ) .

SOLUTION:
.fa

Required to find: f -1 ( x )
w

Solution:
5x - 4
w

Let y =
3
w

Making x the subject of the equation:

3 y = 5x - 4
3 y + 4 = 5x
5x = 3 y + 4
3y + 4
x=
5
3x + 4
Now, we replace y by x to get the inverse function, f -1 ( x ) =
5

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 30 of 49

 (iii) Write an expression, in terms of x, for fg ( x ) .

SOLUTION:

Required to find: fg ( x )
Solution:

We replace x in the function f, by the function g(x) to obtain fg(x).

This gives
5 ( x 2 - 1) - 4
fg ( x ) =

m
3
5x - 5 - 4
2

co
=
3
5x - 9
2
5x 2

.
= or -3

hs
3 3
when simplified.

(b) (i)
at
Express the quadratic function f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2 , in the form
a ( x + h ) + k , where a, h and k are constants.
m
2
s
SOLUTION:
as

Required to express: f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2 in the form a ( x + h ) + k ,

2

where a, h and k are constants.

sp

Solution:
Looking at the terms in x and in x2
()
f x = 3x!2##
+"6 x − 2
.fa

( )
= 3 x 2 + 2x − 2
w

To introduce the square we find half the coefficient of x and which in this
w

1
case is ( 2 ) = 1 .
2
w

So,
f ( x ) = 3 ( x + 1) + *
2

¯ (* is an unknown to be calculated)
3 ( x + 1)( x + 1) = 3x + 6 x + 3
2

Hence, 3 + * = -2 (which is the constant in the original equation)

* = -5

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 31 of 49

 So 3x 2 + 6 x - 2 = 3 ( x + 1) - 5 and is of the form a ( x + h ) + k , where
2 2

a = 3 , h = 1 and k = -5 .

Alternative Method:
In this method, we expand the desired form of a ( x + h ) + k and equate
2

coefficients with the original equation f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2

f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2
º a ( x + h) + k
2

m
= a ( x + h )( x + h ) + k
= a ( x 2 + 2hx + h 2 ) + k

co
= ax 2 + 2ahx + ah 2 + k

.
hs
Equating coefficients in x2:
This gives a = 3
Equating coefficients in x:

2ah = 6 at
m
2 ( 3) h = 6
s
h =1
as

Equating the constant term:

ah 2 + k = -2
sp

3 (1) + k = -2
2

k = -2 - 3
.fa

= -5
w

\3x2 + 6 x - 2 = 3( x + 1) - 5
2
w

(ii) Hence, or otherwise, state the minimum value of f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2 .

w

SOLUTION:

Required to state: The minimum value of f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2 .

Solution: We begin by recalling the fact that any quantity that is being
squared must be greater than or equal to zero, regardless of the variables
involved.

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 32 of 49

 f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2
= 3 ( x + 1) - 5
2

( x + 1)
2
³ 0, "x

Hence, the minimum value of f ( x ) = 3 ( 0) - 5 occurring when

(x + 1)2 = 0
So, the minimum value of f(x) = -5

Alternative Method:

m
The minimum or maximum value of f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c occurs at
-b

co
x= .
2a
-b
This is because the vertical line with equation x = is the axis of

.
2a

hs
symmetry of a quadratic graph and this vertical passes through the
-b
maximum or the minimum point, thereby giving x = as the x-
at
coordinate of the minimum or the maximum point.
2a
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w

f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2
w

- ( 6)
So, the minimum value occurs at x = = -1
2 ( 3)
When x = -1
f ( -1) = 3 ( -1) + 6 ( -1) - 2
2

= 3- 6 - 2
= -5

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 33 of 49

 Alternative Method:

x f(x)
Choose values of x Determine the
corresponding
values of f.

Using these values, we sketch the graph of f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2 to obtain

m
. co
hs
at
m
\The minimum value of f ( x ) = -5 at x = -1 both obtained by a read-
s
as

off
from the graph drawn.
sp

Alternative Method:
Some advanced students of mathematics may find it convenient to use
.fa

differential calculus. No method was specified.

f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2
w

f ¢ ( x ) = 3(2 x ) + 6
w

= 6x + 6
w

At a stationary point. f ¢ ( x ) = 0 .
Let f ¢ ( x ) = 0
6x + 6 = 0
x = -1

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 34 of 49

 f ( -1) = 3 ( -1) + 6 ( -1) - 2
2

= 3- 6- 2
= -5

f ¢¢ ( x ) = 6
( > 0) Þ Minimum value
\The minimum value of f ( x ) = -5 at x = -1 .

(iii) State the equation of the axis of symmetry of the function,

f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2 .

m
SOLUTION

co
Required to state: The equation of the axis of symmetry of
f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2 .

.
hs
Solution:
-b
Recall, when f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c , the axis of symmetry occurs at x =
. at 2a
m
Hence, the equation of the axis of symmetry of f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2
- ( 6)
s
occurs at x =
2 ( 3)
as

x = -1
sp
.fa
w
w
w

(iv) Sketch the graph of y = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2 , showing on your sketch

a) the intercept on the y – axis.

b) the coordinates of the minimum point.

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 35 of 49

 SOLUTION

Required to sketch: The graph of y = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2 .

Solution:
In the expression, ax 2 + bx + c , b2 > 4ac

In the equation of y = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2 , b = 6, a = 3 and c = -2

( 6) > 4 ( 3)( -2)
2

We get 36 > -24 .

m
Therefore we shall have two real and distinct solutions.
\The quadratic graph cuts the x – axis at two distinct points.

co
The coefficient of x 2 > 0 Þ the quadratic graph has a minimum

.
point.

hs
The minimum value of f ( x ) = -5 and this occurs at x = -1 .

at
\( -1, - 5) is the minimum point as seen before.
m
When x = 0
y = 3 ( 0) + 6 ( 0) - 2
2
s
as

= -2

The curve cuts the y – axis at -2 .

sp

Hence, a sketch of y = 3x 2 + 6 x - 2 would look like:

.fa
w
w
w

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 36 of 49

 MEASUREMENT, GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY

10. (a) On the diagram below, not drawn to scale, RQ = 9 m , RS = 12 m , ST = 13 m ,

ÐQRS = 60° and ÐSQT = 40° .

m
. co
hs
Calculate, correct to 1 decimal place,

(i) the length QS. at

m
SOLUTION
s
Data: Quadrilateral PQTS with 𝑅𝑄 = 9𝑐𝑚, 𝑅𝑆 = 12 𝑐𝑚, ÐQRS = 60° and
as

ÐSQT = 40° .
Required to calculate: The length of QS, correct to 1 decimal place
sp

Calculation:
.fa
w
w
w

Applying the cosine law to triangle QRS since we are given two sides and
and the included angle

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 37 of 49

 QS 2 = ( 9 ) + (12 ) - 2 ( 9 )(12 ) cos 60°
2 2

æ1ö
QS 2 = 81 + 144 - 2 ( 9 )(12 ) ç ÷
è2ø
QS = 117
2

QS = 10.81
= 10.8 m (correct to 1 decimal place)

(ii) the measure of ÐQTS .

m
SOLUTION:

co
ˆ .
Required to calculate: The size of QTS
Calculation:

.
Let us consider the triangle QTS.

hs
at
s m
as
sp
.fa

Applying the sine rule to the triangle QTS.

13 10.8166
=
sin 40° sin QTSˆ
w

ˆ = 10.8166 ´ sin 40°

w

sin QTS
13
w

= 0.5348
ˆ = sin -1 ( 0.5348 )
QTS
= 32.33°
= 32.3° to the nearest 0.1°

(iii) The area of triangle QRS

SOLUTION:
Required to calculate: The area of triangle QRS.

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 38 of 49

 Calculation:

m
co
The area of a triangle can be found by the formula:
1
Area = ( side )( side ) ´ sin ( included angle )

.
2

hs
1
Area of DQRS = ( 9 )(12 ) sin 60°
2
= 46.765 m2
at
= 46.8 m2 (to 1 decimal place)
m
(iv) The perpendicular distance from Q to RS.
s
as

SOLUTION:

Required to find: The perpendicular distance from Q to RS.

sp

Solution:
.fa
w
w
w

Area of the triangle QRS = 46.765 m2

For this calculation, let us use the more accurate value

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 39 of 49

 Let the perpendicular distance from Q to RS be h metres, as shown on the
diagram.
Consider RS as the base of the triangle.

Area of a triangle can be found by using the formula

1
Area = ( base ) ´ perpendicular height
2
Hence, using the area which we had found before, we now have
1
46.765 = (12 ) h
2

m
46.765
h=
1

co
(12 )
2
= 7.794 m

.
hs
= 7.8 m (correct to 1 decimal place)
\The perpendicular distance from Q to RS = 7.8 m.

Alternative Method
at
m
Let h represent the height of triangle QRS.
233
From the definition of sin of an angle in the right angled triangle = 453
s
h
as

sin 60 0 =
9
= 9 × sin 60 0
sp

= 9 × 0.866
= 7.794
.fa

h = 7.8 m (correct to 1 decimal place)

w

(b) The diagram below, not drawn to scale, shows a circle with center O. HJ and HG
w

are tangents to the circle and ÐJHG = 48° .

w

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 40 of 49

 m
co
Calculate, giving the reason for each step of your answer, the measure of:

.
hs
(i) ÐOJH
SOLUTION:

Data:
at
s m
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

ˆ = 48°.
Circle, center O. HJ and HG are tangents to the circle. JHG
Required to calculate: OJHˆ
Calculation:

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 41 of 49

 m
co
ˆ (The angle by a tangent to a circle and a radius, at the
ˆ = 90°= OGH
OJH
point of contact, is always a right angle).

.
hs
(ii) ÐJOG

SOLUTION:

ˆ
Required to calculate: JOG at
m
Calculation:
s
as
sp
.fa
w
w
w

ˆ = OGH
OJG ˆ
= 90°
(The angle made by the tangent to a circle and a radius, at the point of
contact = 90°)
Consider the quadrilateral JOGH in which three of the angles are known.

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 42 of 49

 ˆ = 360° - ( 90° + 48° + 90° )
\ JOG
= 132°
(Sum of the four interior angles of any quadrilateral = 360°)

(iii) ÐJKG

SOLUTION

ˆ
Required to calculate: JKG
Calculation:

m
. co
hs
at
s m
Consider the chord JG and which was not drawn in the original diagram,
as

but now done so in dotted lines

ˆ = 132° (from (ii))
JOG
sp

ˆ = 1 (132° )
JKG
2
= 66°
.fa

(This is because the angle subtended by a chord at the center of a circle is

twice the angle that the chord subtends at the circumference, standing on
w

the same arc).

w

(iv) ÐJLG
w

SOLUTION:

ˆ
Required to calculate: JLG
Calculation:

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 43 of 49

 m
co
Consider the quadrilateral JLGK
ˆ = 180° - 66°
JLG
= 114°

.
hs
(Recall, the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary).

VECTORS AND MATRICES at

m
11. (a) (i) Write the following simultaneous equations
s
as

3x + 2 y = -1
5x + 4 y = 6
sp

in the form AX = B , where A, X and B are matrices.

.fa

SOLUTION:
w

Data: 3x + 2 y = -1 and 5 x + 4 y = 6
Required to Express: The equations in the form of AX = B , where A, X
w

and B are all matrices.

w

Solution:
Let
3 x + 2 y = -1 …(1)
5x+ 4 y =6 …(2)

Looking at the coefficients of x and of y in both equations, they can be re-

written as

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 44 of 49

 æ 3 2 ö æ x ö æ -1 ö æ3 2ö
ç 5 4 ÷ ç y ÷ = ç 6 ÷ and is of the form AX = B , where A = ç 5 4 ÷,
è øè ø è ø è ø
æ xö æ -1 ö
X = ç ÷ and B = ç ÷ .
è yø è 6ø

(ii) Use a matrix method to solve for x and y.

SOLUTION

m
Required to solve: for x and for y.
Solution:

co
3x + 2 y = -1 …(1)
5 x + 4 y = 6 …(2)

.
The given equations were re-written as

hs
æ 3 2 ö æ x ö æ -1 ö
ç 5 4 ÷ ç y ÷ = ç 6 ÷ …which is a matrix equation
è øè ø è ø

Let A = ç
æ3 2ö at
m
÷
è5 4ø
We now find the inverse of A written as A-1
s
The first step is to find the determinant of A
as

det A = ( 3 ´ 4 ) - ( 5 ´ 2 )
sp

=2

1 æ 4 - ( 2) ö
.fa

A-1 = ç ÷
2 è - ( 5) 3 ø
w

æ 4 2ö
ç 2 -2÷
=ç
w

÷
çç - 5 3÷
÷
w

è 2 2ø
æ 2 -1 ö
=ç 1 1 ÷÷
ç -2 1
è 2 2ø

Now we pre-multiply both sides of the matrix equation by A−1

The matrix A multiplied by its inverse will give the identity matrix.

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 45 of 49

 The identity matrix multiplied by another matrix will give the matrix,
unaltered.
So,
æ 2 -1 ö æ 2 -1 ö
ç ÷æ3 2öæ x ö =ç ÷ æ -1 ö
ç -2 1 1 ç ÷ ç ÷ 1 1 ç ÷
1 ÷ è 5 4 ø è y ø ç -2 1 ÷è 6ø
è 2 2ø è 2 2ø
I
æ ö
ç x÷
ç y÷
è ø

æ ( 2 ´ -1) + ( -1´ 6 ) ö
æ xö ç ÷

m
ç ÷ = çæ 1 ö æ 1 ö÷
è y ø ç ç -2 ´ -1÷ + ç1 ´ 6 ÷ ÷
èè 2 ø è 2 øø

co
æ -2 - 6 ö
=ç 1 ÷

.
ç 2 + 9÷

hs
è 2 ø
æ -8 ö
=ç 1÷
ç11 ÷
è 2ø at
m
Equating corresponding entries since both sides of the equation, the left
and the right have been simplified to 2 x 1 matrices, we obtain
s
1
x = -8 and y = 11 .
as

2
!!!" !!!"
(b) The diagram below shows two position vectors OR and OS such that R ( 6, 2 )
sp

and S ( -4, 3) .
.fa
w
w
w

æ xö
Write as a column vector in the form ç ÷ :
è yø

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 46 of 49

 !!!"
(i) OR
SOLUTION:

Data: R = ( 6, 2 ) and S ( -4, 3) .

m
. co
hs
!!!"
Required to write: OR as a column vector.
Solution:
at
The point R ( 6, 2 ) . The vector OR is measured from O
m
æ6ö æ xö
s
\ OR = ç ÷ is of the form ç y ÷ , where x = 6 and y = 2 .
è 2ø
as

è ø
!!!"
(ii) OS
sp

SOLUTION
.fa

!!!"
Required To Write: OS
Solution:
w

S = ( -4, 3) The vector OS is measured from O

w

æ -4 ö æ xö
w

\ OS = ç ÷ is of the form ç ÷ , where x = -4 and y = 3

è 3ø è yø
!!"
(iii) SR

SOLUTION:
!!"
Required to write: SR
Solution:
By the vector triangle law

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 47 of 49

 SR = SO + OR
æ -4 ö æ 6 ö
= -ç ÷ + ç ÷
è 3ø è 2ø
æ 10 ö æ xö
= ç ÷ and which is of the form ç y ÷ , where x = 10 and y = -1.
è -1ø è ø
!!!"
(iv) Find OS .
SOLUTION:

m
!!!"
Required to calculate: OS

co
Calculation:
æ -4 ö
OS = ç ÷

.
è 3ø

hs
( -4 ) + ( 3)
2 2
\ OS = and taking the positive root only

= 25
= 5 units
at
m
æ 2ö
s
(v) Given that OT = ç ÷ , prove that OSTR is a parallelogram.
as

è5ø
SOLUTION:
sp

æ 2ö
Data: OT = ç ÷
è5ø
.fa

Required to prove: OSTR is a parallelogram

Proof:
æ 2ö
w

Let us locate T ( 2, 5) and OT = ç ÷ on the diagram.

è5ø
w

We complete the parallelogram OSTR as shown.

w

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 48 of 49

 We will use the geometrical fact that if one pair of opposite sides of a
quadrilateral is both parallel and equal then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram. We!!!will
" prove this with the sides OS and RT
Let us now find RT , by the vector triangle law.
RT = RO + OT
æ 6ö æ 2ö
= -ç ÷ + ç ÷
è 2ø è 5ø
æ -4 ö
=ç ÷
è 3ø

m
æ -4 ö
OS = ç ÷
è 3ø

co
!!!" !!!" !!!" !!!"
OS is parallel to RT and OS = RT

.
!!!" !!"

hs
(We could have used OR and ST instead).

at
So one pair of opposite sides of the quadrilateral OSTR is both equal and
parallel, and so the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
s m
as
sp
.fa

Hence, OSTR is a parallelogram.

Q.E.D
There are other feasible methods that we could have used to prove OSTR
w

is a parallelogram, such as:

w

Prove the opposite sides of the quadrilateral are equal to each other.
w

Prove that the diagonal bisects each other.

Prove the opposite sides of the quadrilateral are parallel to each other.
Prove that any pair of adjacent angles is supplementary.
Prove that the angles at the opposite vertices are equal.

Copyright © 2019. Some Rights Reserved. www.faspassmaths.com Pg 49 of 49