ee ~ eet SOLID GEOMETRY .- (Analytical Geometry of Three Dimensions} [For B. A.; B. Sc. & B. Tech. Students of All Indian Universities ] ( WITH OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS ) By: P.N. CHATTERJI Retired Head of the Departmen; Mathematics D.N, (Post-Graduate) College, Meerut. t bee PUBLISHED BY : RAJHANS AGENCIES EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS DHARMA-ALOK, RAM NAGAR, MEERUT (U. P.)Published by = Telegram : “RAJHANS” Meerut. M. P.Goel Phones : Office : 2704958 Rajhans Agencies, + 2700120 Edicational Publishers, Depot : 2421738 Diarma-Alok, Rats Nagar, Resi. : 2701951 Neerut (U. P) 22704958 4 ~ 32760537 DUR PATRONS : Rajhans Prakashan Mandir (Regd.) ‘Rajhans Press, Ram Nagar, Meerut (U. P) . All Rights Reserved with the Author First Edition 1965 Twentieth Edition 2009 Price : Rs. 180-00 Only BY THE SAME AUTHOR Algebra . Statics — Matrices — Dynamics— Convergence Mechanics Hvdrostatics . Trigonometry Vector Algebra— Real Analysis —~ Hydrodynamics— Modern Algebra Vector Calculus— Tensor Analysis Complex Analysis— Integral Calculus— Lineat — Algebra~ Rigid” Dynamics— Special Functions Numerical * Analysis— Linear Programming— Differential Calculus— Mathematical Statistics Différential Equations — Set Theory & Numbers (Parts I & 1H) Solid Geometry (3D)~ Theory of Equations Differential Geometry ~ Spherical -~- -Astrowomy~ ~~~ Co-ordinate Geometry (2D) Spherical ‘Trigonometry Partial Differential Equations— Laplace & Fourier TransformsPREFACE TO THE TWENTIETH EDITION It gives me great pleasure in bringing out the ‘Twentieth Edition of | i this book in such a short time. ' ‘The book has been thoroughly revised and number of new examples ; and articles selected from recent examination Papers, have been added. : Besides giving due credit:to the printers and publishers, I express ; my thanks to the professors and students for the appreciation. and patronage of the book. Suggestions for further improvement of the book will be highly appreciated. —Author | PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION | Ls The present book comprising the subjéct “Solid Geometry” is meant for the students appearing in the B. A.; B. Sc. & B. E. Examinations of All Indian Universities. Efforts have been ‘made to make the treatment logical and simple. I gratefully acknowledge my indebtedness to various authors and publishers whose books have been freely consulted during the preparation of this book. I shall be grateful to the readers for pointing out errors and omissions that, i inspite of all care, might have crept in. 1 look forward to the suggestians from the readers for the improvement of the book. —AutherContents Chapters Pages 1. -~ System of Co-ordinates . 1-18 2. Direction Cosines and Projections 19-48 3. The Plane “1-48 4. Straight Line 49-168 5. Volume of Tetrahedron : - 46 6. Skew Lines and Change of Axes 17-36 7. Sphere ‘1-16 8 The Cone and Cylinder 1-84 9. Conicoids - 1-68 10. Parabolids 1-24 11. Plane Sections of Conicoid 1-64 12, Reduction of General Equation of Second Degree 1-36 13. Generating Lines . 1-36 14. Confocal Conicoids "1-32 Objective Type Questions Note~ Pleasc note that important questions are marked as* and very important questions as** in this book.i, & CHAPTER | Systems of Co-ordinates § 1.01. Introduction. In plane analytical geometry, we know that the "points are coplanar i. they Tie in a single plane called the co-ordinate plane. The position of a point in this plane is determined with reference to two intersecting straight lines called the co-ordinate axes and their point of intersection is called the origin of co-ordinates. If these two axes of reference (generally we call them x and y axes) cut each other at right angle, they are called rectangular axes otherwise they are called oblique axes. These axes divide the co-ordinate plane in four quadrants. But it is not possible for us to determine the position of all the points we can imagine (in space) with reference to these co-ordinates. Ifa point P lies on the co-ordinate plane, its position can be difinitely fixed with reference to-the co-ordinanate axes (which ha¥e been chosen on this co-ordinate plane). But if P is any point in space, then it must not necessary lie on this co-ordinate plane and its position may be determined by its perpendicular distance, 2 say from this co-ordinate plane. Thus we find that to locate a-point in space we require 2 third dimension z in addition to the two dimensions x and y. Thus we cgnclude that the geometry of all the bodies which occupy space ie. are of three dimensions is called the geometry of three dimensions or solid geometry. ‘Thus in solid geometry we discuss about the position of points:in space. Here students should-note that if the third Jimension z is given the value zero, then the three dimensional system reduces to two dimensional system. § 1.02. Rectangular Cartesian Co-ordinates. - This system of co-ordinates is most commonly used in three dimensional analytical geometry. = Draw two mutually perpendicular lines Y‘OY and ZOZ’ in the plane of. the paper intersecting each other at O. Through © imagine a third line X‘OX perpendicular to both the above lines, as shown in the adjoining figure. io» 0 is called, the origin and the set of ig. D these three mutually perpendicular lines X’OX, YOY cad ZOZ’ are called the co-ordinate axes (rectangular). ‘The co-ordinate axes XOX’, YOY’ and ZOZ’ are called x-axis, y-axis and z-axis repectively. Here OX is the positive direction of x-axis whereas OX’ is its negative direction. Similarly OY and OZ are the positive directions ‘and oY’ and OZ’ are negative directions of y and z-axes respectiyely. 181i2 Solid Geometry These three axes taken in pairs give us three planes YOZ, ZOX and XOY and they are called yz, zx and xy-planes respectively. These planes are called co-ordinate planes. o § 1.03, Co-ordinates of a point in space. Let P be any point in space. Through P pass planes parallel to the three co-ordinate planes and cutting x, y.and z axes in A,B and C respectively as shown in Fig. 2, These planes, together with the co-ordinate planes form a. rectangular - parallelopiped. x, (p The position of P relative to the co-ordinate system is given by its x | Ax Perpendicular distances. from the A co-ordinate planes and these distances 7 Wi are given by lengths OA, OB and OC. y. Let OA=a, OB = and OC=c. Then. a,4,c are called ig. 2 co-ordinate, y-co-ordinate, and Fig. 2) %-co- ordinate respectively of the point P. The point P is referred as (a, b,c). Each of the above co-ordinates is measured from the origin O along the Corresponding co-ordinate axis and is positive or negative according as its direction is the same or Opposite to that of the positive direction of the axis as defined in § 1.02 above. - Here it should be noted that a point P in space has one and only one set of co-ordinates (a, b, c) say referred to one set of rectangular co-ordinate axes. . The co-ordinates of the origin O are (0, 0, 0) and those of A, B, C,N, K and M in fig. 2 are (@, 0, 0) ; ©, b, 0); 0, 0, c) ; (a, b, 0) ; (0, b, c) and (a, 0, €) respectively. The three co-ordinate planes divide Space into eight parts (see fig. 3) and these parts are called octants. The sign of. co-ordinates of a point determine the octant Fig. 3) in which it fies. ‘The signs for the eight octants are given in the tabular formn below : ~ ~ fT ~ s[eTSTsysp Nj] S | Octant y] x x | OR ge) RS = SPS} Sis] sl sefs x +t f- [4 Pe pop try y +i +4 Po oP or = z jo+ + + + = ~ i =Systems of Co-ordinates 3 ‘The students should note in the above table that if negative side of an axis appears in octant then the corresponding co-ordinate is negative. For example in the octant OX‘Z’ (which has X and Z ’) the x and z-co-ordinaates are negative. Solved Examples on § 1.02 - § 1.03. Ex. 1. What is the locus of the point (i) whose x-co-ordinate is 5 and (ii) whose x-co-ordinate is 3 and y-co-ordinaate is 4? Sol. (i) The required locus is x= 5 which represents a plane parallel to YOZ plane (or yz-plane) at a distance 5 from it. (i) The required locus is x™=3 and y=4 which represents line parallel to axis. . Ex. 2. State the common property of the co-ordinates of points tying on (i) z-axis and (ii) xz-plane. Sol. (i) The x and y-co-ordinates, of all points on the z-axis are zero ie x=0=y. Gi) The y-co-ordinates of ail points on the xe-plane is zero ie. y=0. Hence the required common property is y = 0. Ans. Ex. 3. In fig 2 Page 2 if OA = 2, OB = 3 and OC <4, (i) What are the equations to the planes PNAM, PMCK and PNRK ? (ii) What equations are satisfied by the co-ordinates of any point on the line PN ? Sol. (i) The y and z-co-ordinates of points on the plane PNAM differ but all have the same x-co-ordinate ie. the distance of all points on the plane PNAM from the yz-plane remains constant and equal to OA ie. 2. Hence the equation of the plane PNAM is x= 2. Similarly the equations of the planes PMCK and PNBK are z=4 and y=3 respectively. . Gi) All points on the line PN are equidistant from yz-plane and each of them is at a distance BN = OA =2 from yz-plane i.e. for each point on the line PN we have x=2. Similarly cach point on the line PN is equidistant from the xzplane and as such we have y= OB =3. But the z-co-ordinaat> of all points on the linc PN are different, Hence all the points on the line PN satisfy the equations'x=2,y=3. Ans. Ex. 4. What are the perpendicular distance of the point (x, ¥, Z) from the co-ordinaate axes ? Sol. Let P be the point (x, y, z) From P draw PN perpendicular to ay-plane (i.e. XOY plane), ig. 4)4 Solid Geometry 948 From N draw NA and‘NB perpefidiculars to OX and OY respectively. Join PA, PB and ON. Also from P draw PC perpendicular to z-axis Then PN =z, NA=y. Then OA=x=NB. Now the length of perpendicular from P10 OX= PA Note) AVP END AVC +y); The length of perpendicular from P to OY = PB Note), ~ =VPN ENB ale + x) The length of perpendicular from P to OZ = PC= ON (Note) =V (OA?4+ NAY aN OF +?) Exercises on § 1.02 - § 1.03 Ex. L. State the common property of the co-ordinates of all points lying on (i) the xy-plane, (ii) the yz-plane, (iii) the xz-plane, (iv) the x-axis, (v) the y-axis and (vi) the z-axis. Ans. (i) z=0, (ii) x=0, (iii) y=0, (iv) y=O=z, (vj x= vee : (vi) x=0=y. Ex. 2. Show that the distance of the point (i, 2, 3) ftom the co-ordinate axes are ¥ (13), V (10), ¥ (5). **§ 1.04. Other methods of defining the position of any point F in space. (a) Cylindrical Cq-ordinates. If .XOX"' YOY’, ZOZ! are the tectangular axes land PN the perp. from P to the XOY plane the position of the point P can be determined if ON, the angle XON and NP are known. The measures of the quantities 4, $’and z are the cylindrical co-ordinates of the point P. If the rectangular —_ cartesian co;ordinates of P are (x,y,z) then those of (Fig. 5) N are (x,y, 0) and we can easily have the following relations x=ucos, y=using and 2=2 hence wax’ +y* and o=tn"! O72). - {b) Spherical Polar Co-ordinates. The position of the point P can also be determined when OP, angle ZOP and angle XON are known. ‘The measures of these quantities r, 6, are known as spherical or three dimensiona! polar co-ordinates of the points P. As before if the rectangular cartesian co-ordinates of P are (x,y. 2), then we can have the following relations :Systems of Co-ordinates 5 z=PN=0C=rcos@:u=ON=PC=rsin8. Also we have proved above x=ucos@, y=usin$, x= ucosd=rsin Ocos >, y=usin d=rgin sing. Thus we have x=rsin@ cos, y=rsin 8 sin‘) and z=r cos 6 Also 2=0P2= PN + ON =24Za24+tsyary ar 2,2 and rug = LEY), tan => Solved Examples oir-§-1.04. Ex. 1 (a). Transform the cartesian coordinates (1, 2, 3) of a point into spherical potar coordinates. : Sol. Let (r,8, 6) be the polar co-ordinates of the point whose cartesian co-ordinates are given by x= 1.y=2,2=3. ‘Then from § 1.04 (b) above, we have Potsye Za PePe sats or r=V(i4) 24,2 24 92 ‘Also tn 9= VE #29 1042) 1S and tan = y/x=2/1 =2, *. The required polar co-ordinates are (V4), tan” 5), tan”! 2 Ans. Ex. 1 (b). Find the cylindrical-co-ordinates -of the points whose rectangular co-ordinates are (2, 3, 5}, (1,23) and (2, 5, 2). . (Bundelkhand 90) Sot. Let (w, $, 2) be the cylindrical coordinates of the point (2, 3, 5) ie. the point whose cartesian co-ordinates are x= 2, y= 3, 2= 5. Then from § 1.04 (a) Page 4, we have warty =24+3?=13 or w=V(13) 13 And tan g=2=3 or O=tan™ ( <. The required cylindrical co-ordinates are | (V (13), tan”! 8/5), 5) Ans, Similarly find cylindrical co-ordinates for other points. Ex. 2. Find (i) the cartesian, (ii) the cylindrical and (i equations of the sphere whose centre is the origin and radius a. Sol. (i) Let P be any point (x, yf z) on the sphere. Then a= OP = (PN + ON"), see figure 5 Page 4 Ch. £ (PN? + (0A? + NAY) =V (2 +07 49) 2 2,.2,2 Payee ie Cty eeed® or6 . Solid Geometry is the required cartesian equation. Gi) Let P be any point on the sphere. Then a= OP= 1 (PN + ON), see figure 5 Page 4 Ch, L or a= Ze + w) je w+ ? = @, } is the required cylindrical equation, Gii) Let P (r, 8, 4) be any point on the sphere. @=OP=r ie. r=ais the required polar equation. 3. Find (@) the cartesian, (ii) the cylindrical and (iti) the polar equation of the right circular cylinder whose axis is OZ and radius a. Sol. Let P (z, y, z) be any Point or. the cylinder, Then the radius a= PC=UN (see figure 5 Page 4 Ch. 1) = 1 (0A? + NA?) =V (74y?) or x? +y? =a? is the required cartesian equation of the cylinder. (ii) Let P (1, 4, 2) be ar; point on the cylinder, Then radius @=PC=ON sce fig-SPage4 Ch) | @=u ie. u=ais the required cylindrical equation, (iii) Let P(r, 8, 6) be any point of the cylinder. ‘Then radius a = PC = OP sin 0 ; see fig, 5 Page 4 Ch. or a=rsin@ ie. [sin @=a is the required polar equation! x x 4. Find () the ‘cartesian, Gi) eylindricat and (iii) the polar cavations of the right circular cone whose vertex is O, axis OZ, and or semi-vertical angle a. Sol. (i) Let P(x, y,z) be ary point on the surface of the cone. From P draw PN and PC perpendicular to xy-plane and OZ respectively. From N draw NA perpendicular to OX, 4POC=a (given) Then z= PN= OC, and PC=ON=V (OA? + NAY) =V (2 +). ; ~ Now in A OPC, PC=0C tana (Fig. 6) or VQ@r+y)=cuna or Pry=2 ate is the required cartesian equation of the cone. (ii) E&P (u, 6, 2) be any point on the cone. ‘Then as in case (j) above, we have PC= OC tan a or ON= OC tana, -: ON=PCsu or —w=ztan @.is the required cylindrical equation of the cone. (iii) Let P (r, 8, 4) be any point on the cone. Then from figure 6 above it is evident that 0= 2 POC =a, 6 = wis required polar equation of the cone.Systems of Co-ordinates 7 P hes . Find (i) the cartesian, (if) the cylindrical and (iii) the polar equation to the plane through OZ and making an angle 0. with the plane ZOX. Sol. (i) Let P (x, y, z) be any point on the plane OABC passing through OZ and making an angle a with the zr-plane (ie. ZOX plane). From P draw PN perpendicular to xy-plane, meeting it in N. From N draw NK perpendicular to Ox. Then OK =x, NK=y. Fig. 7) From the figure it is evident that tan a= tan £NOK= NE a2 or y=x tan Ocis the required cartesian equation of the plane OABC. (ii) Let P (u, 6, 2) be any point on the plane OABC. Then 9 = angle AOX = a (given). “. $= cris the required cylindrical equation of the plane OABC. (iti) Let P (r, @, 9) be any point on the plane OABC. Proceed further as in case (ii) above, Exercises on § 1.04 Ex, 1, Find the polar co-ordinates of the point (3, 4, 5) so that r may be positive. (Hint. See Ex. 1 (a). Page $) Ans. [5 V2, 1/4, tan”! (4/3)] Ex. 2. What is the polar equation of the plane which is parallel to the 2y-plane and is at a distance ¢ from it ? What is the cylindrical equation of the plane parallel to the zx-ptane at a distance b from it? Ans. rcos O=c ; using =. § 1.05. Distance between two points. (Kumaun 94) Let P (x1, yt, z1) and Q (x2, y2, 22) be the two points. From PandQ draw PN and QM perpendiculars to ay-plane. Then the co-ordinates of N and M are (x1, y1, 8) and (x2, y2, 0) respectively. The two dimensional co-ordinates of N and M referred to OX and OY are (x1. y1) and (x2 , y2) respectively. Fig. 8)8 Solid Geometry M? = (x2—n + 02-1)" i (See Author's Co-ordinate Geometry) Now from P draw PK perpendicular to QM. Then PK is parallel and equal to NM and PN= KM. : Now in A PKQ, we have PQ* = PK? + OK" = NM" + (QM - KM) IM? + (QM - PNY, - = (G2 -a? + 2-2-2, OM = 0, PN=z1 and from (i) PQ = 1 ((x2— x1)" + 2-y1)" + (2-1) ie. Distance between tow points. =v (difference of their x-co-ordinates)” ‘ (difference of their y-co-ordinates + difference of their z-co-ordinates}?I (Remember) Cor. The distance, of the point P(si,y1,21) from the origin 00,0, 0)=V Girt +a). Note : Working rule for proving a four sided figure to be -— (@ a square :—Show that (a) four sides are equal and (b) the diagonals are oqual. Gi) a rhombus :-—Show that (@) four sides are equal and (b) the « PK=NM PN= KM diagonals are not équal “Gy a rectangle :—-Show that (a) opposite sides are equal aad (b) the diagonals are equal. =~ ~~~ (iv) a parallelogram :—Show that (a) opposite sides are equal and (b) the diagonals are nat equal. Solved Examples on § 1.04 and § 1.05. Ex. 1. (a) If A and B are the points (3, 4, 5) and (~ i, 3, ~ 7) then find the locus of P which moves so that PA? ~ PB? = 3. Sol. Let P be (x, sz), Then HPs x3) +4 +5) and Hea oc P+ Q-3) ++ Given , PAD PB =3. or (= 3? +4) +e -5SP- (+P +37 +4 1F}=3 or 4x-+y+12z+6=0 is the required locus. Ans. Ex. [. (b) Find the locus of a point P which is at a distance r from the point (a, b, ¢). Sol. Let P de (x,y,z). Then distance of P (x,y,z) from the point (a, b,c) = rigiven) ie, V(e- a) (= by + @- 0)Systems of Co-ordinates 9 or yay’ + (y-b) + (@= 0)" =’ is the required locus. Ans. b | /**Ex. 2. (a) Find the locus of a point which moves so that te sun of its distances from the points (a, 6, 0) and (- 2, 0, 9) is constant. Sol. Let P (x,y,z) be the point whose locus is to be obtained. Let A and B be the points (a, 0, 0) and (~ a; 0, 6) respectively. ‘Then according to the problem, we have PA + PB = constant = 2k (say). (Note) or V[(x~ay + (yO)? + 2 - OJ HV [e+ a)? + (y — 0)? + (z— 0) = 2k or V tema) + yee 2] =2k-V eta) ty? +2]. Squaring both sides, we have GaP ty +PadPriatarty +7) Veta ty 42] or 4kV [tay +y 42] = 40 + (eta)? -(r- a)? = 4K + 4ax. on simplyfying or NxtaP+y +2] =k+ (arky Agoin squaring both sides we have tare y eta Pt (2/4 +r or Pry ee Poe eve) -(@/ey ty + P= - 2, which is the required locus. Ans. 2. (b) Find the locus of the point the difference of whose distances from (2, 0,0) and (- 2, 0, 0) is 1. Sol, Do as Ex. 2 (a) above. Ans. 607-46? +24) = 15, 3. (a) Show that (0, 7, 10), © 1, 6, 6) and ( 4, 9, 6) form an is right angled triangle. Sol. Let A, B and C be the points (0, 7, 10), © 1, 6, 6) and © 4, 9, 6) respectively. Then AB=V [(0+ 1) + (7-6) + (10-6)°J=V (+1 + 16)=3V2 BC=N [(-1 44)" + (6-9) + (6 - 6)-J=V (9 +940) =3V2 CA=V [4-07 + (9-7? + (6 - 10)]=V (16444 16) =6 AB= BC, so ABC is isosceles and as AB’ + BC?=(3-V 2) + (3V2)?= 18+ 18 = so AABC is right angled triangle, Z B being a right angle. x. 3, (b) Are the points (3, 6, 9), (10, 20, 30), (25, ~ 41, §) the vertices of a right angled triangle ? |. Do as Ex. 3 {a) above. Ans, No. Bx. 4. Find the co-ordinates of the point which is equidistant from the four points 0,A,B and C, where Q is the origin and A,B,C are the points on the axes of x,y,z respectively at distances a, 6, c from the origin. Sol. According to the problem, the co-ordinates of the points 0, A, B and C are respectively (0, 0, 0), (4, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, ¢) Let P(x, y, 2) be the centre of the sphere. Then as 0,4, B and C lie on the sphere, so P is equi-distant from O, A, B and C, AY,10 Solid Geometry ie. PO=PA=PB=PC ie. PO?= PA? = PB? = PC. . From PO? = PA?, we get Sepa datm ah +o -py seo) or Qac=a or x fa, Similarly from PO” = PB? we get y= tb and from PO? = PC?, we getz=te, e required centre of the sphere is (Fa, 48,4), Ans. Aas Prove that the four points whose co-ordinates are (5, - 1, 1), (7,~4, 7), C, ~6, 10), ( 1, ~ 3, 4) are the vertices of a rhombus. Sol. Let the given points be A(5,~1, 1), B(7,~4, 7), C(, -6, 10) and D(-1,-3,4) ‘Then we have AB=V [5-7 + C144) + (1-7) =V(449436)=7; BC=V (7-1-4 (4 +6) + (7 - 10°] =0 364.449) 27; CD=N (1+ 1)? +6 +3)? + (10-49) = (449 436) =7 and DA=VIC 1-57 +3 +14 (4-4 =V G64449)=7 Also length of diagonal AC =VES= 1° +6146)" (1 ~ 10} = V (16 +25 +81) =V(122) and length of diagonal BD ~~ | =VI0 +1)? + 443% 407-4} =1 644149 =V (74) Thus we prove that AB=BC=CD=DA ie. four sides of the figure ABCD are equal and the diagonals AC and BD are not equal, =. The four given points are the vertices of a rhombus. [See Note (ii) at the end of § 1.05 Page 8]. x..6. Find. the distance of the point whose spherical polar co-ordinates are (2¥2, 3 %,1/6) from the point whose cartesian co-ordinates are (2 ¥ 3,—1,-4). .” Sol. In § 1.04 Pages 4-5 we have read if (7, 8,4) be the spherical polar co-ordinates of a point (x, y, z), then . mca FSrsin cos}, y=rsin@ sing, z=rcos @ Lose +. Tf Gr, y1,21) be the cartesian co-ordinates of the point whose spherical polar co-ordinates are (22, +, 4), then we have s1=2N 2sin feos gu =2V2.(1/12) L¥3=V3; yr=2V2sind xsinn/6=2V2. (1/2)Systems of Co-ordinates i 21=2° 2oos tea 2V20N2)=2. |». This point in cartesian co-ordinates is (43,2). " The other point is (2 ¥ 3, — 1, —4). So the required distance VQV3-V3P 41-17 4-4-2] Ae +36) =V (43). ‘Ans. Ex. 7. Show that the points A (1, 2, 3), B (4, 0, 4) and C (-2, 4, 2) are collinear, (Rohilkhand 97) Sol, AB=V[(4~ 1) + (0-2)? + (4~3)J=V 9444) =V(14) BC=N [(-2~ 4)? + (4-07 +(2~4))] =V (364 16 +4) =V (56) =2 V(i4) and AC=N [(-2~ 1) + (4-2)? +(2-3)P) =VO444 )=V(14) «AB + BC=Y (14) + (14) =2V (14) =AC <. The points A, B. C are collinear. (F818 bones proved. Exercises on § 1.04 and § 1.05 Ex. 1. Find the locus of the point P (x, y, 2), the difference of whose distances from (0, 0, - 4) and (0,0, 4) is 4. Ans, 224 )?—322412=0 Ex. 2, Find the locus of the point the sum of whose distances from (4, 0.0) and (— 4, 0, 0) is equal to 10. Ans. 9x7 425 (7 +22) = 225, Ex. 3. Find the locus of the point P (x,y,z) if Pa? + PB? = 2K, where A and B are the points (3, 4, 5) and (1, 3, —7). Ans. P4yee a srw se? Ex. 4. A is the point (- 2, 2, 3) and B is the point (13, — 3, 13). A point P (x,y,z) moves so that 3 PA =2 PB. Find the locus of P. Ans,x? +y?+ 22+ 28x ~ 12y + 102-247 =0 Ex. 5. The axes ate rectangular and A,B are the points (3, 4, 5), © 1,3,~7). A variable point P has co-ordinates (x, y, z), Find the locus of P if PA? PB? = 2K, Ans: 8x +2y +247 4942 =0 Ex. 6. Find the equation of the sphere whose centre is (0, 1, - 1) and radius 2. Ans.2 +y 42 —2y 42222 *Bx. 7. Prove that the four points A, B,C,D whose coordinates are (1, D, G2, 4, D, C1, 5, 5) and (2, 2, 5) are the vertices of a square, [Hint : Show that AB = BC=CD=DA and AC= BD), Ex. 8 Show that the point D(-+,2,0) is the circumcentre of the ‘langle formed by the points A (1, 1, 0), B (1, 2, 1) and C(-2,2, -1). {Hint : Show that DA = DB = DC]. Ex. 9. Show that the points (1, 2, 3), (1, ~2,— 1), Q.3, 20 and &4, 7, 6) are the vertices of a parallelogram12 Solid Geometry § 1.06. Section of the join of two péints. To find the coordinates of the point which divides the line joining two given ‘points P(ar.y, 2) and O(x2,92.22) in a given ratio min Let R (x,y,z) be the point which divides the line joining P and Q in the ratio m:n. Let planes. PNA, QMB and (Fig. 9) RKC through P, Q and & parallel to the plane YOZ meet the axis of x at A, B and C respectively. Then as these planes divide any two straight lines proportionately, therefore, we have AC_PR_m ,, (OC-OA)_m . t= m CBRQ 1 (OB-6O)” a D-x on or Ax-nat=mm—mx or x(ntm)=motnn or Similarly y = 52+ m2 T Note. if (7/n) is negative then R divides PQ externally and if it is positive then internally. Cor. 1. The mid-point of the line PQ is Gor+x).$ 01 +92), 41+ 2) Cor. 2. General co-ordinates of a point on the line PQ. Let m:n=):1, then the co-ordinates of the point R are zithn yit2y tz] [+R THR" Len | Corresponding to every value of 2 we shall get a point on the line PQ ¥§ 1.07. Centroid of a triangle. To find the co-ordinates: of the centroid of a triangle whose vertices are Atxi,yi,zi). BG2,92,22). and C (x3, y3.z3). The coordinates of D, the mid-point of BC are (Fig. 10)Systems of Co-ordinates 13 Getatorr ters) “y The centroid G divides the median AD in the ratio 2 <1. -. The co-ordinates of G are L.oxt+2. 400423) Liytt2.2 024) ia? i+2 . 2 , ie. [3 (itmes) Loityatys). Sea vata] [= of x-co-ordinates sum of y-co-ordinates 3 . 3 , sum of z-co-ordinates | a | § 1.08. Centroid of a tetrahedron. To find the co-ordinates of the centroid of the tetrahedron whose vertices are A(x. yi. 21), B(xa, yo. 22), (x3. 3.23) and D (x4, ya, 24). “We know from Statics that the centroid of the tetrahedron divides the line joining any vertex and the C.G. of the ‘opposite face in the ratio 3 : 1. ...(See Author’s Statics) Let P be the C.G. of the triangle BCD. Join PA and divide it in the ratio 3 : 1 Let G be the point on AP such that AG : GP . =3:1, then G is the required centroid of the given tetrahedron. ’ (Fig. 11) Now the co-ordinates of P, the centroid of A BCD, are given by 1 1 1 Ftarote, gOrtystya). 3 (atza+2a) d (Remember) «See § 1.07 on Page 12. ~. If %,y,2) be the co-ordinates of G, which divides AP in the ratio 3 : 1, Lin +3. 400433 +19) 143 =t (4) +2 +3 + x4) «See § 1.06 Page 12 then Similarly = i O1l+y2+y3+ys) and z=4 (zi + 22 +23 + 24). Hence the co-ordinates of the centroid G of the tetrahedron are 7 [Pours essa, FUrtyatyst ya), porta te +20)14 Solid Geometry sum of x-co-ordinates sum of y-co-ordinates 4 . 4 , sum of z-co-ordinat 4 | emember) Solved Examples on § 1.06 ~ § 1.08, Ex. 1. Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides the line joining (1, ~ 1, 2) and (2, 3, 7) in the ratio 2 : 3. Sol. Let (x, y, z) be the required point, then ~2@+@)()_7. _ 2@+3CN) 3 2430S) 7 243 5 “29302, and ee 2435 2. The required point is (7/5, 3/3, 4). Ans. Ex. 2. The point P lies on the line whose end points are A (7, 2, 1) and B (10, 5, 7). If the y-co-ordinate of P is 4; find its other co-ordinates. Sol. Let P(x, ys 2) divide the join of A(7,2, 1) and B(10, 5,7) in the Tatio m:n. Then y =A G42 See § 1.06 Page 12 But it is given that the y-co-ordinate of P is 4 Sr 2n : 4=——— or 4mt4n=Sm4+2n or m=2n or mtn a — m (10) +n (7) _ 2 (40) + 1 (7, =9: mtn 2+ wy , a= raM+n(Q)_2M+1 =5 ‘Ans. mtn 2+1 *Ex. 3 (a). Given three collinear points A (3, 2, - 4), B (5, 4, - 6), C (9, 8, — 10), find the ratio in which B divides AC. (Rohilkhand 93, 90) Sol. Let'B divide AC in the ratio m:n. mm [bo m n Then x-co-ondinate of B="24"3 gy 5m t3n mtn mtn or Sm+5n=9m+3a .or 4m=2n or min=1:2. Ans, *Ex. 3 (b). Show that the three points A, B, C whose coordinates are respectively (— 2, 3, 5), (1, 2, 3) and (7, 0, ~ 1) are collinear. Also find the ratio in which point B divides the line AC. (Kanpur 94) Sok Here AB = (1 +2)?+ (2-3)? + (3-5) =V 94144) =V (14); BC=N {C7 1)? + (0-2)? + (1-3) = (36 +4 + 16) (56) = 2 (14) and ACHN [7 +2)? + (0-3)? + (1 -5)°]=V (81 +9 +36)Systems of Co-ordinates 15 _ =V(126)=3 V(14) AB+ BC=V (14) 4.2 V(14)=3 V(14)=4C ~- Points 4, 8, C ate collinear Again let B divide AC in the ratio m In. Then coordinate of R= 24R--2) Iman oO, m+n=Im-2In of 6m =3n or min=132 Ans, \p *Ex..4. Find the ratio in which the ¢c0-ordi = Bea | Sm m=0 oc m:n=-7:8 Ang mea Similarly we can find that ye-plane (for every point on which *=0) and xeplane (for every point on this Plane y= 0) divides the line Joining the given Points in the ratio 2 - 3 and 4:5, Ans, Ex. 5. Find the ratio in which the ye-plane divides the Tine Joining the Points (3, 5, ~7) and (— 2, 4, 8). Find also the points of division. Sol. Let yz-plane divide the line joining the given Points in the ratio p= BG)4n-2 3m-2n=0 oor min=2-3, Ans. mtn Also if (0, 1, z1) be this point of division, then yi=2G43()_ 1043 3 243 55 and a=2CD13 6 ole BL, Ae cequired point is (0, 13/5, 2, Ans, 7 AEx 6, From any point (1, ~ 2,3) tines are drawn to meet the shpere Xt 4 and they are divided in the ratio 2 + 3, Prove that the points Of section lie on a sphere. Sol. Let any line through (1, -2, 3) meet the given sphere in (xy Bay) Then ty eyrag i) Also let (x2. 22) be the point which divides the join of (1, 2. 33 ant (191,21) in the ration 2-316 Solid Geometry TBE 2at3.t 5-3 Then 257953 a) \ 2t3ED | _Sye6. % 243. ue (2-143) _ 52-9 mes ED Substituting these values of x1, yi and zi in (i) we get $6223) +4 Gy +67 + r-9? =4 or 25xq? + Wyz" + 25e2” — 30xg + 60y2 — 9022+ 110=0 or Sng? + Sy2? + Sex” — 6x2 + (2y2 - 1822 + 22=0. .. The locus of the point of section (x2, y2, 22) is 52 +9? +2) — 6x+ I2y- 182 +22 =0, which represents @ sphere. x. 7. Find the distance of the point (1, 2, 0) from the point where the line joining (2, ~ 3, 1) and (3, ~ 4, - 5) cuts the plane 2x +y+2=7. Sol. Let the line joining the point (2, 3; 1) and (3, ~ 4, ~ 5) meet the given piane in (x1, y1 ,z1}. Then as the point (ai, yi , 21} lies on die plane 2x+y+2=7, $0 we have 21 +y1 +21 =7 Ai Also let the point (xt ,)1, 21) divide the line joining (2, - 3, 1) and (3-4, —5) in the ratio m:n 3m+2n_-dm—3n Stan a Then x= toy a i mat m+n a” m+n a m+n Gi) Substituting thése values in (i)'we get 2 (Bm + 2n) + (—4m—3n) + (-Sm+n)=7 (m+n) or 10m-Sn=0 of n=2m Substituting this value in (ji) we get ys ota pyar = =Sm+2m__, m+2m 3 m+2m 3 -m+2m <. The point where the line joining (2, - 3, 1) and (3, - 4, - 5) meets the plane 2x+y+z=7 is (7/3, - 10/3, - 1). ©. the required distance istance between (1, 2,0) and (7/3, - 10/3, - 1) =VU(C/3~ 1)? + {© 10/3) 2} + (~ 1-07") = V [(16/9) + (256/9) + 1J=V (81/9) =4.¥ (281). Ans. ~10 ya **Ex, 8. Show that the plane ax+by+cz+d=0 divides the line joining the points (x1, 1,21) and (x2, y2, 72) in the ratio —(axy + by] + cz4 + d)/(ax2 + by2 + zz +d).181/02 Systems of Co-ordinates 17 Gol. Let the given plane meet the Tine joining the given points in (x3. ¥3.23). Then ax3+ bys + cz +d=0. i) ‘Also Jet the point (13 ,y3 23) divide the line joining the given points in the ratio m:n. mayne myltnyn met ren ‘Then x3 = :y3e Oe nen Bo en Omen Substituting these values in (i) we get ( =). e sa + Sra-0 mtn m+ n m+n or a(mxy + x2) +b myn +nyp) +c (rizi + nz) +d (m+n) =0 or | max byl + cz +d) +n (axe by +6224.) =0 aL ax tbyitcuitd . 4 me Baa fetincsnts) tan poe x. 9. Find the ratios in which the sphere ay?+77 = 504 divides the line joining the points (12, ~ 4, 8) and (27, ~ 9, 18). Sol. Let the sphere meet the line through given points in (11, 1 » 2). Then rey Peas 504. i) {Also let the point (x1, 1,21) divide the line joining the given points in the ratio m:n. m (27) +n (12) yi=™ (~ 9) +n 4) a= 18) +n) ‘Then 21 = m+n m+n ° mtn _ Substituting these values of x1 , Yi 4 qi in (i) we get (m+ 12ny , 9m Any, (8m Bn) 54 (m+n) (m+n)? (m+ny or 9(9m+ 4ny + (Om 44m)? + 4 On + An)? = 504 (en +n or 14 (9m+4n)?=504 (mtn), or Om dn)? = 36 (m+n or 9m+4n=+6(m +n), taking square root of both sides. Taking + sign we get 3m=2n or min=2:3. Ans, ‘Taking — sign we get 15=— 102 or min=—2:3. Ans. Exercises on § 1.06 — § 1.08 Ex. 1 Find the co-ordinates of the point which divides the join of (A, 2, 3) and (3, - 5, 6) in the ratio 3: (- 5). Ans. (— 2, 25/2, - 3/2) Ex. 2. Find the ratio in which the join ‘of (2, 1, 5) and (3, 4, 3) is divided Ans. 5:7 by the plane r+y-z=4- x. 3, Find the ratio in which the xz-plane divides the join of (~ 3, 4, ~ 8) and (5, - 6, 4) Ans. 2:118 Solid Geometry Ex. 4. Given three collinear points A (3,2,-4), B(5,4,-6), € (9,8, — 10), show that B divides AC in the ratio 1: 2. {Rohilkhand 90) EXERCISES ON CHAPTER I Ex. 1. The point A (1, 2, 2) is one vertex of the rectangular parallelopiped formed by the co-ordinate planes, and the planes passing through A parallel to the co-ordinate planes. Find the co-ordinates of other seven vertices. Ans. (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 2, 0), (0, 0, 2), (0, 2, 0), (0, 2, 2) (2,0, 2). Ex. 2. The line joining the points (1, 8, - 1) and (4, ~ 4, 2) meets the zx and xy planes at P and Q respectively. Find the co-ordinates of P and Q. ! Ans. P (3,0, 1), 0 (2, 4,0) Ex. 3. The sphere x°+y?+2?-2r+6y+14¢+3=0 meets the line Joining A (2,— 1, 4), B (5, 5, 5) in the points C and D. Prove that AC: CB=—AD: DB=1:2. (Hint : See Ex. 9 Page 17) Ex. 4, Find the ratio in which the join of the points (xy, yr. 2), r= 1,2 is divided by the plane ax + by +cz+d=0. (Hint : See Ex: 8 Page 17). Ex. 5. Find the ratio in which yz-plane divides the line joining the points (-2,4,7) and (3, -5, 8). Ans, 2:3 Ex. 6, Find the ratio in which the line joining the points (2, 4, 5) and (3, 5, ~ 4) is divided by the yz-plane. Find also the co-ordinates of the point at which the line meets the xy-plane. @CHAPTER IL Direction Cosines and Projection § 2.0}'To find the angles between two non-coplanar lines. Let AB and CD be two non-coplanar and non-intersecting . . O lines. Take a point O and through e © draw two lines OF and OF / parallel to AB and €D Z : f respectively. “Then the angle ° between AB and CD is equal to (Fig. 12) the angle EOF. § 2.02. Direction cosines of a line. (Kumoun 95; Purvanchal 97) If cv, 8, 7 are the angles that a given line AB makes with the positive directions of x,y and z axes then cos a, cos 6, cos 7 ‘are called the direction cosines (or dc.’s) of the line AB. Generally the direction cosines are represented by J, mt, n. Here we should remember that she angles which a given line AB makes. with the coordinate axes are the same as made by the line OP drawn through the origin O parallel 10 the given line AB. (See Fig 13 and § 2.01 above) ig. 13) ‘These angles ct, fi, y are called the direction angles of the line AB. The direction cosines of the line BA are cos(n—@), cos (k-B) and cos (t=) ie. —cos. x, -cos B,-cos 7 since the direction angles of the line OP’ through O parallel to BA are no, #-) and R-¥. (Note) Here students should remember that angles &, B and y are not coplanar. Con d. c's of the co-ordinate axes : The x-axis makes angles 0,n/2 and 4/2 with x,y and zaxis respectively. So the direction cosines of the x-axis are cos 0, cos #/2, cos n/2, ie. 1,0,0. Similarly the d.c.’s of y and z-axes are 0, 1, 0 and 0, 0, | respectively. ##§2.03,. To. prove that P+m?+n>=1, where [m,n are the direction-cosines of a line AB. (Kumaun 96) Or To show that cos? a+ cos? B+cos” y= 1. where cos 0%, cos B, cos Y are the direction cosines of a line AB. (Kanpur 93; Kumaun 92)20 Solid Geometry 948 Through the origin O draw a line OP parallel to AB and of length r (say) so that direction cosines of the line OP are i, m,n ot cos &, cos B, cos y(say). Let the ¢o-ordinates of P be (x,y,z). Draw PN perpendicular to the ay-plane and NA . perpendicular to . A x-axis. Then OA=x, AN=y and NP =z. . In the right angled triangle OAP, cos =A gy int, OP “cos a= or . Similarly y= mr, 2= nr. Fig. 14) Also OA? =x? + 2422 . PCP + (mr) + (ar? or Pm? n= 1.) or cos" 0+ cos” B + cos? y= 1. ---(ii) i.e. the sum of the squares of the direction cosines of a line is equal to unity. . (Remember) Cor. 1. From above we find.that if fm, m be the dic.’s, of a line OP and OP =r, then the co-ordinates of the point P are (Ir, mr, nr). Cor. 2. Also if OP =r and the co-ordinates of the point P (x, y, z), then the d.c.'s of the line OP are x/r, y/r, z/r. - *§ 2.04. Direction ratios. (Rohitkhand 94) ~ Definition. if a, 6, c be three numbers proportional to the actual direction cosines 1m. of a given Tine then’ they are defined as direction ratios or direction numbers Now from the above definition, we have va Csr? +n? abe a +P ey @ =t75 yp met,” Viei bec Va +042) I Vato 4c” Panten or L ns ‘+ ¢ V4 b+ ce) (Rohilkhand 94) If AB be the line whose direction ratios are a,b,c then the direction cosines of AB are given by the’+ Sign and those of the line BA by — sign. (Note) Note 1. From above we conclude that if direction ratios a,b and ¢ of a line are given we should divide each of them by V(a? +6? +¢2) to get the corresponding direction cosines. Note 2. The sum: of the squares of the direction ratios of a line is not equal to unity.Direction Cosines and Projections 21 Solved Examples on § 2.01 - § 2.04. 1, (a) Find the direction cosines of a line that makes equal angles with the axes. (Kanpur 93) Sol. Let J, m,n be the required direction cosines. Thus as the line makes equal angles with the axes, so we have /=m=n (i.e. cosa=cosB=cosy or a=B=7). Also we know P +m? +n?= 1. Soherewehave P+P+P=1 or 3P=1 or [=41/N3. The required direction cosines are + 1/V 3,4 1/V 3, + 1/N 3. Ans. [Note : Here four such lines are possible, and their d.c.’s are INB,INBIN3; -IN3,1N3, 13; 1/V3,-1/V3,1/N3 and 1/N 3, 1/V3,-1/N3; as Lm.n and —1—m,—n are the dc.'s of the same line}. Ex. 1 (b). Find the direction cosines of a line which is equally inclined to the positive directions of the axes. (Kanpur 96) Sol. Do as Ex. } (a). above. Here i, m, n are all positive. Ans. 1/¥3,.1/V 3, 1/V 3. _JEx. 2. If GB, y be the angles which a given line makes with the positive directions of the axes then prove that sin? 0+ sin’ B+ sin? y= 2. (Meerut 96P; Rohilkhand 96) Sol. As in § 2.03 Page 19 we can prove that cos” + cos” B + cos” y= 1 or (1 sin? a) +(1 —sin? 8) + (1 -sin? = 1 or sin? @+sin? B+ sin? y=3-1=2. *Exc4. Find the d.c.’s l, m, n of two lines which are connected by the aist smi ance and 71° + Sm? —3n? =0. (Garkwal 95; Kanpur 95; Kumaun 95) Sol. Given. [~5m+3n=0 4) 1+ 5m? —3n? =0. ii) Substituting the value of / from (i) in (ii) we get 7 Gm —3n)?+5m>—3n?=0 or 180m? —210mn + 60n? =0 or 6m? —Tmn+2n?=0 of (Bm—2n) (2m—n)=0 m2 i ne 32 n_ Sm-3n If m/n=2/ Moko nt m/n= 3, we have F 3752033 i rom ti) : umn VG+m sn) 2°93 Va2easy YUN or or2 Solid Geometry 2. The direction cosines of one tine are AV 14, 2/N 14, 3/0 14. Ans. Wf m/n=1/2, we have Tapa Sas = L Lm n_ Went) a “11 2 Vientsarray 16 <. The direction cosines of the other line are ~1/¥ 6, i/V 6,2/V6. Ans. Exercise on § 2.01 - § 2.04. Ex. The direction ratios of a line are 2, 3, 4. What are its direction cosines ? Ans. 2/¥ (29), 3/N (29), 4/¥ (29) or § 2.05. Projection of a point on a line. P The projectin of a point P on a line AB is the foot of the perpendicular PN from P on the line A 4—8 AB. W is also the same point where the line AB meets the plane through P and perpendicular to AB. § 2.06. Projection of a segment of a line on another line. The projection of the segment AB cf a given line on another line CD is the segment 4’ B’ of CD, where A‘ and BY are the projections of the points AandB on the line CD. Here we may also say that A’ and B’ are (Fig. 16) the points in wliich planes through A and'B perpendicular to CD meet the line cD. To find the length of the projection A’ B’. ‘Through A draw the line AW parallel to A’ B’ meeting the plane through B perpendicular to CD in the point N. Then AN= ABS 7 (i) (Note) If 6 be the angle between the lines AB and CD, then AN being parallel to CD we have Z BAN =8. Also BN is a line through N and is fying in the plane which is perpendicular io the line CD and hence perpendicular to AN. -. ZANB=90". <. From (i) we get A‘ B’=AN=ABcos 9Direction Cosines and Projections 23 § 207 Projection of a broken line on a given line Let A,B, C,D,...,5 be any number of points in space and let Aw BY C%.5" be their projections on any line MN. Then as A’,B’,C’,D,...,S’ lie on the same straight line MIN, so we have A‘B'+B’C’+C'D" +. tR’S=A'S’ (Fig. 17) But A‘ B’ is the projection of AB on the line MN. Hence from (i) we conclude that the sum of projections of AB, BC, CD, ...., RS on the line MN = projection A’ S” of AS on the line MN. § 2.08. Direction cosines of the line joining the points P (x1, yi, Z1) and Q (x2, y2, 22). (Bundelkhand 91) Let N and M be the projections of the points P and Q on x-axis. Then ON=x1 and OM=x2 NM=0OM-ON=x2- x z Also if OP makes angles af and y with the axes of x, y-and z respectively, then from § 2.06 Page 22 we know that NM=PQcos@ or (x2-1)=PQcos a Y a2=a1 or cos ot ~~ = PQ % Similarly projecting PQ on the y and (Fig. 18) z-axes we can find that ya-yt cosB S2=*L_YA—YL _ DU So we have ———— == = cos & cos B cos Y Hence the direction cosines of the line joining two points P (x1, y1, 21} and Q (x2, y2, 22) are proportional to x2—x1, yz-yi and 2-21 ie. direction ratios of PQ are 2-21, y2—yl, 22-21 ie. direction ratios of the line joining two points are difference of their x-co-ordinates, difference of theif y-co-ordinates, difference of their z-co-ordinates, (Remember) Qo Y-yl B=z1 PQ” PQ’ PQ* where PQ =V{ (x2 — x1) + (yay)? + 2-21)" *§ 2.09. Projection of a line ge the points P (xi, yz, 21) and Q (x2, ¥2, 22) on another line whose direction cosines are}, m and n. And actual direction cosines are"4 ‘Solid Geometry Through P and Q draw planes parallel to the co-ordinate planes and thus form a rectangalar parallelpiped as shown in ‘ihe + figure. Then PN=x2-x1, and ; If the Tine whose direction (Fig. 19) cosine are given as J, m,n, makes angles c, B and y with the co-ordinate axes, then 1= cos 0, m=cos B, n= cos ¥. The projections of PN (which is parallel to x-axis) on the given tine = PN . cos o¢= (2 — x1) cos a ... See § 2.06 Page 22 Similarly the projections of NK’ (which is parallel to y-axis) and K!Q (which is parallel to z-axis) on the given line are NK’ cos B and K’Q cos 7 respectively i.e. (y2 ~y1) cos B and (22 — 21) cos y respectively. Also from § 2.07 Page 23 we know that the sum of projections of PN, NK‘ and K‘Q oi a line equal to the projections of PQ on that line and thereforg-the projections of PQ on the given line. = sum of projections of PN, NK’ and K’Q on that jine- = (x2 - x1) cos &+ (v2 —y1) cos B + (g2-21) cosy =(x2~- x1) f+ (y2-yi) m+ (22-21) n, from (i). Cor. If P is a point (x1, y1, z1) then the projection of OP on a line whose direction cosines are Jj, my, ny is lix1+ miyy + nizi, where O is the origin. Refer Fig 4 Page 4. The projection of OP on the given line = projection of OA + projection of AN + projection of NP on that line =x tyimetain. ae Soived Examples on § 2.05 to § 2.09. Ex. 1. The co-ordinates of a point A are (2,3, 6). Find the direction cosines of OA, where O is origin. Sol, The direction cosines of OA (See § 2.08 Page 23) are 2-0 0 6 . Soe oe oo: is 0, 0,0 V2? +3? +62)" V(2?-+ 3 #67) Paste)” ~~ O00) or 2/7, 3/7, 6/7. **Ex. 2. The projections of a line on the co-ordinatte axes are 2, 3, 6. Find Jength and the direction cosines of the line. (Rohilkhand 97) Sol. Let PQ be the line and its direction cosines be cos a, cos B and cosy, Then the projection of the line PQ on the co-ordinate axes are PQ cos a, PQ cos B and PQ cos y.Direction Cosines and Projections 25 Then according to the problem, we have PQ cos a.=2, PQ cos B=3 and PQ cos y=6. mG) Squaring and adding these, we get (PQ) {cos* 0+ cos” B+ cos? y] =2? +37 +67 = 449436 or (POP [1 =49, cos? a+ cos*B +cos? y= 1 or PQ=N(49) =7. Ans. -. From (i), we have 7.¢os a= 2, 7 cos B=3, 7.cos y= 6 or cos &=2/7, cos h=3/7 andcosy=6/7. Ans. Ex. 3. A and B are (2, 3,~6), (3, ~4,5). Find the direction cosines of OA, OB, BO, and AB where O is (0, 0, 0). Sol. The direction ratios of OA are (2-0), (3-0), ( 6-0) ive 2,3,-6. o: The d.c.’s of OA are 2 V2? +3 6} V2? + 3? 6] Vera EOP or 2/1, 3/7,- 6/7. Ans, Similarly the d.c.'s of OB are _ 3-0 -4-0 WG-0" +(-4-07 + 5-079" YG-o7% +407 + 5-07)" 5-0 WG-0 + (4-0) + (5-077) or <4 5 | 3 4 (50) ' V(50)* ¥(50) ° 5v2" 2" SY2 And the d.c.’s of BO are 3-0 0-4) V(co~ 3)? + 0-44)? + O- 5)*]' YO 3)? + (04 4) + 0-57] 0-5 VCO -3)? + 0+.4)?+ (0-5) or 3.4 5 238 4 ad ¥(50) * V(50) * ¥(50)* NY WY 2 Also the d.c.’s of AB are Ans, ~4-3 VIG - 2)? +(-4-37 +546] ot or Vr+49+ 12) Vrsa94 120° Vor aa9 or ING7b, -W/VaT), UANATD. Ans.26 Solid Geometry _ Ex. 4., Coordinates of four points A, B, C, D are (1, 2, 3) (3, 5, 7), (2,3,—1) and (3, 4, ~ 3). Find the projection of AB on CD. (Bundetkhand 93) Sol. Let J, m,n be the direction cosines of CD. . G-2) Then [2 en SVG - 2+ 4-3 #34 DI “We - 4-3) ViG-2) +43 +344 6 we ViG-2y+(4-37 +C3+1y YE «. The required projection of AB on Ca. “G2 - a) 14 Q2- yi) mt (@2-zi) RR” See § 2.09 Page 23 31) (1/N6) + (5-2) (6) + 7 - 3) (- 2/16) 00 (8/N6) =~ 3/N6=-VG/2) Ars. Ex. 5. If A, B, C, D are the points (3, 4, 5), (4, 6, 3), (~1, 2,4) and (1, 0, 5), find the projection of CD on AB. Sol. Let i, m, 2 be the direction cosines of AB. 4-3 1 Then [=——— += =_.—_>—- en G3 + 6-44-54 VC? Similarly m =—————-2-4,-_- Vid -3)° + 6 -4F +3 -5 and = 33 Via—3)2 + 6-4" +8-57) 3 «. The projection of CD on AB : =fl- D+ 0- ama 4)n, See § 2.09 Page 23 =20)-26-9+1CD=-424 taking numerical value, Ams. 3 Exercises on § 2.05 — § 2.09 Ex. L If A, B are (2, 3, 5) (~ 1, 3, 2), find the direction cosines of AB. Ans, = 1/V2, 0, 1/V2) Ex. 2. Find the direction cosines of the line joining the origin to the point (3, 12, 4). (Kumaun 92) Ans. (3/13, 12/13, 4/13). Sex. 3. The projections of a line on the axes are 12, 4, 3. Find the Jength of the line and its direction cosines. Ans, 13.and. 12/13, 4/13, 3/13. Ex. 4. A (3, 1, 2), B(S, 1, 2), € (0, 1, 5) and D (0, ~ 1, - 5) are four points. Show that AB is perpendicuiar to CD {Hint : Prove that the projection of AB and CD is zero}. Ex. 5. Choose the correct answer : ‘The direction cosines of the fine joining P (x1, yi. 21) and Q (12, 92, 22) is IAL YA-Yl DU, PQ’ PQ' PQ’Direction Cosines and Projections 27 (ii) 2-xy y2-y1,22-71; (iv) none of these. | [Hint : See § 2.08 Page 23]. ' Ans. (ii) - **§ 2.10. The angle between two lines. /f (1, m1, 21) and (I, mg, ng) be the direction cosines of any two lines and 9 be the angle between them, then cos 0 = lilo + myma + nin. (Kanpur 97; Kumaum 95, 93, Meerut 90S; Rohilkhand 92) Through the origin O, draw two lines OA and OB paralle! respectively to the given lines with d.c’s (li, am, m1) and (2, m2, n2). Let OB =r and the co-ordinates of B be (xi, yt, 21). Then x1=rb, yi =rmg and zi =m 2 And from § 2.09 cor. Page 24 we 3B know that the projection of OB on OA =hartmiyi tai A =h r+ my.m+ni. ma, oe =r(l yO ye a =r (Lila + mya + nn3} fii) Also from the figure 20 above it is evident that the projection of OB on OA ‘Fig, 20) =OBcos@=rcos@, ~~ OB=r. +. Brom (ii) and (iii), we have r cos 0 =r (2 + mym+ ayn) or cos 6 = Ihe + mim2+ ain ~ tA) {Rohilkhand 92) If instead of (I), m1, 71) and (Ia, my, np), the of the given lines are expressed as cos @, cos B, cos y and cos 0. ’, cos B “, cos ¥’ respectively, then the telation (A) takes the form cos 6 =cos of cos 0.’ + cos 8 cos 8’ + cos ycos Y’ (BY Cor. 1. If (a1, by. c1) and (a2, b2, 2) de the direction ratios of the given lines, then their actuai direction cosines are given by a bi . ch Wal +bit ch) Vateote ct Wah + ots ch) a bo 2 id Spo SoS Mab Rd)’ Weds +d) Vibes d .. The angle 0 between the lines is given by ayaz + bibzt+ ~ cos @ = ——; “ae AC) Cor. 2. We know the Lagrange’s Identity ¢md + nF | 2m y ‘This identity W memory}:28 Solid Geometry Now sin? @= 1 ~cos@ = 1 ~(lil2-+ mim + nim)’, from § 2.10, above a a +a) (B+ 0 + 13) ~ (ibe + mim, + mm)’, : ~ since If + mt + nt = = (myn ~ many)? + (nala - malt)’ + (hm — fam)? , by'Lagrange's identity L-. sin @=-Vi(amz — many)? + (ail - n9hh)? + (a—bm)}} (0) +5 Ake ' a mi m2 2 + and tan = 589 2 * ¥(E (m2 — many) cos® Ube + mimo + nina substituting values of sin @ and cos @. Cor. 3. If instead of direction cosines we have the direction ratios of the lines as in cor. 1 above, then we have EM (bie -6 inet)? + (cia =B+mh +b 2 AL ne hob z my m2) mM n2 2, a1)? + (aibo in = Ellbaca — baer)" + (c1a2— coay’ + (aibo — arbi “ Mah + b+ chy Wad +03 +3) and tan 9-500 VIE (ier brei)") cos 8” ayaz + bib2 + c1c2 *Cor. 4. Condition for perpendicularity of two lines. (Bundelkhand 91) If ihe two given lines whose d.c.’s are (I, m1, m1) and (lo, ma, ng) are perpendicular to each other, then 6=90" i. cos @=0 and from result (A) of _§ 2.10 Page 27 we have the required condition as * ; . Ih + mpm + an2 = 0 AE) If instead of d.c.’s we have the direction ratios of the lines as a1, by, ct and a2, b2, c2 then from result (C) above, we have ajaz + bib2+c1e2 =0 .(F) *Cor. 5. Condition for parallelism of two lines. (Bundelkhand 91) If two given lines are parallel, then 9=0 fe. ‘sin 6 =0 and’ from result (D) above we have the required condition as (myn — mann)? + (mila — malty? + (lima — ami)°= 0. But this being the sum of squares of three quantities can be zero only if each of them is separately zero. {Note} ie. if ming — moni —0, nila — nal = 0 and yma - Lymi = mim _ bh N+ mt end ie ifMha tot. ma” + mba (ote) ie if =b, mp =m andm=nz ie. the des of perallel Vines are the same (Remember) Imm @ Girection ratios of the given lines as a1, bi,c) and a, b, c2 then proceeding as above with the help of cor. 3 above we get the required condition asDirection Cosines and Projections 29 abt a bh 2 (Student’s should remember that af + bf + cf # 1) olved Examples on § 2.10 Ex. 1 (a) If points P, Q are (2, 3,—6) and (3,-4,5), find the angle that OP makes with OQ. Sol. The direction ratios of OP are 2-0,3-0,-6~0, ie. 2, 3, - 6 and those of OQ are 3--0,-4-0,5~0 ie. 3,-4.5 2. IF be the required anlge, then ajay + biba + c1ca ah + bi + ch). Vid +b} +) _ 234364 +CO5 6512-30-36 OP +3? OP + Cay + 53) TO) 7x52 or @=cos! {- 18¥2/'35} Ans. x. 1 {b). Find the angle between the twe lines whose direction cosines are cesa,cosB,cosy and cosa’,cosfh’,cosy’. Deduce the condition of perpendicularity and parallelism of the above lines. Sol. If @ be the required angle, then as in § 2.10 Pages 27-29 we can prove that cos 8 = cos ot cus a’ + cos B cos B ‘+ cos cos v1) If these two lines are perpendicular, then 8=90" and from (1) we get the condition of perpendicularity as cos & cos a’ + cos B cos 8’ + cos ¥cos y’=0. Again if two lines are parallel, then 8=0 and irom (1) we get the condition of parallelism as cos 0. cos a.’ + cos B cos B’ + cos ycos y’= I. Ans. Otherwise if given lines are parallel, then their d.cosines are equal and so we have cos @= w $2.10 (C) Page 28 cos &= cos &*, cos B= cos B’, cos y=cos 7’ or a=a',B=By=7" JK 2 (a). If A, B, C are (1,3, 2), 22, 3,5) and (3,5,-2); find the angles of the triangle ABC. (Bundelkhand 94; Meerut 93) Sol. The direction ratios of the line AB are {2-(- 1)}, (3-3), (5-2) ie. 3, 0, 3. «. The d.c.’s of the line AB are 3 0 3 43? 40° 437) va? +07 +34) ¥a2407 +32) . 30 3 gt fe 32° 32° V2" Ta Ya: Similarly dic.’s of the lines BC and AC are30 Salid Geometry 12 =-7 1 | x2 respectively, 3Y6" 3N6' 3N6 3°37 3 sper ~. cos A = cosine of the angle between AB and AC = “Tl + mynz + eye” el 2g h 12 a sedere (dpe Therefore ZA=90° Ans. cos B = cosine of the angle between BC and BA 1 f 1) 2 71 4 syal-ai} 396 -s78(-79} Note the d.c.'s of BA wet cosBasa tor ZB=cos TUB): ilarly we can find that 2C = cos _ 11/3) Ans, ee (b). Find the angies of triangle ABC whose vertices A, B and C the points (1, 3, 5), - 1, 2, 3) and (3, 4, ~ 2). (Bundelthand 90) Sol. Do as Ex. 2 (a) above. Ans. cos”! (3/2 ¥(10)], 90°, cos [3/2 V2} ft 3 fa). Find ie angle between the lines whose direction ratios are {259/4) and (1, — Sol. If 8:be the Miele between the given lines, then ayant biba tein Vd + bi + ch). Veah + 63 + o 2143. (-D+4s VE e) Me 2 “Tae i.e. lines are at right angtes. 3 1d the acute angle between the lines, whose direction cosines are proportional to (2, 3, ~6),and (3,4, 5). Sol. If @ b the angle between the given lines, thea ay & 03 @ = Bb 162 __ . See Cor. 1. Page 27 » Matt ats ct) Ved + 08 +h) _ 2343.64 +665 36 V2? +3? + (-6)9). Vs? +(- 497 +59) 35N2) negative, Hence 9 is obtuse angle. equired acute angie = m9, where cos @= (~ 36/35) V(L/2)_ Ans. “Ex. 4.16 A, B, C, D are the points (3, 4, 5), (4,-6, 3), (-1, 2,4) and (1, 0,5) find the angle between CD and AB. Sol. The direction ratios of AB are 4 And the direction ratios of CD are j ©. 116 Be the required angle beww cos 0= ww See Cor. 1. Page 27 or or 1,2,-2 or 2-21 ) Mad + BS 1242.62) +6 Ve? 422+ 271 2? +(- 25 = negative. Hence 6=cos | (~ 4,’9} and is an obtuse angle.Direction Cosines and Projections 3 {-*42% 5, Show that the straight line whose direction epSines are given by ‘the equations «=: ul+vm+wn=0 al’ + bm’ ten? =0 are (a) perpendicular if u? (b +) + V7 (c+a)+w" (a+b) =0 \ and (8) parallel, if (u2/a) + (v?/b) + (w* /e) =0. (Bundelkhand 96; Garhwal 96, 94, 92, 91; Gorakhpur 91; Kanpur 93; Kumaum 94, 92; Rohilkhand 90) Sol. The d.c.’s of the lines are given by ultym+wa=0 and al tbr ter? =0 Eliminating n between these, we get al’ + bm? +c [-(l+vm/wh = or (aw? + cw P+ bw? + cv) m? + 2eurim =0 or (aw? + cu?) (U/my? +2 cuv (I/m) + (bw? + ev?) =0, i) dividing cach term by a. (@) Its two roots are f/m and 2/m2, if the dic.’s of the two lines be taken as (1, mi, mi) and (/2, m2, m2). From (i), we have hook mim product of the roots = hb mim. nam, or aT bwitev cu’ baw" av’ + bu If the two lines are perpendicular, then we have Ah-tmym+ ny =0 ie. (bw? + cv) + (cu? + aw*)+ (av? + bu?) =O. or bt eer (cra) +" (atb)=0 Hence proved. (8) If the two lines are parallel, then their dc’s are equal are consequently the roots of () are equal, the condition for the same being “padac” ie. (Qcuw)'=4(aw + eu) (bw + cv? 2,22 4 2 2,22 or n'y" = abw s acne? + beat + uty 2 or abw* + acw?v? + beu’w? = 0 or abw* acy? + beu we we or —+ + 20, dividing each term by abc. ¢ UKs (a) Find the angle between the lines whose d.c.’s (f, m, n) satisty the equations i+ m+ n= and Am + 2nl—mn=9. (Kanpur 94; Purvanchai 95, 93; Rohitkhand 93) Sol, Eliminating n between the given relations, we get 2m +2 (-1 =m) f~m(-1-m)=0 or P= Im =m? =O (2+ m) Um) =0 Gi) if f+ m=O, then from f+ we goin st32 Solid Geometry 181/AL/2 se wehave 2=—m=2n or t= at, -. The direction cosines of one line are | 1 =2 | We +cayre Py Wee ear e ry eee ey or 1/6, ~2/N6, 1/6. ii) If{-m=0, then from [+ m+n=0, we get n=—2m. L n “we have l= m=—> ory <. The direction cosines of the second line are te to Wee Peco vee Pe Coy We+P+e2) or 1/6, 16, -2/N6. <=. If @ be the required angle, then cos O= “lila + mymg + nin” —t tif 2yiia we-det (We tere or cosQe-1/2 or @= 120°. Ans. #38x. 6 (b)e Prove that the acute angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given. by the relations 1+ m+n=0 and f +m? —n?=0 is n/3. (Meerut 95) Soi. Eliminating n-between the given relations, we get Pam —Cl-mP=0 of Im=0 c either [20 or m=0 If 1=0, then from 1+ m+n=0 we get m=—n . =0,m= foment swe have [= 0, m=—n org =—7=4 <* Direction cosines of one line are : od Wreyrs yy Woe teyee ry Wore) or 0, -1/N2, 12 If m=0, then from [+ m-+n=0 we get /=-n mon . ~ d ©. we have TF o-- <. Direction cosines of the second line as above are 1/2, 0,—1/V2 <. If @ be the angle between these wo lines, then cos 8 = “Iylz + mimo + nin” 0. (I/V2) + © 1/92) .0 + (12) (~ 1/2) or cosO=—1/2 or = 120°181/13 Direction Cosines and Projections 33 c. Required acute angie between the lines \ = 180" 120° =60" ie, 0/3. Proved Ex. 7 (a). Find the angle between the two lines whose d.c.’s (I, m,n) ole the equatons 1+m+n=Oaud?+m?+n?=60. (Bundelkhand 92) Sol. Eliminating n between the given relations, we get Pame+clemp20 or [24+ mt+tm=0 or (my? + (/m) + 1 = 0, dividing each term by 2? Let its roots be f/m, and l2/mg, then L Be product of the roots =- + mi om 1 Ab _ mim fi or 1 —] fi) Again climinating m between the given relations we get as above Peintn?=0 or (/n}? + (I/n) + 1 = 0, dividing each term by n? If its roots be fy/nj and b/np, then Nob i mm = product of the roots =— i Aa _ nie or rr / -Gi) *. From (i) and (ii) we get ae = ame = ae <- If 0 be the required angle then cos 9 = Jl, + mim +nyn2 cos@=1-I-1=-1 or O=n. Ans. 27 VK7 (0). Prove that the straight lines whose direction cosines are given” by relations al+bm+cn=0 and fmn+gnl+bim=@ are perpendicular itf+842-0 ana paraliel if ¥ (af) +1 (bg) + (ch) =9 (Gorakhpur 90; Kanpur 96; Meerut 91 S; Purvanchal 92, 90: Rohilkhand 94) Sol. Let the d.c.’s of the two lines be (fy, m1, m1) and (lh, m2, n2). Eliminating n between the given relations, we get fi [- (al + bm)/c) + gl {- (al-+ bm)/c] + him = 0 or ~ afm — bfm? — agl” — bgim + chim=0 or ag (I/m) + (af + bg ~ ch) (I/m) + bf =0, dividing each term by m” Its roots are f1/may and p/m,34 Solid Geometry aot 2 42 = Product of the roots = 2 my" mm ag hh _ mime hbk _ mim _ num 9 ae a Gy cy PIO If the lines are perpendicular, then (2 + mim + nin2=0 or . (f/a) + (g/b) + (h/c) =0. Hence proved. if the lines are parallel, then their d.c.’s must be the same i.e. the roots of (i) must be equal, the condition for the same is “b? = 4ac” or ie, (af + bg ~ ch)? = 4ag . bf or aft bg—ch=+2 af) (bg) or af + bg £2 Naf) V(bg) = ch or Wap) + Vibe)? = ch = (en)? or Noah) V(bg) # Wich) =0 is the required conditon. _ Also from (i), we get af + bg? + ch? + 2abfe — dacfh — 2begh = dabfe. or af eg + OW — 2begh - Leaf h~ 2abfe =0. Fes. 8. If “U1 rmi, nx), (a, ma, a), (15,13, m3) are the d.c’s of three mutually perpendicular lines then prove that the line whose direction cosines are proportional to +h+1, mi+m2+ m3, n{+n2+n3 makes equal angls with them. Sol. “As (11, m1, m1), (l2, m2, m2), and (Is, m3, n3) are dics of three mutually perpendicular lines, therefore we have hk+mymni+ aim =0°-.. @) 155+ mom + mn3=0 and 43 + mums + nin3 =0 Also hi, mi, 21 being d.c.’s of a line we have It +m} +n} = 1. Similarly B+ m3+n3=1 and B+ mb +nd=1 iv) Again Vi(li-t ba b5)? + (my + mg m3)? + (1 + n+ 13)"] = VCE + md + af) + (B+ mi + 13) + (8+ 08 + 3) +2 (2 + mum + nina) +2 (2b + mong + nana) +2 (Ishi + mam + nr) expanding and rearranging terms =V[1 +141), from i), Gi), (ili) and (ivy Ee ee . The d.c.’s of the given line are h+h+h m+mtm3 a+mtny 3B 3B 5 TE @ be the angle between this line and the line with d.c.'s ft, m1, m1, then hthth mitmatm3) — (a tnren 608 =I ES Ny ae PtDirection Cosines and Projections 35 a See § 2.10 result (B) Page 28. = (1/N3) ((1 + mf + nf) + (lua + mma + nina) + (his + mums + yn3)] or cos 0 =(1/V3) [1+0+0} .» from (i), (ii) and (iv) or @ = cos (1/V3) In a similar way we can prove that the line with d.c.’s (+ 2+ B)/N3, (om + ma + m3)/V3,(r1 + 22 +.03)/N3 is inclined to line with fr, nq and fs, m3, n3 also at angle cos (1/13). Hence proved. **Ex. 9. If ly, mi, i and 2, m2, nz are the d.c.’s of two lines, then the direction ratio of another which is perpendicular to both the given lines are (magn — many), (nil2 — nigh), (am — Igmm1). (Garhwal 96) Prove further if the given lines are at right angles to each other then these direction ratios are the acutal direction cosines. (Purvanchal 97) Sol. Let J, nt, n be the required d.c.’'s of the line. ‘Then as this line is perpendicular to both the given lines, so we have [tmmytan=0 and lhtmm-tnm=0 Solving these, we get t m a bm i Zs ired myng— many ony—maly— lymy— Lamy" which give the require direction ratios. c. The dc.'s of this line are mina ~ many nila - nly dumy ~ lam EE (ey = mas)Y VEE (mura - mana)y" VE Grea. ~ moni)?] If @ be the angle between the two given lines whose d.c.’s are (Li, mr, n1) and (l2, m2, n2) then we know sin 9 ={E (ming - mani)’] - See § 2.10 (D) Page 28. It these lines are at right angles, then @= 90" or sin @=.1 and therefore VE (nin moni?} . -. From (i) the actual d.c.’s are (mtg — many), (nua - nati} and (lim2 - lon). Hence proved. 10 (a). Show that the lines whose directon cosines are given by 14m +n =0, 2mn + 3in — 5hm = 0 are perpendicular to one another. (Meerut 96 P, 94) Sol. Given 1+ mtn=0 i); mn + 3in — Slim =0 ii) Eliminating » between (i) and (ji), we have 2m (~ t— m) + 3 (-L~ m) — Sim =0 or 30? + 10lin + 2m? = 0 or 3 (I/m)? + 10 (Im) +2=0 710+ V100- 24) _ = 5 V(19) ii) 6 3 ~ @ 4 m36 Solid Geometry 948 Let t. my, my and do, , 12 be the d.c.’s of the two lines, then from Giiy we have L2=SHNU) yg 2-59) : m3 ma 4 My)-5, mt Bo gegen ges Mth bay) A =k NU) —5} 5 mm = 3k, Also from (i) mi =~ ~ my = ky (5-19) —3k1 =) (2 ~ V19). a my aL “Yes aa Civ) 1 Similarly taking a5 10) we can find that abs =F sah ) ~WI9)-5 3 24 V19) " From (iv) and (v) we have the direction ratios of two lines and if they are at right angles then we must have “ayan + b1b2 + cyc2 = 0" -- See § 2.10 Cor. 4 Page 28 Here ayaz + 162 +.63¢2 = [M(19) - 5] {-¥(19) - 5] + 3x3 +(2—V(19)} [2+ V(19)] = (~ 5)" - 19 +9 + 2)? ~ 19 = 38-38 =0 Hence the two lines are at right angles, Hence proved. a (b). Show that the lines where direction cosines are given by the equations 21+ 2m—n and mn+nl+Im=0 are at right angles, . > (Meerut 98, 97) Sol. Bliminating 1 between given equations we get m (21+ 2m) + (21+ 2m) 1+ hr or 2° +2m*+5im=0 or 2 (L/m)?+5 (I’m) +2=0, di - 1-545" -42) Q) or —= > = m 2) Let li, mt, 1-and bo, nia, n2 be the d.c.’s of the two lines, then we have hi/m=-1/2, b/m=-2 Gi) if Aad, then Aa tlen (say) or hs ky, my = 2k .. , Also-from n= 20+ 2m we have nj =2l, + 2my or me =2 (CA +2 2k) = 2k owe have fy =—ki, mt = 2k, m1 =2k1 (iii) Again from (i), 2 = or 3 =" oka (say) or h=-2k, m=k, And from m= 2! + 2m we have m= 2l2 42mDirection Cosines and Projections 37 or 1g = 2 (~ 2kx} + Bho = — 2g 2. we have 12 =~ 2ko, ma = ke, m2 = = 2k ©. If @ be the dae between the given lines, then cos 8 = “aja + b1b2 + e102” .. See § 2.10 Cor 4 Page 28 1) (~ 2ka) + (2ki) (ka) + (2k) (- 2k 2) = Qktka + 2kik2 ~ 4kika = Hepce the given lines are at right angles. ES {a). Lines OA, OB are drawn from O with d.c.’s proportional tov-2,~1), 3,-2, 3). Find the d.c.’s of the normal to the plane AOB. Sol. Let a,b, c be the direction ratios of the required normal to the plane AOB. Then as OA lies in this plane so it is perpendicular to the normal to this plane and consequently we have a (1) +b(-2)+e(-1)=0 wi) Similarly OB is also perpendicular to this normal and so we have a(3)+b(-2)+¢(3)=0 ii) Solving (i) and (ji) simultaneously, we have a CHBA-CHCB- +4. £ =bie=4:3:-2 rs iw’ or a:b:¢=4:3:-2 Also 47437 +6 2)2= 29. s Required d.c.’s are 4/V(29), 3/V(29), - 2/0(29). Ans. 11 (b). The direction ratios of two lines are 1,-2,-2 and oat’ I. Find the direction cosines of the line perpendicular to the above lines. (Bundelkhand 92) Sol. Let a,b,c be the direction ratios of the line whose direction cosines are required, Then as this line is perpendicular to the given lines so we have a(I)+b(-2)+e-2)=0 and a()+b()+e(I)=0. Solving these simultaneously, we get 4 €23-ECV2) CDO-OM )-O ie or @/2=b/—L=c/2 ie. a:b:c=2:-1: ©. The required direction cosines are 2 -1 2 2 ak pe V+ 242)" VO? + 1? +2) 3. E wis Ans. x. 1 (c). Find the direction cosines of the line which is perpendicular to the lines whose direction cosines are proportional to 3,-1,1 and -3,2,4 (Rohilkhand 93}38 Solid Geometry - -2 -5 1 Sol. Do as Ex. 11 (b) above, Ans. oy Teor ea "Ex. 12. Prove that the three lines drawn from a point with direction cosines proportional to (1,~ 1, 1), (2,~3,0) and (1,0, 3) are coplanar. ‘Sol. Let PA, PB and PC be three given lines with d.c.’s proportional to (1,1, 1), (2,~3, 0) and (1, 0, 3). ‘ Let 1, m,n be the direction ratios of the normal to the plane APB. Then as PA and PB are perpendicular to this normal so we have L.ltm(1+n.1=0 Ai) and 1.2+m(-3)4+0.0=0 ij Solving (i) and (ii), we have ! man tem in C0-1.63) 12-107 1C3-Ci M35 2FLy aD If PC also lies in this plane PAB, then PC must be at right angles to this normal whose direction ratios.are given by (iii), the condition fo the same as “aia2 + b1b3 + c1c2= 0" -+- See § 2.10 Cor. 4 Page 28 Here “aya + byb2 + c1e2=1. 14m .04n.3 14+2.0+(-1).3, from (iii) =0. Hence proved. a **Ex. 13. If the edges of a rectangular parailepiped be a,b, c show that the angles between the four diagonals arc given by ta’tbte? a 4brac? cos”! | (Kanpur 97; Meerut 96, 90) Sol. Let one comer O of the rectangular parallelopiped be taken as origin and the three coterminus edges OA, OB and OC be taken as coordinate axes. Let OA=a, OB =b and OC=c. Then the ‘co-ordinates of O,A,B,C,D,P,N and E are respectively (0, 0, 0), (a, 0, 0) (0, 5,0), (0, 0,.c},-(4,0, c), (a, b,c), (Fig. 21) 0 <= (a, 6,0) and (0, b,c) as is evident from the adjoining figure. Here OP, CN, AE and BD are the diagonals. ‘The direction ratios of OP are a~0,b-0,¢—O ie. a,b,c. Again direction ratios-of CN are (a ~ 0), (b -03, (0 ~c), ie. a,b, -c. Similarly we can find that the direction ratios of AE and BD are — a. b,c and a, ~ bec respectively.Direction Cosines and Projections 39 if @ be the angle between OP and CN, then jan + bybn + e102 cos 8= «See § 2.10 (C) Page 28 Mak + bt + ch). Vad + 03 +3) aatbbteco a+e- 2 or cos = VEstP a+ P+ Cay e+ P +e Similarly we can find the angle between other pairs of diagonals and we have six such pairs out of these four diagonals and all these angles are given by ale@eec® a + a + 2 44x. 14, A line makes angles 0, 6,75 with the four diagonals of a Rabe: prove that cos” 0. + cos” B + cos” y+ cos? 8 = 4/3. (Avadh 92; Garhwal 93; Gorakhpur 90; Kanpur 95, 93, 92; Kumaun 93; Meerut 92; Purvanchal 94; Rohilkhand 94, 92) Sol. As in last example we can prove that the direction ratios of the diagonals OP,CN,AE and BD of the cube (whose edges are all equal ie. a=b=c) are (a, a, a); (a, a, —a); (a, a, a) and (a, ~a, a) respectively. <.d.c.’s of diagonals are cos Hence proved. a a a tid ose oe ST ee V@+e+a) W@+a+a) Vetere) 3 BB _ In a similar way the d.c.’s of the diagonals CN, AE and BD are La -t)f-t 1 4 i -1 it Ga} ea) and ees} Let 1, m,n be d.c.’s of the line which makes angles o, B, 7,5 with the diagonals of the cube. Then cos = 1 (1/V3) +m (1/V3) +2 (1/V3) = (1+ m+ ny/V 3 or costa (b+ m+n). Similarly cos B= 1 (1/13) + m (1/N3) + (- 1/N3) = (14 me — n\/N3 (4m —n). or cos B 3 And in a similar mannerr we can prove that cos? y=4 (cl+m+ny and cos? a=4 d-m+ny Ai) From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get cos” a.+ cos” B + cos” 7+ cos” 8 =3 (C4 m+ ny + (4 m=n)? + (elm +n) + m+n) ata ams 12)}, on simplifying =4/3, since P+ m™ +n? = 1. Hence proved. _/*fx. 15. Find the angle between the diagonals of a cube. (Bundetkhand 94)40 Solid G-ometry Sol. As in last example, we can prove that the d.c.’s of the diagonals OP . Lat 14-1) A and CN of the cube are (6 We is} (@ Pa 8) respectively. “Therefore if @ be the angle between OP and CN, then “ ini? ek kf) cos O= “tb + miymg + nyiig “BBtBGt Al BF or @=cos! Ans, PBK 16. The vertices of a triangle ABC are the points AC1L2,~3),B(,0,-6) and C(0,4,~1) in order. Find the direction Tatios of the bisectors of the angle BAC. Sol. AB =I(5 + 140 ~27 +643) =7; ACE (0+ 1)? + AY 2)? + 6 143)] = Let the internal bisector of Z BAC meet BC in D. Then BD: DC= BA: CA=7:3 (Noie) ie. D divides BC internally in the ratio 7 : 3 “. The co-ordinates of D are LO+3S 7443.0 TEY13ICG 3 i4 8 743° 743° 743 Magy “+ The d.c.'s of the line AD are proportional to [(3/2) +1}, [(14/5) 2), (5/2)+3] ie. 5/2, 4/5, 1/2 ie. proportional to (25, 8, 5). Ans. Again if the external bisector of the angle BAC meets BC in E, then E divides BC externally in the ratio 7 : - 3. -. The coordinates of E are . 29-35 24230 TED-ICO] jf, 73° 7-3 723 4 4 <: The direction ratios of the line AE are Berea) ie (fs 3) i (11,20, 23). Ans. pth7-2-4 re [5.73] ie (11,20,23). Ans. *Ex. 17. Show that the equation to the right circular cone whose vertex is at the origin, whose axis has d.c.’s cos c, cos fi, cos y and whose semi-vertical angle is @ is (y cos y~2.c08 B)? + (2 €0s a ~ x cos 9)? + (x cos B - y cos ay* nee a sees on (x y2 4-2?) sin? O- Sol. Let P (x,y,z) be any point on the cone (i.e. on the surface of the cone). The vertex of the cone is given as the origin 0 (0, 0, 0). Then the d.c.'s of the generator OP are x-0 ~0 MG -0P + 0-0)? + (~ 07)" Vee) +0) 4-075”Direction Cosines and Projections 4 , Vie 0)? + (0) + 077] sn | Wear ee) Morey ed) Werte) Also the d.c.’s of the axis of the cone are given as cos @, cos B, cos 7 and the line OP is inclined at an angle @ to the axis. o. sin? @=E (myn = mony)? .. See § 2.10 (D) Page 28 =] Zoos ¥=ze0s B > Elyeosy—zeos py Vere t2) (rye) or (2 + y+ 27) sin? = (cos yz C05 B}? + (z cos oe ~ x 60s y + (xcos B-y cos a)”. Hence proved. ‘x. 18. If two pairs of opposite edges of a tetrahedron are perpendicular, show that the third pair is also perpendicular. (Kanpur 97) - Sol. Let GABC be the tetrahedron where, O, A,B and C are (0, 0, 0), (aL, yn 21), (x2. ¥2, Z2) and (a3, y3 . 23) respectively. Let two pairs of opposite edges viz, OA,BC and OC,AB be perpendicular. The d.c.'s of OA,OC,BC and AB are proportional i0 (a1, y1.21). 23, Y3. 23). (3-22, ‘¥2, 23 ~ 22) and (42-41 ,y2- yi. 22 — 21) iespectively. As OA is perpendicular to BC, so be. x1 (03-22) + ¥1 (3 -y2) +21 (3-z2) =O a) As OC is perpendicular to AB, so 43 (02-41) +95 02 —y1) +23 (2-21) =0 Gi) Adding (i) and (ii) we have 22 (13-11) +y2 03-91) +2 (a-a)=0 which shows that the third pair of opposite edges viz. OB,AC are also perpendicular. Hence proved. Aa 19. If in a tetrahedron OABC, OA?+BC*= 0B? + Ca? = OC? + AB’, then its pairs of opposite edges are at right angles. Sol. With the same coordinaes as in last example, we have OA? + BC? = (xf + yf + 2h) + [ag — ayy? + O3-y2)? + (ea -22)7] HOt tyted)+odtyb+d + 0349342) — 2 (x2x3 + yoy3 + 2223) Similarly we can prove that 08 + ca = (b+ yh+ chy + (d+ yh4 4 (yd) —2 (eux3 + yiy3 + 2123) OC 4 AB = ttt ch + (b+ yh 43) + ah4 4h) ZL t IyD+e42 Solid Geometry If 04? + BC? 2 08? + CA”, then we have a3 yyI +023 = xuStyys+22 or x3 (42 ~1) +3 2-1) +23 (22-21) =0, which shows that OC is perpendicular to AB i.e. a pair of opposite edges of a tetrahedron OABC are * pérpendi In a similar manner we can prove for other pairs. x. 20. If a pair of opposite edges ofa tetrahedron be perpendicular, then prove that the distances between the mid-poins of the other two pairs of opposite edges are equal. Sol. Let OABC be the tetrahedron, thea with the same notations as in Ex. 18 Page 41 we find that if OA is perpendicular to BC, then 103-32) + 91 03-2) +21 (B-2)=O --@) Also the mid-points of OB and CA are Ala HAS wty3 a+z3 2,592,572) and Gs 2 3 252 psy o “square of the distance between the mid Points of OB and CA =(jlts)-jal+Gorty—dyl eet fatz)-ja) “Meats foie? +14+B-2))] ii) Similarly the square of the distance between the mid-points of OC and AB= [ttn —2) + 0142-4 Gi taal Kai) If these distances are equal, then from (ji) and (iii) we have “Gita ah +01 +--+ eita~ny 1+2-5) +014 y2-y3)' +1 ta- 2) or (@it33 — 22)? — (+22 - 29)" +01 493-92)? ~Oity2-y3)} + or {2x12 (43 -22)) + {2y1 2 (3 —y2)} + (221.2 (3 -22)} =O or © x1 3-22} +1 (3 ~y2) + zt (<3 ~ 22) =0, which is true by virtue of (i). Hence proved. Exercises on § 2.10 Ex. 1. If points A and B are (2, 3, 4) and (1,-2, 1) respectively, then prove that OA is perpendicular to OB, where 0 is (0,0, 0). Ex. 2. Find the angie between the lines whose directi and ¥3-1,-V¥3-1,4. Ex. 3. Find the angle between the lines whose directon cosines are given ratios aré 1, t, 2 by the relations '3/+m+Sn=0 and 6mn—2nl+Slm=0. Ans. cos (1/6) Ex. 4. Find the angle between the lines whose direction cosines are given by the equations 3/+ m+ 6n =0, 6nin ~ In + bn =0. (Rohitkhand 95)Direction Cosines and Projections 43 Ex. 5. Show that the pair of lines whose direction cosines are given by the equations | +2m + 3n =0 and mn—4nl+ 3lm=0 are at right angies. (Bundelkhand 93) Ex. 6. If 0 is the angle between the lines whose direction cosines are proportional to 5, - 12, 13 and ~3, 4, 5; then find the value of tan 9. Ans. V(4226)/65 Ex, 7. Obtain the direction cosines of the diagonal of a cube through one corner, taking the coordinate axes along the edges of the cube through that corner. Ans. (1/13, 1/13, 1/3). Ex. 8. Prove that the equation to the right circular cone whose vertex is the point (2, -3, 5) and whose axis is the line which makes equal angles with the co-ordinate axes and semivertical angle 30° is 4(Q— 2+ 8 + (e-x- 3) +9 ~ SP} 53 [e-2 + +3 4-5) e Miscellaneous Solved Examples *¥Ex. 1. Prove that three concurrent lines with direction cosines (i, mi, m2), 2, m2, nz) and (Js, m3, 3) are coplanar, if dyomy mil =O (Kumaun 90) om, me ms m3 Sol. Let l,m, 7 be the d.c’s of the normal to the plane which contains the two concurrent fines with d.c.'s (J, ett, 21) and (4, mz, m2). Then we have Ih +mmitnny=0 a and Ih+mim+nng=0 If the third line with d.c.’s (i3, 3, 73) also lies on this plane then the fine with d.c.’s ( m, n) is at right angles to this third line and so we have li+mm3t+nn3=0. Git) Eliminating [, m, n from (3), (ii) and (iii} we have 4; mi mil =O, as the required condition. [a mm [3 ma nsl EK 2. Show that the points (0, 4, 1), (2, 3,—1) (4, 5, 0) and (2, 6, 2) are the vertices of a square. (Kumaun 96) Sol. Let A. B, C, D be respectively the points (0, 4, 1). (2, 3,1), (4,5, 0) and (2, 6, 2). Find the lengths of sides AB, BC, CD, DA and diagonals AC, BD of the quadrilateral ABCD. ‘Then prove that AB=BC=CD=DA=3 and AC=BD=342 * sides of quad. ABCD ace equal in length and its diagonals are also equal in length, so it rep sents a square.44 Solid Geomeuy 3 (a). Find the area of the triangle OAB where, O, A and B are (6, 0,8), (x1, yt, 21) and (x2, y2, 22) respectively. Sol. The area of the triangle OAB=+10A.0B sin ZOAB, Ai) Now Or=Noitsiti oB=Vohty+d) Motz -y (2 - zon)" + Oy? — yt Vai + yt ch ved ayh +) since the d.c.’s of the lines OA and OB are at Zz yz v7 Vote st rah’ ea ved * " Guid 4) Ved) Ved -. from (i), the required area of A OAB MCE (yuz2 -yoz)") i 2 22 — Y221, =i Vottyt+zh Vod+ +d) x ae) 2 Ved + yah Ved 45843) =t Via ~ yee? + Zura ~ 22u1)? + Grry2 — yy)?]. Ans. x. 3 {b)..A plane makes intercepts A, OB, OC whose: measurres are a, b, c om the axes OX, OY, OZ. Find the area of the triangle ABC. Sol. The co-ordinates of A,B,C are (a,0,0),(0,b,0) and (0,0,c) respectively. Now the area of the triangle ABC =} CA.CB sin ZACB. i) and. sin ZAQB= Now CA=V{(0—a)? + (0-0 +(¢-0)°} = Wa? +02) CB=V{(O- 0)" + 0-8) + (c~ 0 J=VH? +2) ‘Also direction cosines-of the lines CA and CB are 0-a,0-0,c-0 je, raedie WO-a? + (0-07 +(¢-07} Wea? +02) and 0-0,0-b,c-0 , Onbe _,.MO= 072+ (0-5) + (e-07) eee sin ACB = “[E (mn — mom)?]” M@.c+b.0 +(c.0+ ea) + (ab-0.07] - War + 2) NG +e) Were a + ob MPA MPP) orn ms mn ~. From (i), the required area of AABC=1CA,CB sin ZACB ahd +2). Were) Ver? +a + a*b) Ve +0) We +0 HOE + 2a? + 00%), Ans.Direction Cosines and Projections 45 ES (c). Find the area of the triangle inckided between the plane x+y+2=5 and the co-ordinate planes. (Purvanchal 93) Sol. If the given plane x+y4z=5 or gekeeel meets the coordinate area in A, B and C, then we have A (5,0, 0), B (0, 5, 0) and C (0, 0, 5) Now do as Ex. 3 (b) above. Herea=b=c=5 Ans. (25 ¥3)/2 sq. units F218 Show that the line joining the points (1, 2, 3) and (4, 5, 7) is parallef to the line joining the points (~ 4, 3, - 6) and (2, 9, 2). Sol. The direction ratios of the line joining (1, 2, 3) and (4, 5, 7) are 4-1,5-2,7-3 or 3,34 . @) The direction ratios of the fine joining (- 4, 3, - 6) and (2, 9, 2) are 2-(4),9-3,2~C6) or 66,8 of 3,34... (ii) From (i) and (ii) we find that the direction ratios of the two lines are the same. Hence they are parailel. |. Show that the line joining the points (1, 2,3), (- 1,- 2,3) is paralfel to the line joining the points (2, 3, 4), (5, 9, 13) and perpendicular to the line joining the points (~ 2, 2, 5), (3, 3, 2). (Rohitkkand 96) Sol. The direction ratios of the line joining (1, 2, 3) and (—'t, -2, ~ 3) are 1,-2-2,-3-3 ie.-2,-4,-6 ie. 1,2,3 ~@ The direction ratios of the. line joining the points (2, 3, 4) and (5, 9, 13) are 5-2, 9-3, 13-4 ie. 3,6,9 ie. 1,2,3 vo (i) From (i) and Gi) we conclude that these two lines are parallel. Also the direction ratios of the line joining the points (- 2, 1,5) and (3,3, 2) are 3+2,3-1, 2-5 ie. 5,2,-3 Gif) Now as (1) (5) + (2) (2) + (3) (-3)=54+4-9=0 So the lines whose d.c,'s-are given by (i) and (iii) are perpendicular. . 4. O, A, B, C are four points not necessarily lying in the same plane and such that OA 1 BC and OB 1 CA. Prove that OC 1 AB. Sol. “Let 0,4,B,C be the points (00,0), (ri, yt, 21), (2.32 22). (x3, y3, 23) respectively. Then direction ratios of the lines OA, OB and OC are *1-0,y1-0, 21-0;22-0,y2-0,22-0 and 23-0,93~-0,3-0 ie. 1, Yi, 215 X2, 2, 22 and x3, y3, 23 respectively, 0) Also the direction ratios of AB,BC. and CA are respectively X2—Xb Y2— Yl, 22-25 X3—X2, Y3—y2, 73-ZQ and x1 + x3, YLT Y3, 21-23. ...(ii) Now if OA BC, then from (i) and (ii), we get Ht (3 — x2) + yt (V3 -y2) +21 (-z2)=0 or M13 XL D+ YI YS—Y1 242123 -z172=0 Gili) And if OB 1 CA, then from (i) and (ii), we get 22 1 = x3) + y2 Qi ~y3) + 22 (21-23) =0 or X21 X23 + Yay — yaya + Qt — 2223 =O iv} Adding (iii and (iv), we get AIK} —X1NS + YL} — yay3 + 2123 — 2223 = 046 Solid Geometry or 43 (2-21) +93. O2—yI) +23 2-21) =O re. _ the lines whose direction.ratios are 2x3, y3, 23 and x2—xi, y2—y1, 22-21 are perpendicular. ie. “LAB, from (i) and (in) Hence proved. x. 5 (a). Find the direction cosines of the line perpendicular to a pair- of mutually perpendicular lines: with their direction cosines as (li, m4, ny) and (12, m, ng) respectively. Sol. Let f,m,n be the required direction cosines of the line which is perpendicular to given lines, then 1/i+m m1 +na1=0 and lh+mng+nanz=0 Also as the given lines are mutually perpendicular so we have htm m+nin=0 Solving (¥) and (ii) simultaneously we get L am a miny—montmib—mi\ lm —lamy MP +m +n *Y teria = rani)? ++ (ila — nahi)” + (amg — famn)} 1 "Wt nd + nl B+ nd +18) ~ (i+ mam + nna] - P +m? +m? = 1 and by Lagrange’s Identity (See Page 27) _ i on 21 “Tow or from (iii) and Ei =1=28 myn2 - many, mani -nl, n= lym -lom. Ans, Y.. fix. 5 (b). (11, may; m1) and (12, mz, nz) are the d.c.’s of two intersecting link’ Show that all fines through the intersection of these two whose direction cosines are proportional to h+4b, mi+Amz2, n1+An2 are coplanar with them. Sol. Let f, m, n be the d.é.’s of the normal to the plane containing the two given intersecting lines: Then we have 11) +m +nnj=0 @ and Lb+mmt+nm Multiplying (ii) by A and adding to (i), we get 1Qb+h)+m(Am+mi)+n(An2+ni)=0, which shows that the lines with d.c.’s (m,n) and (+46, my + 2m, ni +2ng) are perpendicular and as such all lines having dc.’s (1 +42, mi +2 mo, ny + Arg) are coplanar with ite get two intersecting lines, Hence proved. ¥ 6. (1, mi, a1) and (12, m2, n2) are the d.c.’s of two concurrent lines, show that the d.c.’s of two lines bisecting the angles between them are proportional to (Itz, mi + mg, m1 +n2) Sol. Draw two lines OP and OQ through the origin O parallel to the given concurrent lines. Mark off OP =r and OQ=r. Then as (1, mu, m1) and (fo, mp, m2) are the d.c.’s of the lines OP and OQ, therefore the co-ordinates of P and Q are (ir mir, ni) and (lar, mgr, nor) respectively. Produce QO and mark OR=OQ=r, then the co-ordinates of R areDirection Cosines and Projections 47 ( br, - amr, - nar). (Note) Let A and B be the mid-points of PQ and PR then OA and OB are the internal and external bisectors of the ZQOP. The co-ordinates of A and B are Girt ian. $ (mrt mn 5 (uur na) and (3 (ar— bn), 5 (mir mar), 3 (eur m2r)] respectively. (Fig. 22) . The direction ratios of OA and OB, where 0 is the origin (0,0, 0) are Eu +b) rem +m) rttn +1) rj and = by § (oat — ma) § (us = may. ie. d.c.’s of OA and OB are proportional to (Gi +b), Gm + ma), Grr + 2)) and [1 = 2), (re — ma) (u - 122)] respectively. 7. Find the direction ratios of the lines bisecting the angles between the lines whose direction ratios are I.my, m1 and Iz, mz, n2 and the angle betwen these lines is 6. Sol. In Ex, 6 above we haave proved that the direction ratios of the inemnal bisector of the angle between the lines whose d.c.’s are (41, mt, mi) and (bh, ma, 22) are given by [f+ 22, m+ mo, mi +n2} <. The direction cosines of the internal bisector are hth Mh + by + (rat + my? + (mi + m2)]" my + m2 ny tnz NECl +B? + (na # ma? + (ay + mp] Wo Now Vi(ti + fay? + (ras + 00)? + (ni +2) = MER+EB + 2EHG] =V(i+142c0s 9), Eh2=cos@ = V[2C1 + cos 0)] = 2 cos £0 The d.c.’s of the internal bisector are th mtm mtn Lat wo 1 Ans. 2c0s 58 2cos 50 200856 in a similar manner we can prove that the d.c.’s of the extemal bisector are -k omi-m ont—nm Qsint@' 2sint@’ 2sinde” Ans 2 2 2 where V{(ii — fo)? + (nt: — m2)? +O — my] = VER +EB-2E Hb) = [1+ 1-205 0] = VAC ~ cos 8) = 2 sin 46.8 Solid Geometry 18103 x. 8. The direction cosines of a variable line in two adjacent positions are Im, a; 1+51, m+5m,n+6n, show that the smalt angle 50 between the two positions is given by (8 0)" = (61)? + (5 mm)? +(5 nj. (Garkiwal 90: Kumaun 91; Kanpur 97; Meerut 92P) © Sol. AS (m,n) and (1481, m+5m, n+ 5x) are the d.c.’s of lines so we-have PaenPan?=1 i) and (+5 + (m +8)? + (nr 8 ny? =1 Subteacting (i) from (ii) we get 2 (1514+ m5 m+n Bn) + [GI + (6 m+ (Sn) }=0 or 2E(18)=-E (6)? Gi) Also as 8 @ is the angle between these lines so we have cos 68 =/ (1+ 8) +m (m+ Sm) +n (n+ 3n) =(P tin +2) 4 (81+ mdm +n bn) = 1-418 (6071, frown (i) and (iy ~ cos 60=2 sin? 2 663) =2 (4 80)2, sin 39) = oT or (81) + (Gin)? + (Sn)? = (88) Hence proved. Exercises on Chapter Ii Ex. 1. Find the direction ratios of a line perpendicular to two < tines whose. direction ratios are 1, 2, 3 and--2, 1, 4. Ans. 1,-2, 1 Ex. 2. Find the area of the triangle whose ees are (1, 2,3), 2, 1,4) and G, 4, --2) 40218) Ex. 3. ly, mz,n; (F=1, 2, 3) are the direction cosines of tae, mutually perpendicular lines and also. a,b hmm , then prove that 4442.9 (Rohilthand 91) bo m3” 3 . Ex. 4, Which are the direction cosines of a line ? () Q/3, 2/3, 2/3); (ii) (173, 173, 1/3); (iii) (1/3, 1/93, 1/3); Gv) (1N3, 173, 2713) Ans. (iii) Ex. 5. The condition of orthogonality for the two linés whose d.c.'s are hymn and 2,ma,nzis . . @ H+ mit nf and B4+mb+n¥=1; Gi) e+ mpm + min =0; Gil) WA, = my /m2 = ni /nr (iv) ia + mya + nin2 = 1. : Ans. (ii)\ CHAPTER UL | The Plane § 3.01 The Plane. Definition. A lane i is Sefined as, the surface_whic] uch that the line joining any t General Equation of the first degree. To show that the general equation of the first degree in.x, y,2 rrepresents a plane. (Gorakhpur 90; Kanpur 92) The general equation. of the first degree is Axt By+C2+D=0 di) Let P(t1,y1,21) and Q(2,y2,22) be the co-ordinates of any two points on the locus given by (i) Then we have Axt + Byy+Cat+D=0 and Axz+ By2+ C2. +D=0 Multiplying Gii) by k and adding to (ji) we have A (x1 + ko) + B (y+ hy) + C (1 + kaa) + D (E+) =0 xitke| yl yith2 atk - or ae +2 hte Tak |:2- 0 cally) { l+k ‘This relation shows that the point xjtho yithy atk era lek ° 14k 7 +k A son But from § 1.06 Cor. 2 Chapter 1 we know that this point divides the j join of P (x1, ys, 21) and Q (x2, y2, 22) in the ratio k: 1 Since & can have any value, so each point on the line PQ lies on (i) ie. the line wholly lies on (i). : Also a plane is defined as a surface such that the line joining any two points on it lies wholly on it. Hence by the definition of the plane as given above we conclude that (i) represéiits a plane. Hence the general equation of first_degreein_1.y.2_v Ace bys Cot 0 “represen are IC The equation of the plane through the origin is given by Ax+ By+Cz=0 ie. if D=0 in (i) then the plane passes through the of, Cur 2. General equation of a plane through a giveri point (x1, y1, 21). (One Point Form) Let Ax+ By+Cz+D=0 wi) be the required plane. If it passes through (x1, yi, 71) then . An + By, + Cz +D=0 (ii) Subtracting (ii) from (i), we hvae A (wai) +B(y-y) +C@—a1)=0, | 18112 Solid Geometry which is the required equation:~ § 3.02 Normal form of the equation of a plane. (Agra 90; Kumaun 93) Let ABC be the given plane and let ON | be.the normal from O to.the plane ABC. Let the direction cosines of ON be cosa; cos f, cos and let ON =p. Then the co-osdinates on 1 N are (p cos a, p cos fi, p cos ¥). Let P (x,y,z) be any point on the plane ABC. Join PN, then NP is a line passing through N and lying on the plane ABC. ‘Therefore ON and NP are at right angles. The direction cosines of. NP are proportional to (x—pcos a), (y—pcos B) and (— pcos ¥). . ig. 1) ~. ON and NP are at right angles, so we have . (x-p cos 0) . cos 1+ (9 ~p cos B). cos B+ (2 pcos y) cos y=0 or cos a+ y cos B +2 cos =p (cos? a + cos” B+cos* y =p (1) or xX cos &+y cos B+zc0s Y=p. i) ‘This equation, satisfied by the co-ordinates of every point on the plane, represents the plane. If 1, m,n be the d.c’s of the normal ON , then the equation of the plane ABC will be ear aay Fa . > Hete p is always positive. ote) § 3.03 Intercept form of the equation of the plane. (Kumaun 95) Let the plane ABC cut the axes OX,OY and OZ at A,B and C respectively. Let OA =a, OB=b and OC=c Let ON be the nommal from 0 to the plane ABC the direction cosines of:ON be cos «, cos B and cos y. From the figure 1 above it is evident that ON = OA cos @ i.e. p=acos @ or cos a= p/a. Similarly we can prove that cos B= p/b and cos Y=p/c. Substicuting thiese values in the result @ of § 3.02 above, we get _..4(p/a) + y(p/b p/e)=p or which is the required intercept form of the equation of the plane. Cor. The equation Ax + By + Cz+ D =0 can be written as x + —y_ =1. —(D/A)” =(D 78) ws which represents a plane making ‘intercepts ~ D/A, ~ D/B,~D/C on x, and z-axes respectively.‘The Plane 3 § 3.04 Reduction of the general equation to the normal form. (Rohilkhand 93) If Ax+ By + Cz+D=0 and xcosa+ycos 8 +z cos ¥=p represent the same plane, then we have — £088 _ cosy =p ii) A BCD’ . which shows that the d.c.'s of the normal to the plane Ax + By +Cz+D=0 are proportional to A, B; C. (Remember? Aiso from (i) we have cos _cosB _cosy_-p_ 4 N(cos? a + cos? B + cos? y) A BOC DO” Nabe asc “ae + ® +p Now if Dis positive, P being a positive number wesme p= roo cos Os Wee -B cos B War+ B+) Wane If D is negative, we should change the sign of W(A? + B? + C?). Solved Examples on § 3.01 to § 3.04 . i (a). Find the intercepts of the plane 2x-3y+z=12 on the co-ordinate axes. (Kumaun 96) Sol. The given equation can be written as and cos y= gt Suegeh dividing each term by 12 and is perpendicular to the plane 5x-+3y +62+8=0 (Avadh 95, 91) Sol. The equation of any plane through the line of intersection of the given planesis (x + 2y+3z—4)+A(Qxt+y—z2+5)=0 or (1420) x4 (24) y+G—A)zt (5N-4)=0 fi) If this plane is perpendicular to the plane 5r+3y+6z+8=0, then we have S(L4+2A) +3 (242) 46 (3-2) =O. See § 3.05 (ii) P 7 Ch. IN or S+lOA+6-3A418-6A=0 or 72429=0The Plane . 15 or = =A=-29/7 | Substituting this value of A in (i), the required equation is CSPOT. or Slx+ 1Sy-50z+ 173 =0 Ans, p& *EX4, Find the equation of the plane through the intersection of the plantsx +y +z =1 and 2x + 3y —z+4=0 which is parallel to {a) the x-axis (Avadh 90; Purvanchal 95) ; (b) the y-axis. Sol. The equation of any plane through the intersection of the given planes is (x+ytz-1)+A (x4 3y-244)=0 wi) or (1+ 2A)x+ (143A) y+(1-A)z-U— 4a) =0 (a) If this plane is parallel to x-axis, then it is perpendicular to yz-plane ie. x=0 or 1x+Oy+0.z=0 and the condition for the same is 1.(1 +24) +0 (1434) 40.01 -A)=0ord=—4 ~. From (i), the required equation is @+ytz-1)-F 0x4 3y-244)=0 or y-3246=0. Anis. (b) If this plane is paralfel to y-axis, then it is perpendicular to zx-plane ie. y=0 or Ox+1.y+0.2=0 and the condition for the same is 0.0 + 22) + 11432} +011 -2) =0 ork =-1/3 From (i), the required equation is Qty +z-1)— (1/3) (204+ 3y-24+4)=0 or x44z2=7. Ans. . 5. Find the equation to the plane through the line of intersection of the planes ax+by+cz+d=0, a'x+b’y+e'z+d’=0 and parallel to x-axis. (Agra 90) Sol. The equation of any plane through the line of intersection of the given planes is. (axtbytez+d+AQ@’xthy+crt+d)=0 Ai) or (atha}xt+(btAb)y+(ct+Ac)z+(dtAd)=0. If this plane is parallel to x-axis, then it is perpendicular 19 921 plane ie. x=0 ie. Lx+O0.y+0.2=0 and the condition for the same is Latha}+0.(b+2b)+0.(c+0c)=0 or atha=0 of A=-a/d'. ~. From (i), the required equation is (ax + by+cz+d)-(a/a') (a xt+ Bb’ yt c'z+d)=0 or a (by+czt+d=a(by+cz+a). Ans. *8k. 6 (a). Find the equation of the plane through the point (2, —3, 1) and normal to the line joining the points (3, 4,- 1) and (2, - 1, 5). (Bundelkhand 94; Garhwal 96) Sol. The direction ratios of the fine joining the points (3, 4,—1) and (Q.- 1, S)are3-2,4-G1,-1-5 or 1.5,-6,16 Solid Geometry {STATI Also the equation of any plane perpendicular tc this Tine (ce, the normal to the plane is parallel to this line) is tix+ S.y-6.2=k, where & is constant. If this plane passes through (2,~3, 1), then 124+5(-3)-61=k or k=~19 he required plane is x+5y— 62+ 19=0. Ans. . § (b). Find the equation to a plane through the point (2,-3, 4) and normal fhe line joining the points (3, 4,— 1) and (2, — 1, 6). (Kanpur 90) Sol. Do as Ex. 6 (a) above. Ans. x+ Sy -72+41=0 x. 7 (a). Find the equation of plane through (o,B,7) and perpendicular to the line joining this point to the origin. Sol. The direction ratios of the line joining (a, B,y) and (0,0, 0) are or, B, ¥. , Also the equation of any plane through (o, B, y) is - A (x-0)+ BG -B)+C@-Y=0 . wi) If this plane is perpendicular to the line joining (at, B, 7) to (0, 0, 0), then the d-ratios of the normal to this plane are 0, 8, 7 ie. A/e= B/B = C/¥=k (say) (Note) or Az=ka, B=kB, C=ky. Substituting these values in (i) we gei the required equation as ab) +B O-B)+7@-V)=0. ie. ax+Bytyz=a+p+/. Ans. (b). If the axes are rectangular and P is the point (2, 3, ~ 1), find the equation to the plane through P at right angles to OP. (Meerut 93) Sol. The direction ratios of the line OP are 2-0,3-0,-1-0 fe. 2,3,-1 i) Also the equation of any plane through P (2, 3,— 1) is AQ-2D+B(y-3+C@41)=0 fii) The dratios of the normal to this plane are A, B,C which must be the same as of the line OP, if this plane is perpendicular to OP. A/2 = B/3= C/(— 1) =k (say) : Then A=2k, B=3k, C=-k. . From (ii), the required equation of plane is 2k(x—2)+3k(QV—3)—k@4ISO or 2x+3y—z= 14. Ans. Ex. 8 Find the equation” of the plane through (4,~1,2) and perpendicilar to the line joining (1,~5, 10) and (2, 3, 4). Also find the angles which it makes with the co-ordinate planes. Sol. The direction ratios of the line joining (1,—5, 10) and (2, 3, 4) are 1-2, -5-3, 10-4 ie. -1,-8,6. Also the equation of any plane through (4, ~ 1, 2) is A(x 4) + BQ 4) +C(-2}=0 a181/002 The Plane 7 The normal to this plane is parallel to the line joining (1,-5, 10) and (2, 3, 4) i.e. parallel to the line with Gecion ratios -1,-8, 6. B 3 =£=k (ay) (Note) oo AsHk B=—8k, C=6k Substituting in (i), the required equation is =k (x4) 8k (y+ 1) + 6k(Z-2)=0 or x+8y-6z+16=0. Ans. If a be the angle which this plane makes with yz-plane, then o is the angle between the normals-to this plane and the yz-plane. ‘The direction ratios of the normal to this plane are1, 8, ~6 and those of ye-plane are 1,0, 0 cos = 1.1 +8.0 + (- 6).0 Vt +8746) V2 +07 +07) “a0; or a=cos™ [1/V(101)) Similarly we can find the angles which this plane makes with 2x and ay-planes 9 (@). Find the equation of the plane through (2,3,-4) and (1, -1, 3) and parallel to the x-axis. (Avadh 93; Gorakhpur 91) Sol. The equation of any plane through (2, 3,— 4) is A(e-2)+By-3)+ C44) =0. (i) (Note) If it passes through(1,— 1, 3), then A(L-2)+B(C1-3)+CG44)20 or A+4B-7C=0 ii) If the plane (i) is parallel to «-axis, then it is perpendicular to yz-plane i. x=0 de. L.xt0.y+0.2=0 (Note) 2 14+084+0.C=0 or A=0. (iii) «. From (ji), 48 -7C =0 or B= (7/4) C. From (i) the required plane is (7/4) (y— 3) + (+4) =0. or Ty+ 4z-5=0 Ans. 9 (b). Find the equation of 2 plane through (2,3,-4) aad (1, Mf, 3) and parallel to z-axes. {Avadh 94) Sol. Equation of any plane through (2, 3, - 4) is A(x-2) 4+ B(y-3) 4+ C@F+4H=0 i} If it passes through (1, ~ 1, 3), then J AQL-2)4BC-1-3)+CG4+4)=0 or A+4B-7C=0 — ...(i) If the plane (i} is parallel to z-axis, then it is perpendicular to xy-plane ie 220 ie Ox+0ythz=0 A.0+B.0 -7C(I)=C or C=0 (iii) From (ii) we getA+4B=0 or :. From (i), the required plane is - 4B (x~2)+ B(y-3)+0@+4)=0 or —4x4+84+y-3 or 4x-y=5 Ans. i 10. Find the equation of the plane through (2, 2, 1) and (1, ~2, 3) al allel to x-axis.18 Solid Geometry Sol-Do as Ex. 9 above Ans. y+22~4=0, - 11 (a), Find the equation of the plane passing through the points (2,~3, 1), (- 1, 1, ~7) and perpendicular to the plane x-2y+52z41=0, (Gorakhpur 92) Sol. Let the required plane be ax + by #cz ¥d=0! -fi) If i€ passes through the points (2;~ 3, 1) and (~ 1, 1, -7) then we have 2a-3b+e+d=0 and -atb~Te+d=0 Also if the plane (i) is perpendicular to given plane x —2y+5z+1= then la-26+5.c=0 or a-2b+5e+0.d=0 »-fiv) Eliminating a, b, c,d from (i), Gi), Gii) and (iv), the required equation is x y z l=0 2-3 11 -1 t-71 . . 1-2 5 0. or -4x+ Jy + 2z + 11=0, on simplifying. Ans, we 11 (b). Find. the equation of the plane through the point (2, 2, 1) and (9, 3, 6) and perpendicular to the given plane 2x + 6y + 62 =9. . (Agra 92; Avadh 95; Kumaun 90; Purvanchal 94, 92: Rohilkhand 90) Sol. Let the required plane be ax + by +cz+d=0 If it passes through (2, 2, 1) and (9, 3, 6), we have - 2at Ib+e+ and 9a + 3b+6c+d=0 Also if the plane (i) is perpendicular to the given piane, then 2a+6b+6c=0 or a+3b+3c+0d=0 Gv) Eliminating a, b, c, d from (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), the required equation is xy z =o 2221 93 6.1 - 1330 or — 3x+4y—5z=9, on simplifying. (See Ex. 3. P. 8 also) Ans. 12. Find the equation of the plane perpendicular to the yz-plane and passing through the points (1,- 2, 4) and (3,—4, 5). ~ Sob. Let the required plane be ax + by +cz+d=0 =i) The equation of the yz-plane is x=0 ie. 1x+O0y+02=0 ii) Since (i) and (ii) are at right angles, so we have la+0.6+0c=0 or a=0. <- From (i), the equation of the plane perpendicular to yz-plane is by+cez+d=0 (iii) As (1,-2, 4) and (3, ~ 4, 5) lie on (iii), so we haveThe Plane . 9 -2b+4c+d=0 and “Abe Sevd= 0 Solving these simultaneously, we have ee dd 4-5 ~442>-10+16 Fram (iii), we have the required equation as y-+2z-6=0. Ans. ¢ ‘x. 13, Obtain the equation of the piane that bisects the segment joining the points (1, 2, 3) and (3, 4, 5) at right angles. (Kumaun 96) Sol. The coordinates of the mid-point of the join of (1, 2, 3) and (3, 4, 5) is ($1 +3),$2+4),16+5)} ie 23,4). Also the direction ratios of the line joining the given points are 3-1, 4-2,5-3 ie 22,2. Now the equation of any plane through (2, 3, 4) is : A(x~2)+B(y-3)+ C(@—4)=0 fi) .-See § 3.01 Cor, 2 Page 1 Ch. I If it is perpendicular to the join of the given points, then the normal to this ‘plane must be parallel to the line joining the given points and therefore, we must have SF5Fn te. A=B=C +. From (i), the required equation is A(K-D+AQ-3/+AG-4N=0 of x¥y+z=9 Ans, _“iftx. 14, Find the equation of the plane which passes through the point (—1,3,2) and is perpendicular to each of the two planes “xt2y¢22=5 and 3x+3y+22=8. (Bundelkhand 93; Garhwal 92; Rohilkhand 94) Sol. The equation of any plane through (~ 1, 3, 2) is A(x+1)+B(Q-3)+C(Z-2)=0. oi) If this plane (i) is perpendicular to the plane x+2y+2z=5, then we have A.14+B.2+C.2=0 or A+2B+2C=0, ~-ii) If the plane (i) is perpendicular io the plane 3x+3y +2z=8, then we have A.3+B.3+C.2=0 or 3A+3B42C=0. «iii ©. From (ii) and (iii), we get ALL ALB 4-6 ra 3 Substituting these proportionate values of A,B,C in @j), we get the required equation as 2 («+ 1)—4 (y-3) +3 (@- a or 2x -4y+324+8=0 Ans. Exercises on § 3.07 - § 3.08 Ex. 1, Find equation of the plane through the intersection of the planes x+y+z=6 and 2xt 3y+4z+5=0 and the point (I, 1, 1). Ans. 20x + 23y + 262= Ex, 2. Find the equation of a plane through the origin and through the intersection of the planes x + 2y+3z=4 and 4x+3y + 22+ 1=0. Ans, 17x + 14y + 10z 20.20 Solid Geometry 948 -Ex. 3. Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes x+2y+27= 4, 2x+y-z2+5=0 and perpendicular to the plane 4x-+ 5y—3z=8. | Ans. 3y-+5z=13. Ex. 4. A plane passes through the point (1,— 2, 5) and is perpendicular to the Tine joining the origin to the point (3, 1, - 1). Find the equation of the plane. Ans. 3x+ y-z=-4 Ex. 5. Obtain the equation of the plane that passes through the mid-point of the join ‘of the points (~2, 2,-3) and (6, 4,5) and is perpendicular to the join, Ams. 4x +y4+4z=15, Ex. 6. Find the equation of the Plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes x+y+z=6 and 2x4+3y+424+5=0 and Perpendicular to the jeinplome 4x4+5y-34=8. Ans, x+Ty + 132496 =0 Ex.’7. Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes x+2y+3e=4 and 2x+y-z=~5 and perpendicular to the plane Sx+3y+97=- 8. Ans. 36x + [Sy ~ 252+ 103 =0 Ex. 8: Find the equation of the plane through the point (— 1,3, 2} and perpendicular to. the planes xX+2y+32=5, 3x4 3y4z=9, Ans. 7x ~ 8y + 3z+25=0 Ex. 9. Find the equation of the plane which passes through the poiat (2, 1,4) and is perpendicular to each of the planes 9x~7y +6z +48 =0 and x+y-z=0. Ans. x+ l5y + 16¢=81 Ex. 10 Find the equation of the plane which is parallel'to Ox and passes through the points (2, 3, 1) and (4, 5,3). Ans. y-z=2 SEx. IL. Find the equation of the piane bisecting the join of (2, 4,6) and ~ (4, 6, 8) at right angles. (Hint : See Ex. 13 Page 19) Ans. xtyt+z=15 Ex. 12. Find the equations of the planes which pass through the points (2, 3, 4) and (4,~5, 3) and are parallel to x, y and z axes respectively. Ex. 13. Find the equation of the plane through the point (2,5, —8) and " perperidicular to each of the planes 2x —3y +42 +1=0, 4x+y-27+6=0. Ans.x+10y+72+4=0 {Avadh 92) § 3.10 Position of a point with respect to a plane. To find the condition for two given points to lie on the same or opposite sides of a given plane. . - Let the equation of the plane be Ax+ By +Cz+D=0 mo fi) - Let this plane divide the join of two given points P(x1,y1, 21) and - O02, y2,z2) in the ratio 4:1 at the point R, then the co-ordinates of R 1+A 7 1400" 142 and 1 is positive or negative according as R divides PQ internally or externally Ze, according as P and Q are on the opposite or same side of the plane (i), (See § 1.06 Cor. 2 Chapter 1) are, [S32 uthy “|The Plane 21 Since R lies on the plane (i), we have : nthe fatal [atta [22]. 0-0 +a 1+h | 14a or AC +Ax2) +B 1 +22) + Ci +422) + D1 t=O or 2 (Axa + By2 + Czr + D) + (Ax + By + Cz +D)=0 y= Aas Bt Ca+d (i) or *~ Ano + By2 + Ca +D “ If P and Q are on the same side of (i), then A is negative and from (ii) it follows that the expressions Axi + By; +Cz+D and Ag+ By2+Ca+D should have the saine sign. Again if P and Q are on the opposite sides on the plane (i), then A is positive and from (ji) itt follows that the expressions Ax + Byi + Czi+D and Axz+ By2 + Cz + D should have opposite sigus. Hence we conclude that the points P (x1, y1, z1) and Q (x2, y2, 22) lie on the same or opposite sides of the plane Ax + By + Cz+D=0 according as “Whe expressions Axi + Byi+Czi+D and Ax2+By2+Cz2+D are of the same or opposite signs. Cor. The point (x1, yi, 21) and the origin (0,0, 0) lie on the same or opposite sides of the plane Ax+By+Cz+D=O according as Axi + By + Cz +9 is positive or negative provided D is positive. **§ 3.11 Perpendicular distance of 2 point from a given plane. Case I Normal form : To jind the perpendicular distance of the point P (xt, yt, 21) from the plane Ix+ my +nz=p, ww) where |, m,n and p have their usual meanings. ‘The equation of any plane parallel to (i) is x + my + nz=p1 sail) As it passes through P (x1, yt, zt), so we have be + my + nz = pi. * ii) Let a perpendicular be drawn ftom the origin O to the planes given by (i) and (ii) meeting them in N and K; so that ON =p and OK =p). Aiso P lies on (ii), and fet PM be the required perpendicular from P on the piane (i),1hen PM =KN = OK ~ ON=pt—p = ln + my, +nzi —p,, from (iii) Note 1. Working rule for finding out the length of the perpendicular from the point P (xi, y1, z1) to the plane lx + my +nz—p=0 is that we should Substitute the co-ordinates of P in theuleft hand side expression of the equation 10 the plane (right hand side being zero.) Note 2. If however the point P (x1, yi, z1) and the origin O are on the same side of the plane Ix+ my +z =p, then perpendicular distance of P from this plane =— (dx, + my1 + az1 -p) (Note)2 Solid Geometry Case IL. General form : To find perpendicular distance of the point P (xt, yi. z1) from the plane Ax-+ By + Cz+D=0. “Writing this equation in normal form as in § 3.02 P.2 Ch. Ill we have the fequired length of the perpendicular from (e1,y1,z1) to. this plane as sft Bt CatD ie sign of the radical is to be taken as positive Var + B+ ‘or negative according as D is Positive or negative. Note. Working Rule for finding the length of perpendicular from point P to a plane. whose equation is given in the general form is that we should substitute the co-ordinates Of the point in the equation of the plane (right hand side being zer0) and divide the result by sum of the squarés of coefficients of x,y,z in the equation of the Plane}. choose a point on one the Planes and find the length of Perpendicular from this Point to the other plane, or find out ‘p’ the perpendicular distance of each plane from the origin and Tetaining their signs subtract them. Solved Examples on § 3.16 and §3. Ex. 1. Find the distance of the point P(x’, y’,z’) from the Plane X cos 0+ y cos B+zc08 y= p. (Meerut 90 5) Sol. Do as § 3.11 Case I Page 21 Chapter IIT Aus. xy cos H+ yi cos B +21 cos y—p Ex. 2 (a). Find the distance of the Point (1, 2,0) from the plane 4x + 3y + 122416 an * Sol. The given plane is 4x +3y + 122+ 16=0 . ee =A +32)+12 0) +16 _ 26 _ , . The required distance Wea ata ia Ans. Ex. 2 (b). Find the distance of the Point (4, 3, 5) from xz-plane. Sol. The given plane is xeplane ies y=O- ie, 0x4 1y+02=0 . 04413405 ©. The required:distance Yots Pot 3. Ans. Ex. 3. Show that the points (1, 1,1) and 3,0, 1) are on opposite sides and equidistant from the plane 3x + 4y — 122 +130, Sol. The given plane is 3x + 4y— 122+ 13=0, Ai) fe - jg eb $41 12.1413 8 8 vl, Wis 2a Peta 12 1+ 13 at Tts distance from (1, 1, 1) is Veena? 123) Tay B . gp FCI +40-12.1413 -8 Its distance from (~ 3, 0, 1) is 24-3) +40= 12.14 13 _ 6@ From § ds V3? +4? + 122) 169) = 8/13 (numerically)‘The Plane 23 Hence the given points are equidistant from the given plane. Moreover on substituting the co-ordinates of the given points in the L.ELS. of (i) we have results of opposite signs, hence the given points are on opposite sides of plane (ji). Ex. 4. Find the distance of the points (3, 4,7) and (2,~3,—5) fronr the plane x + 2y —2z=9. Are the points on the same side of the plane’ R Sol. The given plane is x+2y—2z-9=0. i) 3e2A-2 1-9 alo, MPs) . 4 5) jg 2EZEI-2C5)-9 _-3_ Its distance from (2; —3, - 5) is aia dd yr (Students should note that the distance is always positive). Also substituting the co-ordinates of the given points in the L.H.S. of (i), we have results of the same sign (negative), hence given points are on the same side of the given plane (i). phat Ex. 5 (a). Find the distance between the pianes ax +by +cz+d=0 and ax+by +cz+e=0. Sol. Let (0,0, z1) be a point on the plane ax + by +cz+d=0 Then a(0)+5(O)+c(i)t+d=0 or cz=-d ---(i) Now the distance between the given planes (which are parallel, as their equations differ only in the constant terms). = the length of perpendicular from (0, 9, zi) to the plane axtby+cz+e=0 Its distance from (3, 4, 7) is a+b (O)+ceG)te —dte eg et, from (i). Ans, Ve +P +, Ve +P +0) *BEx. 5 (b), Find the'distance between he parallel planes. 2x -2y +24+3=0 and 4x—4y+224+5=0. (Bundetkhand 93) Sol. The given planes are 2x—2y +z+3=0, 4x~4y+2¢+5=0. These can be written in the normal form as . Qx-2y+74+3 =0 and 4x—4y +t 45 =0 VP +27 +1) vate aye} or (2/3)x-Q/3)y+F241=0 and 2/3)x-Q/3)y+4z4(5/6)=0. <. The lengths of perpendiculars from origin to these planes are 1 and 5/6 respectively, and these planes are on the same side of the origin. ©. The required distance = 1-(5/6)= 1/6. Ex. 5 (c). Find the distance between the plames Bi -y + 3a +6=<0 and 4x~2y +424+9=0. (Avadh 95) Sol. Do as Ex. 5 (b) above. Ans. 1/2 Ex. 5 (d). Find the shortest distance between the plames 2x +y—22= 12 and 4x + 2y -42+15=0. (Bundelkhand 90) - Sol, Let (x1, 0, 0) be a point on the plane 2x +y -2z= 12.4 Solid Geometry Then 2x1 +0-20)=12 or xy =6 Gi) Now the distance between the given planes 2ety~2-12=0 and — e+ y-22 +(15/2)=9 (Note) (which are parallel, as their equations differ only in ¢onstant terms) = Length of perpendiculars from the Point (x1, 0,0) ie. (6,0, 0) to the plane 2x+y~2z + (15/2) =0 . 26 +020) + (15/2) _ (29/2) 2 Ans. Vi? +1746 2/3} 36 6. Find the locus of the point whese distance from (1, 0,0) is rice its distance from the-plane 3x + 4y ~2 +20, Sol. Let (x1, yt, zt) be the point whose locus is required. ‘The distance of 1, 91, 21) from the Point (1, 0, 0) =Ver- 1 +yh+d). The distance of (x1, yi, z1) from the given plane = 2+ 9-242 drt dy 42 Va+d4 C1 08 ‘Then according to the Problem, we have . Wor Wf tfh=2 (anda 4 2)/V06) Squaring and simplifying we get Sxt-+ 19yf ~ 1128 + 48eny1 — Jox121 — 16y1z1 — 501 + 32y1 - 821 ~ 5 =0, +» Required locus of (x1, y1, 21) is Et 199? — 112? + 48xy— 122 16yz— 50x + 32y— 82-5 =0, . 7. The sum of the distances of any numbr of fixed Points from a plane is zero; show that the plane always Passes through a fixed point. Sol. Let the fixed-poinis: be fat, 1,24), (@2, ba, €2) ...., (am, Bm, m) and the equation of the given plane be-lr-+ my + nz= P. i) Now according to the probiem, the sum of the distances of the abov Points from the plane (i) is zero, so we have ~ (ay + mb, +11 ~ p)+ (la + mba + nc2~p) +... 4 +++ (lam +inbm + nem —p) =0 ~-See § 3.11 Case I Page 21 Ch. I or G+ ant... 4am) +m(b+hy +. --+bm) tn (ci+e2+...+¢m)~mp=0 (Note) &) (2) (} or ye em A Lf U mt m } m Ge Ebr Ley which shows that the plane (@) passes through the point (Rohitkhand 94)or The Plane 23 Sol. Let (x1, yi, 21) be the point whose locus is required. mtyita | Meuty N3 Its distance from x+y +2=9 is — VI + IT A, Moat WP +e py 2 xi=2yttz Vo2+ Carry ++ According to the given problem, we have fa) fale] Gxt + 6yf + 62h = 54 or xt + yf + af =9, on simplifying, +: The required locus of (xt, y1, z1) is x74 y? +27=9, Ans, x 9. Find the focus of a point the sum of squares of whose distances its distance from x-z= Gis Mts distance from s~ 2; +2=0 is from planes x+y+2z=0, x-2y+2=0 is equal to the square of the distance from the plane x=z, or or or Sol. Let (x1, y1, zi) be the point whose locus is required, Its distance from the plane x+y +z=0 is given by xityitar _a+yitzt “Weer 8 “@ Its distance from the plane x — 2y+z=0 is given by x= 2yrtz xin ita S Pca i a And its distance from the plane x-z=0 is given by AL 2b A1-2t ees, Ser Ail) : PNee+eyy 2 Given that pt + p3 =p} faty tal +ho-ay taP=t(a-ay Dear ys bz)? + (tr 2yi 421)"=3 Or zi)? Ot ~4yh O44) +4 241-3) 42491 2-2) + 2yiz (2~2) + 2einy (414 3)=0 6yf+12exr=0 or yf42n1=0 + The required locus of (xt, yi, z1) is y?-+ 2x2 =0, Ans. Exercises on § 3.10 -- § 3.11 Ex, 1. Find length of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane 6x —3y+22= 14. Ans. 226 ; Solid Geometry Ex. 2. Find the distance of the point P (c, 8, 2) from the plane axtbyt+cetd=0." Ans. (ac + bB + cy+ d/V(a? +8? +c) Ex. 3, Find the locus of a point whose distance from the origin is 7 times its distance from the plane 2x + 3y — 6z = 2. Ans. 31° + 8y? + 352" + 12xy — 24ez — 36yz— Bx 12y + 24g =— § 3.12 Equation of the planes bisecting the angles between the given planes. . (Garkwat 93) Let the equation of the given planes be awtbyteztd=0 and axthytezt+dh=0 Gi) Let (x, y, 2) be any Point on the plane bisceting the angle between the given planes, then this point (x, y, z) must be equidistant from the given planes @ and Gi). ie art biytetdt _ anxt bytex+ do “ Vat+otech Wb +B +08) is the required equation of the planes bisecting hte angles between (i) and (ii). Taking di and dz as positive, the positive sign of the radical give the plane bisecting that angle between the given planes which contains. the origin, while the negative sign gives the planes bisecting the other angle, Note 1. If we are to find which of the two planes given by (iii) represents the’ plane bisecting the acute or obtuse angle between the given planes (i) and Gi), we should find the values of cos @, where @ is the angle hetween the bisecting plane and any of the given planes. Then find the value of tan @ from that of cos 8. In case the value of tan @ > I then @> tn and hence this bisecting Plane bisects the obtuse angle between the given planes. Similarly if tan @< 1 ie. <1 then this bisecting plane bisects the acute angle between the given planes. *Note 2. [f.the origin lies in the acute angle between the given planes (i) and GG) then the angle between the-normals.to-the-planes (i and (i) is obtuse and hence the value of the cosine of this angie is negative. ~-{a1a2 + bibg + c1cz = negative] is the condition for the origin to lie in the acute angle between the given planes. Similarly if the origin lies in the obtuse angle between the given planes, then the angle between the normais to the planes is acute and hence the value of the cosine of this angle is positive. i.e[a1az + bib2 + e1c2 = posifivesis the condition for the origin to lie in the obtuse angle between the given planes. ved Examples on § 3.12 te 1, Show that the origin lies in the acute angle between the planes x4 2y+22-9=0 and 4x —3y + 122+ 13=0. Find the planes bisecting the angles between them, and the one which bisects the acute angle.(Kanpur 95) ~-Aiii)The Plane 27 Sol. The given planes are =x 2y-224950 i) 4x—3y 4122413 =0 (ii) Hence “ajaz + b1b2 + cic." =(— 1) 4+ ©2)-3)+@2) (12) =~4-6-24= negative. Hence the origin lies in the acute angle between the given planes {see § 3.12 Note 2 Page 26). ‘The equation of the planes bisecting the angles between the given planes is =x-2y-224+9 at 4x—3y 4 122413 MeO C yee) VP +e 34 099 or 13 (-x~2y~2¢+9)=43 (4x—3y + 122+ 13) or 25x + 17y+ 622-78 =0; X+ 35y— 102 — 156 =0. Ans. Let @ be the angle between the planes (i) and 25x + 17y +62z-78=0. (~ 1) (25) + (2) (£7) + © 2) (62) Then cos 6= ME D+ 27+ C27) Vas)? + 07 + 627} =~ 61/V(4758) , on simplifying. tan 6 =~ (V(1037)}/61 ie. tanO<1 ie, Al =A cos O=A (+m mo +n 2), from (i) = (Alt) l2 + (Amy) mo + (Ani) no or Al=Arlo+ Aym2+Azn2, from (i). iii) Also the projection of area Ax, which lies on yz-plane, on the plane P=Ayh, since d.c.'s of the normal to the plane P are fo, mg, np. Similarly the projections of the areas Ay and Az (which lie on ex and 4 Planes respectively) on the given plane P are Ay mz and Az nz respectively, ‘Hence from (iii) we conclude that A1, the projection of area A on the Plane P, is equal to the sum of the projections of areas Ax, Ay and A; on the given plane P. . **§ 3.16. The area of a triangle, the co-ordinates of whose vertces are given. Let A(xi.y1, zu), B (2, y2, 22) and C (x2, 3, 23) be the vertices of a triangle ABC. Let A be the area of the triangle ABC and Im,n be the direction-cosines of the normal io the plane of this triangle. Let Ax, Ay, Az be the projections of the point A on yz, ar and 2y-planes. ‘Then the coordinates of Az, Ay and Az are (©, ys, 21, G1, 0,21) and (x1, 91, 0) Tespectively. Similarly if By, By, B, and C,, Cy C; are the projections of the points B and C on the yz, zx and xy-planes respectively then we have Bx (0, y2, 22); By (32,0, 22); Br (x2, 92,0); Cx(0, Y3 23); Cy 3, 0,23) and C, (x3, y3, 0) Tespectively. Let Br, Ay, dy be the projections of the area A of the triangle ABC on the coordinate planes. Then we have ° Ar=A.1; Ay=A. mand d,=A.n Also from § 3.15 Theorem I Page 33 Ch. III we have AB + AF 4 AP =A? Pe A? m2 02 P= A? (+m? +n?) =A Panerai or Waa area (i) where Ar= The projection of the area A on the ye-plane a = area of the triangle Ay Br Cx ; where Ax, By and C; are the points (0, y1, 21), (0, yo, z2) and (0, y3, 23) respectively.‘The Plane 35 or A=Slyn at w.(See Author’s Coordinate Geometery.) 2 2 1 . ys zat I Similarly Ay= area of the triangle Ay By Cy, and A; =area of triangle Az Bz Cz and so we have : dy=4 x1 zt o1} and A=t x yt x2 22 1 x2 y2 ib moa 23 y3 1 Substituting these values of Ay, Ay and A, in (j) we can evaluate A. Solyed Examples on § 3.16 x 1. Bind the area of the triangle whose vertices ared A.(L,2,3), B2,—1, 1) and C (1, 2,—4). (Meerut 96) Sol. The coordinates of the projections of A,B, C on the, yz-plane are (0, 2, 3) (0,— 1, 1) and (0, 2, ~ 4) respectively ©. Ae= area of projection of A ABC on yz-plane =3[2 3 15 | 5 fe. -1- 11 ~2 3] | 2-41 2 Similarly the projections of A,8 and C on zx and xy-planes are (4, 0, 3), (2, 6, 0, (1, 0,—4) and (1, 2,0) (2,-1,0)(1, 2,0) respectively. Also let Ay and A; be the areas of the projection of the triangle ABC on ‘zx and xy planes respectively. Then Ay=$]1 3 1f=7/2 (numerically); d-=4]1 2 1/=0 2 11 2-11 1-41 1 2 vo: The required area=V [AZ +Ay-+A2Z] —_..See § 3.16 Page 34 Ch IIT =¥ (21/2)? + (1/2)? + 0)"| = ¥ (69074) = (7/2) V(L0) Ans. x. 2 A plane makes intercepis OA=2,O0B=b and OC=c respectively on the co-ordinate axes. Find the area of the triangle ABC. (Kanpur 94) Sol. Since A,B and C lie on x,y and z axes respectively so the coordinates of A, B and C are (a, 0,0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c) respectively. +. The projections of the triangle ABC on yz,zx and xy-planes are triangles BOC, COA and AOB respectively. Let A, Ax , Ay and A; be the areas of the triangles ABC, BOC, COA and AOB respectively. Then Ar= area of ABOC, where B and C lie on y and zaxes respectively =t OB. OC =H be,36 Solid Geometry 948 Similarly Ay= area of ACOA=4ca and &,=atea of AAOB=4 ab A = AR AS + Az =(G be) + G ca)" + Gaby”. v. Required area of AABC=A=3V (O42 a 40h?) Ans. EX. 3. Prove that the area of the triangle whose vertices are the points (0, 0,00), (x1, ya, 21) and (x2, y2)22) is VE ys 22~ y2 21)°] Sol. Let A (0,0, 0), B (x1, y1, 21) and C (x2, y2, 22) be the vertices of the given triangle. The coordinates of the projections of A, B, C on the yz-plane are (0,0, 0),(0, y1, z1) and (0, y2, 22) respectively. ©. Ax= area of projection of A ABC on yz-plane =} 001 =} yt al=4@1a-yz) yioz 7 y2 22 yo 22 Y Similarly the projections of A, B and © on zx and xy-planes are (0, 0,9), (x1, 0, z1), (x2, 0, z2) and (0, 0, 0), (xi, y1, 0), (x2, y2, 0) ‘respectively. Also let Ay and Az be the areas of projections of the wiangle ABC on zx and xy-planes respectively. Then dy=4/0 0 t=} @12—na) a2 22 1 and &etlo 0 i/=t@1m-my 2 2 ao a2. y2 1 ++ The required area = ¥ (A2 +A} +A2)=2V[E 1 2 -y221)") Hence proved. ix. 4. Find the area of the triangle included between the plane ~3y + 4z = 12 and the co-ordinate planes. __ {Agra 91; Kanpur 91) Sol. The equation of the given plane can be written as etCats I, dividing each term by 12. «. If the given plane meets the co-ordinate axes viz. x,y and z axes in A.B and C respectively, then the coordinates of A,B and C are given by (6.0, G) , (0, ~ 4, 0) and (0, 0, 3} respectively.The Plane 37 Let A, Ar, Ay and Ax be the areas of the triangle ABC, BOC, COA and AOB respectively. Then as in last example, we can prove, that A= area of A BOC => OB .OC=5 (4) B)=6: dy= area of A COA=4 OC. OA=3 (3) (6) = and A= area of AAOB = OA : 08=4 (6) =12 +. The required area = V((A? + AP + AD] = VIO? +. + (12) = V[36 +81 + 144] = (261) =3 ¥(29). “Ex. §. Through a point P (a, B, 7) a plane is drawn at right angles to OP to meet the axes in A, B, C. Prove that the area of the triangle ABC is p°/(20. By), where OP =p. (Kanpur 97; Meerut 98, 91, 90) Sol. The equation of the plane through P (0, B, 7) at right angles to the line OP is a(x-@} +P -B)+¥@-Y=0 or xatyB+zy=eepry? Pr Lo OP = p= +8247 or f+ eh (e/a) @ AB) wD If this plane imeets the co-ordinates axes in A,B and C, then the co-ordinates of A, B and C are 2 2 2 x E. z é.08\(o%0) a [oot Let Ay, Ay, Az be the projections of A ABC on the yz. zx and xy-planes, then as in last example we have =P = Pe A= area of ABCO=5 .0B.OC= Ay= area of A COA=.0C.0A= Nie vie Nie aoe hy mR. af and A,= atea of AAOB=3..04. OB= <. The required area of A AOB 4 2 4 z 4 2. - 2, anf} fee) [4e sulessatien es} sera (=) —st ape ae veer3B Solid Geometry 4 Tey v paws py =P/Qaby. Hence proved | Exercises on § 3.06 Ex. 1. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A (4, 3,-2); BQO, 1) and C(2,~1, 3). Apa. 3 V(14) Ex. 2. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are A(1,2,3), B-2, 1,4) and C(3, 4, 2). Ans. 1 (194) 2 MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED EXAMPLES . 1. Through a point P (1, 2, 2) a plane is drawn at right angles to OP to meet the axes in A, B, C; find the area of the triangle ABC. Sol. The direction ratios of the line OP are 1-0,2-0,2—O ie. 1, 2,2. Also the equation of any plane through P (1, 2, 2) is AQe=1)+B(y=2+C(2-2)=0. wi) If it is perpendicular to OP, the normal to this plane (j) is parallel to OP - and so A/1 = B/2=C/2 Note) ~ From (i) the’ equation of the plane through P(i,2,2) and perpendicular to OP is giver. by 1(Qx-1)+2(-2)+2@-2=0 of xt+2y+2¢=9 or (/9) + (¥A9/2)] + 29/2] = 1. «+ The intercepts made by this plane on coordinate axes are 9, 9/2, 9/2 and hence the coordinates of A, B and C are (9, 0, 0), (0, 9/2, 0).and (0, 0, 9/2) respectively. The coordinates of the projection of A, B, C on the yz- plane are (0, 0, 0), (0, 9/2, 0) and (0, 0, 9/2) respectively. (Note) ~.Ax= area of projection of A ABC on yz-plane. aiy2x2e o4 =pXQ%X 7-818 ol 1 ole oO Nee nie Similarly the projections of A, B and C on zx and xy-planes are (9, 0,0), (0,0, 0), (0, 0, 4 and (9, 0, 0), (0, =, > 2 0), (0, 0, 0) respectively. Also let Ay and A; be the area of projections of A ABC on zx and xy-planes respectively. Ther Ay=4 19 9 1] =81/4 (oumerically); Ae=3 }9 9 1] =81/4 001 024 9 2 o3! 001‘The Plane 39 c. The required area = VfA? + A} +43} 2 2 2. aa] [sty , (88), (88 VE) 6) _an3 2. Find the equation of the plane through the point (1, 2, 3) . perpendicular to plane x + 2y + 3z=1 and parallel’to z-axis. (Meerut 97) Sol. Let the required equation of the plane be : axtby+cez+d=0 - If it passes through (1, 2, 3), then a+2b+3c+d=0 (ii) Ans. If the plane (i) is perpendicular to the given plane, then a.14+b.24+¢.3=0 of a+2b+3c=0 iii) If the plane (i) is parallel to z-axis, then the normal is perpendicular to z-axis whose d.c.’s are 0, 0, L. Then a.0+b.0+¢.1=0 iv) Eliminating a, 5, ¢; d from (i) to (iv), we get x yz if=0 or 2-y=0. Ans. 123 2 1230 0010 < BK3, Prove that the jocus of a point, which moves so that the sum of its distances from any number of fixed planes is constant is 2 plane. Sol. Let P(o., By) be the moving point and the equations of the fixed planes be hatmytmz=pi hxtmytn2z=p2r bxt mys mz . Given that the sum of the distances of the point P (a, B, 7) from these planes is constant = k, say Then (f) &+ m1 B+ m1 y~pi) + (la 1+ ma B+ a2 Y= pa) tet (pO mr B+ ne Y~ pr) =k. or ah+ta+...+))+Bmtmt+...+im)* Fy (ni tng+...+n)-(pitprt...tpy=k or (Ei) +B Emi) + ym) = Cpr) +k=H (say) . The locus of P(a, 8,7) is x(Zii)+y(Zm)+z(Eai)=A, which represents a plane as itis a first degree equation in x, y, z. Hence proved. ‘JERK 4. A variable plane passes through a fixed point (a,b,c) and méets the axes of reference in A, B and C.40 Solid Geometry Show that he locus of the point of intersection of the planes through A,B and C parallel to the co-ordinate planes is (a/x)+ (b/y)+(€/z)=1. (Kanpur 92; Kumaun 95; Purvanchal 97) Sol. Let the variable plane be (x/«1) + (y/B) + (2/9) = 1. A) If@ passes through the point (a, b, c) then (a/a) + (b/B) + (c/y) = 1. > ii) The plane (i) meets the co-ordinates axes in A (a, 0, 0), B (0, B, 0) and C@,0,y. The planes through A, 8 and C parallel to.the co-ordinate planes are x=q@,y=B and z=7 (iii) ‘The required locus is obtained by eliminating o, B and y between (ji) and (iii) and is given by (a/x) + (b/y) + (c/z)=1 Hence proved. 38x. 4 (a). A variable plane, which remains at a constant distance 3p from the origin, cuts the co-ordinate axes at A, B, and C. Find the locus of the centroid of the triangle ABC. (Meerut 92 P, 90 5; Rohilkhand 95) Sol. Let the equation of the variable plane be (x/a) + (y/b) + (2/c) = 1 Ai) It is given that this plane is at a distance 3p from (0, 0, 0). = te or Hetil Gi) NE/a)? + 176 + (1/0)] pie pe “~ Also the plane (i) meets the axes in A,B and C. So the co-ordinates of A, Band C are (a, 0,0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c) respectively. “Let (x, y, 2) be the centroid of A ABC, then x=} @r0+Q=4a Similarly y=4 and 2=4¢ or a=3x, b=3y, c= 32. Substituting these values of a, b and c in (ii), we get the required locus of . 1 Joi -24)-2, -2_ 2 the centroid as. — sor x tty ter ap ‘Ans, 9p" “a a 92 “Six. 4 (0). A variable plane, which remains at a constant distance p from the origin, cuts the cordinate axes at A, B and-C. Show that the locus of the centroid of A ABC is x? +y"?+ 27? =9p"?— (Avadh 91; Meerut 95) Do as Ex. 4 (a) above. “Ex. 4 (c) A variable plane is at a constant distance p from the origin’ and’ meets“the axes in A, B and C. Show that the ‘locus of the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC is x7 + y? +27? = 16p. (Agra 90; Buldelkhand 95; Kanpur 97, 91 syKumaum 90; Meerut 92; Purvanchal 96) Sol. Let the equation of the variable plane be (x/a) + (9/6) + (2/c) = 1 Ai)‘The Plane 4t It is give that this plane is at a distance p from (0, 0, 0). 1 A{(1/a)? + (17)? + (1/eP} Also the plane (i) meets the axes in A, B and C. So the co-ordinates of O,A,B and C are (0, 0,0), (a, 0, 0), (0, 6, 0) and (0, 0, c) respectively. Let (x, y, z) be the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC, then x={O+at0+0) - See § 1.08 Ch. L or xsta, Similarly y={b and zaqe or a=4x, b=4y, c=4z. Substituting these values of a, 6 and ¢ in (ii), we have the required locus as 1 1 ! or x” 249? +7 7=16p? Pp 162 16y? 162 rs 4 (d). A variable plane at a constant distance p from the origin meets the axes is A, B and C. Through A, B, C planes are drawn parailel to the co-ordinate planes. Show that locus of their Points of intersection is xy tea p? (Kumaun 91) Sol. Let the equation of the variable plane be (&/a) + /b) + @/c)= 1. i) ‘The plane (i) meets the axes in A,B and C whose co-ordinates are (40,0), (0,-b, 0) and (0, 0, c) respectively. ‘Also the distance of the plane (i) from (9, 0, 0) is given as p, so we have, =——,_|_ _— o det ytit Gi) V{(/a)? + (1/87) + ce) epee po The planes through A,B anc C parallel to the co- ordinates planes are given by x=a, y=b and z=c respectively. iil) ‘The required locus is obtained by climinating a, b, ¢ from the equations of these planes and the relation (ii). Substituting the values of a, b, ¢ from (ii) in (ji), we have the required locus Bx ya ap? Hence proved. Pe 5. Two systems of rectangular axes have the same origin. If a plane uts them at distances a, b,c and a‘, b’, c’ from the origin show that 11 11 sts st (Kanpur 91) Pp? at pt ct i Sol. Let the equation of the plane referred to the first system of axes be xetete I, the axes being CXC Oy, Oz. Again the equation of same plane referred to the second system of axes =I, the axes being OX, OY, OZ.“42 Solid Geometry The origin being the same for both the systems, the length of perpendicular from the origin to the plane in both the cases would be the same as only one perpendicular can be drawn from one polit to a plane, hence we have L | 1 ~Meza)?+ 17eP +(e) VA/a') + 1/6 + (170) or Ay ty tlt by a BR a a be ead itn 6. A point P moves on the plane x/at+y/b+2/e=1 which is fixed, and the plane through P perpendicular to OP meets the axes in A, B, C. If the planes through A, B, C parallel to hte co-ordinates planes meet in Hence proved. a point Q, show that the locus of Q is: 4,4 tot h (Kanpur 96) xtoyh Pax” by “ez” Sol. Let P be (a, B, 7), then as P lies on x/a+y/b+z/c=1. so we have (@/a) + (B/b) + (y/c) = 1. fi) Also d. c.’s of the line OP are a, B, ¥, therefore, the equation of the plane through P perpendicular to OP is @-0)+BO-B)+¥@-y=0 or axtBytye=or4 Bay ~~) The plane (ii) meets the coordinates axes in A, B,C whose co-ordinates are given by {ete 2 so: fa e8 +2 oh, fox oe + B+ | a 8 "oY The equation of the plane through P parallel to yz-plane is roe tiee Similarly the equations of the planes through B and C parallel respectively to zx and xy-planes are 2 2 . 2 = ever jand = eee? respectively. The locts of Q, the point of intersection of these planes is obtained by eliminating a, B, y between the equations of these planes and the relation (i). Litii o 2 BP y SEPA? ape Gap aPe Aytytl epee PE apres Pee t,tjil iw i, et Be ale P ey) br HP EP) c+ +A)‘The Plane 43 _ (@/a) + (B/b) + (Ye) i - = 75 =I from) +p ey) oP y fis the required locus of Q. ax by © 3EX. 7. A triangle, the length of whose sides are a, b and c is placed so that the middle points of the sides are on the axes. Show that the lengths a, B, Y intercepted on the axes are given by Bot=bisct—a’, 8B*=c7 4a2-b’, BY =a tbc and find the coordinates of its vertices. (Kanpur 95; Rohilkhand 91) Sol. Let ABC be the given triangle which makes intercepts 0, B, y on the axes. Therefore the equation of its piane is ath! Gl) ‘The plane (i) meets the axes in (ct, 0, 0), (0, B, 6) and (0,0, %.. ‘Also we know that the line joining the mid-points of two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half of it. Let the mid-point of the side BC of the triangle ABC be on the x-axis, those of CA and AB on y and z- axes respectively. ‘Then we have V(B* +7") =t aetc, or Bey=t pts P+ Pate Adding, opty (1/8) (+P +c), = (2 + B24 7) - (B+ 7) = (1/8) (2 +B +2) — (1/4) = (1/8) (6? +c? - a). Simitarly. B= (1/8) (c2 + a? - 6) and 7 =(1/8) (@ +0?- <7) te. 80a P 4a, BP aC 4a —b and 8 Pade 2 Co-ordinates of the vertices A, B, C. Let A be (x1, y1, 21). Then as mid- point of AB is (0, 0, Therefore B is an,-y. 2-20. (Note) Also the mid-point of AC is (0, B, 0), so the co- ordinates of C are x, 2B-yi.-a) From these, we have the mid-point of BC as G11, B-y. y- a). But the mid-point of BC is (ct, 0,0), so we have -xsa,0-fh-y1 and O=y-z1 he. XI a, y=, a=¥ Hence A, B and C are (- , B, ¥); (&, - B, y) and (a, B, - 7) respectively.Solid Geometry yes BX 8. Find the condition that the equation et 6(%, y,2) sax? +by* +r + 2fyz + 2gzx + 2hxy = 0. may represent a pair of planes. Prove that the product of the distance of the two planes from (c, By) is — ob V(Ea? +4En7 -2Z ab) Sol. For the first part (viz. the required condition) please see § 3.14 Page 30 Chapter IH. Second Part. Let the two Planes represented by oy 25 = ax” +by* ee" + Ofyz + Qgzx + 2hry =0. be Rxtmiytnayz=0 and Ahxtmy+n2z=0. Then we have $(x,y,2)5(ixtmiytnig(axtmy+m2) fi) or ax? + by? +2 + Yyz + 2gex + Mary s(ix+my+m 2 (ax+my+nr2). ‘Comparing the coefficients on both sides, we have aahh; b=mm; c=ni mj 2f=m m+n dgelmthmy and k= mthm. iii) Let pi and pz be the distances of the two planes from (e, B.D, then we: atm Btary hoatmBp+my have ota m= VG + mt + nt) MG + md + 13) -fotmBtmy baotrmp+ny OPES bemtenmy Wit nba nd - $8) . VE + mh mh + nf nb 4 (Fd +B med) + (rd + B nk) : + (at nb + md nf} the value of the numerator has been taken from (ii) » from (iii) (a, B, Vas + +E (Rh nd-+ Bm} (OL, OMe + 62+ 235 (CH fin +b my?—24 bm ma} sa toby oP, from (ii) Ma? +b +c +5 { (2h)? — 2ab}] Bs TY pa + 4542 2Eab] ° Le 9. A plane mets a set of three mutually perpendicular planes ir e sides of a triangle angles are A, B, C. Show that the first plane makes with other three planes angles whose cosine squares are cot B cot C, cot C cot A, cot A cot B. Sol. Let the plane be x/aty/b+7/c=1 wai) and the three mutually perpendicular planes be co-ordinates planes. Hence proved.The Plane 45 Then the plane (i) meets the coordinates planes at A (a, 0,6), BO, b, 0) and C (0,0, c). | | . The directionratios of AB and AC are a, b, 0 and a, 0, ~¢ respectively, therefore, A, the angle between AB and AC, is given by zr 2-2 oI” Lataz tanA 2+ (0-0) (@)} (0-(@) (-)}"1 @.a+(—b).0+0.(-c) 242 242 tuna Vee Leite b or cotA= 2 a “ . Wes? +a°b?) Similarly we can prove that vr VOR +P t+ a) WE r+ ad Hy Let the plane (i) make angles o,B,y with yz, cx and xyplanes respectively. Then ot is the angle between the plane () and the plane x =0. The direction ratios of the normals to these planes are 1/a, 1/b, 1/c and 1, 0, 0 respectively. corB and coiC= =. cosa= “a a+ by ba+e1 2” Wak + bh + chy. Vih + th + dy (7a). 1 +(17b) 0+ (1/e) .0 A(V/ay? + (176) + (1/0)?1 VO? + 0-4 07) be or cos M= NP Are d+a) or cos? a5 5 moot Beate, from above. @P +P e+e a) fatly cos® B=cot C cot A and cos” y=cot A cot B. Ex. 10. P is a given point and PM, PN are perpendiculars from P to the zx and xy-planes. If OP makes angles 6, o, B, 7 with the plane OMN and the co-ordinate planes, prove that 2 & + cosec” B + cosec” y, where O is the origin. (Rohitkhand 91} cosec” 0 = cosec Sol. Let P be the point (a, b, c) M and N are the feet of perpendiculars from P (a,b,c) to zx and xy-planes, hence M and N are the points (a, 0, c) and (a, b, 0) respectively. ‘Also ot is the angle between the line OP and the yz-plane (i.e. x=0), then the angle between OP and the normal to the plane x =0 is 90°-@ and the direction ratios of OP and the normal to the plane x=0 are a, b,c and 1,0,0 respectively.46 Solid Geometry “ai n+ by bg +erc2” Mats bh + ch Vib +d), or sina= al+b0+c.0 1 a NG PVP +0) e+e ee) or cosec? a =(a* +P + vd Similarly cosec? = eibee and cosec?y= Peved c cos (90° - a) = ? e+ cosec” B+ cosec? y ASHP? PHP Pred a eR 2 APP AP C+ 2 P40? a Pee te a tab) aye Again the equation of any plane through’ O (0, 0,0) is + AxX+By+Cz=0. ii) If (ii) passes through M (a, 0, c) and N(@, 6,0), then we have A.a+B.0+C.c=0 and A.a+B.b+C.G=0 + cosec’ i is we get - 8 _€ Solving these simultaneously, we get Tbe ta ab ~. From (ii) the equation of the plane OMN is ber—cay-abe=0 or = FE 2=0, ‘The direction satios of the normal to this plane are 1/a;—1/b,— 1/c Also. 0 is the angle between OP and the plane OMN, so the angle between OP whose direction ratios are (@, b,c) and the normal to the plane OMN is 90° ~ 0, therefore we get cos (90° -6) = a(1/a) +b (-1/b) +e 1/0) Ve +P 4 VV(1/ay + (- 170° + 1/2) or sin = abe aa VOPR Ae ea? BY , 24 ty 2 2, 22 2 12) Qp_@ +k te) bic+ca +a’ by or cosec® @ = Se ae). ae . ~ = cosec” a+ cosec” B+ cosec” y, from(i) Hence proved. Find the equation of the plane which bisects the line joi the points (x1, yi, 21) and (x2, ¥2, 72) at right angle. . Sol. Let P and Q be the points (x1, yi, 21) and (x2, y2, 22). -+ The direction ratios of the line PQ are xi ~ 4X2, YI Y2, 21 ~ 22. Also the required plane is at right angles to the line PQ so the normal to this must be parallel to the line PQ and hence equation of this plane should beThe Plane 47 : Qi-x)x+O1-y2) y+ Gi~22)z=A, fi) where A is to be determined from the condition that the plane (i) bisects the line PQ. The coordinates of the mid-point of PQ ate fart). 3014). p42] ‘This point lies on (i) and as such we have 5 = x2) (er +2) +5 1-92) O1 +2) + @i-a) ata)=a or pat-+tot-yb+tet-d=a ©. From (j) the required equation is (1-22) x+O1-y2) y+ 1-2) z =4 teh -28)+ot-yb+ et-d) EXERCISES ON CHAPTER Il Ex. 1. Find the equations to the planes which pass through the points (2,3, 1) and (4, —5, 3), and are parallel to the coordinate axes. Ans. y-+4z=7. Ex. 2. Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes 2x+y+2z=9, 4x—Sy~4z= 1 and the point (3, 2, 1). . Ass, Sx—y+z= 14. Ex. 3, Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes x+y+z=6 and 2x+3y+4z+5=0 and perpendi- cular to the plane 4x + Sy —3z = 8. Ans, x + Ty + 13z+96=0. Ex. 4. Find the equation of the plane through the point (2, 5,—8) and perpendicular to each of the planes 2r-3y4+4z24+1=0, 4x+y—224+6=0. Ans. x+ 10y+7z+4=0. Ex. 5. Find the equation to the plane through (~1,3,2) and perpendicular to the planes x + 2y + 3z=5, 3x+3y +z=0 Ans, 7x - 8y + 3z+25=0. Ex. 6. Find the equation of the plane through the points (1,-2,2), (~3, 1,—2) and perpendicular to the plane x + 2y —3z=5. (Meerut 98) (Bint : See Ex. 3, Page 8 Ch. HI) Ans. x= [6y+11z+9=0 Ex. 6, The angle between two planes 3x —9y + 5z=0 and 2x—y-3z=5 @ 1/3; (ii) 1/2; (iti) 2/6 ; (iv)O Ans. Gi)CHAPTER IV The Straight Line § 4.01 The equation toa line. In the last chapter we have read that every equation of the first degree represents a plane. Also as two planes intersect in a line therefore the two equations of the first degree representing these planes are satisfied by the coordinates of any point on the line intesection of these planes and as such the two linear equations in x, y, z taken together represent that line. ‘Thus equations ax + by+cz+d=O anda’ x+b' ytc'z+d'=0 represent the line of intersection of the planes ax+by+ce+d=0 and axtb y+czt+d =0 . § 4.02 Symmetrical form of the equations of a lin (Kumaun 92) ‘The equations of a line are also determined by the coordinates of a fixed point on it and the direction consines or ratios of the line. Let the line pass through a fixed point A (0, B, y) and have direction cosines 1, m,n. If P (x, y, 2) is airy point on the line at a distaace 7 from A, then the projection of AP on the x-axis is xa. Also it is Ir. Hence we have x-asir. ° Similarly we have y —B = mr and z—Y=nr. x, The co-ordinates of any point (x, y, z) on the line satisfy the equations spa roB 21 en, i) mon which are the equations of a straight tine passing through the point A (0.,B, 1) and [, m,n are the direction-cosines of the line. Note 1. If instead of direction cosines of the line the direction ratios are given, the equation of the lines will remain unaltered but in this case the actual distance of P from A-is not given by r. Note 2. From-the equations (i) we have _ x=atlr, y=Btmr and z=ytar which are the general coordinates of any point on the line in terms of r. Solved Examples on § 4.01 to § 4.02 Ex. 1. Choose the correct answer : Co-ordinates of any point on the line se X=-XI_.YoY1 22 1 m are given by @ xa-ds, y1- my, 21-005 Gi) ir, mr, nr; Gil) xu tte, ya + my, 71 +r; (iv) None of these. Ans, (iii) See Note 2 of § 4.01 above. Ex. 2. Find k so that the lines given by the following equations may be perpendicular to each other. Is11VvBThe Straight Line 49 5h HGF EE? ana setts 8 (Kimaun 96) Sol. The direction ratios of the given lines are ~3, 2k, 2 and 3k, 1, -5 -. (these lines are perpendicular to each other, then ‘ajaz + bib2 +c1c2=0" ie 3) GH +28 (1)+2-5)=0 ie -9k+2k-10=0 or Tk+10=0 or k= x = 754 = ES meets the plane 10/7 Ans. Ex. 3 (a). Find where the line : 2+ 4y—2-1=0 (Agra 92) Sol. The equations of the line are i =. oa =rsay . ..fi) and the plane is 2+ 4y—2-1=0 Any point on the line (i) is (1 + 2r,2-3r,-3 +47) . This point lies on (ii), if 2 (1 +2r)+4 (2-3r)-(-3+4n)-1=0 or -12r+12=0 or rel Substituting this value of r in the coordinates of the point given by (iii) we have the required point as (1+2,2-3,-3+4) or (3,-1,1) Ans. Ex. 3 (b). Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the line x+1=}(y+3)=~} (2-2) with the plane 3x + dy +52=25. (Bundelchand 91) Sol. Do as Bx. 2 (a) above Ans. (5, 15, - 10) Ex. 3 (c). Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the line x+isi(y+3)=4(¢-2 with the plane 3x-+4y+52=20 (Rohilkhand 97) Sol. Do as Ex. 2 (a) above. Ans. (0,0, 4) Ex. 4. Find the ratio in which the join of (2, 3, 1) and (~2,1,-3) is cut by the plane x-2y+3z+4=0. Find also the coordinates of the point of intersection. Sol. The direction ratios of the line joining the points (2, 3, 1) and (62, ,-3) are~2-2,1-3,-3-1or-4,-2,-4 or 242 The equations of the line through (2, 3, 1) and joining the given Hott thor Goay) . i) Any point on this line is (2+2r,3+7,1+2r) ii) If this point lies on the plane x—2y+3z+4=0, then points are (42) -2G4N+3U+e4+4=0 or 6r=-3 or c=- Substituting this value of r in the co-ordinates of the point given by (ii) we have the required point of intersection as50 Solid Geometry 2-1,3-4,4-1) ie. 3,0) Ans. Let the point (1,0) divide the join of (2, 3, 1) and (2,1, 3) in the ratio m:n, then . | paM@EQ+nQ) 5 _mi+nQ) 5 ME 3+n (1) min °2 mtn mtn which give 3m=n or min=1:3, Ans. Ex. 5. Prove that the distance of the point of intersection of the line x-3=py-4=! (2-5) and the planes x+y+2=17 from the point 3,4,5) is 3. Sol. Any point on the given line is G+1.7,442r,5427 ~See Note 2 § 4.02 P. 48 Ch. IV. If it lies on the plane x+y+z=17, then we have GH +42) 4(542)=17 of Sr=5 or ral, Substituting this value of r in the coordinates of the point above, we have the point of intersection of the given line and plane.as (4, 6, 7). < The required distance = the distance between (4, 6, 7) and (3, 4, 5) = M4 - 37 + 6-4) +75} = W124 22 422) =3, Hence proved. Ex 6 Gi) Find the distance of the point (1, 5, 10) from the point of intersection of the line mt = a and plane xy +2= 16. ‘Kanpur 90) Sol. Ate point on the given line is (2+ 3r, ~ 1447, 24100) if this point lies on the given plane x—y-+2=16 then (2437)-(1 +4r)+(2 +107) =16=3 r= 11/9, Substituting this value of r in the Coordinates of the point, the point of intersection B of the given line and’plane is 243 (11/9), -144 (11/9), 2410(11/9)) or = % 3] +. Required distance = distance between (1, 5, 10) and (17/9, 35/9, 128/9) = Vit -(7/3))? 4 (5~(35,"9))?-+ (10 (128/9))?} = ¥[3308/81] = 1(3308)/9, Ans, Ex, 6 (b). Find the distance of the point (~ 1, - 5, - 10) from the pointt of intersection of the line f-D =} & +1) =(1/12) @—2) and the plane x-y+z=5, Sol. Do as Ex. 6 (a) above. Ans. 13‘The Straight Line St Ex. 6 (c). Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the origin to the plane 2x + 3y—4z+1=0. Sol. The equations of the perpendicular from origin to the plane 2x4 3y-4e+1=0 i) #-0_y-0_2-0 is POPS (Note) Any point on it is (2r, 3r, —4r). If this point lies on the plane (i), then 220+380)- 44) +1=0 of 29r=1 or r=1/29 :. The coordinates of the required point are (2r, 3r, — 47), where r= 1/29 ie. _ (2729, 3/29, ~ 4/29) Ans. Ex. 6 (d). Find the point in which the line - (x + p= (y-12) =1(¢-7) euts the surface 21x? ~ 5y?+2?= 0, (Agra 91) Sol. Any point on the fine 41 25 B tT, is Glan 124 Sr, 742n. Ai) If it lies on the surface 11x? ~ Sy" +2? =0, then we have Me t-7?-5 (12 + 5h + (14217 =0 or L274 7)—5 (144 + 1207 +2577) + (49 +287 + 4) =0 or 110° +550? +660=0 9 or PF 45r$6=0 or re-2,-3. Substituting these values of r in (i), we have required points as (1, 2, 3) and (2,~3, 1). Ans. yO 7 (a). Find the image of the point P (3, 5, 7) in the plane 2x+y+z=6. — (Avadh 90; Kanpur 97,90) Sol. The image of the point (3, 5, 7) on the given plane is the point in which the line through (3, 5, 7) perpendicular to the given pane meets it, Nov the directin ratio of the normal to the given-plane are 2, 1, 1. :. Equations of the line through P (3, 5,7) perpendicular to the given 223 _y-5_ 2-7 2° 1 4 Any point on this line is (3+2r,5+7,.7+7r) If it lies on the given plane 2x + y+z=6, then we have 2G4HW+G4+HN+74N=6 or 6r=-12 or + +» Required point is (3 +2r, 5 +1, 7+), where r=—2 plane are ie. (3-4,5-2,7-2) ie. (13,5) Ans, Ex. 7 (b). Find the image of ‘the point (1, 3, 4) in the plane 2x-y+2+3=0. (Bundelkhand 90; Gorakhpur 92; Purvanchal 96, 92) Sol. The d.c.'s of thé-normal to the’ given plane are 2.1, 1. se the equations of the line through (1, 3, 4) perpendicular to the giver plane are52 Solid Geometry 948 3 4 2-1 4 | Any point on this line is Qr+1,-r43, r+ 4) A) ' If it is lies on the given plane, then we have 22re-Cr+3t4+4 4950 of rel Substituting this value of r in (i), the required image is ail =r (say) C24 14+3-144) ie 1,43) Ans. Ex. 7 (c). Find the image of the point (2,-1,3) in the plane 3x-2y+2=9. Sol, Do as Ex. 7 (a) above Ans, (11/7, - 5/1, 20/7) Ex. 7 (@). Find the image of the point (2,1,3) in the plane K+y~z+2=0. Sol. Do as Ex. 7 (a) above. Ans. (4/3, 1/3, 11/3) **Ex. 7 (c). Find the imagge of the point (— 2, 1,3) in the plane x+y-2+1=0. (Avadh 91) Sol. Do.as Ex. 7 (a) above Ans, (— 5/4, 7/4, 3/2) 8 (a). Find the distance of the point ({, - 2, 3) from the plane x—y +z=5 measured parallel to the line i i ys -t z (Meerut 96P) Sol. In this example, we are not required to find the perpendicular distance of the point (1,--2, 3) from the given plane, but the distance of this point from the given plane measured parallel to the Biven line whose direction ratios are 2, 3,-6. Now the equations of the tne through (1, -2, 3) and parailel to the line alt? 3 -6 -Any point on this line is (1 + 27,-2 + 3r, 3-67). we) If it is lies on the given plane x -y + 2=5, then we have (142 -(-2+ 34-6 =5 or 1-7r=0 or r=(1/7). Substituting this value of rin (i), the point is (9/7), (- 11/7), (15/7)} and therefore the required distance of this point from the given point (1, - 2, 3) 2 i 15 9 17) ofS] eyfgegeter am *Ex. 8 (b). Find the distance of the point (3,-4,6) from the plane 2x + Sy — 61 = 16 measured along a line with direction cosines proportional to (2, 1,2). (Kumaun 94) Sol. Do as Ex. 8 (a) above. Ans. (22/7) (14) Ex. 8 (c). Find the equations of the straight line through (a, b.c) which are (i) parallel to z-axis and (ii) perpendicular to z-axis. whose d.c.'s are 2, 3, 6 are = +The Straight Line 53 Sol. The equations of any line through (a, b, c) are 254 ab ee, fA) moon where /, m, n are the d.c.’s of the line. (i) If this line is parallel to z-axis, then its d.c.’s are proportional to (0,0, 1) the d.c.’s of the z-axis. Hence from (A) above the required equations are xna_yrb ze 0° 0. 1° Ans. i) If line given by (A) is pependicular to z-axis i.e. parallel to xy-plane, then we have 1.0+m.04+n.1=0 or n=0. From (A) above the required equations are xna_y-b_z-¢ Ans. tm” 07 : 4Ex. 9. Find the equations of the line through (o,, B, 7) at right angls to thelines %=2-=2 gnq %=-L=+ (Kumaun 91) hm ko m2 ng Sol. Let the required line through (a, B, 7) be KaO yo Bl eny Ai) tom on If this line is perpendicular to the given lines, then we have Uy + mm + nny =0 and Uy + m2 + nn. =0 Solving these, we have ——!__=__™ #1 ming moni nila tym — bmi Substituting these proportionate values of /,m,n in (i) we have the uired tions as. ———— =———_ . rea ns aS mim, dum - lam, ffx. 10. Show that if the axes are rectangular, the equations fo the perpendicular from the point («, B, 7} te the plane x-@_y-B_z-y abc and deduce the perpendicular distance of the point (c, 8, y) from the plane. Sol. The perpendicular from (at, B, 7) to the given plane is paralle! to the normal to the given plane viz. ax+ by + cz+d=0. . «> = a(atebttc) ba t+b ee) c@? eb ac) and I/c] are given by =r (say). tiv)56 Solid Geometry ere ac Pao Ho? from (ii) or . R/C +42), from (iv) of ty eZ a eyt4 a2 Hence proved SP&. 14. Does the lines *=+—1=2_253 intersect any one of the planes (i) 2x+3y—7z+29=0, (fi) 2x +3y-72+25=0, (ili) 2x + 3y ~62420=0 If it does, find the point of intersection. Sol. Any point on the given line is (5r-+ 1, 6r—2, 4r-+ 3) AA) If the given line intersects the plane (i), then 2(Sr+1)+3 (6r—2) -7 (4r+3) +29 =0 or 7 (10+ 18 ~ 28) + (2-6 -21 +29) =0 from which r cannot be determined. Hence the given line does not meet the plane (i). Similarly. if the. given line intersects the plane (ii), then proceeding as above we find that r can not be determined, hence the given line does not intersect the planee (i). Finaily if the given line intersects the plane (iii), then . 2 (Sr+ 1) +3 (6r—2) -6 (4r+3)+20=0 or (10+ 18 ~24)+(2-6-184+20)=0° or 4r—2=0 of r=1/2 Hence the given line intersects the plane (iii) and the required point of intersection from (A) is. [5{1/2)+ 1, 6(1/2)-2, 4(1/2)+3] ie. (7/2, 4, 5) Ans. Exercises on § 4.01-4.02 Ex. 1. Find the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of the tine Ge D=40+43)=-26@-4) with plane 3x+4y +5z-6=0. Ans. (0,—6, 6) Ex. 2. Find the co-ordinates of the point where the straight line ta- )=~(y+1)=4zimerceps the plane 3x+2y-2=5, Ans. (9, ~5, 12) Ex. 3. Find the co-ordinates of the point where the line joining the points (2,3, 1) and (3,4, = 5).cuts the plane 2x-+ y+2=7, Ans. (9,-2.7) Ex. 4. Find the distance of the point (3,—4,5) from the plane 2x4 5y + 6z=19 measured along a straight line with direction cosines proportional to 21,-2. Ans, 83/4 Ex. 5. Find the distance of the point (1, 2, 3) from the plane x+y+z= U1 Ans. 15, measured parallel to the line x+1=—4(y-12)=‘jhe Straight Line 57 Ex. 6. Find the equations of the line through (c, B, y) at right angles to 1 —4) and Fe-D=LO-) =F 6-5). the fines 3 (= D=40-D= Ans. (¢~0) =-3 0-B)=(2- 9) Ex. 7, Find the coordinates of the image of the point (1, 3, 4) in the plane 2x-y+z724+3=0. Ans, (- 1, 4, 3) Ex. 8. Find the image of the point (1. 3, 4) in the plane 2x —y-+2= (Bundetkhand 96) (Hint : See Bx. 7 (b) Page 51) Ans. (1/4, 27/8, 29/8} Ex. 9. Find the coordinates of the image of the point (a, b, ¢) with respect to the coordinate planes. Ans. (a, b, 0), (0, b,c) (a, 0, ¢) Ex. 10. Find the distance from the point (3, 4, 5) to the point where the Tine (= 3) =4 0-4) = 4 @~ 5) meets the plane x+y-+2=2, Ans. - 6. Ex. LL. Find the equations of the line through (1, 2.~ 1) perpendicular to 3x—Sy+42=5 and deduce the length of the perpendicular from (1,2, -5 upon the plane and also the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular. Ans. (8/5)2, [42/25, 25. 7/25} Ex. 12. Are the two lines atl _y-2_2+3 2 perpendicular to each other? Ans. No. § 4.03. Line through two points. (Purvanchal 91) Let two given points be P (xs, yi, z1) and Q (x2, y2, 22). Then the d.c.’s of the line PQ are x2 - x1, y2—y1sz2—21- XoM _ yoy z= X2-Xi Y2-YL 22-2 Also we know by § 1.06 Chaptter I that if there be a point R which divides PQ internally in the ratios 4: 1, then the coordinates of R are (Amte Ayty Reta ® [Aer Rel Aa | ft .. The equations of the line PQ are Solved Examples on § 4.03. Ex. 1. Find the equations of the line joining the points (4,~5,-2) aud (-1,5,3) and show that it meets the surface 2x*+3y?—4z*= i in coincident points. Sol. The equations of the tine joining (4, -5,—2) and (- 1, 5, 3) are a4 yd) 2262) Gg, tod ye 242) oy =1-4 5-5) 3-€2) -l 2 f" 542r,-2+0 IF it fies on the surface 2x” + 39" 24-435 -. Any point on it is (4 - r,58 Solid Geometry or 216-8 #77) 3 25 ~ 20+ 47) 4 (Pdr 4) = . or 10° -60r+%=0 or 2~6r49=0 or (r-3)?=0 or r=3,3. These tw values of r being coincident the tine (j) meets the given surface in coincident points. : . *Ex. Z. Find the equations of the lines through the points (a, b, ¢) and (@,b’,c) and prove that it passes through the origin, if aa’ + bb’ + ce’ = rr’, where rand rare the distances of these points from the origin, Sol. ‘The equations of the Tine through (a,-b, c) and (a’, b,c’) are =b ine . =b ene @ Uf (i) passes through the origin i.e. (0,0, 0), then (Note) or ¢ From these, we can get ab’ ~a’b=0, be’ —b'c=0, ca’-~c’a=0 ii) Also we are given that r=Va? +6? 40%), = Va? +0? 40% ii) Now from Lagrange’s Identity, we have (Be 4b +0) — (aa! + bb ec? = (ab! — a'b)* + (be! — b’c)* + (ca’ —c’ay? or ? (¢)? ~ (aa + bb’ + cc’)? =0, from (ii) and (iii) or : 1 = aa’ + bb +c" Hence proved. **§ 4.04 ‘Transformation from General Form to Symmetric Form. : (Rohilkhand 93) Let the equations of a straight line be given by axtbytez+di=0 Ad) and aaxt by +ez+d2=0 In order to transform the general form of the straight line given above by (i) we should find out the d.c.’s of the line and the co-ordinates of some point on it Let J, m,n be the d.c.’s of this line. Then as this line lies on both: the planes given by (i), so that it is perpendicular to the normals to these planes. the direction ratios of the normals to the planes given by (i) are aj, bt, c1 and «7, b2, c2 respectively. . Fes + We have ail+bim+cin=0; al +bym + can =0, . I _m Solving these, we have habe > tab coat which give the direction ratios of the line. Now the co-ordinates of any poini on the line can be calculated in many ways. One of them is that we choose the point as the one where the line meets 2=0 wedi) 162 -a2b1‘The Straight Line 59 (ie. 2x-plane). Putting z=0 in (i), we get axtbiy+di=0 sand azx Hbay+dy= x bydy - body —_bida—badi athe abi |? ~ -. The co-ordinates of the point where the line meets the plane z=0 is bidr—brd\ — diay- doar ayb2—arbt’ a)bz- ab, * ~. With the help of (ii) and (iii) we can write the equations of the line given by (i) in the symmetric form as Solving these, or i eel iip x b142 - brdt _ {dia - doar aybz—arby ayby — azb) 2-0 biea=bacr ccna ayn ~aah An Important Note : If a162 ~ a2b1 = 0, then we should choose the point where the ling meets the plane x=0,or y=0. Solved Exampes on § 4.04. (a). Find the symmetric equations of the line x~y=0; 3x~z+8=0 Sol. The equations of the given planes can be written as Lix-1.y40.2=0,3r+0.y—1.248=0 777 i) Let J,m,a be the d.c.'s of the fine. Then as this lines fies on both the planes given by (i), so it is perpendicular to the normals of the planes given by (i). “Le ltm(l)+n.0=0 and L3d+m(O)+n(-Ds0 Solving these we get I/1 = m/t =n/3 Ai) Putting x=0 in @) we have y=0, ¢=8 «+ The line (i) meets the plane x = 0 in (0, 0, 8) Hence the required form of the equations of the given line from (ii) and (e- 0/1 = (y~ 0/1 = (@ - 8)/3 Ans. we 1 (b). Find the symmetric form the equations of the line given by xX=ay+b, z=cy+d Sol. The equations of the given planes can be written as I.x-a.y+0.2-b=0 and O.xtc.y-1.24d=0 (i) Let m,n be the d.c’s of the line: ‘Then as this line lies on both the planes given by (i), so it is perpendicular to the normals to the planes given by (i). ‘Therefore Lo ltm.(ajtn.0=0 Gii) is60 Solid Geometry and {.04+m.ctn.(1)=0. Solving these, we get W/a=m/l=n/c fii) Putting y =0 in (i), wp have x= and 2 =d ©The line (i) meets the ; ‘ane y= 9 at (b, 0, d). Hence dhe roquired equations are “—" = 2-8. a © Ans. Ex. f (c). Obtain in the symmetric form the equations of the line given by: x- ly +32=4, 2x-3y+4z=5. Sol. Do as Ex. 1 (a) abow: Ans.x42=4(943)=z Ex. 2. Find the symmuric form of the equations of the line x+y+z+1=0 and 4x+y—-2z+2=0 and-hence find the equation to the plane through (1, 1, 1) and perpendicular to the given line. Sol. Let 1, m, 1 be the d.c.’s of the line. Then as this line lies on both the given planes, so it is perpendicular to the normal to these planes. - Wehave f+m+n=0,4l+m—-2n= (ote) a i_mon . Solving these we gets = 72-474-1 oy RlgTT .{i) Putting z= 0 in the given equations we get xty Solving these we get.x=~4, -. The required line meets the plane z= 0 ah 12 50) Gi) *. From (i) and Gi) the required equations in symmetric form are rth y+ -U o 3x+h _ 3yt2 Zz 1-2) 1% 30 6 And its direction ratios are 3,-6, 1. Let the plane through (1, I, 1) be A(@@—- 1) +B(y-+C@-1)=0 If this plane is perpendicular to the above line, then A/1 = B/(-2) = C/1 and so its equation is G@-1-20-D+@-HD=0 or x-2y+7=0 Ans. Ex. 3. Find the symmetric form of the line Bx+2y+2=5,x+y-22= Sol. Let-J, m,n be the d.c.’s of the.line. Then, as.this fine lies on both the given planes, so it is perpendicular to the normal to these planes: 2. We have 31+ 2m+n=0, l+m -2n=0 | 2ED-11 11-362) 31-21 or YC5)Sm/T=n/1 fi) Putting 2=0 in the given equation we get 3x + 2y=5,x+y=3 Solving these we getThe Suaight Line 6i Solving these we get x=-1, y=4 >. The required iine meets the plane z= 0 in (- 1. 4,0) wii) =. From (i) and (ii) the required equations are xti_y-4 2 37 74 Ans. Ex. 4 (a). Find the equations of the line through the point (- 2,3, 4) and paraliel to the planes 2x + 3y +4z=5 and 3x +4y +52=6. Sol: Let J, m, n be the d.c.’s of the line. Then as in Ex. 1 (b) Page 59 we. have 24 3m+4n=0, 31+ 4m + Sn=0 Solving these we get nls 35-44 43-25 24-33 -t ©. The required equations of the line through (- 2. 3, 4) are £262) _y=3_z-4 5 x#2_yo3 lend Ans. ~1 2-1 1-2 4 Ex. 4 (b). Find the equations to the line through the point (1, 2, 3) parallel to the line x—y +2z=5, 3x+y+2=6, -1 Sol. Do as Ex. 4 (a) above. 7 - Ex. 4 (c). Find the equations of a straight line through the point (3, 1,~ 6) and parallel to each of the planes. xty+2z-4=0 and 2x~3y+2+5=0. Sol. Do as Ex. 4 (a) above. Ans. 7 3 -5 Ex. 5. Find the equations of the line through (0, 8, 7) and parallel to the line aix + byy + ¢1z + dt =90, ax + bay + rz + d2=0. (Kanpur 92) Sol. Let /, m,n be the direction cosines of the required line. ‘Then as this line is parallel to the line given by the planes auxtbiytez+d=0 and ayxtbytoe+d=0 2 ayl+ bim+ cin 0, al + bam + cm =0 z t m fn Solving these we get p= ai = ab saab «. The required equations are xa oy BL ¥ brea borer ciaz—c2a1 tba ~ arbi Ans. + Prove that the lines x=ay+b, z=cy+d and x=a'y+b/, z=c'y +d’ are perpendicular if aa’ + cc’ =— 1. (Meerut 96 P; Purvanchal 94) Sol. As in Ex. 1 (b) Page 59 Chapter IV, if f1, 21.2 be the d.c.’s of the first line, then. 1b (~a) +1 .0=05 8.04 miet+ ny (- 1) =0. thom om Sovling these we get Holo oi) ~ a 1 c62 Solid Geometry Similarly if fa, #3, nz be the d.c.'s of the second line then we can get 2mm ae yo pte ii) Ifthe given imes are perpendicular, then we have “hla + my + nyn2 =O" or aa'+1.1+cc’=0, from (i) and (ii) or aa’ + ec’ ==. Hence proved. Ex. 7 (a). Prove thatt the lines x+y-z=5, 9x—Sy+z=4 and 6x —8y + 42 = 3, x + 8y ~ 62+7=9 are parallel. (Avadh 95, 90; Bundelkhand 94) Sol. If 11, m1, m1 be the d.c.'s of the first line, then we have h+mi—m=0 “and 9 -Sm+m=0 . 1 Solving these, we get 773 fl) or <4" 210° -14 Similarly if fo, ma, nz be the d.c.'s of the second line, then we have Gly ~ Bm + 4nz = 0; y+ 8m) - 6m =0 5 . 2 mm Soiving these, we get =e 35 = 47 4%¢ = GG] M2 me bm _m fo or ote 3 fll) 1 From (i) and (ii) we find that t= ty ma nz Henve the given lines are parallel. Ex. 7 (b). Show that the following lines are paralle! : 2x +3y-4z+2= Ix—dy+z4+1 Sx-y 324 12=0=x-Ty 452-6 «tanpur 94) Sol. Do-as Ex. 7 (a) above. Ex. 8 Find the equations of the line through the origin parallel to the line xtyt+zt+2=0=4x+3y 427241. Sol. Let J, m,n be the direction cosines of the’given line. Then as this line lies on both the given planes which constitute the given line, so it is perpendicular to the normals of these planes and thus we have Vittm. ttn t=0 - and ~4l#3m +20 =0° Solving these we get T=7h = ©. The required equations of the line through (0, 0, 1) and paralief to the Fine whose d.c.’s are proportional to 1,2, { areThe Swaight Line 63 Ex. 9 (a). Find the angle between the lines 3x4 2y +2=Q=x4y—22 and 2x-y—2=0=7x+ Wy - 82. (Agra 92) Sol. Let ij, mi, m1 be the dic.’s of the first line, then we hhve 3+ 2my +01 =O, fi tant -2ny =0 Ame _ my Mfemptn) te “ “SUT st Pay VB) SVG 2. =- 5/5N3, my =7/5V3, mi = 1/5N3 Similarly if 2, mz, n2 be the d.c.’s of the second line, then we have 2k — mz ~n2=0, Tha + 10m ~ 8m = 0 b m, ny Solving these, B40 7274 16 72047 _ (Note) “ FAT 3 ates OD =. 2=2/N(A4), m2 =1/V14), 22 =3/N(14) ©. If @ be the required angle then cos @= ‘ile + mim + ning’ ~-5 2.7 1 1. 3 “SB Waa) NS Waay * 3 Way? or O=n/2 Ans. Ex. 9 (b). Find the angle between the lines x -2y +2=x-+y -zand x+y +2=0=8x+ ily +52, Sol. Do as Ex. 9 (a) above. Ans. cos”! [- 8/V(406)] Ex. 9 (<), Find the angle between the lines whose equations ar: x4 2y-22=0,x-2y+z=7 andx-1 solysgets (Bundelkhand 91) Sol. Let 1, m), ny be the d.c.'s of the first line, then we have {+ 2m, - 2n1 =0, ly -2my +n =G. . om AL Solving these, 5" = 35 or om my NGbtmi tnt i 203 4 re Peay WOH 2 = 2/NQ29), ney =3/V(29), 21 = 4/1029) Now from the equation of second line it is obvious that its d.t's are 1,=2, 3 and so its d.c.’s are 1/¥(14), ~2/V(14), 3/V(14) + TE be the required angle, then cos8 =‘ +mym+ nny 201 3. 0-2 4 3 * Yeas) ery * Yeas) Via) * Yeas) isp64 Solid Geometry Bina = 8/{¥(29) V(14)] = 8/V (406) or 0 = cos! (8/1(406)] ‘Ans. Exercises on{§ 4.04 Ex. i. Prove that the line of mec of the Planes 4x4 dy -52= 12, Bx-+ [dy — 132 =32 ean be written as 4 $@-N=4y-adz Ex. 2. Find the equations of the ‘tine 3x~4y4+2z24+5=0, 2x + 3y -5z—8=0 in the symmetric form. Ans. = Ex. 3. Prove that the lines 2x+3y-4z=0, 3x-4y+z=7 and Sx-y-3z+ 12=0, x—2y + 52-6 =0 are parallel. Ex. 4, Find the angle between the lines 3x+2y+z-S=O=x+y —22-3; Ix-y-z—-16=0= 72+ My - 82~ 15. Ans. 90° Ex. 5. Find the angle between the lines x-2y+z=0,.x+y-z=3 and xt dyt7=5, 84+ ly 5250. : (Garhwal 96, 92) Ans, cos [8/4(29) V(14)} Ex. 6. Find the equations of the line through (2, 3.5) and parallel to the line given by x+2y—2¢=7, 6x+8y-9z2=1. Ans. $(¢-2)=2 9-3) =$@-5) Ex. 7. Show that the condition for the lines x=az+b, y=cz+d, and x=ajz+bt, y=c1z +d) to be perpendicular is aay +c) =~ 1. Ex. 8. Wirte the equations of the line parallel to x-axis in symmetrical form. x-a_y-b_znc Ans, 27S nto 8 ie **§ 4.05. The plane and the straight line. “If @ given line intersects a given plane to find the co-ordinates of the point of intersection and to deduce the conditions that (i) the line may be perpendicular to the plane, (ii) the line may be re parallel to the plane and (iii) thé line may be lying on the plane.” Let the equations of the given line and the given plane be 220 2B 2-9 (eayy 4) tm a and : axtbyt+czt+d=0 oil) respectively. . Any point on the line (i) is (&+/r, B+ mr, y+nr). If this point fies on (ii), then we have a(a+ lr) +b (P4mr) +e (ytnr+d=0 or r(al + bm + en)=— (a+ bB + cy+ d) or r=-(a0+bB + cy+d)/(al + bm + cn) (iii) ‘Ther-fore the point of intersection of (i) and.(ii) is18i/tv/S The Straight Line 65 (atlr, B+ mr, y+nr). where ris given by (iii). (@ Condition of perpendicularity. ‘The direction cosines of the normal to the plane (ii) are proportional a, b,c. If the line (i) is perpendicular to the plane (ii), then it must be parallel to the normal to the plane and hence we have tlm ab ec’ which is the required condition. (ii) Condition of parallelism. If the line () is parallel to the plane (i), then it must be perpendicular to the plane and hence we have alt+bm+cn=0 ‘Also (ot, B, ¥) should not be lie on the plane ie. aa+ BB+ cyt del as, otherwise the line will not be parallel to the plane. “= the conditions for parallelism of the line (i) and the plane Gi) are al+bm+cn=0, ax+bB+cy+d#0. ‘Aliter. If the line (i) is parallel to the plane (ii), then their point of intersection is at infinity, consequently the value of r given by (iii) should be infinite and the conditions for the same are al+bmton=0 and aatbBp+cy+d#0 +*(ii). Conditions for the line to lie on the plane. If the line () lies on the plane (ji) then for all values of 7, the point (a+r, B-+mr, 7+n7) lies on the plane (ii) and so we have a(atintb (Bt mr) +c (ytnr) +d=0 or r(al-+bm-+ cn) + (aut bB + cyt a) If this is true for all values of r, then we must have. al+bm+en=0 and an+bB +ey+d=0, which are the required conditons. liter. If the line (i) lies on the plane (i), then it is perpendicular to the normal to the plane and therefore, we have : al+bm +cn=0. Also as the line (i) lies on the plane Gi), so the point (0, B,Y) through which the line (i) passes, lies on the plane (ii) and so we hvac aa+ bB+cy+d Solved Exmples on § 4.05. Ex. 1 (a) Find the condition that: the line x/1=y/m= z/n may be (i) perpendicular, (ii) parallel to the plane ax + by + ez = 0. Sol. (i) [f the given line is perpendicular to the given plane, then the given line must be parallel to the normal to the given plane and hence we have l/a=m/b=n/c. Ans.66 Solid Geometry {ii) Jf the given line is parallel to the given plane, then the given line must be perpendicular to the normal to the given plane and hence we have la + mb +nc=0. Ans. Ex. 1 (b). The condition that the line (x — &)/I =(y - B)/m = (z-7)/n ~ is perpendicular to the plane ax + by ¥.c2 #d=0 is (i) a/1=b/m= c/n; Gi) a/m = b/n=c/; Gili) Va = m/b = n/c; (iv) al = bm =n Sol, Do as Ex. 1 (a) above. Ans. (i), Gii} Ex. 1 (©. Prove that the tine ¥=3 = 154.255 is parallel to the plane 4x + 4y—5z=0 (Rohilkhand 96) Sol. If the given line is parallel to the given plane, then the given line must be perpendicular to the normal to the given plane and here the direction ratios of the given line are 2, 3, 4 whereas those of the normal to the given plane-are-4;4,—Sa— 2 Also “ayaz + b1b2 + cic2” =2 (4) +3(4)-4(-5) =8 +12-20=0 Hence the given line is perpendicular to the normal to the given. plane and thus parallel to the given plane. Hence proved. Ex. 2 (a). Find the direction cosines of the line whose equations are x+y=3, x+y+z=0 and show that it makes an angle of 30° with the plane y-24+2=0, Sol. Let J, m, n be the d.c.’s of the line: Then as this line is perpendicular to the normal to the planes x + y—3 =0 and x+y+z=0, so we have 11+ Lm+0.n=0, Lit Ln+ Ln=0 _ Mets) 1 “Vteeiyeeoy 2 2 TEIN2, m=~ 1/12 and n=0. Also the direction ratios of the normal to the’plane y-z+2=0 are 0, 1 and ~ 1, The d.c.’s of the normal to the plane are 0, 1/V2, -— 1/V2. Hence if @ be the required arigle, then 1x0 will be the angle between Solving these, we get the line and the normal to the plane. 008 g RO) = “Nb + fam + nym” . 1 L 1 1 or sno=0. 54a} Eds} ° or @=150" or 30°, if the acute angle is taken. Hence proved. Ex. 2 (b). Find the angle between the line given by y+z-5=0=x +y+zand the plane x-y+2=0 (Kanpur 93)‘The Straight Line 67 Sol. Let J, m,n be the d.c.'s of the given line, then as this is perpendicular to the normal to the planes y+z~5=0 and x+ y+z=0, so we have | O.f+1.m+1.n=0 and 1.l+1.mt1.n=0 mon _ NP +msny) 1 1-1 Yee Peeny 2 v 120, m= 1/12, n=-1/N2 Also the direction ratios of the normal to the plane x—y+z=0 are 1,-1 and 1 Solving these, we get 4 = .. The d.c.’s of the normal to this plane are $ -# $ Hence if @ be the required angle, then 4 x6 will be the angle between the line and normal to the plane. 2. COS é R-8)= “ile + mime + min” 11 1 ya) 2 or on0-0- 5-H} fae or = sin"! (-2/¥6) Ans. *yffx. 3 (a). Find the equation of the plane through the point (2, 1, 1), (1,~%3) and parallel to the x-aixs. Sol. The equation of any plane through (2, 2, 1) is AQ@-2)+BY-2+C@-1)=0 (i) If it passes through (1,—2,3), then AQ-2+BC2-) -CB-1)=0 or -A-4B+2C=0 or + 18-2C=0 . ig Leland a The equation of x-axisis. T=9=G iii) If the line given by (iii) is parallel to the plane given by (i), then this line is perpendicular to the normal to the plane given by (i) and so we have A1+B0+C0=0 or A=0 wiv) Sovling (ii) and (iv) we have 4B-2C=0 or C=2B. Substituting these values in (i) we get the required-equation as B(y-2)+2B(z-1)=0 or y+22-4=0 Ans. Ex. 3 (b). Find the equation to the plane through the points (2,— 1,0), (3,-4,5) parallel to the line 2x = 3y = 42. (Bundelkhand 91) Sol. The equation of any plane through (2, - £, 0) is A(z-D+B(yt +CZ-0)=0 Ai) If it passes through (3, - 4, 5), then : AG-2)+B(-44+1)+C(5-0)=0 or A-3B+5C=0 fii) Now the given line is x/6=y/4=2/3. If it is parallel to the plane (i), then this fine is perpendicular to the normal to the plane given by (i) and so we have A6+B4+C3=0 or 6A+4B4+3C=0 iit)68 Solid Geometry 948 Eliminating A, B, C from (i), (ii) and (ii), we get x-2 yt1 zf=0 1-35 \ 6 43i | or © @-2)629)-~ +) C27 £7@2)50 or 29x ~ 27Ty - 222-85 =0 Ans, “Ex. 3 (0). Find the equattion of the plane through the points I ,0,—1), (3, 2,2) and parallel to the line (x~1)=4(1-y) =he-2, Sol. Do as Ex. 3 (b) above. Ans, 4x~y~2z=6 *Ex. 4 (a). Find the euquation of the plane through the point 1,3, 1) and perpendicular to the line 2x + 3y + 4z=5, 3x+4y +52=6. Sol. Let J, m, n be the dic.'s of the line of intersection of the given planes, then as in Ex. 2 (a) on Page 66 Ch. FV we have 2+ 3m+4n=0 and 31+ 4in+ Sn=0 Solving these we get is 4 st A) " The equation of any plane through (— 1, 3, 1) is A(KAY+B(y~3)4CQ-1)=0 ii) If this plane is perpendicular to the line whose direction ratios are given by G, then its normal is parallel to the line and as such we have A/ = B/m=C/n= tii) «. From (j) and (ii) we have 4 -4 aEnk (ay) ie, A=k, Substituting these values in (iii), the required equation is - RGF =2kY-3)+k@-1=0 or x-2y+z46=0. Ans, Ex. 4 (b). Show that the equation of the plane, passing through the point (cy, B, 7) and perpendicular to the line x/1=y/m =z/n is 1(x-a)+m(y-8)+n@-y=0 (Avadh 92, Purvanchal 91) Sol. The equation of any plane through (ct, B, +) is A(x-0)+B(y-B)+C(z-y=0 Ai) ‘The given line is. x/l=y/m=2z/n ii) If the plane (j) is perpendicular to the line (ii), then its normal is parallel to the line. (ii) and so we have A/I=B/m = C/n =k (say), - Substituting these proportionate values of A, B,C in (i) we get the required equation as I(r~0)+m(y~B)+n(z-7)=0. Hence proved, Ex, 5. Find the equation to the plane through (2, ~ 3; 4) normal to the ine joining (3, 4,— 2) and (2,1, 6). Sol. The equation of any plane through (2, — 3, 4) is A(®~2)+B(y +3) C4} =0 Ai)‘The Straight Line 69 Also the dix’s of the line joining (3,4,-2) and (2,-1,6) are 3~2,4~-(-1), (-2)-6 ie. 1,5,-8. Lf the plane (i) is at right angles to the line joining these points i.e. the lines whose d.c.’s are 1, 5,- 8, then the normal to the plane (i) whose d.t.’s are A,B, Cis parallel to this line and consequently we have A/I = B/S = C/(-8) Substituting these proportionate values of A,B and C in (i) we have the required equation as 1 (x-2)45(y+3)-8(@-4)=0 or x+S5y—82+45=0 Ans. Ex. 6. Prove the: join of (2, 3,4), (3,4,5) is normal to the plane through (— 2, — 3, 6), (4, 0, - 3), (0, - 1, 2) the axes being rectangular. Sol. The equation of any plane through (— 2, - 3, 6) is A(x+2)+B(y+3)4+C(C-6H) =0 wi) If this plane passes through (4, 0, — 3) and (0, — 1, 2) then we have A(44+2)+B8(0+3)+C(-3-6 =0 and A(0+2)+BC143)+C(2-6) =0 or 2A+B-3C=0 and A+B-2C=0 Solving these we have (by simply subtracting) A -C=0 or A=C 0 BHC -. From (i) we have the plane through three given points (2, - 3, 6), (4, 0, -3) and (,:- 1, 2) as C(x+2)+C(y43)+C(e-6)=0 or xty+z-1=0 ii) Also the din’s of the line joining (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5) are 3-2,4-3,5-4 ie LIL And the d.r.’s of the line normal to the plane (ji) are J, 1, 1 wnich are the same as those of the line joining the points (2, 3, 4) and (3, 4, 5) ie. the join of the points (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5) is perpendicular to the plane (ii). Exercises on § 4.05 * Ex. 1. Find the equation of the plane through (1, 2,3) perpendicular to the line of intersection of the planes x+2y+3z=2, 3x+ 2y+4z=0. . Ans. 2x + Sy - 42=0 Ex. 2. Find the equation of the plane through (3, 1, — 1) perpendicular to the line of intersection of the planes 3x + 4y + 72+4=0 and x-y+2z+3=0. Ans. 15x+y-7z2= 53. Ex. 3. Find the equation of the plane through the point (1, 2, 3) and perpendicular to the line x + 2y +z=O=2x-y+z-1. . . x Ans. 3x+y—5z+10=0. Ex. 4. Prove that the two lines in which the plane 31~7y~5z=1 and 5x—13y+3z+2=0 cut the plane 8x — L1y+ 22 =0 include a-right angle. § 4.06 To find the equation of a plane through a givéw' line whose equations are given in (i) general form, (ii) symmetric form. (i). Let the equations of the line in the general form be70 Solid Geometry Pisaixtby+ciz+d)=0 and Prsaxt by tot dy =0 i) . then, PUA Pos (aixt bly +c1z+dh) +2 (aax + bry +022 +2) =0 (ii) being a first degree equation in x, y and z represents a plane, also it is satisfied by all those points which satisfy (i), hence Pi +AP)=0, given by Gi) _Fepresents ihe plane, through the line Pi =0 and Pa =0 given by @)- Gi). Let the equations of the line in symmetric form be 250 _y-B_z-y iii) I m n As the required plane passes through this line, so it passes through (G, B. 7) which is a given point on this line. The equation of any plane through («, B, ») is A@-0)+B(y-B)+C@-y=0 div) Since the plane passes through the fine (ii) whose dic.’s are Lmn therefore the normal to this plane whose din’s are A, B,C is perpendicular ‘ie normal to the line Gii), consequently we have . A+ Bim + Cn=0 ~ Hence the required equation of the plane through the line Git) is A(x-0)+B(y-P)+C@+y)=0, where Al+ Bm +Cn=0, (Purvanchal 96) § 4.07. To find the equation of a plane through a given line and parallel to another. In § 4.06 above we have proved that the equation of the plane through 2-01 _y-Bi_z-n. the line h m ay A(x) +BYy-B1) +C(@-y)=0 (i) where Ali + Bmy + Cny =0 wii) Again if the plane given by (i) is parallel to another line x02 _y-Pe _z-p iii) 2 amt n2 then the-normal to the plane given by (ji) must be at right angles to the line given by (iii) whose d.c.’s are fo, ma, np. s. Ab+ Bm +Cm=0 Gv) Eliminating A, B, C from (), (i) and (iv) we have the required equattion as peor y~By z-y|=0 h my mn aes mz mn or E [Ge ~ cet) (ming - moni] = 6. (Remember) Solved Exmples on § 4.06 and § 4.07 Ex. 1 (a). Find the equation of the plane through the fine Xt+Y-2=0=x-2y432-5, Sol. The equation of the plane through the given line isThe Straight Line 7 (xty—z) +h (x-2y + 32-5) =0, Ans, where 2 is some constant which can be evaluated if some other condition be given. Ex. 1 (b). Find the equation of the plane through the line ax + byt+ez+d=0,a'x+b’y+c'z+d’=0 and parallel to the line x/l=y/m=2/n. Sol. The equation of the plane through the given line is (axtbytcz+d tra xtb ytcztdy=0 See § 4.06 Page 69 Chapter IV. or (atha)xt(bthbyt(ctac)ztdtrAd)=0 wi) If this plane is parallel to the line x/1 = y/m =2/n, then the normal to (i) must be at right angles to the line x/! = y/m = z/n, whose d.c.'s are 1, m, n. c(atrayl+b+hbym+(ctrc)n=0 or =~ (alt bm+cn)/(a' L+b! m+ 2) ii) . The required plane from (i) is (axtbytect+ dtr. xt y+e'ztd)=0, where 4 is given by (ii). *Ex. 1 (c). Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes ax + by+cz+d=0, a’x+b’y+e'z+d’=0 and parallel to x-axis. (Kumaun 90) Sol. As in Ex. 1 (b) above we can find that the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the given planes is (atha)x4+bthbjyt(ctac)zt(dtrd)=0 wi) If this plane is parallel to x-axis whose d.c.’s are 1, G, 0 then the normal to the plane (j) must be perpendicular to x-axis, so we have (atAa).1Hb+269.04(C+AC).0=0 or a+ha'=Oorh=-a/a Substituting this value of 4 in (i) and simplifying, we get the required equation as (ba’ - ab’) y + (ca’ ca) 2+ (da’ —d’ a) =0 Ans. Ex. 1 (d), Find the equation of the plane through the line of intersection of the planes 2x +y—-2=3 and Sx ~3y + 4z+9=0 and parallel to the line (x ~ 1)/2=(y ~3)/4=(2-5)/5. Sol. Equation of any plane through the intersection of the given planes is Qxty—z-3) +A (Sx 3y +424 9)=0 or (245A) r+ (1-3A)y + (SAB) z+ OA-3)=0 Ai) If this plane is parallel to the given Jine, then the normal to the plane (i) must be perpendicular to the given line whose direction cosines are 2, 4, 5. DQHSAV+4(1-3A}F+5S(4A-1=0 or 2=-1/6 Substituting this value of A in (i) and simplifying we get the required equation of the plane as T+ 9y- 102 =27 Ans.RR Solid Geometry *Ex. 2. Prove that the line F&-D=L yd) =1a-5) lies on the plane 4x + 4y - 52-3=0. Sol. From the equations of the line it is evident that the given line aasses through (3, 4, 5) and its direction ratios are 2, 3, 4. r Now we find that the point (3, 4, 5) lies on the given plane’ 4x4 4y-52-3=0 Ai) as the co-ordinates of this point satisfy (i). Also we find from () that the d. ratios of the normal to the given plane (i are 4, 4,-5, “2443.44 4(—5)=0, so the normal to the plane (i) is perpendicular to the given fine. Hence we find that (a) the given line passes through (3, 4, 5) and this point lies on the plane (i) and (b) the given line is perpendicular to the normal to the given plane (i). +» We conclude that the given line lies on the given plane. Hence proved. Ex. 3 (a). Find the equation of the plane through the line 7 &-2)=4y-3)=2 (2-4) and parallel to x-axis, Sol. The given line is Se yea zest So (2, 3, 4) is a point on this line and its d.r.’s are 2,35. ~. The equation of any plane thorugh this line is . (See § 4:06 Page 69 Chapter IV) A(x-2)+B(y—3)4+C(z-4)=0, mi) where A2+B3+C5=0. Adi) If the plane (ii) is parallel to x-axis whose d.c.’s are 1, 0, 0, then the normal to (ii) is at right angles to x-axis. ie. Al+B0+C0=0 iii) Eliminating A, B, C from (i), (ii) and (iii) we get the required equation as x-2 y-3 z-4/=0 2 3 5 I 0 90 ! which on simplifying reduces to Sy —3z~3 =0. Ans. Ex. 3 (b). Find the equation of the plane through the line 7&-D=1G+6=1 e+ 1) and parallel to the line 30-2) =-30-D=2 (z+4). Sol. The equation of any plane flirough the line SiH ica ee Bu +6 4Ck HHO, Ai)‘The Staight Line B where, A3+B4+C2=0 (i) Also if the piane (i) is parallel to the line normal to (i) is at right angles to this line whose d..'s are 2, - 3,5 ie. A.24+B.(-3)+C.5=9, (iit) Eliminating A, B, C from (i), (ii) and (iii) we have required equation as x-1 y+6 z+1{=0, 3 4 2 2-3 5 which on simplifying reduces to 26x ~ I) ~ 17z - 109=0. Ans. *Ex. 4. Find the equation of the plane containing the line bet =1, z x=0 and parallel to the tine * - =1, x=0. © Sol. The equation of the line x=0, (y/b) + (z/c) = 1 can’ be written in the 1 symmetric form as é = 3 di) (Note) And the equations of the line (x/a) ~~ (2/e) =1, y=0 can be written in 1 x- Ta ztoe ae the symmetric form as =2-—? Gi) (Note) a@ 0. ¢ ‘The equation of any plane through the line (i) is AG)+BQ-Jb)4C(e-40)=0. Afi) where AO+Bb+C(~c)=0. iv) Also as the plane (ii) is parallet to the line (ji), so we have A.a+B.0+C.c=0. (¥) A Be ab Substituting these proportionate values of A, B and C in (iii) we have the required equation as be (x)~ ca ly ~$ b)— ab (@ $c) =0 or bex~ cay ~ baz + abe =0 or (x/a) - (y/b) = (2/c) +120 "Ans. Ex. 5. Find the equation of the plane which contains the two parallel lines x-4=~4 (y-3)=4 (2-2) and x-3 a-ty+y= Solving (iv) and (v), we have Sol. The equation of any plane through aA =4 is A(e-4)+BQ-3) + C (2-2) =0. -) where AL+B(-4)+C5=0 ii)74 Solid Geometry If the plane i) contains the paael Hine 22 22 also then the point (3, ~2, 0) on this line must lie on the plane (i} which gives ‘ A (3-4) +B(-2-3)+C(0-2)=0 or ~ * A+5B+2C=0.- wii) Solving (ii) and (iii), we have A Bo A . or wiv) -8-25° 5-2 544 u- Substituting the proportionate values of A, B, C trom (iv) in (i) we have the required equation as 11 (x-4)-(y-3) -3(@-2)=0 or . Ilx~y~-32-35=0. Ans. *Ex. 6 (a). Find the equation of the plane passing through the line of intersection of the planes x+y+2=6 and 2x+3y+42+5=0 and perpendicular to the plane 4x + 5y - 3z = 8, (Garhwal 94) Sol. The equation of any plane which passes through the line of intersection of the given planes x+y +z=6 and 2x +3y+4z+5=0 is (ct y+z-6) +4 Ox 3y +4745) =0 or © U4 ct (14 3Aj y+ (1+ 4a) 24 (54-9) 50 If this plane (ii) is perpendicular to the plane 4x + Sy —3z=8, then we have 4(1 +20) +5 (1+ 3A)-3 (1442) =0 or MA+6=0 0 or = A=~6/11 +. From (i), the required equation is (x+y +2-6)~ (6/11) (24+ 3y+4245)=0 * or x+ Ty + 1324+ 96=0 . Ans. Ex. 6 (b). Find the equation of the plane which is perpendicular to the plane 5x+ 3y + 6z+8=0 and which contains the line of intersection of the planes x + 2y + 3z-4=0 and 2xty~2+5=0. Sol. Do as Ex. 6 (a) above. Ans. 5x+ 15y- 502+ 173=0 *Ex. 6 (©). Find the equation of the plane which contains the line (x-D/2=(¥+D/-1)=@~3)/4 and is perpendicular to the plane x+2y +2512. (Garhwal 95) Sol. The equation of any plane through the given line is A@-1)+B(y+1)+C@-3)=0 where A2+B(-1)+C4=0 ii Also if the plane (i) is perpendicular to the plane x+2y +z=12, we have AL+B24+C2=0 iii) Solving (ii) and (iii), we have Substituting the proportionate values of A,B,C in (i), we have the required plane as -2@-1)4O0(¥4 1) 4+@-3)=0 or Ie 741 =0 Ans,The Straight Line 75 **Ex. 7 (a). Find the equation of the plane which passes through the z-axis and is perpendicular to the line kod _y+2_2-3 cos8 sind 0 (Kumaun 91; Lucknow 90; Rohilkhand 90) uv Lz 0-071 ~. The equation of any plane through z-axis i A(x) +B) +C(@)= where A0+B04+C1=0 i Also if the plane given by (i) is perpendicular to the given line, then the aormal to the plane given by (i) must be parallel to the given line whose direction cosines are cos 9, sin 0, 0. ie, ABC ii) cos® sin@ 0 Substituting the proportionate values of A and B from (iii) and the value of C from (ii) in (i) we get the required equation as xcos@+ysin@=0 or x+ytand=0 Ans. Ex. 7 (b). Find the equation of the plane which passes through the x-axis and is perpendicular to the fine (x-1)/cos 6 = (y + 2)/sin 8 = (2 -3)/0. Sol. The equations of x-axis in the symmetric form are x=0_y-0_2-0 1-07 0 <. The equation of any palne thorugh x-axis is A(Q-6)+B(y-0)+CG-0)=0 where A1+BG+C0=0 fe. A=0 s. {i) reduces to By + Cz= <. The direction ratios of its normal are 0, B, C. If Gii) is perpendicular to the given line, then the normal to (iif) must be parallel to the given line Sol. The equations of z-axis are i QB CL he cos0 sind 0 =F 8) s B=ksin@; C=0 and kos @=0. If kcos @=0, then either k=0 or cos @=0. If k=0, then 8 =0 and from (iii), we do not find any plane, so cos@=0 or @=n/2. ©. B=ksin (n/2) =kand C=0. -. From (iii) be required equation isky=0 or y=0. Ans. *Ex, 8 (a) Find the equation of the plane through the point (a, 8’, 7’) x-4 yoB_z-y¥ ' “moan and the line6 Solid Geometry Sol. The equation of the plane through the given line is A(z-a) +BY -B)+C@-y)=0, (i) where Al+Bm+Cn=0. Ail) If this plane (i) passes through (c, 8, 7) also, then - Ala) + BB. -B)+ CY’ ~y=0. iii) Eliminating A, B, C from (i), (i) and (iii), we have the required plane as x-a y-B z-y}=0 ! mon ‘Ans. ao B-B y¥’-¥ Ex. 8 (b). Find the equation of the plane which passes thorugh the point (1, 2,~ 1) and which contains the line dot D=ty-N=-@+2. Sol. The equation of the plane through the given line is AGHD+BQ-D+CG+2I=0 | where A2+B3+Ci)=0 If this plane (i) passes through the point (1, 2, — 1) also, then A(Q#I)4+BQ-Y+CCH+2)=0 or 2A+B+C=0 iii) Eliminating A, B, C from (i), (ii) and (iii) we get xtl y-1 z+2/=0 2 93 -1 2 1 1 or 4(x+1)~4 (y- 1)-4 (+2) =0, on expanding or xn-y-2=0. Aas, Ex. 8 (©): Find the equation of the plane containing the line i (x+2) =} (y +3) =~ (@—4) and passing through the point (0, 6, 0). Sol. Do as Ex. 8 (b). above Ans. 3x +2y + 6z-12=0. **Ex. 9. Prove that.the plane through the point (0, B, y) and the line x=py+q=rz+Sis given by xX pytq rzts|=0 a pBh+q ryt+s (Garhwal 93) qi 10 1 Sol. The equations of the line x=py+q=rz+s can be written in the X_Ut@/p) _ zt (s/n) » afi)" (Note) lL ip (a7 +. The equation of the plane through the line (i) is ~ symmetric form as 24 She ii arolres}ec( ; 0 fii) where AL +B.(1/p) + € (1/r)=0. .-Aiii) If this plane (ii) passes through the point (ct, 8 7), thenThe Straight Line 1 saralprtle c(t} iv) Eliminating A, B and C from (ii), (fii) and (iv), we have 4 S| =0. x aD zt » 4 2 P r 4 s a Br we Multiplying C2 and C3 by p and r respectively and interchanging Ry and 3 this reduces to x pytq mts/=0. a pht+q ryts Hence proved. 1 [ 1 Ex. 19. Find the equation of the plane through the point (2,—1, 1) and the line 4x - 3y +5=0=y-22-5, (Meerut 94) Sol. The equation of any plane through the line 4x—3y+5=0, y~2z-5=0. is (4x-3y +5) +4 - 22-5) =0. . .See § 4.06 Page 69 Chapter IV. If.it passes thorugh (2, ~ 1, 1), then from (i) we have [4.2-3(-1)+5]+A[-1)-2(1)-5]=0 or A=2 Substituting this value in (i)'the required equation is (4x-3y+5)+2(y-22-5)=0 or 4x-y-4z-5=0. Ans. Ex. 1L Find the equation of the plane through the lines . axt by+cz=O0=dxt+byt+cz and ox + Py t+ ye=O=0'x4 By ty’ z. (Kanpur 92) Sol. The equations of the lines (both of which pass through the origin) can be written in the symmetric form is 4+ _ Ai) x = be’-b' ce ca’—c’'a ab’-a' b —* a and By -BY w-ya ofa wo The equation of any plane through the line (i) is Ax+By+Cz=0, (iii) where A (bc! —b’ c) +B (ca’ —c’ a) C (ab’—a b) =0 (iv) Also if the line (ii) lies on the plane ‘(ii), then the following conditions should be satisfied : (a) The plane (iii) should pass through the origin [which is a point on the line (iii)] and that is true.B Solid Geometry and (b) the normal to the plane (iii) must be at right angles to the line (ii), the condition, for the same is 4 tBy’~B'9) +B (qw’—7' 0) +.C (of ~@’ By =0 Av) ~ Eliminating 4, 8, C from Gi), (iv) and (¥), we have the required equation as Eo. y z [=o bebe aca’ aba’ By'-By y’a-yr oa’ B Ex. 12. The plane Ix +my =0 is rotated about the line of intersection with the plane z=0 through an angle a. Prove that the equation to the plane in its new position is bet my+zV(7 +m?) tana=0. Sol. The equation of any plane through the line of intersectino of the Planes lx + my =0 and z=0 is (e+ my) +42=0 i) Tf @) represents the planes obtained by rotating the given plane i+ my=0 (ii) through an angle 0 aboutt the line of intersection of (ii) and the plane z= 6, then the angle between the planes (i) and (ii) is a and so we have Lit mm +20 WP tm s BNP a ne 405 or (Pm? +4) (P+ m) cos? = +m?) squaring and cross multiplying or (P+ mm? 423) costa=(P+m?) of Pam +22 =(P4 m2) sec? o, or =P 4 my sec? a (P + m2) = (P+ m2) tan? 0 or Ast¥ Pam} tan ~. From (i) the Tequired equation is e+ mytzV(P +m?) tanc=0. Ans. “Ex. 13. Prove that the equation to the two planes inclined at an angle @ to xy-plane and containitig the line y=0, zeos B=xsinB is cos = (x+y?) tan” B +2?—2ox tan B= y¥ tan? a (Kanpur 97; Meerut 92 P) Sol. The equation of the plane containing the line y=0, x sin B =z cos B is (xsin B ~z 00s B) +2 =0. or xsin B+. y-zcos B=0, fi) The other plane is xy-plane i.e. 7=0. ie. “. Ox+Oy+hz=0 * (ii) (Note) Tris given that the angle between plane (i) and = 41a + Biba + c1cn” “Mah bs) Wah + B43)" ~" angle between planes = angle between their normals. O.sin B+0.A+ 1.(—cos Visin? B+? + cos? B) Yor+07 + is Q, so we have COs or cos ©The Straight Line 9 Squaring and cross-multiplying, we have + 1) cos? a= cos?B or 2? = (cos? B - cas? a)/cos? ot or = (M(cos” B ~ cos? a)|/cos a= +1 (say) ) which gives two values of & which are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. ©. From (i) combined equation of two required planes is {(xsin B ~z cos B) + pty] [(x sin B-z cos B) - py] =9. (Note) or (x sin B~zcos B)’- py? =0 or («sin B—z cos B)* cos” a= (cos” B — cos? cx) y®, from (iii) or — (x" sin? B + z* cos? B - 2xz sin B cos B) cos? a = (cos® B ~ cos? a) y or © tan” B + 2 2xz tan B = (sec? sec? B) y2, dividing each term by cos” a cos” B or tan? B+ 2? — 2xz tan B =[(1 + tan?) — (1+ tan By} y? or @+y?) tan’ B+2*-2.2ztanB=y? tan?@. Hence proved. *Ex. 14, Find the equation of the plane through the point (— 1,0, 1) and the lines - 4x—3y +1=0=y—4z+ 13; 2x-y-2=0=2-5. Sol. The equation of the plane through the line 4x~3yt 1=O=y~ 42413 is (4x-3y + FAG 42+ 13) 20 li) If its passes through ( 1, 0, 1), then EN-3O)+ 420-4) +13}=0 or -3+92=0 oF Aad <. From (i) the required equation is (4x—3y +1) +4 (y-4z+ 13)=0. or 1x-9y4+34y—42413=0 or 12e—By~42+16=0 or 3r-2y-z+4=0. Ans, Similarly we can find the equation of the plane through the point (1,0, 1) and the line 2x-y-2=0=2-5 as 2x-y-z+3=0 Ans, “Ex. 15. Find the equation of a system of planes perpendicular to the line with direction ratios a, b, c. (Purvanchal 91) Sol. Let the required equation be Ax + By +Cz+D=0 Ai) If this plane is perpendicular to the line with d. ratios @, b,c, then the normal to the plane (i) must be parallet to this line. ; ALB_C_ ie. G7 BT They) ie. Aah, B=bh and Cacd ~. From (i), we have adx+ bVy+cAz+D=0 or axtby+cz+k=0, where k= D/A, is the required equation of a system of planes where & is parameter ie. for different values of k we shall get different members of the above system of planes. Ans. Exercises on § 4.06 — § 4.07. **Ex, 1. Find the equation to the plane through the line80 Solid Geometry 181/TV/S, Xa _y-Bleny pte T parallel to the line ra (Hint : See § 4.07 Page 0 Chapter IV) (Meerut 90 S; Rohilkhand 95) Ex. 2. Show that the line $(x+ Nex} O=1)=4 @+5) lies on the plane x+2y+z+4=0. Ex. 3. Obtain the equation of the plane through the line 3x ~ 4y-+5z= 10, 2x+ 2y—2e=4 and parailel to the line x=2y=3z, Aus. x~20y+272= 14, Ex. 4. Find the equation of the plane passing through the intersection of the planes Gx+2y+2=1 and 2x+y+3z=4 and which is parallel to the line 6x=3y=22. "Ex. 5. Find the equation of the plane determined by the parallel lines ZO+N=$0-2=2 and $o-3=Ly+4ez-1 Ans. 8+ y—262+6=0. Ex. 6. Find the equation of the pane containing the ine $4+D=40- =-4 @-2) and the point (8,2, 4). Ans, 10x -28y ~ 412+ 140 =0. Ex. 7. Find the equation to the plane containing the line ~4 (+ 1)=1-3)=(+7) and the point (0, 7, - 7) and show that the line x=-40-D=@+D also lies in the same plane. Ans. x+ y-+z=0. **§ 4.08. To find the perpendicular distance of a point P (x1, y1,z1) from a given line wher its equations are given in the synimetric form. Let the equations of the line be *5-% =. ace = a Ai) Any point on this line can be taken as N(a+dr, B4mr, y+nr). Gi) If N be the foot of the perpendicular from P (x1, y1, z1) to (i) then the line PN is perpendicular to (i). ‘The direction ratios of the line PAY are O+lr—x, B+mr—y1, yrnr-z. And as the line PV is perpendicular to line (i), so we have U(atlr—x1) +m (B+ mr—yi)tn(ytnr—23)=0 or Pm tn) r= (bert my + nat) — (leet mB em) > es or ra [I(x -a)+mOi-B)tn (y+ m+n, Substituting this value of r in (ii) we can determine the coordinates of N, the foot of the perpendicular and then PN can be easily cafculated. § 4.09. To find the equations of the perpendicular line from the point P (x1, yi, 21) to a given line whose equations are given (a) in general form and (b) in symmetric form.181/IV/6 ‘The Straight Line 81 (a) General form. Let the equations of the line be axtbytertd=0, a'xtby4er+d=0 (i) TfL, m,n be the d.c.’s of thiis,line, then we have al+bm+cn=0 and a’ l+b'm+cn=0. Solving these we get ana ew Now the equations of any plane through the line (i) is given by (axtbytezt+H+A@xtb yteztd)=0 (iii) If this plane passes through P (x1, y1, 21), then (an toy teat @O+A@ ute yiteatdy=0 wiv) -. The equation of the plané through P(x1,y1,z1) and the line is A-eliminant of (iii) and (iv). ‘Also the equation of any plane through P (x1, y1,z1) is Axi) +BY -y1)+C@21) =0 wo) If this is perpendicular to the line (i), then we have A/1= B/m=C/a, where /, m, 1 are given by Gi), since the normal to the plane (v) is parallel to the line (i). <. From (y) the equation of the plane perpendicular to the line (i) and passing through P (xj, yt, 21) is [(@@—41) + m(y-yi) +n (2-21) =0 w(vi) -. The equations of perpendicular line from P (x1, y1, z1) to (i) are given. by (vi) and A-eliminant of (iii) and (iv). (b) Symmetric form. Proceeding exactly as in § 4.08 Page 80 Chapter IV we can find the d.c.'s li, mi, my (say) of line PN. Also P is (x1, y1, 21). Therefore the equations of the perpendicular from P(x, yi, 21) to the given line are X= _Y-¥I_ 2-4 h mm at Solved Examples oni § 4.08 and § 4.09. Ex. i (a). Find the equations of the perpendicular from the point 3,~1, 1) to line $x =3 (y.-2)=4 (2-3). Find also the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular. Sol. The given point is P (3, ~ t, 11) and the equations of the fine are wi) Any point on this line is N (2°, 24,3r,3 +47) ii) Let N be the foot of the perpendicular from P (3-1; 11) to (i). > 2 The d.t’s of the line PN are . 2-3, 243r41, 344r— 1 or 2-3, 3r+3, 4r—8, ii)82 Solid Geometry Also if W be the foot of the perpendicular from P to (i), then PN is perpendicular to (i) and we have (2r-3).2+(3r+3).3+ (4r-8)4=0 which sives 29r-29=0 ! or or=h. “. From (ii), the coordinates of N, the foot of perpendicular from P to (ii) Qs, D. And from (iii), the d.x’s of the perpendicular PN are ~1,6,-4 of 1,-6,4. “*. The required equations of the perpendicular PN are given by 3_yt+l_z-11 = =the z go Ans. Ex. 1 (b). Find the equations of the perpendicular from the point (2,4,-1) to the line &+5)=F43=-Le- 6). Also obtain the foot of the perpendicular. Sol. Do as Ex. 1 (a) above. 5 Ans. (:=2)/6 = (y -4)/3 = (@+ D/2; (4, 1-3). Ex. 1 (c). Find the distance of the point (1, 2, 3) from the line joining the points.(- 1, 2,-5).and (2, 3, 4). Sol. Equation of the fine joining the points (~ 1, 2, 5) and (2, 3, 4) is xtL y-2_ 2-5 z+! _y-2_ 2-5 2413-2 4-5 ™ Sy 1 “@ Also the given point is P (I, 2, 3). Any, point on the line (i) is N(- 1+ 37,247,5 -n wii) Let be the foot of the perpendicular from P to (i), then the d.t.’s of PN are. ©143r)-1,@+7)-2,6-)-3 of 3r-2,,2—7r Gi) Also if N be the foot of the perpendicular from P to (i), then PN is Prpendicular to (i) and so we have r-2)34+(.14(@2-.C1)=0 or r=8/Il + Rom ih wig(-U44 2 ,5- “ii (ita <- Required distance = PN z 2 2. VUE) ft) ft] 3 i I 1 a1 2N6 = +644 196) =F 058) = Fo ‘Ans. Ex. 2 (a). Find’ the foot and hence the length of the perpendicular from (5,7, 3) to: the line 515) =} (y~29)=-1 (2-5), Find also the equation of the plane in which the perpendicular and the given straight line lie. (Avadh 91)‘The Straight Line 83 Sol. The given point is P (5, 7, 3) and the line is x-15" emt 29 _ s 38 O Any point on itis N (15+ 3r, 29+ 8r, 5—5r) (ii) <. The dic’s of fine PN are (15+3r)-5, (29 +8r)-7, (5-51) -3 ie 10+3r, 224+8r, 2—5r Let N be the foot of the perpendicular from P to (0, then PN is perpendicular to (i) and so we have 3(10-+3r)+822+8r)-5(2-5)=0 or r= +. From (ii) the foot NV of tthe perpendicular PN is (15 ~6,29- 16,5410) or (9, 13, 15) Ans. +. PN= distance between P (5, 7, 3) and N (9, 13, 15) = V9 -5)? + (13-7)? + 15 -3)"] = V6 + 36 +144) = 14. Ans. Again the equation of the plane contaning the given line (i) is A (x15) +B (y-29) + C (2-5) =0 Civ) where A34+B8+C.(-5)=0. wal) If the plane (iv) passes through P (5, 7, 3) also then A(S—15)+B(7-29)+C(3-5)=0 of SA+11B+C=0._ ...(vi) Solving (v) and (vi) we have A BoC ABE 8455 ~25-3 33-40 9-4-1 -. From (iv) the required equation of the plane through the line (i) and the perpendicular PN for the point P as N is a “point on iJ] is * 9(@-15)-4-29)-@-5)=0 or 9x—4y-z= 14. ‘Ans. Ex. 2 (b). Find the distance of the point P (4, 3, 5) from the axis of y. 2 Sol. The equations of y-axis are arr 2. Any point N on y-axis is (0, r, 0) A) «. The direction cosines of the line PN are 0-4, r—3,0-5 ie. =4,r-3,-5. ii) Let N be the foot of the perpendicular from P to y-axis, then, PN is perpendicular to the y-axis whose’direction cosines are 0, 1, 0 and so from (ii) we have 0-4) +1-3)40.C5)=0 or r=3 +. From (i) the coordinates ofW are (0, 3, 0) * 1 Required distance = PN = V{(4-0)" + 3 -3)° + 6-0/9} =V(16 +0 +25) = V(41). Ans. Ex. 2 (0). Find the perpendicular distance of P (1, 2, 3) from the line f&-9=49-N=-Le-7. Sol. The equations of the given line are £26 -y=T_z-7 3 2 284 Solid Geometry 948 -. Any point N on this line is Br+6, 2r+7, —2r+7) i) 2. d.n's of the line PN are Brt7=1, +72, -2r+7-3 or 3r-¥5, Wrt5, - 244 fii) Let_N be the foot of the perpendicular from P to the given line, then PN is perpendicular to the given line whose d.t.'s are 3,2,-2 and from (ii) we have 3(3r+5)+2Qr+5)-2C2r+4)=0 or = r== *:, From (i) the coordinates of N are (3, 5,9) <. Required distance PN ={(G- 1)? +(5~2)? + 9-3)] =V[44+9+36)=7. Ans. Ex. 2 (@). Find the length of the perpendicular from a given point (1,-2,3) on a line through (2,~3,5) which makes equal angles with the axes. Sol. The d.c.’s of the line which makes equal angles with the axes can be taken as J, (1, where P+ P+ P=. . The equations of the given line can be written as -C3_ +30 TF Now proceed as in Ex. 2 (c) above. Ans. V(14/3). **Ex. 3. Find the equations of the perpendicular from the erigin to the line ax+by+cz+d=O=a'x+b’ y+ez+d. Sol. The perpendicular from the origin to the given lien is the line of intersection of the following two planes : (i) the plane through origin and countaining’the given line and (ii) the plane througly origi: and perpendicular to the given line, (ote) Now the equation of the plane through the given line is (axt byt c+ Ath @xtb yo zt+d)=0. i) If this plane passes through the origin (0, 0, 0), then from (i) we have dthd’=0 or A=-d/d’ <. From (i) the equations of the plane through the origin and the given line is d’ (axtby+ez)-d(a'x+ byte =0 or (d' a-da’)x+(d‘ b-db)}y+(d’c—dc')z=0 oid) Again the equation of any plane through the origin is Art By+ Cz= Also if t, m, n be the d.c.’s of the given line, then we have al +bm+cn=0, a'1+b'm+c'n=0. . : ! _ - 7 Solving these we get p> precy" 37 =ap ag wy) lar to the given line then the normal Now if the’ plarie to the plane (iii) is parallel to . We have A/I = B/i or . from (iv),‘The Straight Line 85 From (iii) the equation of the plane: through the origin and perpendicular to the given line is \ (bc! ~ bf c). x +(ca’—c’ a) y + (ab! — a b) 2=0. \ Av) Hence planes (ii) and (v) together give the required equations of the perpendicular from the origin to the given line. Ex. 4. Find the equations to the line through the plane (1, 2, 4) and perpendicular to the line 3x + 2y-2-4=0=x-2y—22-5.° Sol. The equation of any plane through the-given line is -Gx + 2y - 2-4) +2 (x-2y-22-5)=0 i) If it passes through the point (1, 2,4), then- (B.14+2.2-4-4)4+4(1-22-24-5)=0 ° or r=-(1/16). . From (i) the equation of the plane through (1, 2, 4) and the given line is 16 (3x-+ 2y 2-4) ~ (x-2y- 22-5) =0 or 41x+4 3dy - 142-59=0 Also if J, m, 1 be the direction cosines of the given line, then we have” 31+ 2m-n=0 and. 1-2m-2n=0 Solving these we have i m i so-tesoe oe Citi) Also any plane through (1, 2, 4) is A(x-D+B(y~2)+C(z—-4)=0 wiv) If this plane is ‘perpendicular to the given line then the normal to this plane must be paratiel to the given line. So from (iii) we have . A/L=B/m=C/n or A/(-6)=B/S=C/(-8) Hence from (iv) the equation of the plane through (1, 2, 4) and perpendicular to the given line is ~6(x-1)+5-2)-8(-4)=0 or 6x—Sy+82=28 .V) The line of intersection of the planes (ji) and (v) is the perpendicular from (1, 2, 4) to the given line, hence the required general equations of the perpendicular are 47x+34y—14z=59; 6x Sy +82= 28 oo(vi) Now if we want to express the equation of this line in the symmetric form, then let 1, m1, m1 be d.c.’s of this perpendicular and so we have 47) + 34m ~14nr=0 and 6h — Sm + 81 = Solving these, we get Am mm 272-70 — 84-376 —235-206- * 202-460-439 <. The equations (vi) of perpendicular from (1, 2, 4) to the given line can be written in‘the symmetric form as wal yS2_e-4 202 ~-460° ~ 439 *Ex. 5. Find the equations to the perpendicular from the origin to the line x + 2y + 32+4=0, 2x +3y +4z+5=0. Find also the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular. Ans.86 Solid Geometry Sol. The equation of any plane thorugh the given line is Get 2943244) +2 Or 3y 44245) =0 m(1) Tit passes through the origin (0, 0,0) then 44+54=0 or A= 4/5, * From (), the equation of the plane thiough the ‘origin and the given line is S(t Qy432-4)-4 r+ 3y4dz45)=0 | ‘or © 3xt2y+z=0. (ii) Also if l,m, n be the d.c.'s of the given line, then we have '+2m+3n=0 and 2143m44n=0 _ I Solving, we get e9 q Also any plane through the origin is Ax+ By+Cz=0 If this plane is perpendicular to the given line, then the nonnal to this Plane must be parallel to the given line. 2 Weave A/I=B/m=C/n or’ A/1=B/-2= C/I, from (ii) Hence the equation of the Plane through the origin and perpendicular to the given line is - - Lx-2)-412=0 ot x-2y+z=0 “ivy The line of intersection of the planes (ii) and (iv) is the perpendicutar from “the origin tothe given litte, hence the required equation of the perpendicdlar are 3x42 +-2=0, x-2y4+z=0. ~{v) Ans. ¥. The d.t’s 11, mi, nt of this Perpendicular are given by 3+ 2mi +m =O and y-2m+m=0 ~ or $= P iii) . hom. om A mm Solving these we have 5 15 = Mt Teg % 92s “The equations (¥) of the perpendicular from the origin to the given line ‘can bé written it the symmetric form as sooo (vi) -**Foot of the perpendicular : ~ Any point ofthis ine (ie, the perpendicular) is 2r,—r,—4r). (iy "Tf itis the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to the given line then it must satisfy each of the equations of the given line ‘ie. must lie on each of the planes whose line of intersection is the given line,” (Note) ‘+, From x+2y +3z4'4=0, we have Qr)+2-+3C444=0 of ral, +. From (vii), the ‘coordinates of the required foot of the perpendicular are (2/3, - 1/3,-4/3). Ans. "Ex. 6. The equations of a given line AB are x/2= y/~3=2/5, Through a point P (1,2, 3), PN is drawn prpendicular to the line AB and PQ is drawn parallel to the plane 3x + 4y+5z=0 to meet AB in Q. Find the coordinates of N and Q and the equations of PN and PQ. .The Straight Line 87 Sol. Any point on the line AB is N (2r, - 3r, 5r) i) =. The d.t’s of the line PN’ are proportional to 2r—1,-3r~2; Sr—3, Ali) 2+ TE PN is perpendicular to AB (whose d.t's ate 2,~3, 5), then we have _ 2(2r=1)-3 C3r-2) #5 Gr-3)=0 or r= 11/38 Ly +. From (j) the point N is (11/19, — 33/38, 55/38). Ans! And from (ii) the dic’s of PN are ~8/19,— 109/38, -59/38 or 16, 109, 59. ‘The equations of the line PN which passes through P (1, 2, 3) and whose zal _yo2_ 2-3 direction ratios are 16, 109, 59s ~F= AR a Ans. Again as before any point Q on the line AB is (2r,~3r, 51). :,, The d.t’s of the line PQ ate 2r- 1, ~3r~2, 5r-3. It PQ is parallel to the plane 3x + 4y + Sz =0 then PQ is perpendicular to the normal to this plane and so we'have | 3 Qr—1)+4(-3r—2)+5 (5r—3) or r= 26/19 + The point Q is 29. ae 130/19) and d.c.'s of the line PQ are BBs or 33,116.73. < The equations of PQ the Tine paésing thorugh P (1, 2, 3) are (= 1/33) = (y - 2/116) = (@- 39/73. Ans. *Ex. 7 (a)..Find the distance of the point A (4,.-2, 3) from the line PQ drawn through P (2, —3,5) making equal angles with the axes. Sol. Since the line PQ makes equal angles with the axes, so its direction ratios are 1, 1, 1. i { -. The equations of the line PQ are *=2 4 Hes «. Any point V on this line is Qer,- 340 59 wi) ~. The direction ratios of the line AN are Q+n-1,(-34+r)-C2, (5+)-3. * be. L+r,-L+r, 2+r Now if N be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from 4 to the line PQ, then AN is perpendicular to PQ and so we have (l+n.d+C14n.14+(2+91=0 (Note) or 3r+2=0 or r=~2/3. ~. From (j), the co-ordinates of N are 2 2). 4 WU 3 “4 sd)ie (ft) <. The required distance = AN sfeslo6-7 0)88 Solid Geometry *Ex. 7 (b). Find the distance of the point (3, 8, 2) from the line 20-H=ly-a=1e- measured parallel to the plane 3x +2y - 22 + 15=0. Sol. Let the given point (3, 8, 2) be P. Aiy point N on the given line is (1 + 2r,3 447, 243r) , i) +. The direction ratios of the line PN are . (1+ 2r)-3,G+4)—8,(24+3r)-2 ie. 2r—2,4r-5,3r, i) If PQ is paraliet to the plane 3x+2y—2+15=0, then PQ is perpendicular to the normal to this plane, consequently 3(2r-2)+2(4r-5)-2G)=0 or r=2, + From (i) the coordinates of N are {1+2 (2), 344 (2),2+3(2)] ie. (5, 11, 8) + Required distance = distance between P (3, 8, 2) and N'(5, 11, 8) EY +3)? + (11-8)? + 8 -2)] £7. Ans. Ex. 8 Find the Jocus of points equidistant from the lines y~mx=0=2-cy+mx=0=z-+e — (Rohilkhand 91) Sol. The given lines are imi 0 ~@; rma w Let P (x1, y1, 21) be a point equidistant from these fines, Let PN: and PN3 be the perpendiculars from P to these lines (i) and (ii) respectively. Any point Ni on the Tine (i) is [(7/m),r,¢} _ Gi) + The din's of the line PN} are x1 -(r/m), yr, 21 —c. If'N1 is the fGot of the perpendicular from P on the line (), then BN} is” Perpendicular to the line (j) and so we have (U/mi) (21 ~ (0/m)) + 11-1) + 0.(c1 0) =0 or (i/m) + yt =r [+ 17m?) or met +m? yt =r (m2 +1) or 1s (mx + my) /(m? + 1) 2 -. From (ii), Mi is| AE tor yn m+) m+1 m+ | +1 2 2.¥ xt + “ rit=[a + =| ve-magzan] +a mm 2 Oi-maa? | O1-meny? 2 +r (ste Qa ye WO 2 or. PNP = OLED a os oP on simplifying (iv) (Pr +0)‘The Straight Line 89 2 . (i+ mxt) Similarly we can prove that PA = 2177 y Pro (n+ 1) ~. The point P (x1, y1, zi) is equidistant from the given lines, so PNi=PN2 ie. PNT=PN3 2 2 op CSM 5 gy ey? EM 5 es 40), fom Gv), () m+] m+) +t? AW) or [c= Gite] (m+ 2) = (1 +m) - (i -mny? or (Qz1) (20) (m+ )=Qy1) mri) or may ez (a? +1) =0 . The locus of P is mry +c (m+ 1)2=0. Ans. Ex. 9 (a). Given a point P and a straight line AB, show how to find the equations of the perpendicular PN drawn from P on AB as the line of intersection of two suitable planes. (b) TE P is (1, 2,.3) and AB is $-D=4y-3)=$@-4), find the line PN in this manner and obtain the coordinates of N. Sol. (a) Let P be (21, y1,z1)-and the equations of the straight line AB be X20 yo B_z-y Tm an Now PN cai be looked upon as the line of intersection of the piane through the line AB and the point P and the plane perpendicular to AB and the point F. Now the equation of any plane through the iine AB is : A(x-0)+B(y-B)+C@-y=0 where Al+ Bm+Cn=0 If @) passes through P (xt, y1, z1), then AQi-@)+BG1-B)+C@-y=0 iii) Solving (ii) and (iii) simultaneously we get —_ 4s wale Teacy =e m(zi=Y-nO1-B} A@i—a)-I1Gi-y) 161-B)—m(1-a) Substituting these proportionate hee of A, B.C in (i) we get the equation of the plane through the line AB and the point P as Z{(m G1 -V)-2O1-B)} @- aI =0 © liv) See Ex. 8 (a) Page 75 Ch. IV also Also equation of any plane through P (x1, y1, z1) is a(x~x1)+b(y-yi)+e(e~z1)=0 -(V) If it is perpendicular to the line AB whose d.c.'s are. perportional fo Lima then we musthave a/l=b/m=c/n, * <. The equation of the plane through the point P and perpendicular to the line AB is I(x-m)tm(y-yi) +n (@-21) =0 (i)90 Solid Geometry Hence the equations ‘of PN, the line of intersection of the planes through AB and P and perp. to AB and P, are given by (iv) and (vi). (b) Here P is (1, 2,3) and the line AB is given by tes =f0-3=40-4) (@) And plane through the line AB: is given by A(Q-2)+B(y-3)+C(z-4) =0, i) where A3+B4+C5=0 AL Also if (1) passes through P (1, 2, 3), then A(1-2)+B(2-3)+C@G-4)=0 or A+B+C=0 aD Solving (1) and (HD) we get AWB eg 4-5 5-3 3-4 1 A=k, B=-2k, C= Substituting these values of A,B,C in (I) we get the equation of the plane.through the line AB and the point P as~ (x=2)-2(-3)-@+4)=0 or x=2y4z=0 QV) Also equation of any plane through P (1, 2, 3) is a(x-1)+b(—2)+2(z-3)=0 wV) If it is perpendicular to the line AB, then a/3 = b/4=¢/5 =2 (say) > a=3h, b=4,, c=5K. “. From (V) the equation of the plane through P(1,2,3) and perpendicular to the line AB is 3(x— 1) + 4(y—- 2) + 5(z-3) =0 or 3x4 4y457=26 (VI) Hence the equations of the line PN are x-2y+z=0, 3x+ 4y + 5z=26 Also the foot N’of the perpendicular PN is the point of intersection of the plane (VI) and the line AB given by (a). Any point on the line AB given by («) is (2+3r, 3+4r, 445r VO) If it lies on the plane given by (VD, we get 3(2+3r)+4(344r)+5 (4451) =26 or . 50r=26-38=-12 or r=~(6/25) <. The coordinates of N from (VID) are 1, 24, 30) | (32 51 Pois2- 3] (35-3 Ans. Exercises on § 4.08 — § 4.09 Ex. 1. Find thedistance of thé point (1, 2, 3) from the line, &-2=50-3)=46-4). Ans. ¥(3/7). Ex, 2. Find the equations ofthe perpendicular drawn from the point (5,9, 3) to the tine 4 (x p=t 0-2)=1 6-9). Ans. (c~5)=49~9)=-L@-3),The Straight Line or Ex, 3. Find the equations to the perpendicular from the origin to the line x+4y +:4z~27=0, 2x + 2y +3z-21 = 0. Also find the coordinates of the foot . x-0 y-0 2-0 (4. 38, 2 of the peshendicular. Ans! ra a 7 Ex. 4, Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn fromm the point P (5, 9, 3) to the line de )=F6-2 =4@-3). (Avadh 90) Ans. (3,5,7) Ex. 5. Find the equations of the perpendicular from the point (1; 6, 3) to 3 yo =5 § 4.10. Projection of a line on a given plane. Definition 1. If A be the point of intersection of the given line and the given plane and B be the foot of the perpendicular from any point on this line to this plane, then AB is called the projection of the given line on the given plane. the line x=4 (y—1) =4 (2D. Ans. iex=,2y-+32=2 Definition 2. The line of intersection of the given plane with another plane through the given line and perpendicular to the given plane is called the projection of the given line on the given plane. Solved Examples on § 4.10. *Ex. 1. Find the projection (or ‘image’) of the line (x-1)/3=(y~2)/4= (2-3/5 on {or ‘in’ if image is used in place of ‘projection’ above) the plane x-ytzt2=0 Sol. The given line is 454 = ¥52 2-3 i) Any point on this line A is (1 #3r, 2+ 4r, 3+ 5r) sufi) If A lies on the given plane x-y+z+2=0, we have (1+3r)- (2-47) +34542=0, or r=-b . From (ii) the point A is (-2,-2,-2), where A is the point of atersection of the given plane and the given line. Now from (ii) it is evident that a point on the given line is C (1, 2, 3) (for r= 0). Let B be the foot of tthe perpendicular from C on the given plane. Now BC is a line perpendicular to the given plane, i.e. it is normal to the given plane and as such the direction ratios of BC are 1, - 1, 1 (the coefficients of x, y and z in the equation of the given plane). + The equations of BC a line passing through C (1, 2,3) and having xel 1, -1, 1 as direction ratios are2 Solid Geometry Any point on this lie BC is (1 +7, 2-1, 3 +7). If the point is B ie. if this point lies on’the given plane, then we have . (l+)-@-n+3-r+2=0 of 3r4+4=0 or 4), (405 Tape se 3 2. The directoin ratios of the projection AB of the given line are 1 10 5 . -372 3 te 32 ie -5, 16,11 (473) 2. The point 8 is ! =. The required equations of the projection AB are x+2_yt2_z+2 35 6 Ot Ans. Ex. 2. If Lis the line +(x~-1)=—y=(2+2), find the direction cosines of the projection of L on the plane 2x+y -3z=4 and the equation of the plane through L parallel tothe line 2x +5y+3z=4. x~y-5z=6. Sol. Any poimt on the line Eis A(1+2r, -r,2 +1). ) If A lies on the plane 2x + y-3z=4, li) 2(1427) +r) =3 (-2+7)=4,-which does not give any value of r as the coefficient of ris zero. This shows that the line L is parallel to the plane (ii). In such case we should adopt the following method — Any plane through the line Lis A(x - 1) + By +C(@+2)=0, iii) where AQ)+B(-1)+C(1)=0. iv) If the,plane (ji) js perpendicular to the given plane (i), then 2A+1LB-3.C=0 A) A_ BoC A_B_C Solving (iv) and (), we get 5" =F 7 E=7,9 8 T=G=5- <. From (iii) the equation of the plane through L and perpendicular to the given plane (ii) is L.(v—1) +4 (y) +2 (+2) =3 or x+4y+27+3=0 The plane (ii) and (vi) together give the projection of L on the plane Gi). If 1, m, n be the d.c.’s of the projection, then from (iii) and (iv) we have 2U+m-3n=0 and l+4mt2n=0. i) . l Lo min. WP amtn) 1 Solving, an or 2 eds or 1529/6, m=~1N6, n= 1/N6 Ans. Let ft, mei, mi be the d.c.’s of thé line given by Ixt Sy +3254, x-y-5z=6. Avi) Then 2t; + Sm + 3n1 =0, ly —mm - Smt =0.The Straight Line 93 Am em hom om . 73543 °3410-2-5 % 22° 71377 (viii) Now the equation of any plane through L is (iii) where (iv) holds. If this plane is parallel to the line (vii) whose d.c.’s are given by (viii), then the normal to the plane (iii), must be perpendicular to the line (vii) and so Solving, we have Al+Bmi+Cni=0 or 22A-13B-7C=0. Aix) a ; A_B_C A_B_C Solving (iv) and (ix) we get = G=—G or F=G=75- ©. From (iii), the equation of the plane through L parallel to (vii) is 3-1) 44Q)-2@ +220 or 3x+4y—2z=7. Ans. Ex. 3. Find the projection of the line 3x—y+2z=1, x+2y-z=20n the plane 3x + 2y+2=0 in the symmetric form. (Karpur 97) Sol. Any plane through the given line is : Gx-y+2z- 1) +A(e+2y-2-2)=0 or (B42) x4 QR—D yt QA z— (14 2A)=O. If this plane is perpendicular to the given plane 3x +2y+2=0. Then we have 3,3 +4) +2 (QA—1)+1 (2-4) =0 or A=-3/2. ~. From (i) the equation of the plane through the given line and perpendicular to the given plane (i) is G-}x+3-Dy+ 243 z-(1-3)=0 or 3x-8yt7z+4=0 iii) The projection of the given line on the given plane is the line of intersection of the pianes (ii) and-(iii). (See def. § 4.10 Page 91 Ch. IV) <. ‘The equations of the projection of the given line on the given plane are 3x+2y+z=0, 3x-8y+7z+4=0. wiv} Let.d,m,n be the d.c.’s of this tine, then as this line lies on both the planes given by (iv), so it is perpendicular to the normal to these planes. ©. We have’3l+ 2m +n=0, 3/-8m+7n=0 . L m n Solving these, we get i448 "3-01 722426 Again puiting z= 0 in (iv), we get 3x+ 2y=0, 3x~8y+4=0 Solving these, we get x=~4/15, y= 2/5 ©. The line (iv) meets the plane z=0 at (- 4/15, 2/5, 0) ©. From (v) and (vi), the required equations are st+(4/i9)_y=@/5)_z-0_4 ,, Wet4_Sy-2_ 2 gay tl a) eT 371 Exercises § 4.10 Ex. 1. Find the equatioas of the projection of the line tu Ha-(+ H=1@-3) on the plane x + 2y+z=6 (Rohilkhand 92) Ans. (1/4) (x - 3) == (1/7) (+2) =~ (1/10) 2-7)94 Solid Geomeury Ex. 2. Prove that the image of the fine (—1)=-9 (y-2)=-3 @ +3) in the plane 3x— oe 10z = 26 is the line (1/9). @- 4) =4+ (9+ I =-(1/9) Ex. 3. Find the equation of the orthogonal projection ee the line 2 Liga y=4 G-2= t@- 4) on the plane x+ 3y+z+5=0, Ex. 4. Find the image of the fine L(t N=F0+29=4¢+3) in the plane x—2y+3z—4=0 aS at, 2 **§ 4.11 Coplanar Lines. (Agra 91; Avadh 92; Kanpur 95) To find the condition that two lines whose equations are given may intersect (i.e. are coplanar) and equation of the plane in which they lie. The equation of the given lines may be-given in three ways :— (a) both in symmetric form, (b) one’ in symmetric form the other in general form and (c)'both in generat fori. **(a) Both Ties given in symmetric form, * (Kumaun 94) - Let the given fines be- <= - : x-01_y-Bir_z-7 _@, 229% _¥=P2_z-n a Qo mom @, b mom a) ‘The equation of any plane through the line (j) is A(e- 0) + BG -~ “Bos cG- -1W=0, where Aly + Bry +Cu= Tf the two lines given by @ and intersect, then the line. (ii) must lie on the plane (iii) ie. the normal to the plane ( ym must be at right angles to (ii), consequently we gét Ala + Br + Cn = AV) Also from (ji) it is evident that (02, Ba, 7p) is a pint on (ii), Tf the line (ii) lies on the plane Gii), then this point (02, 82, yo) must lie on (iii) and so we have A (ot2— 0) + B(B2~Bi) + C(n- 1) =0. Avi) Hence the given line (i) and (ii) intersect i.e, they are coplanar, then eliminating A, B, C fron{iv), (v) and (vi) we have. the required condition as oa-o1 B2-B1 y-n] =0 4h m ny b m nz t Also the equation of the plane in which the given line (i) and (i) lie is obtained by eliminating A, B, C from (iii), (iv) and (v) and is xa y~Bi z-yi] =0, hom my b mom‘The Straight Line 95 ‘To find the point of intersection of the lines (i) and (ii). Any point on the [ine (i) is (0 + lirt, Bi + muri, Yi +niri) and any point _ on the line (ii) is (a2 + bla B2+ mr, Y2+n2r2). If the two lines intersect then for some values of rn, and rz these points must coincide ie. we have cer + lary = 02+ Lara, Bi + mary = Bo + mare, Yt mart = ye + mar or dr — arr + (01 — 02) =0 of) mart — mor + (Bi -B2)=0 ) and niri—n22+ ("i—-y) =0 iii) Solving (i) and (ii) wé can obtain tthe values of ri and r2 and if they satisfy (iii) also then two lines intersectt and we can find the point of intersection by substituting the value of jin (ou + Jiri, Bi + mint, y+ m7) or the value of r1 in (2 + re, Ba+ mar, te + n2r2) - *(b) One line in symmetric form, the other in general form. Let the equations of the lines be spear Boer and’? axthytcctd=O=a'x+hytc etd’ i) “The equation of the plane through the line (ii) is (axtbytcztd)tA(a xt bh ytez+d)=0 (iii) or (atra)xt+trb)yt(cthc)z+(d+4d)=0 wiv) If this plane is parallel to the line (i), then -we have Iatha}+mb+Xb)+n(c+rcy=0 or A(a’ l+b! m+c’ n)=- (al + bm+ cn) or A=—(al+bm + cn)/(a +b m+’ n) Putting this value of A in (iii), the equation of the plane through the line -(ii) and parallel to the line (i) is (a l+b’ m+c' n) (axt+byt+ez+d) ={al+bm+cn)(a’xt+b’yt+c'z+d’) liv) If the line (i) lies in this plane then the point (a; B, 7) on the fine (j) must satisfy (iv) and so condition for the lines (i) and (ii) to be coplanar is (a’l + b’m + c'n) (ant bB + cy +d) = (al + bm + cn) (a+ b+ c'y+d’) aa+bptcytd arb Bre ytd’ al+bmten — d'l+imtcn Wl+bmecn arb’ pec yrd’ the altbm+cn ant bBt+cy+d equation of the plane in which (i) and (ii) lie is, axtby+cetd _— aixtbytc'z+d’ aat+bB+cytd a’arh Bec y+d’ or Also from (iv) putting96 Solid Geometry 181/AV/6 (c) Both the lines in general form. Let the equations of the lines be aixt biy + ciz +d =0= anxt boy + coz t+ do wi) a3x + bay +- 032 + d3 =O = a4x + bay + cgz+d4 If these two lines are coplanar, thei they intersect and let (x1, yt, z1) be their point of intersection. If (x1, yt, 21) is their point of intersection, then it satisfies all the four planes given by (i) and which intersect in the two lines. . we have aux t+ biyit cit, =0 eax + boy +021 +d, =0 a3xi + bay1 + c3z1 +3 =0 aaxt + bays + cazi + dg=0 Eliminating x1, y1 and z1 from these we have the required conditon as am b a dl=o0 jaz, bn cn da a3 -b3 3. - a4 ba ca dy In numerical examples however, the solution of the above determinant is a tedious job and so the students are advised to transform the given equations (in the general form) intc the symmetric form. Solved Examples on § 4.11. Ex. 1 (a). Prove that the lines x-1_y~2_2-3 ‘and Xx? _y-3 2-4, coplanar. 2 3 4 3 4 5 Also find their point of intersection, (Bisndelkhand 95, 92; Garhwal 90) Sol. Any point on the line I = aa = 3 is (1 +2r, 2437, 3447) fi) 23, 3 . (24373447; 4457) ii) If the two given lines are coplanar, then they intetsect and so: for some values of r and /’, the points (i) and (ii) must coincide. ie. 14+2r=243/; 244r=344/ 5344r=445r Solving first and third of these we get r=-1, r’=-1. Also these values of r and /’ satisfy the second equation hence the lines intersect i.e. the given lines are coplanar. Putting r=—1 in (i), required point of intersection is 1,-1,-1) Ans. Ex. | (b). Prove that the lines 1 1 L 1 1 &-D=70-D=5@-Ys 5-4) =5-9=5@-7) are coplanar and find the coordinates of the point of intersection. (Avadh 94) Similarly any point on the tine *=2 =18h/1V/7 ‘The Straight Line 97 E. Any poi i Sol. Any point on the line “T= "5" = 25 (ltr, 1#2r,1437) ii) Similarly any point on the line (4+2/, 6+3/, 7437) di) If the two given lines are coplanar, then they intersect and so for some values of r and ’, the points (i) and (ii) must coincide. ie. t+re442/,142r=64+37,1+3r=7437 Solving second and third of these, we get F= 1, r’ =~ 1 which satisfy first equation also. Hence thé lines intersect i.e. given lines are coplanar. Pulting r= 1 in (i), the required point is (i+ 1,142,143) ie. (2,34). Ans. *Ex. 2 (a). Show that the lines x+2_y~3 242 .y X_y-7_2t7 2 1 L -3 2 intersect. Find the coordinates of the point of intersection and the equation of the plane containing thém. (Avadh 91; Kanpur 97; Meerut 98; Rohitkhand 96) Sol. Any point on the tine “+1. 2=3 242 5, 3° 2°°*9 (1-31, 3427-247) i) Similarly any point on the line + at at is * ,7-3r,-742r) ii) If the two given lines intersect then for some value of r and r’ the two above points (i) and (ii) must coincide i.e. -L-3r=/, 342r=7-37 ;-2+r=-742/ Solving the first two of these equations we get r=-1, / =2. ‘These values of r and /’ satisfy the third equation also, hence the given lines intersect. Substituting these values r and r’ in (i) or (ii) we get the required coordinates of the point of intersection as (2, 1, — 3). - Ans. Also the equation of the plane containing the given lines is x+L y-3 2+2|=0,see § 4.11 (a) Page 94 Ch. IV -3 2 1 1-3 2 or (+) 443)~(-3) C6-D+G@+2 O-D=0 or + xtytz=00 Ans. Ex. 2 (b). Prove that the two lines x-3=-30 +4)=}@-5) and x-4=4 (y-5)=-1 (+6) intersect, and find the coordinates of the point of intersection.98 Solid Geometry Sol. Any point on the first line is (3 + r,- 4—3r, 5 +37) and any point on the second line is (44+ 1,5 +3/,-6-4r. If these two lines intersect then for some values of r and /’, these points must concidé ie. 34+r=44+/,~4-3r=543/,543r=-6—4/ All these three equations are satisfied by r=—~1 and /=~2. Hence the given lines intersect and putting r=—1 or 2 in the above coordinates, we have the required point of intersection as (3-1,-443,5-3) or (2,-1,2). Ans. **Ex. 3. Prove that the lines (Xna_yab ane x-a!_yob ane a bv. c a b c intersect and find the coordinates of the point of intersection and the equation of the plane in which they lie. Sol. Any point on the first line is (a+a’ r,b+8' r,c+c! 1) and any point on the second line is (a + ar’, b’ + br’, c’ + cr’). ‘ " ” If these two lines intersect then for some values of r’ and r these points must coincide ie. ata’ r=a'tar;b+b'r=h +brictcr=c+cr Evidently all these equations are satisfied by r=1=/. Hence the given lines intersect and putting r=1 or = 1 in the above coordinates we have the required point of intersection as. G@td,b+b,ctc) Ans. Also the equation of the plane in which the given lines lie is x-a y-b z-cl=0 or |x y z[=0, a b c abe dB oh. arc adding the second row to the first. **Ex. 4, Prove that the straight lines XLYLE XY 2g XY 8 ay . BT Vn a 8 ag BAe Mille fn one plane if (b-e)+ Fea) +2 (ab) =0, (Avadh 93; Kanpur 91; Meerut 97, 95) Sol. Here we observe that all the three given lines pass through the origin O and hence if they are coplanar they must be perpendicular to some line through O. Let d.c.’s of this line through O be Ih, mt, m1. -Then ais this line is perpendicular to the given lines, so we have ha+mB + my=0 Al+ mim +nin=0 hac + mbB + mecy=0. Eliminating {;, m1 and ni from (i), (ii) and (iii), we have the required condition as Rin‘The Straight Line 99 a B yl=Oor [1 1 1 | =0, lomon \.|l/a m/B n/y aa bB cy ‘la boc taking 0, B and y common from first, second and third columns. or ~ (l/r) (c- 6) + (m/B) (c - a) ~ (n/9) (6 - a) =0, expanding the det. with respect to second row. or (1/08) (b ~¢) + (n/B) (c—a) + (n/y) (a—b) = 0. Hence proved. Ex. 5. Prove that the thtee lines drawn from the origin O with d.c.’s hi, m,n15b,i2,n2 and [3,mg,n3 ike. x/i =y/m = 2z/m, x/l2 = y/m2 =2/m. and %/1j=y/m3=2/ng are coplanar, if Nom m/=0 (Agre 90) iz m2 ng [Is m3_ ns} Sol. Since the three tines whose d.c.’s are given pass through the origin, so if they are coplanar then they must be perpendicular to the same line through the origin. Let the d.c.’s of this line through the origin be 1, m,n, ‘Then as this line is perpendicular to the given lines, so we have dy + mmy + nny =0 Ua + mm + nn =0 and 13+ mm3+nn3=0 Eliminating J, m, n between these we have the required condition as hom om] =0 bh om m| 5 om ms Hence proved. Ex. 6. Show that the lines AoYL2 XY LE Ky a B yaa bB cy’ a/a B/b ¥/c are coplanar ifa=b or b=c or c=a. . (Kanpur 92; Meerut 96) Sol. As in last example, we can find that given lines are coplanar if a B yj=Oor]1 1 1 {56 aa bB oy a 6b c a/a B/b Yc Va Wb Ie or |@ 6 cl =0, multiplying Ist, 2nd and 3rd columns by a,b and ap 2 respectively. i 1 —100 Solid Geometry 958 or j4 ~a c-a|=6, substracting first column from second and @ Ped | third columns. 1 0} 0 or | boa. cma} =0 or (b-aj(c~a) | 1 1 |=0 Pag Cad |b+a cal or (b-a)(c-a)(€-b)=0 or a=b;c=a;c=b. Ans. *Ex. 7. Prove that the tines *=8¢d_y~a_z-a-d oy a-s a a+8 x-bt+ce_ y-b = - Roe Fe Y=? _2-2=© are coplanar and find the equation to the plane B-y — B B+y ” 4 , in which they lie. Sol. Given lines are coplanar, if \(@~d)-(b-0) a-b (a+d-(b+0)| =0, a-5 a a+ B-y 8B Bry -See § 4.11 Pages 94 - 96 Ch, IV Adding third-column to first we get 2(a-b) a-b (a+d)-(+2)[=0 2a a atd 28 B Bry The first. column being twice the second column, the determinant on the left vanishes, hence the given lines are coplanar. Also the equation of the plane in which the two given lines lie is x-a+d y-a z-a-d|=0 a-8 « a+d 1B-y Bo OBty or jx+z-2a y-a z~a—dj =0, adding thitd column to the first. 200 ao ard 28 Bo B+ or (e+z~-2a)—2(y~a) y-a z~a-d|=0, subtracting twice second 20. -2(a) a ats column from first. 28-28) Bo B+y or | fiNx+z-2y y-a 2-a~-d| =0 0 oa atd 0 Bo OB+y or (e+z2-2y)(aG+y-B(a+H)=0 or x+z-2y=0. Ans. and Ex. 8 Show that the ines x-4=-4(y+1 4x-y+5z-7=(0=2x-Sy~z~-3 are coplanar. Find the equation of the plane containing them. (Rohilkhand 95)‘The Straight Line 101 Sol. Any plane through the second fine is (4x-y + 52-7) +2. Qx~Sy-2~3)=0 or (442A) x—(14 SA) y + (5~A) 2—-(7 + 3A) =O -@ IF it is. paral w the tine S—422*4=2, then we have 1.4 +2A)-24-(1+5A)} + 1LG-A)=0 or HAH =0 or A= Hence from (i) the equation of the plane through the second line and parallel to the first is (4-2) x-(1~5)y+(5+1)z-(7-3)=0 or dxt4y+6z-4=0 or x+2y4+3z-2=0 Also from the equation of the first line it is evident that (4, ~ 1,0) is a point on this line. And from (ii) we find that the point (4,— 1,0) lies on the plane given by (ii). Hence the given lines are coplanar and the equation of the plane containing them is given by (ii). Ex. 9. Prove that the line (1/2)(x-9)=—(y+4)=(z-5) and 6x-+4y —52=4,x—Sy+2x=12 are coplanar. Find also their point of intersection. (Gorakhpur 91) Sol. Any plane through the second fine is (614 dy 524) FUG Sy + 2e~ 12) =O or (6+ A)e+(4-SA)y + (CRS) z~ (44 122) =O i) IF iis parallel to the first fine viz, 2=2 = ua = 2-2 then we have 2.(6+2)-1(4—5A) + 1LOR-5)=0 or R==1/3 Hence from (i) the equation of the plane through the second line and parallel to the ftrst is 1 5 2 = (6-Dxrdedyr(c4-52-G-4)=0 or I7xe+1Ty-17z=0 or xty-z=0 ii) Also from the equation of the first line it is evident that (9,-4, 5) is a point on this line. And from (ii) we find that the point (9,-4, 5) lies on the plane given by (ii). Hence the given lines are coplanar i.e. they intersect. Now any point on the first line is (9+2r,-4-r, 547) ..Aiii) As the two given lines intersect, therefore for some value of r, the point given by (iii) lies on the second line and so satisfies the equations of the two planes which constitute the second. line and so we have 6942) +4(24-)-S(S4N=4 and 9427) -5(-4-n +2(54+r=12. Both of these give r=-3 and so from (iii) the required point of intersection is (9 - 6-4 +3, 5-3) ie. G.-1, 2). Ans.102 Solid Geometry *Ex. 10. Show that the lines F@-H=1y-H=1e-3) and 4x-3y +1=0=5x—3242 are coplanar. Also find their point of intersection. (Gorakhpur 92; Rohilkhand 97, 94, 90) Sol. Any’ plane through the second line is (Ax—3y + 1) +2 (5x-324+2)=0 or (4+ 5A) x—3y-3R.24 (142A) =0. Ai) Iitis parallel tothe tine ==! = 3. 25> then we have 2.(4 +52) +3.(-3)+4.(-3A)=0 or—-2A-1=0 or =-} Hence from (i) the equation of the plane through the second fine and parallel to the first line is [4 -(5/2)] x—3y+ (3/2) 2+ [1 -2.1/2]} =0 . or (3/2) x-3y+(3/2)z=0 or x-2y+z=0. Gi) Also from the equations of the first line it is evident that CL, 2, 3) is a point on this line. And we find from (ii) that the point (1, 2, 3) lies on this plane (ii). Hence-the given lines are coplanar i.e. they intersect. To find the point of intersection : Any point on the first line is (1+2r, 24373447. (iii) As the two given lines intersect therefore for some value of r the point (ii) lies on the second line and so we have . 4(1+2r)-3(2+3r4+1=0 and 5(1+2)-3(3447)+2=0 Both of these, give r=~1 and therefore from (iii) the required point of intersection is (1 ~2,2~3, 3-4) or (-1,-1,—1). Ans. “Ex. 1. Prove that the lines 3x-S=4y-9=32 and x~1=2y—4=37 meet in a point and the equation of the pane in which they lie is 3x 8y + 13=0. Sol. The equations of the line 3r~5=4y~9=3z can be rewritten as 2- (573) _y~ (9/4) =z or x- (5/3 2220/4) = a ® 6 6 4 3004 * 3 4? 3 Similarly the equation of the second line can be rewritten as Yoh 2 gol _yo2iz -Cii) & & 6° 3 2 2 3 Any point on the line (i) is ((5/3)+ 4r, (9/4) + 3r, 4r] iii) and any point on the line (ii) is (1 + 67’, 2 +37, 27’) wiv) If the two lines meet in a point, then for some values uf r and /’ the points given by (iii) and (iv) must be identical. ie. (5/2) + 4r=1+ 6" ; (9/4) + 3r=243r5 4r=2r'.The Swaight Line 103 Solving first and third of these we get r= 1/12, = 1/6 which satisfy the second viz. (9/4)+3r=2+37' also, Hence the fo lines intersect fe. are coplanar. {Putting r= (1/12) in Also the equation of the plane through the line given by (i) and (ii) is i) we can get the point of intersection as 2, 5+, x-l y-2 21 =0 -- See § 4.11 (a) Pages 94-95 Chapter IV 6 32 4°34 or 6(@-1)-16(-2)+6@=0 or 3x~8y +324 13 =0. Hence proved. *Ex. 12 (a). Show that the lines X+y+z-3=0=2x+3y+42-5 and +52—7=0 = 2x ~5y—z~3 are coplanar and find the’ plane in which they lie. (Avadh 95; Lucknow 90; Purvanchal 90) Sol. Let J, m, 2 be the d.c.’s of the line x+y + 3, 2x+ 3yt42=5 ‘Then we must have [+m+n=0, 21+ 3m+4n=0 +See § 4.04 P58 Ch IV m a1 £ a 4-3 2-47 3-2 which gives the direction ratios of the first line. Let (x1, yi, Q) be any point on this fine, then we have mtys3 and Ox +3yp=5 (Note) Solving these we get x1=4, yj =—1 +. Any point on the first line is (4,~1,0), so the equation of the first line in the symmetric form can be written as on + 1 = --fi) i Similarly the equations of the other given line in the symmetric form can . u-(WV/D) -. be written as 1B 7 To fii) Any point on the line (1) is (4+ r, ~2r— 1, 7) .Gii) and on the line-(ii) is (i+. 1, 95) iv) If these two lines meet in a point, then for some values of r and 7, the points given by (iii) and (iv) must be identical. ie. 44r= 13" + (11/7), -2r- Solving last two of these we get first viz. 4+r=13r’ + (11/7) also. Hence the two given lines intersect ie. are coplanar. (Putting r’ = 9/77 in (iv), the point of intersection of the given lines can be found to be 34/11, 9/11, 10/11).] Vf, r=—9r' + (1/7) 10/11, r’=9/77 which satisfy104 Solid Geometry ‘The equation of the plane in which these lines lie is xo yt+t z-0/=0, | ...See § 4.11 (@) Pages 94-95 Chapter IV 1-204 \ 13 7 -9]-- or (x~4) 18-7] -Q +1) [-9 - 13] +z [7 +26] =0 or -4) +41) Q)+zG)=0 or x42y+3¢=2 Ans. *Ex. 12 (b). Show that the line x+2y-2=3, 3x-y+2z=1 is coplanar with the line 2x~2y +3z=2,x-y+z+1=0 and find the plane in which these two lines lie. Sol. Do as Ex. 12 (@) above. Ans. 7x—Ty+8¢+3=0 *Ex. 13. Prove that the lines x=ay+b=cz+d and x=ay+B= ‘e+ 8 are coptanar if (y—c) (aB— bo) — (aa) (cB—dy)=0. (Kanpur 91) Sol, The equations of the given lines can be written in the symmetric formas 12 -Y#W/a) _ zt (d/c) 2-0 _ y+(B/e) _ 2+ O/) 1 {1/a) (iv) * 1 (17a) ay) ‘These lines will be coplanar if loo BB 48) 9 See § 4:1 (a) Pages 94-95, Chapter IV aagey 1 1 Ql- ale Rin ie or le (ba—aB)/ac (dy—08)/cy| = 0, substituting third row from second 11 11 0 aa cy i 1 1 a B or {ba —aB)/ax (dy—cd)/cy| =0, (a-a)/an (y-0)/cy or ba-aB dy~cd| =0 G-a y-c or (ba.~aB) (7c) ~ (aa) (dy—c8) =0 or (¥- 0) @B ba) - (1-2) (c5- ay) = 9. Hence proved. Ex. 14, Show that the line of intersection of the planes Tx —4y+7z+16=0, 4x+3y+3y—22+3=0 is coplanar with the line of intersection of x —3y +42+6=0,x-y+z+1=0. Sol. The given lines willbe coplanar if |7 -4 7 16[=0 ...See § 4.11 (c) Page 96 Chapter IV 4 3-23 1-204 6 1-1 ol‘The Swaight Line 105 or 3-4 3° 12{ =0, adding 2nd column to the rest. 7 6 2 3 0 0 or 3 = 0, expanding with respect to last row 7 2 or 9 0 3 9 0 3 -2 13 ‘The determinant on the left vanishes as two rows are ideintical and hence the given lines are coplanar. *Ex. 15. A, A’; B, B’; C, C’ are points on the coordinates axes. Prove that the lines of intersection of the planes A’BC, AB’ C’; B’CA, BC’ A and C’ AB, CA’ B’ are coplanar. (Kanpur 96: Meerut 90) Sol. Let A and A’ be (a,0,0) and (a’, 0,0); B and B’ be (0,6, 0) and (0, 6, 0); Cand C’ be (0,0, c) and (0, 0, c’). ‘Then the equations (intercept form) of the planes AY BC and AB’ C’ ate 24242 2,2,2- Ptote 1 and caged 1 ~. The equation of the plane rove the fine of intersection of these two planes is A4%42 1 +af* +het-1)- 0, for some value of A. adobe b } If we take A= 1, the line of intersection lies in the plane 24%42L +%4e- [etd ts (: tHte ‘Js 0 tid thy fly tes ot ( ar} (Eee len ‘The symmetry in this equation indicates that the lines of intersection of the other two pairs of planes also lie in this plane and hence the lines of intersection, of the given pairs of planes are coplanar. *#Ex. 16. Find the equations of the plane through the line fs xe 2 and perpendicular to the plane containing the lines. z mont atom (Agra 91; Kanpur 95; Purvanchal 95: Rohilkhand 91)106 Solid Geometry Sol. The equation of the plane containing the lines Fakes ang 422% both of which pass through the origin is mon tn tom x y z[s0 ee dm ed nlom or (nn DP) x4 nm) y+ (mln) 2=0 wai) Also the equation of the plane through the line x/I = y/m-=2/n is axt+by+cz=0 where al+bm+cn=0, {See § 4.06 Page 69 Ch. IV) If the planes (i) and (ii) are perpendicular, the we have a(mn—1?) +6 (nlm?) +6 (mi=n) =0 iv) Solving (fii) and (iv), we get m (ml ~n?) =n(ul-m) n(am—-2)— (al = n°) = € $$. © Lal =m) —m (nm 1) a b c or = (a? 0?) Le mn (n-m) PP mt n(n Pom ne ine m) a _ b _. °r (m= a) (in Fn et ~ Go (am tb * man sam + Ip or a m-n- n-l” [=m ~. from (ii), equation of the required plane is (m—n)x+(n—Dy+(l-m)z=0 Ans. Exercises on 8 4.ii Ex. 1. Show that the line fa = 7 -5)=40-7)=(¢-9) are coplanar and ‘find the equation of the plane containing ther. Ans. x-2y+2=0 Ex. 2. Prove that the two lines 2@-p=40-D= Fo). and $e Q=to- Sy=4e- 7) se coplanar and tnd thet pont ofinterstion. Ans. (2, 5, 7) Ex. 3. Prove that the lines pet)=10-=1@-3) and 5 +2=4 3) = 1 ~4) are coplanarThe Straight Line 107 bx 4. Prove that the lines $(x-2)=4(y53)=2@-4) and 2Qx-3ytz2=O0=x+y+2z+4 are coplanar. Also find their point of intersection. Ans, (~ I, il, = 1) Ex. 5. Show that the lines i(r+5)=(+4)=-3(¢-7) and 3x4 2y+2-2=0=x~3y-+ 2¢~13 are coplanar and find the equation to the plane in which they lic. Ams, 21x - 19y +222 = 125. (Purvanchal 97) Ex. 6, Prove that the line (c+1)=10+2)=4¢¢+3) and $(°-3)=} 0-2)=4@~ 1) are coplanar and determine the plane containing them. Ex. 7. Show that the lines $(+3)=4(y+5)=-1(@-7) and $@+1=$0+1)=-(+1) are coplanar. Find the equation of the plane containing them. Ans. 6x-Sy-z=0Q (Meerut 92) Ex. 8 Show that the lines $G-)=40-N=-Le+9 and de-8)=9-4=$6-5) are coplanar, Find their common point and equation of the plane in which they lie. Ans. (I, 3, 2); 17x-Ty~24¢+ 172=0 *Ex. 9 Prove that the fines x=3(y-2)=3(@+3) and $@-2)= 4-6) =4 (@~3) are coplanar and find the equation of the plane in which they lie and the point of intersection. Ans. x 2y +2+7=0; (2, 6, 3) Ex. 10. Show that the. lines @-4)=-1Q43)-4@+1) and 4 d@-D=-fO40 =} (+ 10) intersect and find the coordinates of the point of intersection. _Ans. (5,—7, 6) (Buadetkhand 93; Kumaun 90) Ex. i, Show that the lines x+2y—5z+9= =3x-y+2z-5 and dx+ 3y-2-3=0=4x-Sy+z+3 are coplanar. *Ex. 12. Show that the two straight lines x=mz+a, y=nz+b and xem'zta’,y=n'c+b' would intersect only if (a-a') (nn) = (bb) (m-m’) § 4.12, To obtain the equations of a straight line intersecting two given lines. Case I. Given Lines in Symmetric Form. Let the given lines be os rf = =r (say) i) ii) and108 Solid Geometry Any point on the line. (i) is (0+ fr. B+ mr,y+ar) and any point on line (ii) is (+r BS ry en). The required line is the line which joins these two points for some values of rand 1’ which will be obtained from other siven conditions. Case II. Given lines in General form: -~ Let the given lines be w=0,v=0, and u’=0,v'=0 Then the equations of the required line are utkv=0 and w+k =O, where k and &’ will be obtained by another condition. Solved Examples on § 4.12. Ex. 1 (a). Find the equations to the line which intersect the lines 2x+y-4=0=y+2z and x+3z=4, 2x+52=8 and passes through the point (2,—1, 1). Sol. The equations of the required line are given by (2x+y-4)+4(y+22)=0 i) and” ("Gag = 4) + r+ 52-8) =0 ©.) If the above lines pass through (2, ~ 1, 1), then (4-1-4)+2C14+2)=0 and (24+3-4)+u445~-8)=0 ie. cL#h=0 and 14p=0 ie AEN, ps1 ©. From (i) and (ii), the required equations are Qx+y~4) + +22) =0, (@+32—4)— (2x + 52-8) =0 or Det 2y +2 =4,-x-2+4=0 or Ans. Ex. 1 (b). Find the equations of the straight line drawn from the origin to intersect the lines 3x+ 2y +4z-5=0=2x- -3y+4z+1 and 2x— dy +24+6=0=3x—dy+2-3 (Garhwal 95) Sol. The equation of the required line are given by (3x+ 2y +4z~-5) +2 (2x-3y +424 L)=0 and (2x 4y +746) +p (3x-4y+z-3)=0 If the above line passes through the origin (0, ©, 0), then —5+%=0 and 6-31=0 ie, A=5, p=2 <. From (i) and (ii) the required equations are . (3x + 2y + 42-5) +5 (2x—3y +474 1)=0 and (2x -4y +746) +2 (3x-4y+z-3)=0 or 13x 13y+242=0 and 8x—12y+3z=0 Ans. Ex. 2 (a). Find the equation to the line drawn parallel to 4x=y =z $0 as to meet the'lines 5x — 6 = 4y + 3=z and 2x—4=3y+5=z. Sol. The equations of the lines intersecting the given lines are {(Sx-6)—(4y + 3)} +k {(4y 43) —2) = and (2x4) - By + 5)} +B (Gy +5}-2} =-The Straight Line 109 or 5x44 (k-1y-ke+ Gk-9)=0 | . and 243 (K—Ny-K 24 (5K -9)=0 J A) i" If the line given by (j) is parallel to the line x/4 = y/=2/i wii) the Line (i) is perpendicular to the nocmals to each of the planes given by (i) and so we have 454+14k-D+lCH=0 of k=- 16/3 and 42413 -D+1CK)=0 or -5/2. Substituting these values of k and &’ in @) we have the required equations as 15x T6y + 162-75 =0, 4x —21y + 52-43 =0. Ans. Ex. 2 (b). Find the equations to the line that intersects the lines dxty-1=0=x—2y +35 3x-ytz+2=0=6x+Sy—2z-3 and is ine x=t y=! parallel to the line x=3 ¥=3 2 (Purvanchal 96) Sol. The equations of the lines intersecting the given lines are Qe-ty- I+ @-2y +32) =0 and Gx-y+zt2) +p (6x + Sy -2z- 3)=0 or (244) x4 (1-20) y + 3az+ GA-1)=0 | wad) and B+ 6p) x+ (Sw Ly +(1 2p) 2+ (2-3 =0 If the line given by (i) is parallel to the line x/1 = y/2=2/3 Gi) the line Gi) is perpendicular to the normals to each of the planes given by (i) and so we have 1.(2+) +2 (1-22) 43GA)=0 or 2=~2/3 and 13+ 6y)+2(5p-4+3 -2=0 or Wa-2/5 Substituting these values of 0 and pi in (i), the required equations are 4x4 Ty- 62-9 =0, 3x- I5y +924 16=0. Ans. - Ex.3 (a). A line with direction ratios 7,—5, 2 is drawn to intersect the . x-7_y+2_z-5 x-3_y-5_24+3 lines 3B - Flad the coordinates of the points of intersection and the length intercepted on it. ‘ Sol. Given lines are ~ 2=? =r (say) i) and xoe= =1 (say) i) Any point on (i) is P (7, -2-+ 7, $+ 37) and any point on Gi) is P'3+2r,5+41,-3- 37). (iii) . The direction ratios of the line PP’ are [G+2r)-7-n, 5+4r)-C2+n, (3-37) -(5+ 30} or (r+ 2f -4,-1 +4 +7, - 3-37 - 8) But the direction ratios of PP’ are given to be 7, - 5,2 so we get rt2’-4 rt 447 _- 37-37 8 7 -5 2HO Solid Geometry which gives Tort4r +1) =~5(r+2/ 4) and 2 (r+ 2 ~4)=7 037378) or 2-38 ~29=0 and 237425’ +48 =0 Solve these for rand /. Substituting the values so obtained in (iii) we get the coordinates of the required points of intersection P and P’ and then find the length of PP’ Ex. 3 (b). A line with dic’s proportional to (2,7,-5) is drawn to intersect the tines X=5.Y-7_2+2 4 XB es 3 -1 1 2 Find the coordinates of the Point of intersection and the length intercepted on it, Hint : Do as Ex. 3 (a) above. Ans, (2, 8,3), (0, 1, 2) and (78) *Ex. 4. Find the equations of the line intersecting the lines x-a=y=2-a,x+a=y=1 (2+) and parallel to the line 4 (x-a)=y-a=1 @~29) : 3 Sol. Any point on the line x~a=y=z—a=r (say) is ~ Plat+rratn wi) and any point on the line x+a=y=4(¢+a)=/ (say) is P’ Catv, /,-a42r) (say) (ii) +. The direction ratios of PP’ are {@+)-Ca+ry, r-1,(atr)~(-a-27)} or (r= 424, r= F-27420} Ail) But the line PP’ is paraliel to the line 3-48. =e ie, the direction ratios of PP" are 2, 1, 3, ©. From (iii) we seta rr ratte which gives r-42a=2(r~1) 33 (¢—P) =p 499 or ror ~2a=0; r= —2a=0 Solving these we get r=0 and 7’ =~ 2a, Substituting the values of r and /’ in (i) and (i) we find that P is (4,0, a) and P’ is (~ 3a, ~ 2a, ~ 5a). «The required equation of PP ig *=4 cara a4 Abs. Ex: 5. Find the equations of the straight line drawn through the origin which will intersect both the lines 0-D=29~-2=2 0-3, Leenaty gate 2-D=30-D=f@-9, Larenaly ged ea) Sol. The equation of the plane containing the firsi line is Al~1I)# BU -24C(%-3)=0, Gi)‘The Straight Line Wu where 2A+3B+4C=0 ii) If this plane passes through the origin, then we have AC 1)+BC2)+C(-3)=0 Aili) BoC Solving (ii) and (iii) we get As 20-1 -. From (i) the plane through the first line and the origin is given by —{x-1)4+2(=2)-(@-3)=0 or x-2y4+z=0 wiv) Also the equation of the plane through the given second line is a(x+2)+b(y-3)+c.@-4=0, ) where (a44+b3+c2=0 (vi) If this plane given by (v) passes through the origin, then a(2)+b(-3)+e(-4)=0 (vii) bc Solving (vi) and (vii) we get — 20 ~’. From (v), equation of the plane through the second line and origin is —6(¢+2)+20(7--3)-18@--4)=0 or 3x-10y+9z=0 ...viii) ©. The required line is given by (iv) and (viii). Ex. 6. Show that the equations of the line through (a,b, c) which is parallel to the plane ix + my + nz = @ and intersects the line Ayx + Bry + Ciz+ D1 =6 = Agx + Boy + Coz + D2 are 1(x-a)+m(y—b)+n(@-c)=0 Aix+ Biy+Ciz+Dy _ Axx + Bry + C+ Do Aia+Bib+Cic+D1 Ava + Bob + Cxc + D2 Sol. The required line is the line of intersection of the two planes as stated below :— . (i) The palne through the point (a, 6, c) and parallel to the given plane lx + my +n2=0 is given by 1(z—a) +m(y-b)tn(@-c)=0. Ld) (ii) The plane through the point (a, 8, c) and the line : (Aix + Bry + Cyz + Dy) + A (Aax + Bay + Coz + Dz) =0, 7) where 2 is calculated from the condition that the plaen (ii) passes through (a,b,c). . «. From (ii), (Aia + By + Cic + Dy) + A (Azat Bob + Cze + D2) =0, or N= (Alat Bib + Cie + Di)/(A2a + Bob + Cre + D2) -. From (ii) putting this value of A the equation of the plane through (a,b, c) and the given line is A+ Biy+ Ciz+Di _ Ax + Bry + Coz+D2 Aa+ Bib+ Cic+ Di Aza + B2b + Coe + D2 Here the equations of the cequired line are given by (i) and Ex. 7. Find the equations of the line through the point (~ 4, 3, 1) parallel to the plane x+2y-z=5 so as to intersect the line ~4at d= i (y -3)=~(2-2). Find also the point of intersection. and (Avadh 90) (iii)HZ Solid Geometry LBA Sol. Let P be the point (~ 4, 3, 1). Let the line through P (~ 4,3, 1) parallel to the given plane meet the xt+l_y-3 siven line = 15 r (say) in Q. Then the coordinates of Q may be taken as (~1~3r, 3}+2r.2—A). i) + Direction ratios of PQ are [~ 4 ~ (-1~3r),3-(3+ 2), 1-H] or Gr-3,-2r,r=1) i But PQ is parallel to the plane x+2y-z=5. iii) the direction ratios of whose normal are t,2,— 1. Since PQ is parallel to the plane (iii), so PQ is perp. to the normal to the plane (iii) and so we have 3r—3).1 +(-2).2+(r—1) (1) =0 or -2r-2=0 or =-1 . Hence from (i) the point of intersection Q is (2, 1, 3). Ans, Also from (ii) the direction ratios of PQ are ~ 6, 2,—2 or 3,-1, 1. +. The equation of the line PQ are £2C4) yo3_ecl | xed _yo3_ end Ans 3 -t 30-1. 7 **Ex. 8, Show that the equation of the straight line through the origin cutting each of the lines 2 _Y~Y¥2_ 2-2 x bh m om are ix you XL Yt 71 2 22 hom om 2m nz Sol. Equation of the plane through the first line is A (x-21) +B -y1)+C@-21)=0, where Aly + Bm, + Cry =0 If this plane passes through the origin then from (i) we have vAGCm)+BCy)+CCu)=0 of Ant+Byi+Cu=0 ii) Eliminating A, B, C from (i), (ji) and (iti) we get Jz y-y1 z>-zi] =0 A am n Ho Ye or * Y Z| =0, adding third row to first and interchanging second 1 Yt a and third rows. .-fiv) hom m Similarly the equation of the plane through the origin “ and second line is x y 2l=0 a) 72 y2 2 hom m The planes (iv) and (v) taken together give the required line. Hence proved.181/1V/8 The Straight Line 113 Exercises on § 4.12. Ex. |. Find the equations to the line intersecting the lines x—Lsy=2) 12x +2=2y=2+ | and parallel to the line F@-)=9-=4G-2. Ans. (¢-=y=5@-1) Ex. 2. Find the equations to the straight line drawn through the origin which will intersect both the lines. @-D=t04+9=4-H 6-9 =F049=5 6-1). Ans. 29x ~ 2y - 72 = 0 = 20x — 6 - 7. Ex. 3. A line with direction cosines proportional to (2, 1, 1) meet each of the lines given by the equations x=y+a=z;x+a=2y=2z. Find the coordinates of each of the points of intersection. Ans. (34, 22, 3a), (4, a, 2) Ex. 4. Find the equations to the line which can be drawn from the point (2,—1, 3) to intersect the lines fat N=tO-)=4G-3) and t@-4= 4 @+3). Ans. 12x-+ 4y—92+7=0= Lx ly + 22-38. Ex. 5. Find the equations of the line through the point @, 1, 2) intersecting the line x+3=y-+ 1 =2(¢—2)and parailel to the plane zo3_y-l io -ll Ex. 6. Find the equations to the line through the point (1, 2, 3) and intersecting the lines. x+2y-32=0=3x-2y-z and x-y-5=O5z-x45. **§ 4,13. Intersection of three planes. (Meerut 90) Let the planes be ajx+ by + ciz+dj=0,i=1, 2,3. Now if we take two equations at a time, we get three lines of intersection of the above three planes and following three cases arise -— (1) Three lines of intersection of these planes may coincide and then the three given planes intersect in a common line. (ID. Three lines of intersection of three planes may be parallel and then the three given planes form a triangular prism and (IID) Three lines of iniersection of three planes may intersect in a point and then the three given planes intersect in a point. Now we_are to find the cond*tion that the planes 2 arty +5z=0. Ans. uy Saxtbyteiztd =0 fi) u 3 axt boy text d,=0 fii) u3 ay t by + 0324.3 =0 (iii) (1) may intersect in a common line,ld Solid Geometry (IQ. may form a triangular prism, and UID may intersect in a point. Case I. Planes intersecting in a common line. The equation of any plane through the intersection of the planes (i) aad Gi) is. 4 +2u2=0 ie. (ax + by +c1z + dt) +4 (aoxt boy + om +d) =0 or (at + Rag) x (bi +2 by) y+ (cr +e) 2+ (di thd) =0 iv) If the planes (i), (ii) and (iii) intersect in a common line, then by Properly choosing the value of 4 the plane {iv) can be made to represent the plane (iii). Hence comparing the coefficients of , ¥, Z and the constant terms in (iii) and (iv) we have aithag_bithbr cithe dithd a3 53 3 4 =k (say) ie, =. +hay~ka3=0 - 61+2.62-kb3 =0 c1+Ac2—ke3=0 | + dp — kd3=0. Now we are to eliminate two variables 4 and k and for this we require only three equations whereas there are four equations. Therefore we take any three equations and obtain one condition by eliminating 4 and & between them. Now we can choose a set of three equations from the above four equations in four ways and so it appears that we shall get four different conditions. But we can easily find that" any two sets of three equations are equivalent to the remaining two sets and consequently we shall’ get only two independent conditions, . The necessary conditions are expressed by the rectangular array a bi ct dil j=o wlv) a b2 02 d a3 63 03 dy The notation signifies that any of the four determinants of third order obtained by omitting one vertical column are zero and thus we get two independent conditions, Case Il. The planes forming a triangular prism.” (Kiemaun 95) The planes will form a triangular prism provided the three lines of intersection of the planes taken two al a time are parallel. Let 0, mm, n be the direction ratios of the line of intersection of the planes (® and (ii), then we have- atl+ bim + cin =0 and ani + bum + con =0. as this line is prependicular to the normals to these planes.The Straight Line nS biea—baer eraz—cray a1b2 - a2b1 If this line is parallel to the plane (iii), then this must be at right angles to the normal to the plane (iii) and so we get 3 (brea — baer) + 3 (c1a2 — car) + c3(a1b2 — a2b1) =0 or a bt cij=0 (vi) a b2 a3 by 3 Solving these we have ‘The symmetry of this result shows that this is the condition for the line of intersection of any twe planes to be paraliel to the third plane. Hence the planes (i), (ii) and (fii) form a triangular prism if (vi) is satisfied and other determinants of (iv) do not vanish. Case Ll. The planes intersecting in a point. (Kumaun 95) i) by Crammer’s Rule (See Author’s Algebra or Matrices) we get by cn dhl a 2 b3 c3 ds) lax cz ds As=|ar bi dif and Ag=|ar bi ct “lan by ao an 62 «2 a3 b3 dy a3 b3 3] AL AS wet i Hence if the planes- intersect in a point at a finite distance then we must have A4 #0, which is the required condition Working Rule. Let the three planes be given by equations (i), (ii) and (ili) on Page 113 Ch. EV and let us denote 41, A2, 43 and Aq as in case [IT above. Now we proceed as follows — (a) Evaluate Ag and if As #0, then the planes intersect in a point and the coordinaes of this point can be obtained by solving the given equations. (b) If Ay =0, then evaluate any one of Ai, Az and Ay and we have -— 41) I none of A), 42 and Ay is zero, then the planes form triangular prism want6 Solid Geometry 958 __ Gi) If any one of Ai, Az and A3 is zero, then the planes intersect in a line. Note : If Aq=0 and Ai #0, then Az #0, A3#0. And If A4=O and Ay=0, then Ar=0,43=0.0 Hence evaluation of Aq and only one of the determinats out of Ay, 42, 43 is sufficient. (Remember) Solved Examples on § 4.13. Ex. 1. Examine the nature of intersection of planes. 2x-y+z=4, Sx+7y +2z=0, 3x+4y—224+3=0. Sol. The given planes are dk~yez-45 Sx+Ty 422+ 3x+4y-224+3=0 ~. The ‘rectangular array’ is 2-1. .1 -4 . 5 7 2 9 304-2 3 ” “a"=12 -1 “if=|0 0 1 5 7 2 19 2 3 4-2 72-2 subtracting 2 times third column from first and adding third column to second. or Ag=-6140. (See § 4.13 Case HHI Page 115 Ch. IV) Hence the given planes intersect in a point. ~~ Solving (i), (ii) and (iii) we get x _ sy z _ i tb -4[ "20 1 =a" J2--1 =a “72 1 7 2 Of [3 2 OF [5 7 Of f5 7 2 4-2 3} [3 -2 3/ |3 4 3) [3 4 -2 which give x= 1, y=-1,z= 1. Hence the planes meet in the point (1, - 1, 1). Ex. 2. Show that the planes 2x+4y+2z=735x+y-z=9, X-y~z=6 form a triangular prism. Sol. Here the rectangular array is . 2 4 2-7 5 1-1 -9 1-1 -1l -6 2 264 5 1 =I} |5 6 4 1 10 0 , adding 1st column to 2nd and 3rd.The Straight Line 7 =6x4|2 1 1|=0, twocolumns being identical Sill 1,0 0 Alsom=| 4 2 -7]=| 6 0 —25| ,adding twice 2nd row 1-1 -9 1 =f 9] to fst and subtracting -1 +1 -6 -2 0 3} 2nd row from 3rd. or “| 6 -25| , expanding w.. to 2nd column -2 3 =-[18-50]}=3240 Thus we have A4=0, A1#0 and so the given planes form a triangular prism. (See working rule and note on Pages 115-116 Ch. IV). Ex. 3. Prove that the planes 2x-3y-7z=0, 2x~l4y ~13z=0, 8x — 3ly — 332 = 0 pass through one line and find its equation. Sol: The rectangular array is - 2-3 -7 0 3-14 -13 | 8 -31 -33 0}; ~3 -7/=|2 3 7, -14 -13 3°14 «15 -31 -33| |8 31 33 taking - | common from 2nd and 3rd columns. 1], subtracting ist column from 2nd 4] and 3 times Ist column from 3rd 9] respectively. 0 7 Zon 0 oN " wey 1] , subtracting 3rd column once 1) from 2nd and twice from first, =€, expanding with respect to first row and evaluating. AlsoAi= | -3 -7 0/=0 i-14 -13 0 I-31 -33 0 Since A¢=0 and Aj =0, therefore the given planes meet in a line. (See working rule and note on Pages 115-116 Ch. IV.) ‘The equations of the line of intersectin are given by 2x- By - 12 =0, 3x- ly — 132=0 (taking any two of the given planes) These may be written in the symmetric form as x.y 2 ALL 39-94 -21+26 -28+9 o 59° -5 19° Ans.118 Solid Geometry Ex. 4. Prove that the three Planes x+y+z2+6=0, x+2y+22+6=0, x+3y+32+6=0 intersect ina common line. Sol. The rectangular array is i 11 t 6{|=0 ‘ 1226 . vce we ewamescmen ance Lng 3g Mss ft t tfso- two columns are identical 122 133 Also Ar= [1 1 6] =0, since two columns are identical. 2 2 6 . 336 + As As=0 and Ar =0, so the given planes mect in a line. (See working rule and Note on Pages 115-116 Ch. TV) Ex. 5. Show that the planes x+ay + (b+0)z+d=0, x+by+(c+a)z+d=0, x+cy+(a+b)z+d=0 pass through one line. Sol. The rectangular array is a bte d Lb cta d loc atd d “ As= {1 @ btel=|t a atbetcl 1 6 ct+a 1 6 b+ceta loc a+b loc ctatd S@t+b+c1 >a if; Tb | = 0, two columns being identical. Also a= {1 b+e dl=d|1 bte 1 {1 ct+a d l eta t lL atb d loath i =0 Since A¢=0, Az =0, therefore the given lines intersect in a line. (See Working Rule and Note on Pages 115-116 Ch. IV) “Ex. 6 (a). Prove that the planes x =cy +bz, y= az+ eX, Z= bx +ay Bass through One line if a” +b? +c? + 2abe = 1, and find its equations. (Avadh 94, 93; Garhwal 93, 90; Kanpur 95, 93; Rohilkhand 91) Sol. The given planes are x— cy ~bz=0, cx—y-+az=0, bx +ay —7=0 +. The rectangular array is |] 1 -c -6 9 (Note) c -l ao ba -1 06 itThe Swaight Line ng sw Ag=|1 -c -bf=|[1 -¢ -b ce -1 af |O ct. beta bo a -ll |6 atbc b-1 substracting c times Ist row from 2nd and 4 times from third. =| 2-1 bc+a) , expanding with respect to first column atbe b=1 =(2-1) (= 1)- (be +4) (be +a) (2-2 8 +1) - (Pe? +a" + 2abe) -a'— 9-2 2abe and A= j-c -6b 0/=0. -l a 0 a -a 0| Now if the given planes intersect in a line then 44 must be zero ie. 1a? 6? cP-2abe=0 ie. a 48° +07 +2abe= 1. Hence proved. If L mn be the dics of this line then this line being perpendicular to normals to the given three planes we have J.f~c.m—b.n=0,cl-lm+an =0 and b.lta.m-1.n=0 Solving the above three equations in pairs, we get : m . a i) ! m n .. Gay ab+e cath i) L mm n fas and ore Pal = athe wii) From (ii) and (iii) we get 2 2 t m (ote) (ab+c)(1-a2) (1-B*) (ab+o) ? or PAA -@) =m (1-0) Similarly from (i) and (ii) we find that P/(1 -@) =? /(1—-c) . We have P/(L—a?) =P /1- P=? - <4 or 1. mt Ya-@) va-8) va-e) Also the three given planes pass through the origin, so the equations of their line of intersection are given by < x z == Ans. ya-@ va-0) va-0) +£x. 6 (b). Prove that the planes ny ~mz=2, lz —nx= 1, mx=ny=V have a common line if and only if 1+ mu + ny = 0 (Kanpur 96)120 Solid Geometry Sol. Give planes are Ox+ny—mz-2=0, sactOyt+k-p=0 and mx—ny+0.z-v=0 ‘The rectangular array is 0 a o-m -~2 ||=0 —n 0 foo m =n 0 -v “A= ] On -mb=anton —ml em na —m -n 0 q —n | 0 q m-n 0 =n (- mn) + m (nl) = mn (1-1) i) And Ais] on -m -Al=|n —-+ysin@-z=0 Let I, m,n be the d.c.’s of the line of intersection of the planes (i) and (ii), then as this line is perpendicular to the normal to the planes (i) and (ii), we have 7.1—m.siny~n.sing=0,/siny-m.i+nsin@=0 Solving these we have I im n Now if 6+o+y= * sin 6=sin [fx ~ (8+ y)] = cos @+y) ~ =cos @ cos w—sin 6 sin yw or sin ¢ + sin @ sin y=cos @ cos y Similarly sin 0 + sin 9 sin y=cos 6 cos W Substituting these values in (iv) we haveThe Straight Line 123 t mt tt ow —t.. —s= or cos Ocos W cos bcos W cos? y cos® cos cosy Also the planes (i) and (ii) pass through the origin, so the equations of the line of intersection of the planes (i) and (ii) is ZLLL2 +... i lm n ™ cos® cos@ cosy” Ww) If this line (vi) lies on the plane (ii), then the point (0, 0, 0) on this line must be on the plane (iii) which is true, also the normal to the plane (iii) must be at right angles to the line (vi), the condition for the same is sin 6 cos @ + sin 8 cos $— 1.cos y=0. or sin (8+§)-cosy=0 or sinfk—y]-cosy=0 ~8+o+y or cos ~cos y=0, which being true the line (vi) lies on the plane (iii). **Ex. 10. The plane (x/a) + (y/b) +(z/c)=1 meets the axes in A, B and C. Prove that the planes through the axes and the internal bisector of the angles of the triangle ABC pass through the line x ~— A ANG ee) ora) che +64 Sol. The coordinates of the point A,B and C are (a, 0,0), (0, b, 0} and (0, 0, c) respectively. ‘The d.c.’s of the sides AB and.AC of the A ABC are st to a fo, Wea? + 6) Ya? Yea” We +c)’ Tea Also we know that the d..’s of internal bisector of t the two lines whose doc.'s are lt, mi, m1 and 11, ma, nz are given by <_. respectively e) $a +h), i (mt + m2), da +12) ~The d.c.’s of the internal bisector of AB and AC are fa a : b 1 c aya eet -— - 0), or late eal if Mea +P) | if “We or tg) bd bie 2 lesb) ere] Tye 48) Aa) or 1, m,n (say). Any plane through x-axis £e. y=0,z=0 is y+2z=0 If the intemal bisector of AB and AC whos dic.’s L, m,n are given by (i) above lies on the plane (i) then we have l.O+m.1+n.2=0 oc L=-m/n From (ii), the equation of the plane through x-axis and the internal bisector of AB and AC is y (n/n) 2=0 or yém=w/n. 2 2, 7 2, 2, o 2 a 1 teva) putting the values of mand n124 Solid Geometry 2 sa or —_} _-—_i-, iii) Wie +a) cV(a? +b) Similarly the equations of the other planes are z x 2 —i—_.—__41_ Aiv) cab) ab? +0?) . * —_y_ . and ates am) aV@+e) (2+) Evidently the line of intersection of the planes (iii), (iv) and (v) is Hence proved. —* ath +e) wV(e+a) eV (a+b Ex. 11. The plane x/a + y/b+z/c=1 meets the axes OX, OY and OZ in A, B, C respectively. Prove that the planes through the axes perpendicular to the sides of. the triangle ABC pass through the line ax=by =cz “ Find also the coordinates of the orthocentre of the triangle ABC. Sol. The coordinates of A,B and C are (a, 0,0), (0, b,0) and’ (0, 0, c) respectively. The equations of the side BC of the A ABC are ara aee 2-0 Note). The equation of the plane through OX ie. y=O=zis y+Az=0. If this plane is perpendicular to the line (i), then the normal to this plane must be parallel to (i), the condition for the same is Sub ece - or hae, The equation of the plane through OX and perpendicular to the side BC of the AABC is y—(c/b)z=0 or by=cz i) Similarly the equations of the other planes are z= ax wiv) and. ax=by AV) Evidently the line of intersection of the planes (iii), (iv) and (v) is x Zz 7 ax=by=ce or Parte ero) Avi, Also the orthocentre of the triangle ABC lies on the three’planes given by (iii), (iv) and (v) and it also lies on the plane of AABC. ote) ~" ~ de, the ofthocentre of A ABC lies on the line (vi) and the piane of A ABC. viz. x/aty/b+uc=al. ie. the orthocentre of A ABC is the point of intersection of the line (vi and the plane x/a + y/b +2/c=1. Now from (vi), any point on the line (vi) is (r/a, r/b, r/c). If this point lies on the plane x/a+y/b + z/c=1 we haveThe Straight Line 125 ror Steger raineteb ec?) 2 po | <» The required coordinates of the orthocentre of A ABC are rre 1 SE tm Exercises on § 4,13. Ex. 1. Determine the values of k such that the following system of pianes tay (i) intersect in a point, (ii) intersect in a line, (iii) form a triangular pris Sxtythe=2, 2x4 3y+42=3, xF2y—3¢5-k Ams. (i) k#1, Ex. 2. Find the condition that three planes arxtbpyt+crz+d-=0, r= 1,2, 3, may intersect in a common line. [Hint : See § 4.13 Case i Page 114 Ch. IV] Ex. 3. Examine the nature of intersection of the planes 2x+3y-z=2,3x4+3y+z=4 and x-y+22=5. Ans, Planes intersect in (24/5, - 3, -7/5) Ex. 4. Examine the nature of intersection of the planes x+2y+32=6,3x4+4y+5e=2 and Sxt+4y+3z+18=0 Ans. Planes intersect in a line. Ex. 5. Show that the planes x+y—z=2,2x-y-z+2=0, x—Sy+z+4=0 form a triangular prism and calculate the breadth of each face of the prism. Aus. (2/7)N(21), (3/4)V(42), (3/14)N(42). Ex. 6. Show that the planes 5x+2y~4z+2=0, 4x—2y-5z~2=0 and 2x+ By 22+ i =0 form a prism. i Ex. 7. Interpret the following types of solutions of the set of simultaneous - equations aix+biy+eiz+di=0, a2x+boy +2 +d2=0, ax + bsy + 032+ d3 = 0. * @) unique solution, (ii) no solution, that is the equations are inconsistent, ii) infinitely many solutions. **§ 4.14. To find the perpendicular distance of a point from a line ind the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular. (Kumaun 93) Let the equations of the line AB (say) in he symmetric form be #5 robiet and at the point be P(x‘, y’,z’). From P draw PN perpendicular to AB. oin AP. Then in right angled triangle APN, we ave PN? = AP? — AN? wai)126 Solid Geometry Now AP? = (2-0? + 0° - BP + —1 Gi) And AN = the projection of AP cn the line whose d.c.’s are i, m,n or AN=1 (x) +m (yf ~B) +n @-Y iii) ~ 2. From (@, Gi) and (iii) we have PN? = (G00)? + - BY + @ WIL - 0) +m -B) tn] =[/- 0)" +0 - BP +e WP +m +n?) -[I(’ -a)tm’-B)+n(e- wr. Pan? +0=1 = (m @— =n -B))? + {0-1 +(10'-B)—m G0}, using Lagrange’s Identity See Ch. U mon toomf y-B ¢-¥ xa y¥-B Note. Students should remember that /, m,n are the direction cosines of the fine AB. In case direction ratios are given we should find the direction cosines of the fine. Coordinates of N, the foot of perpendicular. Let AW=r, then the coordinates of N, which is a point on AD at a distance r from A aie (0+ Jr, B+ mr, y+-n1). waliv) ~. The direction ratios of PN are a+ Ir—x’, B+ mr—y,ytar—z. As PN is pergendicular to AB, whose d.c.’s are I; m, n so we have . L(+ lr-x) +m (B+ mr-y)+n(ytnr-7z)=0 . or (P+ nm? +n) r=1(¢ —o) +m -B) +n -Y) or r=I Qf ~0)+m(—B)+n(’-, since P+ m+n? = 1 Substituting this value of r in (iv) we can find the coordinates of N, the foot of the perpendicular from P to the line AB. Solved Examples on § 4.14. Ex. 1, Find the distance of P(x’,y‘,z’) from the line through A (a, b, ¢) whose direction cosines are cos 0,, cos B, cos Y. Sol. Proceed exactly as in § 4.14 P. 125 Ch. IV. Here the co-ordinates o! A are (a,b,c) instead of (o,B,y) and the dc.’s of the line AB are cos o,.cos B, cos Y instead of f, ni, n in § 4.14 PB. 125 Ch. IV. *Ex. 2. From the point P (1, 2, 3), PN is drawn perpendicular to th: straight line (x-2)/3=(y-3)/4=(2-4)/S. Find the distance PN, th equations to PN and coordinates o} Sol. The equations of the given line AB (say) are given as ko2_y-3 2-4 nm |" 1 [P+ [2-¥ xo where A is (2,3, 4) say,The Straight Line 127 Let N, the foot of the perpendicular from P to AB be at a distance r from A. Then from (i) are coordinates of N are (2 + 3r, 3 +4r, 4+ 5)). wii) -. The direction ratios of the line PN are (243r) -1, GB +4r)-2, (445) -3 be. 14 3r, 1447, 14 5r Also direction ratios of the line AB given by (i) are 3, 4, 5. As PN is perpendicular to AB, so we have (143r).3+(14+4r).4+(1+57).5=0 of 50r+12=0 or r=-6/25. 32 51 70 + From (ji) the coordinates of N are (3 5 3} Ans. -. The distance PN = distance between P and N ATE) Bm 2] _ 5x3 _ V3 “3 (o +? +E 35 = Ans, And the direction ratios of PN are 1 +3r,1+4r, 1+5r where r=-6/25 ie, d. ratios of PN are 7/25, 1/25, - 5/25: he. 7, 1,-5. . The equations of the perpendicular PN which passes through (1,2, 3) and whose d. ratios are 7, 1, ~5 are tollyc2 7 1 ~5 0 Ex. 3 (a). Prove that the equations of the perpendicular from the point (1, 6, 3) to the line x-iGh are er and the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular are (1, 3, 5). (Kumaun 93; Meerut 91) Ans, Sol. Refer Fig. 2 Page 125 Ch. IV. Here the point P is (1, 6, 3) and the equations of line AB are t= ot ait ©. The d.t’s of the line AB are 1,2, 3. Let N be the foot of the perpendicular from P to AB be (r, 1 2r, 2437) wi) The d.t’s of the line PN are r-1, (1+ 27)-6,(243-3 be, r-1,2r-5,3r~1 di) As PN is perpendicular to AB whose dir.'s are 1,2, 3 so we get E.-1)42Qr-)43Gr-=0 or rst ©. From (i), the coordinates of N are (1, 3,5). Hence proved. And from (ii), the d.r’'s of the line PN are 0,-3.2. Also perpendicular ‘N passes through P (J, 6, 3). Hence the equations of the perpendicular PN are128 Solid Geometry 18iMV/8 Hence proved. Ex. 3 (b). Find the equations of the perpendicular and coordinates of _the foot.of perpendicular drawn from the point (5, 9, 3) to the line 4@-p=ty-Q=4@-3) (Purvanchal 93) _ Sol. Do as Ex.3 (a) above. Ans. 1~5=4(y-9)=-$@-3; 5.7) **Ex, 3 (¢). Find the equations of the perpendicular from (1, 3,77) on the line x=3-5t, y=2+ 5t,z=—-7+ 2t. Sol. The equations of the given line AB (say) are given by x=3-5hy=24542=-742. ERT, wi) (Note) Let the given point (1, 3, 7) be P and N be the foot of the perpendicular from P(1,3,7) on the line AB given by (ji). Let A be G,2,-7), which evidently Ties on (i). Let AN= then from (i) the coordinates of WN are (3-St, 2+ 5t,-7 +21). (i) A _y+3 2-1 ang distance > from it. -1 2 3 (Meerut 91S) Sol. The equation of any plane through origin is -eo Ax Byt+ €2=0. Ad) If this plane is parallel to the given line, whose direction ratios are 2,1, ~2, then the normal to this plane (1) must be perpendicular to the given line ie. A.24+B.C1)+C(-2=0 or 24-B-2C=0 wii} Also the plane (i) is at a distance (5/3) from the given line i.e. at z distance 5/3 from the point (1, —3,— 1) on this line.The Straight Line 131 AM+B-N+CCN 5 Nae 3 le 9(A~3B-C) = 25 (4? +B 9498 + C648 + 680-240) =25 (a2 + BC) or 8A? ~ 288? + 8C? + 274B-278C-49CA =0 From (ii) we have B=2.(A—C), Substituting this in iil) we get 84-28 (4A -} + 802+ S44 (A-C)-SAC(A-C)4 94 <0 or. ~50A7~ 5007+ 1254C=0 of 24? +207 54C=0 or QA-C)(A-20)=0 or A=tc2c <. From (ii) we have B=2(A~C)=2C-0, ita=ic or 2(C-QifA=2C. ~C,2C C.B=-CandA=2C=8 +. From (i) the required equations are $Cx-Cy+Cz=0 and 2Cx+2Cy+Cz=0 ‘Thus we have two cases A= 2 origin to the line X42¥4324+4=0=2x+37+4245, Also find the Coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular. Sol. Refer Fig. 2 Page 125 Ch. IV. The equations of the given line AB (say) in the symmetric form can be found as sett, @ A @,~3, 0) is any point on this tine, Also here P is (0, 0, 0) and let N, the foot of the perpendicular from P to the line (i), be at a distance r from A, Then. the coordinates Of N are (2+7,-3- 2r,r) - «ii ~ The dac’s of the line PN are (2 +r, -3—2r, rn Also the d.r.’s of the line AB from (i) arel, 2,1. ~. As PN is perpendicular to AB, so we have LQ4+)-2¢-3-2n+ 1r=0 or 6r+8=0 or rs—(4/3) v: Brom (ii) coordinates of N ar “6 4-4) Ans. and from (iii) the d.t.’s of the line PN } (2/3) ,-(173),~ (4/3) or 2,-1,-4, wiv} The required length of the perpendicular =PN=N (2/3) + (173) + 4/3} =2 Yan Ans, 3 Also the equations of the tine PN passing through P (0, 0,0) and dir’s 2,~ 1, =4 [See results (iv) above] are132 Solid Geometry . 958 kyle. sprog QT a Ans. *£x. 7. Find the locus of a point which moves so that its distance from the line x = y-=—2 is twice its distance from the plane x-0 2 xt+y+z=0 (Kanpur 90) Sol. Let P(x1,y121) be the point whose locus is required under the given condition. Its distance from the given plane xptyltZi x+y FZ yes ott aa =p (say), @) Vrs P+) BP x Also any point on the given line + te- [i840.0,0. Let the foot of the perpendicular from P to this line be N and let it be at distance r from A (0, 0, 0), then the coordinates of N are (r,r,—r) and the d.t’'s of PNarex—r I-A th ‘Also the d.r’s of the given line AB (say) are 1, 1,- 1. Since PN is perpendicular to AB, so we have L.Qa-tt.Qi-n-l.@itn=0 or r=t@tyi-a) “The coordinates of N are (7, -—#), where r=4 G1 + yt -2) 2 PNP=G t-te axttyttd +37 —2rGaty-2) eday}e de 3d caty-a-2. Ga fyi-a? edteyted-Lert ya? = (0/3) bt +yt +q—xyi tyra t at] Also according to the problem PN=2p ot PN? = 4p? So WOR xy tyr rem = 4/9) Itt from (i) and (ii) or alt yt + af + Sein + 3yizt + 3cizt = 0, on simplifying. ‘The required locus of P (x1, y4, 21) is Payee £5xy + Byzt 3 =0 Ans. Ex. 8. Find the locus of a point whose distance from x-axis is twice ‘its distance from the yz-plane. Sol. Let P(c,, B, ¥) be the point whose locus is to be found according to the given problem. Distance of P from yz-plane = x-coordinate of the point F = a (Note) Again square of distance of P (0, B, 7) from x-axis ie.181/VY/3 Change of Axes 33 These two sets of relations can also be deduced algebraciliy from the two sets (i) and (ii). | Again from the relations (ii), we have Fila + mymz + njnz=9, 1g + mymy + n4n3=0 Solving these simultaneouly, we get hh my aL magn mgr nals —n3l ~ Tams ~ Bri Meme nby iy (Note) VeEman3 - msn2)2] sin 90°) stl. (Note) ‘These express the d.c.’s of one line in terms of those of the other two. Alsolet A= /h my ay bom nz 5 m3 ng Then monilx tome om mom) {hk m2 no m3 n3l {is m3 na 2 =/2F hob f gfe Proof. Here A=be=/?, B=ca~g’, C=ab~h? and the value of A= abe + 2fgh ~ af? ~ bg” — ch? A+B+Cabetcatab-f—e iP34 Solid Geometry 958 Now wwo cases arise > Case I. If only origin is shifted to (x1, y1, 21) axes remaining parallel. In this case the given expression transforms into a(rta +b (ety Pte eae 2ftyy Ez} + 2g (+21) (ett) + 2h (han) O+y1) or far? + by sez 2fxr + Qgex + 2hiy} aa + 2x (acy + hyt + gi) + 2y (het + by) + far) + 2c (en +f Fezyt ‘The second degree terms remain unaltered after the transformation and as atb+c, A+B+C and A contain only a,b,¢f,g,hie. the coefficiens of second degree terms, so these are invariants i.e. remain unchanged. Case I. If only the (rectangular) axes are rotated, origin remaining same, Im this case let the given expression ax? + bj? + cz” + 2fyz-+ 2gor + Ihxy transform into atx’ + diy? + c1e?+ Dfiyz + 2gizx + Bhiay Also as origin remains unchanged, so the distance of any point P (x, y, 2) from the origin remains unchanged and so x” + y” +2” remains the same. ©. The expression a + by? tec? + Oye + Qpor + Bary ROE yer) cui) transforms into ~ air? + by? + e122 + 2fiye 2gicxthyyta(rty eZ) — iy {f for some value of A, the expression (i) is the product of two linear factors, then for the same value of A, the expression (ii) can aiso be written as the product of two linear factors. Now (i) can be written as . a2 + b+ Peet) ZH Ice 2gex + 2hxy and this can be written as the product of two linear factors if “abe + 2fgh ~ af >~ bg? — ch? =0" fe iF (G+2) +9) (c+ A) + Yoh (a4 Nf? (bd) g2~ (CHAK =O fe UMA a+b M4 (ab+be-+ caf? —g2 A) 1 + (abe + 2fgh - af *- ie, if P+ (atbte)N+(A+B+OA+A=0, where the symbols have their usual meanings. Similarly (ii) can be written as the product of two linear factors if _ Pra tose) +A eRe cy r+ Ar a0, ivy where A= bye — ff ete. and Ay =arbici + Yfigila ~ayf? ~bigh-ciht “. The equations (iii) and (iv) have the same Toots, so comparing the coefficients, we get‘The Straight Line 133 x20 _y-0_ 2-0, nr en) 2 2 2 B-0 y-0 0 | + aol po + y-0 a-0 1 0 O 1 ie. CBP+ OP +O? ie B+? «. According to the problem we have VP 4+P)=20 or 4o?=p +7 c. Required locus of P (a, B, ¥) is 4x7 =y? +2. Ane *Ex. 9. Find the equaton of the right circular cylinder of raz" whose axis passes through (1, 2, 3) and has direction cosines prope to (2, 3, 6). Sol. The equatons of the axis of the cylinder are x-l_y-2 2-3 2° 3° «6 If P(,y,2) by any point on the cylinder, then the | perpendicular from P to the line (i) is equal to radius 2 of the cv" 2 - -2 ie. oy 1 (F ly 2| + = yr2 Zz 2 4ee | 2-3 See § 4.14 and Note on P. or 4 = (1/49) ((- 3x-2y + + (6y— 32-217 + or 196 = (3x-+2y - 7)? +9 (2y-z- 7)" +4 Gx- Ex. 10. Show that the equation to a right circular ¢ is the origin, the semi-vertical angle @ and whose axis has Ym, nis & [yn - mf’ =(x"+y? +2) sin? 8. Sol. Let P(x, y, z) be a point on the one. whose vertex V is (0, 0, 0) and semi-vertical angle is @. ot From P draw PN perpendicular v to its axis VC, whose d.c.’s are I, m,n. owen ‘The equation of VC is iad Zz z Then PN” 2 2 4 (Fig. 3) aft Fy zp tie oe See § 4.14 Page 125 Ch. IV Tom) fm nl jn i = (xm — yl) + (yn = am)? + (el nx) =E (Qn - zm)? fi) And VP = distance between V (0, 0, 0) and P (x, y, 2)134 Solid Geometry or VPHVxr+y? 422) og VP a eye 2 (ii) ~ Also from A VPN it is evident that | PN=VPsin@ or PN’ =VP* sin? ‘or EQn~am)'=(+y?+2) sin”, from @) and (ii). Hence proved. ” “*Ex. IL Find the equation to the right circular cone whose vertex is 2, 3, 5), the semi-vertical angle is 30°, and the axis is a line equally inclined to the coordinate axes. Sol. Refer Fig. 3 Page 133 Ch. IV. If the axis VC of the cone (Here V is (2,~3, 5)] is equally inclined to the ‘nate axes, then its direction cosines are J, J, , where WP+P Pal or atn3 direction cosines of the axis VC of the cone are 13, 1N3, 1/13 and Vis (2,3, 5), equations of the axis VC we Ro 1h = "t,y.2) be any point on the cone, then the Tength of the from P to the axis VC is given by 2° 2 +iyt3 z-5["+ W313 2 yt3 z-5 x-2 2 13 IN3 13 2 2 : yrs] tiyt3 2-5{ +]z-5 21-2 I 1 1 1 L a P+ 0-24 8) + eH 4-3} 429? +22? — Day — Dye — Daz — de + 26y — 220 498} (i) ~* Square of the distance between V (2,3, 5) and P (x,y, 2) = (1-277 +43)" +~ 5)? B24 y+ 2 ax + by 102438 fii) 9 from A VPN we get PN = VP sin 0 = VP sin 30° PN? = vp? (Ly ” 073) 0 ty? 42? —ay—ye—ze= Det 13y— 12 449] or = (1/4) (2 +9? 42? —4e-+6y~ 102+ 38), from () and (i) or Sx? + 5y? 4 52 Bey — Bye — Bex ~ 42-4 869— 580 +278 <0. Ans. Exercises on § 4.14. Ex. 1. Find the equation, foot and length of the perpendicular from (2, 3, 5) to the Tine (x — 15)/3 = (y -29)/8 =(2— SA 3). Ex. 2. Find the distance of (~2, 1,5) from the line through (5, 7, 3) whose direction cosines are proportional t0 2, - 3, 6 “Ans. 4V(61)/7.‘The Straight Line 135 Ex. 3. Find the equation of a right circular cone whose vertex is *(2,-3,5) and axis theslitie PQ, which is equally inclined to the axis and ‘hich passes through the point A (1, -2, 5) Ans. x2 +y? +22 + 6yz+ bax + Oxy =0 Ex. 4. Find the perpendicular distance of the point (2, 4,—1) from the nex+5=4(y+3)=-2(¢-6). Also find its equations. **§ 4.15. To find the shortest distance (or S. D.) between two given nes and to obtain the equation of this shortest distance. (Kurdaun 95, 93) Definition. Two lines are said to be skew lines or non-intersecting lines if ey do not lie in the same plane and the straight line which is perpendicular to ich of these two non-intersecting lines is called the line of shortest distance or D. The length of this line intercepted between the given lines is called the ngth of the shortest distance. *#Lengths and equations of S. D. (Kanpur 97) Method I. Length of SD. Let the equations of the given lines be tom. om ~O x7 _y-Po_z-w ae 4 =o b m, a2 GD Let PQ be the line which is perpendicular 28, OD both the given lines AB and CD. Let 1, m,n be * ¢ direction ratios of the line PQ. Then as PQ is perpendicular to the lines and (ii), so we have Hy + mm) + nn =0 1 Up mm + nag = 0. A Gury —~B Solving these, we get 1 m n ‘Fig. 4) min — mani fnila— rah ~ Tm fami -. IfA, Ws, Vv be the actual d.c.’s of the line PQ, then we have (iii) (ming — mani) VCore — many)? + (ala nal)? + (ima ~ bmi)?] _ min? = mK VE (min = mom )"} — ml - Similacly p=——U2= Mt ggg y= ebm YE (mim — mm FP] MEE (muna ~ mbni)") From figure 4 above it is evident that PQ is the projection of AC (where ad C are points (@,Bi, 71) and (a2, B2, yg) on the line (i) and (ii) ectively] on the line PQ whose d.c.’s are (A, HL, V) given by (iv).136 Solid Geometry + PQ = (ay ~ 02) A+ (Bi - Bo) L+ (Yr - ) Vv. ~See § 2.09 Ch — (0 = 02) (rarnia ~ mage) + (B1 — Bo) (ral ~ mali) + (yt — ye) (lama — bin: - VEE (mang — ram P} . = formar Bi~Br u-w + VECmm—mny'] (Note)... 4 mj ny b m, nm An important Note ; If the given lines are coplanar, then S.D.=0 ie. £ (oi - 02) (ming — mont) =0 Equations of S.D. . (Kanpur 9: From the figure 4 above it is evident that the line PQ (which represen, S.D.) is the line of intersection of the plane containing the lines AB and PQ at the plane containing the lines CD and PQ. (Not Now the equation of the plane containing lines AB and PQ is za y-Bi, z-y| =0 att ve . i my ny mow and the equations of the plane containing the lines CD and PQ is x-o2 y-B, z-p}=0 wf 2 my nm L mon ‘The Tine of shortest distance PQ is the line of intersection of these t -planes-given-by- (vi)-and (vii), hence the equations of the line of the’S.D. - given by (vi) and (vii). . Method I. The general coordinates of points on the two lines given @ and (ji) above are (oy + lari, Bi + mirt, V1 +n1r1) say point P and (02+ larz, B2 + m2r2 , 72+ n2r2) say point Q. . If these are the points where the line of $2. meets the given lines (i) : (ii) respectively, then the line PQ must be at right angles to both the lines and (ii). Find the divection ratios of the lines PQ and apply the conditions | PQ is perpendicular to the lines {i) and (ii). Solving the two equations so obtained, we can find the values of r1 r. Hence the coordinates of P and Q and also the d.c.’s of the line PQ known, which enable us to find the distance between P and Q and the equa’ “of the line PQ - - Note. This method is useful when the coordinates of P and Q required. Method III. The shortest distance can also be obtained if we use the that it is equal 10 the length of the perpendicular from any point on one of lines to the plane through the other line parallel to the first. Note : This method is generally used when the equations of one lir given in general form while those of the other are in the symmetric form. Method IV. If the equations of both the lines are given in general { as wsO=v, and = a2 =0=02.‘The Straight Line 137 ‘Then the equations ofjany plane through the first line is uit kin =0. AA) And the equation of any plane through the second line is . u2+kwv2 = 0. ..(B) Choose ky and k2 in such a manner that planes (A) and (B) are parallel then the required S. D. is the distance between these two parallel planes and the equations of S.D. will be given by planes through each of the given planes and perpendicular to these parallel planes. ‘An Important Note : For convenience we generally reduce the given equations to the symmetric form (if they are not so) and use method I as given on Pages 135-36 Ch. IV. : Solved Examples on § 4.15 *#Ex. 1 (a). Find the S. D. between the lines (Meerut 91, 90) Sol. Let J, m, n be the d.c.’s of the S. D. of the given lines. Then wehave 1-2m+n=0, -6m+n=0 . t n Solving these, we get “9 [6414 24 At on dma NO eni tn) 2°34 Wear43? 44% VO29) . a 2.3. 4 7 7. The direction cosines of S. D. are Tos’ Tor Ten) iii) Also as A (3, 5,2) is a point on the line (i) and B (1, ~1,~1) is a point _ on the line (i). “= The length of S. D. = projection of join of A and B on the line whose dic.’s are given by (iii) 2 3 4 = YG Otay BC UB Tay BO I _2(2)+3 (6) +4 (3) __34 Ans . (5) “Yes " x-3_y-5 x+1_y+6_z+} RB eS md (Meerut 92) Hint. Do as Ex. | (a) above. Ans. 2 ¥(29) *Ex. 2 (a). Find the length and the equations of the common perpendicular to the two lines x4+3_y-6 . xt2 yo u-T og 3 72 i) and 4717 1 fli) (Avadh 95, 91, 90; Gorakhpur 91; Purvanchal 95}138 Solid Geometry Sol. Let J, m,n be the d.c.’s of the line of the common Perpendicular (or S. D.) to the two given lines, Then we have { —4.14 3m +2n=0, -4+m+n=0 L un - Solving these we get 322 rier rery on I a Meme) 1 1-478 Wi? + (4)? 4 7) 9 “+ The dics of the S. D are (1/3), ~ (4/9), (8/9) --Aiii) and the d.r’s of the S.D. are 1, - 4, 8, Also A 3,6, 0) is a point on the Tine (i) and B (2, 0, 7) is a point on the line (ii), * The length of S. D. = projection of Join of A and B on the line whose dic.’'s are given by (i) = (1/9) (3)~( 2 4/9) (6) - OQ) +8 9) £0) - (79) ~~ (1/9) ~ (24/9) ~ 5679) =9 (numericall 'y). Equations of S. D. oo. The equation of the plane through the fine (id and S.D. is +3 y~6 zl=0 or 32x-+ 34y + 13¢= 108 liv) -4° 32 1-4 8 And the equation of the plane through the line (ii) and S. D. is e+2 yy 2-7/=0 of 4c+ y+ 5z-27=9 av) -4 104 Pan dew nigh ++ From (iv) and (v) the and 4x4 Uy+52-27=0. Ans, Bx. 2 (b). Show. that the shortest distance between’ the lines 2 5 ae is % and that its equations are Ix+y-S2+7=9, (Bundei Sol. The given lines are Y22 2-3 mt) ka? yua ar and a Any point P on the line i) is (1+ 27, Ikhand 95, 94: Meerut 94,91 S; Rohilkhand 92) a-1 3 243r,3 +4r}) (iti) and any point Q on the line (ii) is 2+ 37, 44 41, 5451) iv) ~: The direction ratios of the line PQ are (l+2n)-@ +372), (2 + 3r1) — (44 4r2), 34 Art) ~ (5+ Sr) or Prt 372-1, 3r1~ 4-2, 4r}~ 5-2 AY) If PQ is the required 5. Pathen PO is perpendicular to both the given lines and as such we have‘The Straight Line 139 2 (2ry —3ry 1) +3 Bri — 42) 44 (Ary — $y -2) = 0 and 3 2r1—3n-1)+4 Gri —4n2-2)-5 (4r —S2 -2)=0 or 29r-382-16=0 and 32r1-50m-21 =0 Solving these, we get r1= 1/3 and 2 =- 1/6 Substituting these values of rj and'r2 in (iii), (iv) and (v), we have the 3 10 25 mls 3° = And the d.t’s of the line PQ are + «. The length of S, D. coordinates of P and Q as (3 3, os Lili L aafftsisifiet, ed. \[set3+3] Ye Hence prove Also the line PQ is the line of intersection of the plane containing the line (i) and PQ and the plane containing the line (ii) and PQ. The equation of the plane containing the line (i) and PQ is x-1 y-2 2-3] =0 2 304 Po -2 1 { x-z2+2 y+2z-8 z-3)=0, or -2 lk 4 Go 0 1 adding twice third column to second and subtracting third column from first. or 11 @-z+2)+2(¢+2z2-8)=3 or Uxt+2y-72+6=0 — ..{vi) And the equation of the plane containing the line (ii) and PQ is x-2 y-4 2-5 30 04~0°¢5 bo-20 0 x-e+3 y+2e-14 2-5] =0, or ~2 45 0 9 1 adding twice third column to second and subtracting third column from first. or 14(x-z+3)+2(y+22-14)=0 or Tetyt5z+7=0 — ...vii) ©. The equations of S. D. are given by (vi) and (vii). Another method for equations of S.D. The line PQ is the lire through P (5/3, 3, 13/3) and having d.r.’s as 1,-2.1140 Solid Geometry <. The equations of the S. D. are xo GA). _¥=3_2-(13/3) 3x-5_3y~9_ 32-13 -2 r oD a ARS. e260. Find the length of the S. D. between the lines Rx-3_y-5_z-7 xt+1_ytN 241 1° -2° 1° 7° -6° 2 Find also its equations. (Meerut 95, 92 P) Sol. Do as Ex. 2 (a) above. Ans. 4129); $ (= 1)=3.-2)=4 @-3) Ex. 2 (d). Find the points on the lines 1&6) =-(y-N=z- wtyai aig pR-6)=-(-Naz-4 and ~3x=1(y49)=4 (2-2) which are nearest to each other. Hence find the S. D. between the lines and also its equations. (Hint : Do as Ex.2(b) above] -. _ Ans. 3V(30) ;* *4Ex. 3 @. Find thes. D. between lines Find also its equations and the points in which it meets the giver lines. (Agra 92, 90; Garhwal 94, 92, 91; Kanpur 97; Meerut 96 P, 93,90 S Purvanchal 92, 91; Sol. Any point on the line (i) is (3 - 37, 8-r,3 +7), say point P And any point on the line (ii) is (- 3 — 37’, -7 + 2/, 6 + 47) say point Q - Then the direction ratios of the line PQ- are - 437) -(-3--37), (8-7) - ($7427), 849-6447) or 3r43r 46, -r—2r +15, r—4r-3 ~~ fiii) Now if PQ is the S. D. between the given lines then PQ is perpendicular to both (i) and (ii), the conditions for the same are 3 Gr+3r +6)=1 (CH r—2r + 15) + 1. (r-47 -3) 50 and ~3(3r+37 +6) +2 r-2r +15) +4 (r=4r -3)=0 or lr+7/=0 and Tr+297 =0 Solving these we find r=0 and / =0 Substituting these values of r and 7’, we find that the coordinates of P and Q are (3, 8, 3) and (~ 3, ~ 7,6) respectively. Ans. . And the d.r.’s of the lite’ PQ from (iii) are’6,15;-3 or 2;°5;- 1 Now the required S. D. =PQ=N(3-(-3)P +{8-C 7)? +3-67) = V6 + 225 +9) = 3V(30) Ans. Also PQ is a line through P (3, 8, 3) and of direction ratios 2, 5,—1 so its equations are a=3_yo8_ 23 ‘Ans 2 3 1‘The Straight Line 14t *Bx. 3 (b). Find the S, D. between the lines -3 xt+3_y+7 patie a a) Hint : Do as Ex. 3 (a). above. | Ans. 5V6 *Ex, 3 (c). Find the magnitude and the equations of the line of S. D. between the lines x=8_yt+9 2-10 og X= IS _y-29 2-5 f i : (Rohitkhand 95) 3-16 ~7 3 8 5 Hint : Do as Bx. 3 (a) above, (Kanpur 91; Purvanchal 97) Ans. 14222-2218 2-15 : 2 3 6 -##Bx. 4, Find the S. D. between the lines ae ee) (Kumaun 96) Sol. Let f,m,n be the d.c.’s of the S. D. Since the lines of S. D. is perpendicular to both the given lines so we have 214+3.m+4.n=0 and B+ 4m+5n=0 mn Wet) ~12 = 1 yea ez+ciyy % or 1=-(1/N6), m= (2/N6). n= — (1/N6) iii) ‘Also from the given equations it is evident that A (1, 2, 3) is a point on (® and B (2,3, 4) is a point on (ii). Now S. D. is the projection of AB on the line whose 4.c.’s are given by Gili) and so we have SD. =1 (1 -2)+m(2-3) +n (3-4), where L, m,n are given by (iii) i 2 1 _ Bog CD AG CD yg D=(/6) (1-24 I)=0- (Note. If S, D. =0, then the lines intersect i.e. are coplanar). **Ex, 5, Show that the S. D. between any two opposite edges of the tetrahedron formed by the planes yt+z=0,2+x=0,x+y=0,xtytz=a is 2a/V6 and the three lines of S. D. intersect at.the point x= y=z=—a _— (Avadh 94; Kanpur 95) Sol. The equations of the line (or edge) of intersection of the planes y+z=0. and z+x=0 are jate4. @ Similarly the equations of the edge of intersection of the planes qed -tft. -_Aii) Let f, m, n be the d.c.’s of the S. D. between the lines (i) and (ii). Then as it is perpendicular to both (i) and (i), so we have Ll+Lm=1n=0 and 1l-Lm+0.n=0. Solving these we get fe Solving these we get & x+y=0 and xty+z=a are142 Solid Geometry __v P+ m? +n? = Ves cyte eryy VO" alan, made, n= Aili) BO. Cat and Gi) it is evident that A (0, 0°0) is a poiat on line (i) and 3 (©, 0, a) is a point on the line (ji). Also required S. D. is the projection of AB on the line whose d.c.’s are given by (iii), : + Required S. D. = 1 (0-0) +m (0-0) +n 0a), where I, m, n are given by (iii) =—(2/¥6) (-a) = (2/V6) a Hence proved. Now the equation of the plane through (i) and the S. D. is ¥ ¥ z=0 or |x y 2] =0, adding 2nd row to 3rd, 1 1-1 1b -t -1 -1 -2 00 -3 or x~y=0 liv) Similarly the plane through the line Gi) and S. D. is xy “a =0 or | x y+tx z-a] =O, adding first column 1-1 (0 10.0}. . .to2nd -1 -1 -2 -l -2 -2 or O+2)-@-a)=0 of x+y-z+a=0 -(¥) ++ The equations of S. D. of (i) and (fi) are given by (iv) and () ie. x-y=0 and x+y-z+a=0, Both these equations are satistied by x= =2S-a. Similarly we can show that other S.D. 's between other pairs of opposite. edges of the tetrahedron are also satisfied by =-a Hence these S. D.’s meet in the point x=y= a. Hence proved. *Ex, 6 (a). Find the S. D. between the z-axis and the line axtby+ezt+d=O=a'xtb'yt+ezdd’. Show that it meets the z-axis at a point whose distance from the ’ ~b‘ c) db’ —d’ b) + (ao? d’ ~ a’ d) (be =’ cj? + (Ca’—e’ a)? (Avadh 92, 90; Kanpur 93; Kumaun 91; Purvanchal 96; Rohilkhand 94) Sol. The plane through the given line is : . (xt byt ect Qtr xth yte’z +d3=0 or Gtha)xt (b+ hb) y+ (C+hc)z4+(dthd)=0 wi) ~~ Afthis plane is parallel to z-axis, whose d.c.'s are 0, 0, 1, then the nonaal to the plane (i) is perpendicular to z-axis and so we get (a+ha).0+(+2b).0+(c+2c):1=0 or Aa-c/e. , From (i) the equation of the plane through the given line and parallel to zaxisis (ax + by+cz+d) ~(c/c') (xt ytcz+d’) =0 or (Ca-ca')x+ (Cc b-B chy +(d c~c' d)=0 ii) Also any point on the z-axis can be taken as origin. i.e. (0, 0, 0). origin isThe Straight Line 143 «. Required S. D. = length of perpendicular from (0, 0, 0) to the plane (ii) (de! — cd’) = 2p pr adi Aas. VCC a~ cay’ + (c' b-8' J" Let the S. D. meet the z-axis and the given line at A and B and let A be (0,0, 71) and B (x2, y2,z2). Then the direction ratics of the line AB are 2, Y2, 22 ~Z1 respectively. Also the direction ratios of the given line are be’ -b' c, ca’~c' a, ab’—a' b. Now AB is perpendicular to z-axis, whose d.c.’s are 0,0, 1, so we 022+ 0724+ L@2-u)=0 or a= wiv) And as AB is perpendicular to the given line, whose d.c.'s are given by (iif) above, so we have an (be! - bc) + y2 (ca’ -¢' a) + (2 ~23) (ab’ ab) =0 or 22 (be’ - Bc) + y2 (ca’-c' a) =0, wd) with the help of (iv). Also B (x2, y2, 22) being a point on the given line we have ax? + by2 + (c2.+d=0 wn (¥E) and doth yt a+d)=0. (Note) — ...(vii) Eliminating x2, y2 between (v), (vi) and (vii) we get bo -Weo ca'-ca 0 =0 a b cat qd o Catd’| or ajbc-be ca -ca 0} + |be'-be ca-ca 0/=0 a b c a b d a a | a By a’ or 22 [(bc’—b' c) + (ca’ ~e" a)"} + [(bc’ —b c) (bd - 8 d) +(ca’-¢' a) (da’-d" a))=0, expanding the determinantts | gyn WO =¥' 6) (bd! -6' d+ (ca! - (dd ~d" a) (bc! Be}? (cal —c' a? . The required distance = z1 = 22, from (iv) and the value of z is given by (viii) above. Hence proved. Ex. 6 (b). Find the S. D. between axis of x and the line ax+by+ez+d=0,a'x+b’yte’z+d’=0 (Avadh 94) Sol. The plane through the given line is (axtbytcz+d+i(axtb yt z+d)=0 =i) or (atha)x+(bt+ Xb) yt+(ct+Ac)2+(d+rAd}=0 If this plane is parallel to x-axis, whose d.c:'s are 1, 0, 0 then the normal to the plane is perpendicular to x-axis and so we get or (viii)144 Solid Geometry 18LVvi0 (atha)l+@+0b)0+(cthc)0=0 or A=-a/a’ +. From (i), the equation of the plane through the given line and parallel to x-axis is (ax + by + ez+d)—(a/a) (a X40’ y+c' 24+d)=0 or (ba’ - ab’) y + (ca’—c' a) z+ (da' +d a) =0 -Aii) Also any point on x-axis can be taken as origin (0, 0, 0} +. Required S. D.= length of perpendicular from (Q, 0, 0) to the plane (ji) =f Ans. V((ba' ~ 8° a)? + (ca’—c' aj Ex. 6 (c). Find the S. D. between the z-axis and the fine x+y +22=3, 2x+3y +4254. Sol. The plane through the given line is (ety + 2z-3)+A (2x +3y 442-4) =0 wai) or (1+ 2A) x+ (143A) y+(24+4a)z-(G +4) =0 If this plane is parallel to z-axis whose d.c.’s are 0, 0, 1, then the normal to this plane must be perpendicular to z-axis and so we have (14 20).0#(143N.0+0444).1=0 or 244420 of Aad +. From (j), the equation of the plane through the given line and parallel | to z-axis is (x + y+ 2z-3)-(1/2) (2x+ 3y+ 4z-4)=0 or (2x + 2y+4z-6)—(2x+3y+4z-4)=0 or y+2=0 ii) Also any point on z-axis is (0, 0, 0). ~. Required S. D. = length of perpendicular from (0, 0, 0) to the plane (ii) (Note) ss Ans. Yo Ex. 7. Prove that.the S. D.-between the diagonals of rectangular parallelopiped and the edges not meeting it are ea ah Ve +e)" Weta?) Var + 6)’ where a, b, ¢ are the lengths of the edges. Sol. In the parallelopiped (as shown in the adjoining Fig. 5) let the sides OA%a, OB=b and OC=c. Let the edges OA, OB and OC be taken as co-ordinates axes as shown in adjoining fig. 5. . Consider the diagonal AE and’ the. edge OB not intersecting this diagonal. From the figure it is evident that the co-srdinates of A,B and E are (a, 0, 0), (0, 6, 0) and (0, &, c) respectively. » (ig. 5)181V/10 The Straight Line 145 ‘The direction ratios of AE are a-0,0-b,0-c. Le. a,—b,—c respectively. -. The equations of AE. and OB are i) and a 570 ) If L, m, n be the d.c.'s of the S. D. between AE and OB, then as the line of S.D. is perpendicular to both AE and OB, therefore, we have la-mb-nc=0 and 10+mb+n0=0. Solving these we get —=—=—= no Mem en) ie" 0 “ Ve 2+" 6 or tome. bc 0 ab Ev(cP +02) c a - I= aa" 0, n= Yaa Citi) Now the S.D. between AE and OB. = the projection of the join A (a, 0, 0) and O (0, 0, 0) on the line whose d.c.’s are given by (ii). =1(a—0)+m (0-0) +n (0-0), where J, m,n are given by (iii) =ac/Va? +c) (iv) Similarly we can find other $.D.’s Ex. 8. Show that the shortest distance hetween an edge of cube and a diagonal which does not meet it is the join of their mid-points, Sol. Proceed exactly as in Ex. 7 above. Here a=b=c and so we can find that S. D. between AE and or OB Wei from (iv) of lastiexample. ie. S.D. between AE and OB=a/N2 Also here A, B and E are the points (a, 0, 0), (0, a, 0) and (0, a, a). «+ The mid-points of AB and Ob are (Ja, 4a, a) and (0, 4a, 0) So the length of their join =liGa-07+Ga-fayr+ Ga-Ol= VG a)=a/V2. Hence proved. *#Ex. 9. Show that the equation of the plane containing the line Reteax= and parallel to the line ¥=2 = Ly= ois 2-2 fads =0 and if 2d is the S.D. show that d~?=a? +b"? 46°? (Kanpur 90) Sol. The equation of the plane containing the line ‘ 242ey eco is [2422 = gteah x0 is fe t}rrss0146 Solid Geometry or Ax #(I/b)y+(I/c)z-1=0 wi) If it is parallel to the line ~~4=1, y=0 ie, 7—4=2=4 then the ag a c nomnal to the plane (i) must be perpendicular to the fine and so we have. Lat(I/b)0+(I/c).c=0 or A= Ia. -. From (i), the equation of the required plane is 242-4 hse SY 2yy0 ii bt 1 grne ote qtiso (ii) Hence proved, Now any point on the line XAatat is (a, 0, 0) therefore 2d = S.D. between the given lines. or 2d= perpendicular distance of the point (a, 0, 0) from the plane (ii) _ a(1/a) ~ 9.1/8) 0.1/0) +1 _ 2 Wa? +176) + 170] Var? bP +7] or a? 2 aa eben Hence proved. Ex. 10 (a). Find the length and equation of the line of S.D. between the two lines $ (x 1)=4(y-3)=24+2 and Su-y-224+4=0=2x+y+z41 Sol. Any plane through the second line is Gx-y-2z +4) 4A (Qe+ytz2+1=0 wkd) or (B+ 2A) x+(A-l) yt Q—2)z4+ (444A =0 If this plane is parailel to the first line then its normal must be at right angles to first line and as such, we have (+2424 Q=N4+(-2.1=0 of AHO. <. From (i) the plane through the second line and parallel to the first line is 3x-y-2e+4=0 wii) Now the required S: D. between the given lines = perpendicular distance of a point (1, 3, —2) on the first line to the plane (i) 31-13-2244 8 Ans VBt+e p42) Vad) " Now the S.D. is the line of intersection of the plane through the given lines and perpendicular-to the plane (ii) found above. ‘The equation of the plane through the first line is A(x-1) 4 B(y~3) + C4+2=0 wii) where A2+B4+C150 wiv) Also as the plane (iii) is perpendicular to plane (ii), so we get A3+B(-1)+C(-2)=0 wd) Eliminating A, B and C between (iii), (iv) and (v) we get the equation of the plane through the first line and perpendicular to plane (ii) asThe Straight Line 147 x-1 y-3 742 24 1 30-1 -2 or x~-y+2¢+6=0 a) Also as in (j) the equation of any plane through the second line is GHA) x+Q—Ny+Q-272+ (440 =0 (vii) If it is perpendicular to the plane (ii), then (3+2.3+@-1)(E1N+Q-2C2)=0 or A=-14/3. . From (vii), the equation of the plane through, the second line ai perpendicular to the plane (ji) is. 19x + 17y +202+2=0 The required equations of $.D. between the given lines are (vi) and (vii). ‘Ans. Ex. 10 (d). Find the length of S.D. between the lines $0c-2)=2 41a by and 2x + 3y -52-6 = 0 = 3x-By—243, Hint : Do as Ex. 10 (a) above. Ans. 97/(13V6). Ex. I (a). Find the S, D. between the line x = 0, (y/2) +@/3)= Land y=, (x/4)-(z/3)=1. Sol. Equations of the plane through the given lines are xthGyttz-1=0 or 6r+2Gy+2e-6)=0 and ytex-de-1)=0 Ty +H Gx ~4z = 12)=0 ie. 6x4 3hy+2hz~6A= and 3yx+ 12y— 4p z—12=0 ii) If the plane (i) and &) are parallel, then we get 2 anh. rae comparing coefficients of x, y, z A. From Tay ¥ geth=-4 Fs we get 8=Ay ~2, putting the value of A. - -. From (i) and Gi) substituting values of 4 and \1 we get the parallel planes as 3x — 6y ~ 4z + 12 =0 and 3x ~ 6y — 4z- 12=0 Now any point on the plane 3x—6y —4z+ 12= ©. The required length of S.D. = length of perpendicular from (0, 0, 3) on.the plane 3x - 6y — 4z= 12 And form or is (0,0, 3) ote) = 382 6.0243 = 12 AP nerically. Ans: Viet+Corecayy WON) WGI *Ex. 1 (b), Find the length and equations of the S.D. between 3x-9y + 5z=O=x+y-z wi)148 Solid Geometry 958 and 6x + 8y + 3z-13=0=x+2y+2-3 (ii) : wees - (Meerut 96) Sol. The equations of the plane through the given lines are (3x-9y + 5z)+A(r+y-D=0 and (Gx48y + 32-13) + (x4 2y+z~3)=0 ie. GB+Ax+Q-Ny+(S-Apz=0 iii) and (6+) x4 (8 +2) y+ +p) z~(13 + 3p) =0 iV) If the plane (iii) and (iv) are parallei, then we have 3th 4-9 _5-h comparing coeff. of x, 6+y 842 34p mparing - of Ms Ze From ge we get (3 +2) (8 +21) =(A—9) (6+) or 24+ 6+ 8A+ 2Ap=6A +AU —54— 9p, or Agt 2h+ 15 +78=0 AY) From $*h = Sra weet O+NGHW= (6-4 6+p) or . 9+ 34 3p +A p= 30-644 5u-Ap or . 2 p+ 9-2-2150 avi) From (v) and (vi) on eliminating Api, we get SA-320-177=0 or SX=3204277 vii) From (v) we get SA 1+ 1024-75} + 390 =0 or H (32u+ 177) +2 32n +177) + 75p + 390 =0)-from (vii) 32? + 316u+744=0 or 82+ 7914 186=0 (82+31)(U+6)=0 ‘or p=-6, 31/8, <. From (vii), when p=-6, 4=—3 and when 3 438 8” 5 3 in Gi) and Gv), we got the parallel planes as 17x+2y-7z=0, 17x +2y~7z- 11 =0 (The other pair of values of 1 and 4t does not give parallel planes}. Any point on the plane 17x +2y -72=0 is (0, 0, 0) . The required length of $.D. “= ~ length ofthe Perpendicular from (0, 0, 0) to - 17x—2y+7z+ 11=0 ll bal “Fearon Tea" Nos A Also we know the equation of any plane through (i) is BtAx+A-Ny+(5~Nz=0. Ifit is perpendicular to the plane 17x+2y—72=0, then we have (3+2).17+(A-91.2+(5-2)(-7)=0 or X= 1/3). gg Putting values 4=‘The Straight Line 149 <. The equation of the planes through (i) and perpendicular to the plane <0 is (9+ le+(4-9)y4(s-4).= 17x+2y-7z=0 is bus}(5 o}ps(s BF 9 | or 40x—1i6y+642=0 or 10x-29y+ 16z=0 fii) And the equation of any plane through the line (ii) is (6+) xt (8+ 2p) y+ 3 +p).z-(13 + 3p) =0 If it is perpendicular to the plane 17x + 2y —7z=,0, then we get (6 +p) 17+ (8+ 2p) 2)+ 3+) (-7)=0 or 14p4+97=0 of p=-97/14. :. The equation of the plane through the line (ii) and perpendicular to the plane 17x + 2y -7z=0 is {6 -(97/14)] x+[8- (97/7) y+ (3 —(97/14)] z— [13 - (291/14)} =0 or (13/14) x- (41/7) y — (55/14) z + (109/14) =0 or 13x + 82y + 55z — 109 =0, (Gx) ‘The required equations of the S.D. between the given lines are (viii) and (ix). Ans. Ex. 11 (c). Find the length and equation of the 5.D. between x-2y+2=0=x+y+zand 6x + 8y + 32-13 =0=x+ ly +2-3 (Kanpur 94) Sol. Do as Ex. 11 (b) above. **Ex. 12. Two straight lines x=o1_y-By_z-y x-o2_y—fa_2-¥ ho om m’ 2 m mm are cut by a third line whose d.c.’s are A, 1, v. Show that d the iength intercepted on the third line is given by d{ln mi mt|= |e1-o2 Bi-B2 w-we bom nm y may nm A HV bh raz m Deduce the length of S.D. between the first two lines. Sol. Let the third line with d.c.’s A, LV meet the first. line zat z-n hom om at Path, Bitmiri, y+ mr). ‘Then the equations of third line can be written as ~. a-(@uthn) z-(itair) _ ‘ ar Vain rr =d (say), di) <. The coordinates of any point Q at a distance d from the point P on the line (ii) are og t+ liri+dA, Bit+miritdy, yianitdy. .Aiii) According to the given problem this point Q given by (iii) is a point on £02 y—Be 2% ay a distance d from P. the second line bh m nz150 or Solid Geometry Hence the point (iii) is the same as (a2 + Lar2, Bo + mr, Comparing (iii) and (iv) we get dh +0 + ain dX + (a4 -02)+hn-bn=0; Similarly dj + (Bi — f)-+ mint —mar2=0. | dv+ ("1 -) +171 - 2 =0. ! Eliminating 1 and r2 from these we get 4 m nm ‘p+n7)...fiv) =02+ br etc. dh + (04 ~ 012) du + (Bi — Br) av+(n~p) 4 hl=0 m m q my a dja m v b| + |oy—a m2) | Bi-Ba . mm N- my} =—|O1-o2 Bi-f2 b 72 oa m AR hoy a ma d being the distance between two b m nm dyh Yt al n _(v) points, neglecting the negative sign we have the required result. Av is perpendicular to both the then the lines with d.c.’s given lines and as” such we have T€d s'ands for the $.D. between the given lines, 2.0 + Wm + vei =0 and Aula + pm + v.n2=0; Solving these we get i =——_1___ AE Grn — moni} (vi) noo mina~ mony nila—nait ima — my Also from (v}.the coefficient of d = [n moni 12 mm, m pom oy ~ =A Quy — mat) + 1 eile —nah)-+v (om ~ omy) Lom my} = VEE (minz — non)? +. From (¥), d the S.D. is given by d= pone Br—Be 1 — 8] + VEE (mae — mant)?} n my ma b m m + Putting the values of A, j1, v from (vi) Exercises on § 4.15 Ex. 1, Find the shortest distance between the lines‘The Straight Line 151 and also the points where it intersects the given tines. (Bundelkhand 92) +4} (5 31 5) 9° 9°9 Ex. 2. Find the length and equation of the common perpendicular to the tines -4 (+2) =40-5) =4zand $043) =4y=@-6) tL 425 _y42d 2-46 Ans. 5: (45129) ; “37 2 =o Ex. 3. Find the S.D. between the lines FO-Da-FO+ 15)=4 (2-9) and + 1=y-1 =-4(-9). Also find the points where this S.D. meets these lines. (Bundelthand 93) Ex. 4. Obtain the coordinates of the point where the shortest distance line | x=23_ y-19_ 2-25 x-12_y-t_ 2-5 between the lives $=28 = P= 22S and “Tyo = "T= "5 meets them. (Kumaun 95) Ex. 5. Find the S.D. between the lines given below : =-40- deel and $G-3=-404D=e4h Ans. 0 Ex. 6. Find the S.D. betweeu the lines - ; (x+3) =} O+7) =t@ -6) and £ (x-3)=— (9-8) =(@—3). Also find the equations of the line S.D. Ans. 3N(30), 5-3) =-8)/5=-@-3} Ex. 7. Find the magnitude and the equations of the line of $.D. between the lines (x 3)/2 =~ (y+ 15/7 =(@-9)/5 and 5+ = y~I =-4@-9). Ans. 4N3,x+ 1=y+1=z+1 Ex. 8. Find the length of the shortest distance between the lines x= y=Z andxt+y=2, x+2=2. Ans. 0 Ex. 9. Find the S.D. between the lines yal eo '5 / “6 7° 3 8 HS Ex. 10. Find the magnitude and the equations of the line of S.D. between tive Fines 4 @e—3) = - (1/7) (+ 12) = (1/5) @-9) and sa+D=y 4@-9). °— (Kumaun 92) Ex. 11. Find the length of the $.D. between the lines z-7 (Lucknow 90)152 Solid Geometry Ex. 12. Find the $.D. between the straight lines ta-2 pO4+D=4z and Ant ytz=0=2r~3y—5z, Ans. 28/{31(22)] Bx. 13, Find the magnitude and the equations of S.D. between the lines ZO+=26-2) and 5x2) 324620 x—3y+42z- 3 (Meerut 98) Ans. 8/V(14); x~y +224 6=0= 19+ 17y +202 +2. Ex. 14, Find the $.D. between zaxis and the line 70-3 =2 6-5-4175, Ans, 1(962)/9 Ex. 15. Find the S.D. between the lines ytz=O=z+x and *+¥=0=x+ y-+2~a. (See Bx. 5 Page 141 Ch. IV) Ans. 2a/V6 Ex. 16. Find the Jength and equations of the S.D. between x-2yt+z=O=x+yt7 and 6x + By + 3z- 13=50sx4+2y+2-3 - Ans. 3/9(38) ; 10x-29y + 162=0= 13x-+ 82y +552 ~ 109 MISCELLANEOUS SOLVED EXAMPLES "Ex. 1. Find the equations of the straight lines which bisects the XoV LZ x Ly ok angles between the ins * mi mn mmm Sol. We can show as in Ex. 6 P. 46 Ch. IE that the dc’s of the lines bisecting the angles between the given lines are proportional to At bm + m,njpt mo, Also both the given lines pass through (0, 0, 0) and hence their bisectors also pass through (0, 0, 0). ~+ The equations of the required bisectors are XY 4b mim min Ans, Ex. 2. Prove that equation of plane through the line X=0_y-B 2-7 1 ma is OF +04 Hany Yao, where A+p+v=0 Hence find the equation of the Plane containing one given line and Parallel to another given straight line. Sol. The given plane-evidently passes through (0, 8,7), a point on the given line. Also the given line is perpendicular to the normal to the plane if ce y= i (tmnt a0 ie hepeved, li)‘The Straight Line 133 Hence the planes E (x — oj =0 passes through the line yxB 2-7 m n Again if the plane E (x0) he 0 is parallel to another line or LEAD + (n/m) + (n/n) =0. ii) Solving (i) and (ii) we get A # _ v (@/n) (nt /m) C7) = (a /n) a? /m) (07D) Amn __ nl vl mil —m'n nla int im QZ), (p/m) __(v/n) mn! nll =n I’ =m Substituting these values of 2/1, u/m, V/n in the equation U(x-a@) or or i we have the required equation as E (x—«) (mn’ -»n' n) =0. Ans. S a =tb.t = 21 intersect the Ex. 3. Prove that if the straight line~ curve ax’ + by*=1, 2=0 then a (an~ 71)? +b (Ba - ym)? =n? Sol. Any point on the given line is (o.+ Ir, B + mr, y+nn). If this point ties on the curve ax’ + by? =1, z=0, then a(a+i? +b Q+mre=1 and ytnr=0 or r=—y/n Substituting the value of r from (ii) in (i) we have the required condition 2 as efor (2) fem =] un n or - a(on-hy? +b (Bn ~ ym) =n? Hence proved. *Ex. 4, Prove that a line which passes through (0. B, y) and intersects the parabola y = 0, z” =4ax lies on the surface (Bz-yp)? =4a (8-9) (Bx-ay) (Kanpur 91) Sol. Let the equation of the line be ara _y-B_z-y @ f m a ” «. Any point on this line is (a + dr, B + mr, y+ar) If this point lies on the parabola y =0, 2? = dar,154 Solid Geometry then B+mr=0 or r=-B/m Ai) and (y+ nr)? = 4a (a+ In fit) Eliminating r between (ii) and (iii) we get Sfmt) or (nty— n)’ = 4am (om — IB) iv) Eliminating /, m, n between (i) and (iv) we get the required locus as {0—B) y~ @ -¥) BP = 4a (y -B) for (y~-B) - (e-0) B} or 7-28) = 4a -B) (oy~ Be) or (B-y) =4a (B -y) (Bx-ay). Hence proved. Ex. 5. Find the equations tothe two planes through the origin which are parallel to the line 4 p&-N=-+9= 4 (2+ 1) and distant 5/3 from it. Sol. Any plane through the origin is ax + by +cz=0 w=fi) -The d. ratios of its normal are a, b, c If this plane (i) is parallel to the given line, then the normal to @ must be perpendicular to the given line whose d.c.'s are 2, ~1,~2 al+b(-I+cC2 fii) Also the plane (i) i is at a distance 5/3 from the given line. Now any point on the given line is (1, -- 3, - 1), so from above we have naeeeyeee 45 (Note) Ve +B? +0) 3 or 3(a-3b-c) = 451+ B+ 07) or - 9 (a-3b- oJ? =25 (a + +07) or 96+ 2c)—30- cP = 25 EL +2) + 4 cA, +. from (ii), 2a=b +2c or Of Sb]? =25 [8 + 407+ dhe + 4b? + 47} or : 6 = bc- 2c? =0 or +0) (6-2) =0 Eitherb=-c or b=2c If b =—c, from (ji) we get 2a=c ora=4e and the cooresponding plane from (i) is x- 2y+2z=0 If b=2c, from (ii) we get 2a=2c+2c or a=2c and from (i), the corresponding plane is 2x + 2y+z=0. Ans. x—2y+ ), xt 2y+z=0. *Ex. 6. Prove that the three lines drawn from origin with d.t’s 2, 1, 5; 2, -1 1; 6,-4, 1 are coplanar. (Purvanchal 91) Sol. Equations of these lines in the symmetric form can be written as FLY Lz y ZL 7473! 2 6 -4 4The Straight Line 155 The equation of the plane passing through first two lines is xy z2]=0 — ..,See§ 4.11 (a) Page 94 \ 2 15 i 2-14 or x(L+5)+y(10-2)+2(-2-2)=0 or 3x+4y-2=0 wi) And the equation of the plane through !ast two lines is xy zt} =0,as above 2-121 6-4 1 or x1 +4) +y(6-2)4+2-846)=0. or 3x4 4y-2r=0, which is the same as given by the equation (i). Henee the given lines are coplanar. Ex. 7 (a). Find the equations of the straight line through the origin and cutting each of the lines Sol. The equation of the plane containing the first line is A(Qi-a)+B(-B) +C@-n)=0, afi) where Aly + Bray + Cnt =0. Gi) If (i) passes through the origin, then we have AO~ci) +8 (0-B1)+CO—y)=0 or Agi + BBi+ Cyi=0 .iii) Solving (ii) and (iii) we get A BL miy—nmiBr marly hpi mon “&) +. From (9 the equation of the plane through the origin and the first line is (meyt — mB) - 041) + (ure — 71) & ~ Bi) + (BI - may @-1) =0 or (ary ~ iB) x (rnor ~ Ly1) y + aBi - mou) z= 0 wv) Similarly the equations of the plane through the origin and the second line is Garg — no) x + (r202 - bry) y + (bBo - moon) z=0 (vi) ‘The equations (v) and (vi) together represent the required line. Ex. 7 (b). Find the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane 2x + 3y —4z+1=0. Also find the image of the origin in the plane. Sol. Do yourself. **Ex. & If the lines 5 YeB 2ST ggg Sek Ved 1-9 5 2° 8 are in a plane then find the equation of plane containing them. If the lines are not in a plane then find the S.D. between them. (Bundelkhand 96) 4 Sol. Any point on the tine #8 = a = & Tig156 Solid Geometry (S+4n, 3+ 6ri, 7 +511) oi) ved eno is : 5 10 G1+2n, -4+5n, 9+ 10r) w=(ii) If the two given lines intersect, then for some values of r) and r2 the two above points (i) and (ii) must coincide ie. $+471=-14+2n, 3+6r1= ~445r and 7+ 5r1=9 + 10r. Solving the first two of these equations we getrp=-2, n=-1 But these values of 71 and r2 do not satisfy the above third equation viz. 7+ 5r1=9+ 10r. Hence the given lines do not lie on a plane ie. are not coplanar. S.D. between the given lines, Let 1, m,n be the d.c.’s of the S.D. between the lines. Then we have 4+6m+5n=0 and 21+5m+10n=0 Similarly any point on the line at = . I m n Solving these, we get G55 = 75 "qq 20-12 Limon ME + m+n?) 1 or Be = gn tg 99° 3088 Yeas? + 307+ VRB) . 4 7 35 30 8 2 Tie devs of SD. ae Ter, — it. Taha Also A(5,3,7) is a point on the tine 2=522=3-227 ana 4 6 5 . ap Atl_yt4 2~9 BC 4,~4,9) is a point on the line “7 = 3 9 +» Required length of $.D. = projection of join of A andB on the line whose d.c.’s are given by (iii) 35 30 8 “Teiay OTe ig 4+ 41+ Teg 7-91 _ 210-210-1616 . Taian Tansy mmercaly Ans. **Ex. 9, Ifthe plane ax-+ hy + gr =0, hx-+ by +f2=0, gx + fy +2=0 have a common line of intersection, then A=|a h g/=0 hob f gfe and the direction ratios of the line satisfy the equations Pow 2 AGA “3A (Garkwal 91) da Ob De Sol. The given planes are ax + hy + gz =i). «(iThe Straight Line 197 xt by +fe= ii) and grtfrtez=0 Ai) If E, m,n be the d.c.’s of the common line of intersection, then from (i) and (ii) we have al + hm + gn = Q, Al+ bm + fn =0, . om a iw) if-bg ah-of abe ~ Hence equations of the line of intersection of the planes (i) anad (ii) are. x-0 yO | 2-0 if-bg gh-af ab—#? O If this line lies on the plane (ii), then we have 2 (af gh) +f (gh af) +c (ab-i)=0 Solving these we get or abe + 2fgh - af ~ be? -.ch” =0 Avi) or A=|a h gl =0, Hence proved . hb fi gfe Also 34 = sbe-f?, oe ¢ Raab viii) Now (hf bg)?= If? +62? - Phi ane beg? —b (af? + bg? + ck abe), from (vi) = 1p? —abf?— beh? + abc =f? (k? ab) - be (H? ~ ab) or (hf bg)? = (2 — ab) (f ?— Be) = (ab -) (be-F”) ditt) Similarly (gh - aff? =(ab-W) (ca- 3) GX) ‘:. From (iv) with the help of (viii) and (ix) we have . 2 2 (eb) bef) ab) (c8— a) a as or) or ® (ab -1?) or aa)" “aa ~Tpay" « from (vii), Qa (oe Qe Hence proved. Ex. 10. The direction cosines of oa, OB, OC are tr, my, or, £=1,2 and 3 respectively and OA’, OB’, OC’ bisect the angles BOC, COA, AOB. Show that the planes AOA’, BOB’, COC’ pass through the line ox yt tht mt+m+m3 nitn2+n3 Sol. The d.c.'s of the line OA’ which bisects the angle BOC are or158 Solid Geometry }(o+h), $ (+ m3), San). (Note) * x Bs z 7 bee oli) 2 +M3 nyt nz ©. The equations of OA’ are ‘Also equations of OA are Rt 2. Ail) 1m ay “ Equation of the plane AOA’, which contains the line (I) and ii) is x y z {=0 h my mi h+h m+ms m+n3 or x y z qh mi al {atb+b mtm+m3 ny4+n.+03 : adding second row to the third. Similarly the equations'to the jlaies BOB’ and COC’ are ye oy z][=0 ad [x yp ¢ 2. mo. m Booms ony Eh Em Ent} Eh Em inj] where El) =1) + 12415 ete. Now the plane AOA’ evidently’ passes through the line ee a » div) h+b+h m+mt+m3 mtn+n3 as any point viz. r(h+h+h), r(mi+mao4 m3), £(01 +2473) satisfies (il), which’ can be verified by putting thasé values of x, yz in ii) resulting in first and third rows being identical. . . Similarly we can prove that the planes BOB’ and COC’ also pass though line (iv). Hence proved. "Ex. Hl. Show that the distance of the point (xo, yo, 70) from u=ax+by +cez+d=0, vsa'x+b’yt+e'z+d'=0is Wd | (a! wo ava)? + (b’ wo —bva)?+ (c" ug — evo)?! (be! ~b’ ¢)?+ (ca’ ~c’ a)? + (ab’ — a’ b)? | Sol. The cquations of the given lines in the. symmetric form can be written (see § 4.04 Page 58 Ch. IV) as pba _z~0 ca’—c'a ab’ abl “If p be the required perpendicular distance, then with the help of § 4.14 Page 125 Ch. IV we get wi)‘The Straight Line 159 eet 2 0 ab—ab ,° be — bc ‘ ca - ca da’ —t 2 bd’ |” wy fa ee -0 -0 22 ee tpo-wiab TY ama’ ca’-ca ab’—a'b| aba’ bel = be tii) where Ara (be ~b’0)"+ (ca ca)? + (ab - a" bY Mii) Now the first determinant in (ii) bd’-b'd\ dd-d’a\,, ,, =a) Le 0 o- oF iy “YO = x0 (ca’ —c’ a) yo (bc’ bc) _Gal~ a" a) (be = Bc) -(bd" — 8 d) (ca! ~c' a) ab! —a’b = mo (cdl -¢ a) yo ibe’ ~8) ada t «on simplifying = x0 (ca’ —c! a) ~yo (be’ — bc) -(de’ =’ ¢) (d@ x0+b' yotcatd’)—c (ax + byo + czo+ a) (Note) =cvo—c" uO Similarly we can evaluate other determinants of (ii). <. From (ii) we have ps 2 [@ uug-~ avo)? + (B' uo ~ bvo) + (6 uo ~ ow ; where A? is given by (iii). : Hence proved. *Ex, 12. Find the S.D. between z-axis and the line xtytz+3=0=3xtytt+2 (Rohitkhand 93} Sol. Equations of z-axis in symmetric form are = uo = at A) Also let /, mt, 2 be the d.c.’s of the line xtytz+3=OR3xtyt2e+2 (I) hen as this line is perpendicular to the normals io both the planes xtytz+3=Oand 3xty+22+2= ), so we have l+m+n=0 and 3l+m+2n=0 Solving these, we get == or Git) 2-1 3-2 Putting z=0 in the given equations (iii) we get xty¢z=0 and 3x+y+2=0 Solving these we get x= 1/2, y=- 7/2160 Solid Geometry I81/TV/1G i) meets the plane z=0 in (1/2, - 7/2, 0) div) -. From (iii) and {iv), the equations of the line (i) in this symmetric form =D +(7/2) 0 eo Ret “© Now we'are to find $.D. between the lines (i) and (v) Let (1, m1, nj be the d.c.’s of the line of S.D. to the lines (i) and (v), then S.D. being perpedicular to both these lines, we have 10+ m.0+n1=Oand Ll + mi +n. (-2)=6 — WE tnt en) 1 Wie+Cisoy 2 +. d.c’s of $.D. are 1/2, ~ 1/V2, 0. Also O (0, 0, 0) is a point on the line (i) and B (1/2, -7/2, 0) is a point on the line (v). . <. Required S.D. = Projection OB on a line whose d.c.s' are Solving these we get ; =4 1/2, - 1/12, 0 =BE-0-EEI-9) 400-0 (ote) =4 G + 3k a2 Ans. Ex. 13 (a). Show that the S.D. between the line x+a=2y =~ 12z and X=y + 2a = 62~6a is 2a, Sol. The given lines are Ata YL zg £,yt2a_ina 2 1 =~ I 1 176 we oe £ fee LQ” %_yt2a_z-a@ s and oe 6 oT ii) Let i, m,m be the d.c.'s ofthe line S.D. to the given lines, then SD. being perpendicular to both the Lines (i) and (ii) we have - “ 12t+6m—n=0. and 6[+6m+n=0. 2 2 2) Solving these we get f= #2 ME + ov+n”) 1 2-3 6 V2? 437462) 7 2: do's of S.D. are 2/7, -3/7, 6/7. Aili) Also A (~a, 0, 0) is a point on the Fine (i) and B (0, ~2a, a) is a point on the line Gi, ++ Required S. D. = projection of AB on a line whose d.c.’s are given by dit) =2 (04a) ~3[-20-0]+$ [a-0) =2a Hence proved.18 L/IV/LT The Straight Line 161 *Ex. 13 (b). If the axes are rectangular, find the S.D. between the lines y=az+b, z=0x+B and y=a’z+b’, z=0/x+ BY Also deduce the condition for the lines to intersect. (Rohilkhand90) Sol. The equations of the given lines can be written in the symmetric formas (B84) _y-b 2 4g 22@%0) yz (Va) a 1 (ey a 1 +. IF, m, n be the d.c.’s of the required S.D., then we have [(1/o)+matnl=0 and I(1/ol)+ma'+n.1=0 says Le _ Solving these we get 7-5 = (1/0) = (17e9 © (170) a" — (170°). i. (i) or Also any point A on the first given line is £ 6 o} and a point on the second given line is 3{ ¥, 0} : } -. The required $.D. = the projection of AB on the line whose d.c.’s are . 1, m,n given by (i) [Ce “em (b-b'} +n (0-0) ihn? o oe (a— a) (OB 0 B) (o.— 0) (6-8 ao’ WEP) ter) (a —a’) (a BY - a B) + (a - 0) (b-b’ Vor «? (a =a’)? + (0-0 + (a of ~ a00)"] Ans. If the given lines intersect, then this S.D. =0 and we have the required condition as (a ~ a’) (cx B’ ~ a’ B) + (4) (b-B) =0. Ans. Ex 14 If the tines 4(x-5)=(1/6) @-3)=4@-7) and £&+1)=(1/5) (y +4) = (1/10) @-9) are in a plane then find the equation of the plané containing them. If the lines are not i a plane then find the shortest distance between them. (Bundelkhand 90) Sal. Do yourself. *Eix. 15. Show that the S.D. between the lines. AM _Y-¥l_2-m Xom _yryn_ tom cos. 01 cos B1 cos’ coso2 cos Bz cos 2 meets the first line in a point whose distance from (x1, y121) is (E (x1 ~ x2) (cos c11 ~ 05 8 cos 02)!sin” 8, where @ is the angle between the lines. (Kanpur 96) Sol. Let the S.D. meet the first line at P {xy +r} cos a1. y1 + r1cos Bi, 2 +71 cos YI} and the second line at162 Solid Geometry Q [a + 2 cos 02, y2 + 72. cos Ba, 22 + 72 cos Yo]. ‘Then the distance of P from (x1, yi, 21) is evidently 1 which we are to evaluate, ‘The direction ratios of the line PQ are [xi + ri cos o4 - x2 — 72. cos 2, yi +71 Cos Bi ~ y2~12 cos Ba, 21 +71 Cos Yi ~ 22 ~ 12 cos Yo] Also the line PQ is perp. to both the given lines and hence cos a {x1 + r1 cos O41 ~x2—72 COs 2) +cos i {y1 + r1 cos Br — y2 - 72. cos fa} +cos Yi {z1 + r1Cos Yi -22—r2cos 2} =O ...(i) and cos a2 {x1 + 71 Cos O11 — x2— 72. cos 02) + cos Bo {y1 + ri cos Bi - y2- 72 cos fiz) +cos ¥2 {21 +11 Cos ¥i ~Z2—72. cos 2} =O _..(ii) From (i) we get . {1 — x2) cos a4 + (yi —y2) cos 1+ (@1—z2) cos 1} - + ry {cos? ay +008? Bi +008? 1) ~ 172 {cos 4 cos 2 + cos Bi cos Bz + cos 1 cosy} =0 (Note) or {E (21 ~42) cos a} +71 (1) -12 {e0s 6} =0, since X cos” ay = 1 and Z cos a4 cos 02 = cos 8 or ry —rz.cos 8 + {E (x1 —x2) cos a) =0 Similarly frem (ii) we can find that —+r1 cos 0+ {E (x1 —x2) cos a2} =0 wiv) Eliminating rz from (iii) and (iv) we get... io = 11 (1 cos? 8) + (¥ (x1 — x2) cos 04} -E (x1 - 22) cos 02 cos 8 = 0 or — 21-22) (cos st Cos 02 cos @) sin? @ Now 11 being the distance of P from (xj, y1, 21), neglecting its sign we have the required result. *Ex. 16. Find the image of the line x=3-6t, y = 2t,z=3+ 2t in the plane 3x + 4y ~5z+26=0. | (Kanpur 91) Sol. The given line is x-3 =~ 6t, y=2t, 7-3 =2t. or ara aa i) (Note) Any point on this line is A (3 ~ 6, 2t, 3 +20). i) IFA lies on the plane 3x+ 4y — 5z-+26=0, then we have 3G-6)+4(2)-5G+2)+26=0 of t=~I :. From (ii), the point A is (9, ~2, 1), where A is the Point of intersection of the g given plane and the given line.. ‘The Straight Line ' 163 ! Also from (i) it is evident that any point on the given line is C(3, 0,3), Let B be the foot of the perpendicular from C on, the given plane. Now BC is-a line perpendicular to the givin plane ie. it is normal to the given plane and as such the direction ratios of BC are 3, 4,—5 (the coefficients of x y, z in the equation of the given plane). +. Equations of BC are a3 = ue ‘Any point on this line is (3+3r, 4r, 3~ 57). If this point is B i.e. if this Point lies on the given plane then we have 3B +3r)+4 (4) -5 (3-51) 426=0 or o Te pi Bis (3—§, -§, 32] ie, é- 2/5 z + The direction ratios of the projection AB of the given line are 9 8 -, 36-2 I~ 24S 1-5 ke, pect ie. 36, ~2,~20 ie. 18,~1,~10, ~. The required equations of the projection AB are 229 yt2 2-1 i B= Tp =o *SEx. 17. A square ABCD of diagonal 2a is folded along the diagonal AC so that the planes DAC, BAC are at right angles. Find the S.D. between DC and AB. : (Meerut 90) Sol. Let O, the centre of the square, be taken as the origin and OA, OB and OD, be taken as x, y and z-axes respectively, Then the co-ordinates of A, B,C and D are (4,0, 0), (0, a, 0) (4,0, 0) and (0, 0, a) respectively, Aas. Therefore equations of AB ire” Equations of DC are “sat =in4 ii) Now any point on the line DC is (0, 0, a). oO164 Solid Geometry 958 And the equaton of the plane through the line, AB and parallel to BC ie. through (i) and parallel to (ii) is oa) aa)-y(aa)+z(aa)=0 or sty-toas 0 =. Required S.D. = length of Perpendicular from (0, 0, a) to the plane (ii) 0+0-a-a = SFO ne 4 = (numetically) Ans. Wee Pee ny % Ex. 18, Evaluate ‘a’ so that the lines ax—4y+7z+16=0 =4x+3y-2+3and x—3y+4z2+6=0=x—y +241 are coplanar . (Kanpur 94) Sol. Given lines will be coplanar if a -4 7 16/=0 See § 4.11 (¢) Page 96 Chapter IV 4 3-23 1-3 4 6 r-t 1 or |a—4 -4 3 12] =0, adding second column to first, third and fourth 7 31 6 : 2-31 3 0 -10 0 or (1 la-4 3. 12|=0, expanding wa. to Rs 7 1 6 -2 13 . or fa+2 0. 3|=0, applying Ri-3R3 and Rp- 9 03 -2 13 or |a+2 2/=0, expanding wr. to C2 9 3 or) 3(a+2)-9x3)=0 or 3a=27-6=21 or a=7 Ans. _ #Bx. 19. If the three planes through P and the three given lines sy=1,z=-1;2=1,x=-1; x= 1, y =~ 1 all pass through one line, P must lie on the surface yz+ zx+xy+1=0. Sol. Let P be the point (xi, y1, zi) - ~ ‘The equation of any plane through the line y = 1,z=- 1 ie. y-1=0,2+1=0 is (-1)+A41}=0 fi) + This plane passes through P (xt, y1, 21),The Straight Line 165 : . - —=oi-) “O1-I+A@+I=0 or A= ari +. From (i), the equation of the plane through the line . oi-) yshz=-1 is O- Do Gy et D=0 or OF) G+ D-O1-1@+)=0 or deta Dy1-N2-Gita)=0 Gi) Similarly the equations of other two planes through P and the otber two lines are ~@i-Dx+0. yt 2-142) =0 it and O14 I x~@r-Yy+02- (a+) =0 v) If these three planes given by (ii), (ii) and (iv) pass through one line, then we must have A4=0. See § 4.14 Page 125 Ch. IV ie. 0 atl -O1-D] =0 -(a-1) “p (a+) Qit+h> -@-1 0 oF I~ DEECI~YOr- DIF Or4 Dit Gr H)=0, expanding the determinant. or Gl -D@wi-M-y FD + OF Dita t+ D=0 or yt + yz + 2x1 + 1 =O, on simplifying. + The locus of P (x1, yis21) is xytyzt+er+ 1=0. Hence proved. EXERCISES ON STRAIGHT LINE Ex. 1, Prove that the planes 3+ y-+z=7 and x+ 2y-+z=0 pass through a line lying on the plane 12x—y +2z=35. *Ex, 2. Prove that every straight line can be Tepresented by two linear equations in x, y and z; conversely two linear equations in x, y and z represent a straight line. Ex. 3. Find the co-ordinates of the point where the line given by x+3y-z2=6, y—z=4 cuts the plane 2x+2y+z=0. Ans. (2, 0,-4) Ex. 4. A line is given by x +y-+2=0,1=,. Prove that it is perpendicular to the plane x +y=2z, : Ex. 5. Find the equations of the line through the point (1, 2, 4) and perpendicular to the line 3x +2y-2=4,x—2y 2755, Ex. 6, The plane (x/a) + (y/b) + (z/c)=1 cuts the coordinate axes at A, B, C. Find the equations to the line BC. Ans. x/0 =~ ()~)/b = z/c Ex. 7. Find the equation of the plane through the point (1, ~ 2, 3) and the line 2x-y+424+4=0=x42y~ 4248. Ans. 341 + 33y ~52z + 188 =0 Ex. 8. Find the equation of the plane passing through the line 7@-D=-O4 24 (3) and (i) perpendicular to the plane «+ 2y +2= 12166, Solid Geometry Gi) parallel to the line x4 y=42. Ans. (i) 9x-2y ~5z +4=0; (ii) Lx +2y-524+6=0 Ex. 9. Find the equations of the line drawn perpendicular from the origin to the line of intersection of the planes. _ x+2y+3z+4=0 and 2x+3y+4¢+5=0. Ans, 3x+2y+2=0,x-2y+2=0 Ex. 10. Show that any two linear equations in x; y,z whose coefficients of first degree terms are not proportional represent a straight line. Ex. 11. Show that every linear equation ax + by + cz-+d=0 represents a plane. The triplet (a, b,c) are the direction numbers (D.N.’S) of any normal to the planes and two linear equations fin x,y,z) whose coefficients of the first degree terms are not proportional, represent a straight line, Ex. 12. Show that the distance of the point (0, B, +) from the line 4 =Ea measured parallel to the plane ar+by+cc+d=0 is @4P +E (rm 1B)? ~[2 (r= @) (ba em)? given by = en (at+bm ene *Ex. 13. Find the length of the perpendicular from the point (i, 2, 3) on the straight line x=7+34, y=6+424z2=7-21. Ans. 4 ¥(52/17) Ex. wwe the point of intersection to the lines D=-F9-3)=-@+Di @-=$O-I=tz ~Also find the equation of the plane passing through two lines. Ans, @, 1,-3), dee Sy 4z=21 Ex. 15. Prove that the Lines $¢¢+1)=£(7+3)=-$(@-5) and AG x-2=4 (74) =4 6) interseit. Find the point of intersection and the plane in which they lie. Ans. ,-4,3);2-2y-+2=0. Ex. 16. Find the equation of.the plane whicli is perpendicular to the plane 5x+3y+6z+8=0 and which contains the line of intersection of the planes x+ 2y4+3z-4=0 and 2xt+y-z2+5=0. Ex. ’ {a). sow that the lines 3x~2y+z+5=0=2x+3y+4z-4 and 4 att > “8 a 3 are coplanar. F.ad also the coordinates of their point of intersection and the equation of the plane in which they lie. Ans. (2, 4, - 3), 45x—- 17y + 252 =- 53 Ex, 17 (b). Find the distaice of the point (I,-2,3) from the plane x—y+z=5 measured parallel to the lin. «/2 = y/3 =~ (z-- 3)/4. Find also the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular (Kanpur 91)‘The Straight Hine 167 Ex. 18. Show that if the equation x+y4z2=0 and az tbat cry=0 represent two lines and abe =0,a+b+c=0, then the lines ae perpendicular to each other. Ex. 19. Find the equations of the line which intersects the line x=18+4t,y=37,7= 1040 and =—ll44t,y=-104+3,2=~-7t perpendicularly. Ex. 20. Find the distance of the point (~ 1, 2, 3) from the fine through (3, 4, 5) whose direction cosines are proportional to 2, — 3, 6. Ans. 2V5 Ex. 21. Find the equations of the line drawn through the point (3,—4, 1) parallel to the plane 2x+y—z= 5 s0 as 10 cut the line $=? = wt z aot, Find also the co-ordinates of the point of intersection and the equation of the plane through given line and the required line. Ex. 22. A line through the origin makes angles cr, B, ¥ with its projection on the co-ordinate planes, which are rectangular. The distance of any point (x, y, 2) from the line and its projections are d, a, b, ¢ respectively. Prove that & = (a? ~37) cos? a+ 0 y*) cos? B+ (c?- 2) cos”. Ex. 23. Find the image of the straight line x=1+1,y=2+3: 2=344¢ in the plane z= 0. Ex. 24. Find the image in the plane x-y+3z+2=0 of the line xa2tty=3-4,2=4- (Hint : See Ex. 16 Page 162 Ch. IV.) *Ex, 25, Let A be the shortest distance between the lines by+ez=1, x=0 and ax—cz=1,y=0 and let j1 be the length of a diagonal of the cuboid whose three concurrent edges are of lengths a. b, ¢ respectively, then show that Ma=2." **Ex. 26. Prove that the equation of the plane through the line x=xQ+Ut, y=yo+mt, 7=79+nt and through the point (x1, y1,z1) can be put in the form Xm] yoy z-2/=0 xI-X Y= YO = ! m a *Ex. 27. Find the length of S. D. length the lines Xx3 ly-5_z-7 x+l_ yok zt 1-20 77° 7-65 1 Also find the equations and the points, where it intersects the lines. Ans. 2 V29;5 @-1)=4-2)=4@-3) Ex. 28. Prove that the locus of a line which intersects the three lines -z=1,x=0,2-x= 1 y=0)x-y=1,2=0is Paya? 22-2 By= 1.168 Solid Geometry 181AIV/LL Ex. 29. If OA, OB, OC are three mutually perpendicular lines cach of Iength a, show that the S.D. between OA and BC is 442 and its bisects BC. £x. 30, Find the length and the equatiors of S.D. between the lines Se-y-2=0=x~2y +243 and 2x-4)~2¢=0=x-y+z2—3, Ans. 13/N(75); Tx + 20y - 192-39 =0= 8x+ Sy.-31z +67. Ex. 31, Find the magnitude and the equations of the line of S.D. between the lines A$ 2492 Og 226_y-5_ 2-20 67 ME TS Ex. 32, Prove that non-parallel lines x5a+t, y=B+ tn, 2=y+m and xe tf y=P4r m2 =y' +0 n are coplanar if ana = B-B’ y-y'|=0 v ay w i m n Ex. 33. A straight line with direction numbers < 1,~1,1> is drawn intersect the lines x=5+34,y=144,2=-3-5¢ and x=44+24, 2=7-1 2=1~5t,. Find the point of intersection and the length intercepted on it. Also find its equations. Ex, 34, The planes 3x—y+z4+1=0,5¢+ yt 3z=0 intersect in the line PQ. Find the equation to the plane through the poiht (2, 1, 4) and perpendicular to PQ. . (Meerut 93) Ex. 35. Find the shortest distance between the lines AB and CD, where the points A,B,C and D are respectively (1, 0, 0)! (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1) and dd, 2, De (Meerut 87)CHAPTER V Volume. of Tetrahedron **§ 5.01 Volume of tetrahedron in terms of the co-ordinates of the vertices. (Kanpur 93; Kumaun 94, 92) Let V be the volume of the tetrahedron ABCD, where the (Ly Ju co-ordinates of the vertices A, B,C and D are (x1, ¥1, 21), (2, ¥2 22). (x3, 93, 23) and (x4, ya, 24) Let Abe the area of ABCD B and p be the length of perpendicular from the vertex A to Cady) opposite face BCD. Then vetp A wai) Now if Ax, Ay and Az, be the ig. b projections of the triangle BCD on the co-ordinates planes, then we have oD (nda (CORPEED Av=5|y2 22 Ws 2d ¥3 33 23d yeaa it ail and ast x2 y2 tf ea(ii) See § 3.16 in Chapter IU x3 ys 1 x4 yal Also A= V(A2 + A} + 42) (iii) Again the equation of the plane BCD is x yo z lfs0 mya ays 23 1 xa ya za | or ox }y2 2 i]-yim 2 tj+zla m ij-|p m al =o y3z3 od 33 1 Boys 1 x3 33-3 ya za xg oz iL xs ya 1 x4 yaw or x (2A) —y (2Ay) +z (2A) - }22, 2 2] =0, from (ii) %3 YR 23 pa ya zal length of perp. from A (x1, y1, 21} to the plane BCD {x1 (2 Av) ~y1 (2Ay) + 21 (242) - }2 92 22] XY 93 WB “ov 2 Isat2 : Solid Geometry + M{(QA0" + (245)) + (2A) See § 3.11 Ch. IIL eiaje 2 tf-nde oo tleg fa yt 3a 7 333 I x33 «1 4. % x4 i '] xq yg ~p2 92 2f]+2 Wars ad+a2) x3 3 25 x4 ya =/7l Yi 2 if + 2A, from (iii) (iv) my 2 it 3 ¥3 23 OF 4 yg tg L + From (i), Ved p.A. or Ve ois » 3 ' , substituting value of p from (jv) &) 43093 31 a ya mq 1 An Important Note. We know that the interchange of two rows of a determinant changes its, sign (See Author’s Algebra or Matrices) and thus we shall ofien get a negative value for the volume of a tetrahedron. We define the volume of DABC tc be positive if the rotation determined by ABC is anti-clockwise with respect to origin O. So we have vol. DABC = ~ vol. ADBC = - vol. ABDC = + vol. ABCD. Another Form V=(1/6) |*1-*2 y1—y2 zi-z2_O| , substracting 2nd row from: Ist, 72-%3 Y2-Y3 22-23 Of 3rd from 2nd and 4th from 3rd 3-4 Y3—y4 23~zZ4 0} row respectively. xh v4 a“ i S(1/6) |xt—x2 yt-y2_ zt -z| Avi) 22-33 Y2-Y3_ 2-B 33-X4 Y3—Y4 73—zAI Particular case (One vertex at origin), Let x4=0= y4=z4 ie. Dis the origin Then from (v), we have V=(1/6) [x1 y1 ai sa Vii) 2 2 2 x3 YI 3 § 5.02 Volume of tetrahedron when equations of its four faces are given. Let the equations of four faces of the tetrahedron beVolume of Tetrahedron 3 aux tbiy+ciz+di=0 aut bay +c td2=90 aw thay +3 +d3=0 : aax + bay + c4z + da=0 Solving (ii), (iii) and (iv), we have += = = z ho 2 da] a2 cz da] jar bo bs cy d3) jas 3 day [a3 bs ba c4 del faa cs dal Jay bs (See Author’s Algebra or Matrices) Sosy 2 cl “ Ai By Cy = Dh" where Ai, Bu, C1, D1 ate cofactors of at, bi, ¢1 and dj; respectively in the determinant A=|a db ci di a by 2 a a b3 3 a3 ay ba ca da <. The point of intersection of the planes (ii), (iif) and (iv) above is Ar Bi C1 DY DY DY Simitarly solving other setS of three planes from the given planes (i), (i), Gii) and (iv) the other points of intersection i.e. other three vertices of the tetrahedron are : ( Bel (s Bs Cs) 4g (Aa Ba Ca) Dy’ D2’ D2 |’ \ Ds’ D3’ Ds Dy Dé Ds} . The required volume of tetrahedron =“(1/6) jai yr rd x2 92 22 1 3323 xa ys ve | » See § 5.01 {v) Page 1 of this Chapter. =(1/6) |Ai/Di B/D CDi A2/D2 B2/D2 C2/D2 1 A3/D3 B3/D3 C3/D3_ Aa/Da Ba/Dg Ca/Da 1 L =o [Ar Bi Ci OD 6DiD2D3D4 |4) By Cr Dr A3 B3 Cs D3 Ag Bs Ca Da4 Solid Geometry 958 “wy piss A“. since we know that if A“ be the determinant formed ~ by cofactors of a determinant A of nth order then *" (See Author’s Matrices or Algebra) or V=A5/(61D2D3D4). § 5.03 Volume of a tetrahedron in terms of three conterminus edges and the angles which they make with each other. (Kanpur 96) Let the lengths of the edges OA, OB and OC of the tetrahedron OABC be a,b and ¢ and the angles BOC, COA and OAB be 24 v respectively. Let the point O be taken as origin and any three mutually perpendicular lines through O be taken as co-ordinate axes. Let the directin cosines of the lines OA, OB and OC be ty, m, m; ls, mo, n2_and 13, m3, n3 respectively. Then the co-ordinates of A,B and C are (a, ma, nia), (2b, mab, n2b) and (Isc, msc, n3c) respectively. Then we have cos Z BOC = cos i = lols + m2m3 + rons, li) cos Z COA = cos t= 13!) + mony + nan, ) and cos £AOB =cos v= Mb + myn + nnn, (iit) Also Ramps nhst=B+ nb b= B+ nb 40h «aiv) Therefore volume V of tetrahedron OABC is given by - v="(1/6) far mt ail” ~-See § 5.01 (vii) Page 2 of this chapter 2 2 2 338 23 =(1/6) |ia mia mal? “vA is (a, mia, nia) etc. hb mab nab hye mse n3e or -V= (1/6)abe]hom om omg m AV) Bom ng 2 Now [fr mi omif = [emi om x lr mom hm m hom m hom m {5 mm] |b om ml [5 mm =) Wameen? ~ betmimtam lb+mms+nany 2 bl + momitmn bt +m em? — 2b + omg + nog Bh + mgm + nary ll + mymat nga, by? m3? + ng?Volume of Tetrahedron x =| 1 cosv cosp|. from (i). (ii), (iti), and (iv) cosv 1 cosa cost cosh 1 2 <. From (v), we have V=4(1/6)abe | 1 cosy cosp cosy 1 cosa cosjt cosh I Here the negative sign may be neglected while calculating magnitude of the volume. Solved Examples on Volume of Tetrahedron. Ex. 1. A, B, C are (3, 2, 1), (~2, 0,—3), (0, 0,- 2). Find the locus of P if the volume of the tetrahedron PABC is 5. Sol. Let P be (x,y,z). Then if V be the volume of the tetrahedron PABC from § 5.01 (Important Note) Page 2 of this chapter, we have v=*-c/6) [ao a | e-Fl y on] (Note) 2 2 2 4 1 3 2 tt a oy at |-2 0 -3 1 ju ye a | [oo -21 or 5=-(1/6)| x y z+2 0), subtracting 4th row from rest 32 3 0| remembering Vis given as 5 0 l -20 -1 00 -2 or -30=| x y z+2| , expanding with respect to 4th column 32 3 -20 -1 or ~30=|x-22-4 y z+2{ , subtracting twice third column from first. 3 2 3 0 oO -1 or -30=— |x—22-4 | , expanding with respect to 3rd row 3 2 or -30=-2(x-22-4)-3y or 2e+3y-4z=38. Ans. Ex. 2. A, B and C are three fixed points and a variable point P moves so that the volume of the tetrahedron PABC is constant. Find the locus of P. Sol. Let A,B and C be the -points (a,0,0),(0,b,0) and (0,0, ¢) respectively and P be (xt, y1, 21). Now the volume of tetrahedron PABC = constant (given) sowehave [x1 yr zi) 1} =constant a 0 O01 0b OL 0 0 ¢ I Il6 Solid Geometry ' or at 4 a “ } = Sonstant, substracting 4th row from a - ~ ihe rest. Ob eo the rest, 0 0 col or ° AT JE. Z1=c] =constant a 0 -¢ 0 6b -¢ or 1 (be) —y1 (—ae) + (24 —¢) (ab) = constant or be xt tca yy + ab 2 = constant Moy 2 or Sue + — = constant aobie¢ oThe locus of P (x1, y1, 21) is aep =constant, which is a plane parallel to the plane ABC whose equation is ve 6 eh Ey abc Ex. 3 (a). Find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices arv the points (2,~ 1, - 3), (4, 1, 3), (3, 2,-1) and (1, 4, 2). Sol, We know that if (x1, yt. 21), (v2.92 22), (3,14 23) and (44, ya, za) are the vertices of a tetrahedron, then its volume is given by va(iveyin yy 1 1 “+ Required votume = (1/6) | 2 y2 22 33 2 et mM oye im t 2-1 -3 Uf 4 1 34 3 2-11 boa 24 =(176)} 6 0 0 21, adding 2nd row to Ist and subtracting from 4103 the rest. -l { ~4 -3 3-10 =(176)| 0 0 0 2], subtracting 3 times 4th column from ist 1io34 “It -40 33-10 F760) -2)] 4 4) expanding with respect to Ist row. 4 1 -4 33-1Volume of Tewahedron 7 =-(1/3} (i 1 3], adding Ist row (0 2nd and 3 times Ist row 10 0 2-1) 3rd. 06 8 =-(1/3)|2. 1], — expanding with respect to Ist column. 6 8 $ [16 + 6] = (22/3), numerically, Ans. **Ex, 3 (b). Show that the volume of the tetrahedron formed by the planes my +nz=0, nz+Ix=0, bx + my =0 and ix + my +nz=p is 23/(mn). (Agra 90; Kanpur 95) Hence deduce the area of the triangle formed on the plane Ix+my+nz=p. Sol. The planes are my+nz=0, i) ne+ix=0, ii) ketmy=0, Kili) and xt my-tnz= wiv) The point of intersection of the planes (i), (ii) and Gii) is obviously (0. 0,0) ie. the origin. . Solving Gi), (ii) and (v), we can easily find x=-p/l, y=p/m and z=p/n i.e. these planes intersect in the point (~p/l, p/m, p/n), Similarly the other two vertices of tetrahedron are (p/l,—p/m,p/n) and (p/l, p/m,~ p/a), 2. The volume of the tetratderon eave far yn al” See § 5.01 (vii) Page 2 of this chapter my 2 x3 Y3 23) 3 =(1/6)|-p/l p/m p/n =—P—|-1 tt pil -pim —p/n| Ol) y 1 p/l p/m ~p/n 1 o1-l 0 0] , adding Lst column to 2nd and 3rd 0 2 20 3 2 3 =P (422 Hence proved. 6 lan ~ 30 law Let A be the area of the triangle formed by the plane (iv) and d be the length of perpendicular from the opposite vertex (0, 0, 0) to the plane (iv). ie. d=length of perp. from (0, 0, 0) to be+ my + nz =p p VP ene ty8 Solid Geometry Also volume of tetrahedron = 1A. te ety etn 3imn 3 YP +m) Tmn . *Ex. 3 (c). Find the volume of the tetrahedron formed by the coordinate planes and the plarie kx + my + nz = p. (Kanpur 92) Sol. The planes are x=0 (i), y=0 Gi) z=0. All) and et my +ne=p iv) ‘The point of intersection of the planes (i), (i) and Gi) is obviously (0,0, 0) ic. the origin. Solving (ii), Gli) and (iv) we find x= p/l,y=0,2=0 ie, these planes intersect in the point (P/L, 0, 0). Similarly the other two vertices of the tetrahedron are (0, p/m, 0) and (0,0, p/n). * Required volume [See § 5.01 (vii) Page 2 this ch.] = (1/6) 1a “yy al 0178) P/E 0 0 fa 22 22 0 p/m 0 x3 YS 23 9 0 p/m ‘ \ Ans. 2/46 Imn) ‘Ans. *Ex. 3 (d). Find the volume of the ‘tetrahedron formed by planes whose equations are y+2=0,7+x=0,x+y=Oundx+y+2= 1 (Kumaun 91) Sol. The planes are y+z=0 oi), ztr=0 oii) xty=0 iii) and Aaytzel iv) ‘The point of intersection of the planes (i), (ii) and Gili) is obviously the * origin ie. (0, 0,0). Solving (ii), (ii) and (iv) we get y=1,z=1 and therefore from iv) we have x=- 1. ie. — these planes intersect in CLAD. Similarly the other ‘two vertices of the tetrahedron are (1,-1.1) and Gb-b Required volume [See § 5.01 (vii) Page 2 of this ch.] =(1/6) fxr yt (1/6) f= 1 I 1 2 y2 1-1 1 3 N30 23 I ' -1 =(1/6){-1 0 0 » adding first column to the rest. 10 2 120 =(1/6)/0 2 ~ (1/6) (- 4) =4/6 =2/3 20Volume of Tetrahedron 9 **Ex. 4, Find the locus of the centroid of the tetrahedron of constant volume 64k°, formed by the three co-cordinate planes and a variable plane. (Bundelkhand 96; Kenpur 97,91, 90: cn 93) Sol. Let the equation of the variable plane be Lx + my + di) Also the equations of thre co-ordinate planes are x = Solving these four equations taking three al a time, we gi of the vertices of the tetrahedron as (0,0, 0); (0, 0, p/n); (p/1,0,0) and (0, p/m. 0). Let the centroid of this tetrahedron be (x1, y1, 21). then nagloros feof 0.2=0. et co-ordinates at Similarly, y1 = - and zt -f or Pod, Zea and 2aay, Gi 1 nm n Also the volume of tetrahedron = 644°, ie. (1/6) jp/t 0 O | =6443, ...See § 5.01 (vii) Page 2 of this chapter 0 p/m 0 0 0. p/n or bao or} (FEE) eae lit) Elma 6{ Ulm fla . Brom (ji) (1/6) (4x1) (491) 2) = 64 or riyizn = 6, . Required locus of the centroid (x1, yt, 21) is z= 64°, Ans. *Ex. 5. In the above example find the locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the origin to the variable plane. Sol. "Let (x2, y2, 22) be the (oot of the perpendicular from the origin to the plane (i) of last example. Then the direction cosines of this perpendicular ie. the line joining (0, 0, 0) and (x2, y2, 22) are proportional to x2, y2, 22. But the direction cosines of the perpendicular which is also the normal to the plane (i) are proportional to J, m, 1. R_ YB Hence BoB iS . jence Tn n we Also (x2, y2, 22) lies on (i), s0 we have dx2 + my2 + 122 = p. (vy From (iv), we have == (Note) (multiplying aum, and denom, of each fraction by the same quantity10 Solid. Geometry dnhed deded or latmatia™ =, from (v) 2 2 \ a +. or | 2 Hewed | (Note) 1 oe P ah jh43 or : seer ae 2 m : a a Substituting these value in Gi) of last example, we have Wg 24 52)3 1 Gat yi+ 2) =64e 6 ¥2y222 or O25? +02) 384k3 noynz9 +. The required locus of (x2 , y2 22) is CP +y? 429) = 38ay Dayz. Ans. **Ex. 6. If the lengths of two opposite edges of a tetrahedron are a, b, their shortest distance is equal to d and the angle between them is 8, then Prove that its volume is (1/6) abd sin 6. (Garhwal 91) Sol. Refer Fig 1 Page 1 of this chapter. Let the vertex. A be taken as origin ie. (0,0, 0) and let AB =a. Let the direction cosines of AB be taken as dt.) m1. Then the co-ordinates of B are (ha, mia, 21a), and the equations of the line A B are x z . ih a fi) The edge opposite to AB is CD. Let the vertex C be (6, B, 7) and the direction cosines of the line CD be bo, m2, no. Given CD=b. +; The equations of the line CD are x~@ y “hm ng = forD. ~. The co-ordinaties of D are (0+ bb, B+ nob, 7+ nb). Also if @ be the angle between the lines AB and CD whose dic.’s are 41, mi, mi and lb, mo, 2 respectively, then sin = VEE (nm — mns)} iii) Now d= the shortest distance between fines (i) and (ii) =/0-0 B-O y-Ol. vs (mur - mni)?}, 4 my ny bm 1m See § 4.15 on Straight Line =}a B y|+ sin @, from (iii) Nom om bm mVolume of Tetrahedron il or dsno=la B | wv) hom ont hom, m2 Now the volume of the tetrahedron ABC. ="(1/6) [x1 yt zi] ", since one of the vertices viz. A is taken as 2 y2 2) origin. 3 330 23, =(1/6)| & 8 7 |. substituting the co-ordinates of ak amt amt | BD athb Btmb y+nob (Note) =(1/6)a|a B 7 | , substracting Ist row from 3rd. hom a bbb mab mab =(\/6)ab|a B | =(L/6)ab.dsin®, from (iv) Hence proved. | ' bom ma) Ex. 7. A, B, C, D are coplanar and A‘,B’,C\D’ are their projections on any plane, prove that vol. AB’C/D ‘=~ vel. A’ BCD. Sol. Let the coordinates ot A,B,C and D be (i, yi.cis 412,92, £2). and (x4, ya, 24) respectively. Then the coordinates of their projection A, B’, C’, D’ on yz-plane (say) Qs. 93 are (0. yi, 21) (0, y2, 22), (0, y3. 23) and (0, ya, 24) = vol. AB‘C’D’=(1/6) | yt 2 0 y2 2 OG y3 fo ya Ocyr 2 x2 2 22 23 Y3 23 Maya ad and. vol. 4 BCD = (1/6) vol. AB'C’D'+vol. A’ BCD =(1/6) (ha yi at ia Jo moa Ty 09 wail 2p ail O ys 3 a ys 3 il Oo owas | ma yy te 12 Solid Geometry =(1/46) }+O vay (See Author’s Algebra or Matrices) Ot ay 043 99 21 Otea ya my 1 =(1/6) |x yo wi) 2 2 22 1 303 2304 14 ye zg | Again if A, B, C, D are coplanar, then : mT yi Zt tf =0 ~See § 3.06 on Plane. x2 ¥2 2 1 303 23 1 ays zd ~. From (i), we have vol. AB’ C’D’+vol.A ‘BCD =0 or vol. AB’ C'D’=-—vol. A’ ACD, Hence proved, *Ex. 8. If 0, A, B, C, D are any five points and py, p2, ps, pa are the projections of OA, OB, OC, OD on any given linc, prove that Pi vol. OBCD ~ p2 vol. OCDA + p3 vol. ODAB — Ppa vol. OABC =0. Sol. Let 0 be taken as origin and the given line be taken as x-axis or a line parallel to x-axis. Let the co-ordinates of A,B,C and D be (xt Yt, 21), (12, y2, 22), (3, 3, 23) and (x4, ya, 24) Tespectively. ++ Projection of OA on the given line =x1 ie. pj= Similarly, p2 = 22, p3=23 and ps =a. “: pi vol. OBCD — p2 vol. OCDA + p3 vol. ODAB - ps vol. OABC =X /42 Y2 22) -x2 [43 3 3 +x3 XA Y4 24) — xq hey MZ 3 23 x4 Ya a MY at 22 x4 ya 24 xy zt 22 92 2 33 3 Kp 92 2) —x2 itr ye altasia or uf-xeier yr al, 3.3 3 3 323 2 2 22 22 Y2 22 X44 4. x4 ya zg) x4 ye ta 3 y3 al Passing a row over the rest of the rows in second and third det. (Note) =|[st oa yr zg 32 MR yr zy 333 3 za) 4 ME 4 td = 0, as first two columns are identical, Hence proved.Volume of Tetrahedron 13 *Ex. 9, Prove that the volume of a tetrahedron of which a pair of opposite edges is formed by lengths r and r‘ on the straight lines whose ‘_y-b’_z-c’ equations are Yo me ae is (1/6) rr’ faa‘: b-b’ cHc! i m n Vv m’ n’ Sol. If a vertex of the tetrahedron be (a, b,c) on the line xna_yob_inc 1 mn? then the other vertex on this line at a distance r from the vertex (a, b, c) is (at+lr,b+mr,c+nr). Similarly if (@’, b’,c’) be a vertex of the tetrahedron on the other given line, then the remaining vertex of the tetrahedron at a distance r‘ from (a‘,b’,c°) on this line is (@’4i'r',b’ 4m’ r'cltn’r’). ~. Required volume of the tetrahedron =(1/6)| a b ¢ t ath b+mr —ctnr a’ b cd a’+l'r’ b’tm'’r’ cltn’ er’ =(1/6)| @ 6 » subtracting Ist row from 2nd and a’ bo cf el Ir mr mm 0! 3rd from 4th row 1 Lr’ m'r” wir’ 0 | =(1/6)rr‘{a-a’ b-b’ 0]. subtracting 3rd row from ist I m n 0/ and taking rr’ common ae be” AN from 2nd and 4th rows J m nO respectively. =(1/6)rr’|a-a’ b-b’ c-c’| , expanding with respect to 4th I m 2 | column. mont Ex. 10. A point moves so that three mutually perpendicular lines PA, PB, PC may be drawn cutting the axes OX, OY, OZ at A, B, C and the volume of the tetrahedron OABC is constant and equal to (1/6) k. Prove that Plies on the surface (x7 + y? +27)> = 8k xyz. Sol. Let the coordinates of P be (x1, y1, 2 and those of A, B, and C on the coordinate axes be (a, 0, 0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c) respectively. . The direction ratios of the lines PA, PB and PC are *I-@, YZ XL Yi—b, 21 and x1, y1, Z1—c respectively.14 Solid Geometry Since these lines PA, PB and PC are mutually perpendicular so from the formula “ajaz + 6162 + c1ey” =0 we have (a-a) tyr. Q1-b) +2). 21 =0 | ALi + (1-6). t2re(t1-e) = 0 and Hira) tyr yt Cie). =0 or deyt dean toy; and Z iii) Also volume of tetrahedron OABC = (1/6) 3 (given) or (1/6) |a 0 0) = (1/6) F or abe=2 (iv) 0 bo 0O0¢z Now to get the locus of P (x1, YieZ1) we are to eliminate a, b, c from (i), (ii) and ii). . Adding (i), Gi) and Gii) we get 3 (xf + yt + ef) =2 (art + by + cet) Subtracting twice (i) from (v) we get x? +y? +23 = 2z1, Similarly from Gi) and (v) we get xf +y? + 2} = 2ar) and from (iii) and (v) we get xf+y? +27 =2by1 Multiplying (vi), (vii) and (viii) we get Gt+yt+ 2? =8abe x1 94 21 or Of + yh hy = 8 x1 yt a, from (iv). + The required locus of P (x1, yi, 21) is (+P 42 =8 Baye Hence proved. Ex. 11. If the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (1,2), (30, 1) (4, 3, 6), (2, 3, 2) is 6, find the value of ‘a’. Sol. If V be the volume of the given tetrahedron, then V=(1/6)|a 1 2 1], see § 5.01 Pages 1-2 of this chapter 3011 4361 2324 =(1/6)|a-2 -2 0 Of, subtracting Ry from Ri, Ro, R3 1-3 -1 0 2 0 40 203 21 =(1/6)|a-2 -2 0} , expanding wer. to Cy 1-3 -1 2° 0 4Volume of Tetrahedron iS =(1/6){a-2 -2 0) replacing Ra by Ry +4R2 1-3-1 2-12 0 =~ (1/6) a-2 ~2}, expanding w.. to C3 6 - | = (1/6) (12 (a ~2) - 6.2] = (1/6) [12a - 36] =2a~-6 or V=2a-6. But V=6 (given) “6524-6 or Qasl2. or a6. Ans. EXERCISE ON CHAPTER V Ex. 1 Find the volume of the tetrahedron whose vertices are (0,0, 0), (1, 2, 3) {0, 0, L) and (0, 0, 2). (Hint : Use § 5.01 Page 1 of this chapter) Ans.CHAPTER VI Skew Lines and Change of Axes SKEW LINES **§ 6.01 Equations of Two Skew Lines, ‘To shows that by proper choice of axes equations of twa skew lines ean be written in a simple form as Ye=xtan@,z=c and xan, 2=~c. Let AB and CD be the skew lines and EF be the shortest distance between them. where EF = 2c (say). . Let O be the mid-point of EF and through O draw OL and OM parallel to AB and CD respectively. Choose O as origin and the internal and external bisectors of the angle. LOM be taken as ¥ and y axes respectively. Let OF be taken as zaxis. If LHI: Lhh=05Ehb or - fax + my mz see Similarly =x + moy + nz (B) and z= 13x + may + n3z The relations (A) express the old T co-ordinates x,y,z in tterms of the new * » Zz co-ordinates x’,y’,z‘ and the relations (B) | x’ i m a express x,y,z’, in terms x,y,z. These 7 y b m2 nz relations are also written conveniently with the help of the adjoining table. In this table [7 [| mg | ns the horizontal and vertical lines denote the direction cosines of mutually perpendicular (Fig. 5) (AXeS, | . ' How to wirtte the relation (A) or (B) with the help of the above table ? To get the value, of y’, we multiply each element of the row of y‘ with the coresponding elements of first row and add Le. y’ =hxtmray +22 Similarly to get the value of x, we multiply each element of the columa of x with the corresponding elements of first column and add ie. xealhx’thy'+h2' *Cor. The degree of an equation remains unchanged by transformation from one set of axes to another as x, y,z and x’,y’,z’ are connected by inter relations given by (A) or (B). " **§ 6.05. Relation between the direction cosines of three mutually perpendicular lines. As in § 6.04 Pages 31-32 of this chapter let 11, mt, m1; l2, m2, m2 and 15, m3,n3 be the direction cosines of any three mutually perpendicular lines OX’, OY’, OZ’, referred to rectangular axes OX, OY, OZ. Hence we have following two sets of relations :-— Ra mf+nt= B+ mb + nb Band+r3=1,} Also in § 6.04 above we have seen that the direction cosines of the lines OX, OY, OZ are 11,1, fs; mi, mm, m3 and mi, m2, n3 referred to OX’, OF, OZ". Hence as above we have R+B+B=1, Lamy + lama + bis =0, mt + mh + mh =1, Gil) mini +mone+myn3=0,p iv) aft nbs n= aul tml + sh =0 Ula + mpm + nin2 = 0, Lala + mys + nyn3 = 0, (ii) [gly + m3) + ngn1 =0,Change of Axes 35 l__atbte _ A+B+C A AVFBi+ CC, AL = atbtcaaythi+cy.A+B+C=Al+Bi+Cy and A=A; = a+0 ¢, A+B+C and A remain unchanged. Solved Examples on Change of Axes. *Ex. 1. Two systems of rectangular axes have the same origin. If a plane cuts them at distances a, b,c and a’,b’,c’ from the origin then show that a+b? +¢7=(a'J? + (6)? +(e), Sol. Referred to the first system of axes, let the equation of the plane in 1 x yf cept fc Ste tsa 7 the intercept form be athte 6 Replacing x by fix+hy+hz, y by mixtmy+mgz and by nix + nay +.n3z the equation of the plane referred to the second system is fatbythe mpxtimy-+ maz | nixt nay + naz as NE ii a ¢ ‘The intercept on new x-axis by this plane is a’ (given), so putting m3 m3 M3 3 boe 2 2 2 i fom mY (3, ms 3 tof tie 4S) 2 c (- boc ab c) 3 . +h (lum, + bmg + 33) +... l l 1 2 2 2 2 _ Slt O gt, OG. Ot 7 OMZM=1, Shim =0. ct Hence (a’J° +b’)? +(e) ater ee? Hence proved. Ex. 2. If ax? + by? + 077+ Bfyz-+ 2gax + Uhay + ux + Ivy + 2waed be transformed by change of coordinates from one set of rectangular axes to another with the same origin, the expression a+b-+e,u2 4v24w? are invariants, Sol. Replacing x by liv hy-tiaz etc. as in Ex. t above the given expression can be transfomed as La (y+ by + ye) + 2 Af mx + may + mae) (aie + my + ng2) tLQulixthythytd36 Solid Geometry 18V/VIB =a’ ey Wc et OF ye4 Dp xe DH! ry + Qu! +2 y +2 ced! fii) Comparing coefficients of x*, y?, 7 on both sides we get a’ salt + bm + ont + Yinint + glint + Bhdynay b's alk + bn + orb + fron + 2ghn2 + 2h c's} + bod + on} + 2fnusna + 2gkyns + 2hiams u sult + vm) tun, v ‘Sul + vind + wn, w’ uly + v3 + wr3 Nowa’ +h’ te"=ad + bE mht cEn} + YE miny 42g Eayly +2KE hy = a1) +b (I) +6 (1) + 2F(0) +29 (0)-+ 2h (0), from: result (iii) and 3) Of § 6.05 Page 32 of this chapter. ie. a'+b’4e'=atbte, Hence proved. Also (e+ ()?+ (w P= (adh + my soon) (ula + vg + wna)? + (1d3 + vm + 1703)? SWEAR PE m+ went + 2uv E lym + Qvw E neyny + Qow E dyn =e (+ v o + w? (1) + Quy (0) +20 (0) + 2use (0), as before aay w Hence proved.CHAPTER VII . \ Sphere § 7.01 Definition. A sphere is the locus of a point which moves such that its distance from a fixed point always remains constant. The fixed point is called the centre and this constant distance is called the radius of the sphere. (Kanpur 94; Purvanchal 96) § 7.02 The equation of a sphere. (a) When centre and radius are given (Central Form) : Let C (a,b,c) be the cenue and r the radius of the sphere. Then if P (x,y, 2) be any point of the surface of the sphere we have CP =radius of the sphere CP =? andthirfore — (aca?'t@_hPaG@eePael 0 For example if the centre of a sphere is (1, 2, 3) and radius in 4. Then its equation is (x1)? +(y-2'+@-3)=4 Particular Case : Let origin 0 (0,0, 0) be the centre and r the radius of the sphere. Let P (x, y, 2) be any point on-this sphere. Then OP = tadius of the sphere =r (given) or ora? or (4-0) +(y-0) + ¢-0F% = 7 or ety tay wu lii) __which is cailed the standard form of the equation of a sphere. “+ (b) General Equation of a sphere. (Kanpur 94) \ The equation (i) above can be expanded and written as e+ 42 -2ax-Bby-22-(@ +P +2 - 7) =0 which is of the form. x2 4 y? +2? + Qux + Qvy + 2wetd=0 and this is known as the general form 01 equation of a sphere. Centre and radius for general form. ‘The equation (iii) can be rewritten as (ctu + Qty + ctwP are ew dd, or b- Cw} + - Core e-CwP a ev ewad. Comparing this with equation @) above, we find that the cenire and radius of the sphere given by (iii) are (-u,—v,—w) and Vue+ “+ u?-d) respectively. Hence we conclude that for the sphere (iii), centre is (— u, w) and radius = V(u? + v? + w?-d). 181/VIL2 Solid Geometry Method of writing the centre and radius of a sphere, (i) Write down the coefficients of x2, % and 2? as |, if these are not so, by dividing the equation by the coefficient of 2°, For example if the equation of the sphere is given as 2r°+2y? 422? 10r— I2y+ 162+23=0, then we should divide cach term by the coefficient 2 of x” and write the given equation as x+y? 4+2-52~6y + 824 (23/2) =0. i) Then the coordinates of the centre of the sphere are [5 (Coefficient of x), 4 (coeff. ofy), —CGcoeff. of 2)] and the radius of the sphere =[G coeff. of 2? + coeff. oty? + eet of 2? ~ (constant term)] (Remember) Conditions for a sphere. From the general form (iii) of the equation of a sphere, we conclude that {i) The equation of a sphere must ‘pe of second degree in x, y and z. ii) The coefficient of x”, y* and z? must be equal and ii) Three should not be terms containing the products xy, yz and zx in this equation. (Remember) Note 1. If w?+s?+w?—d<0, then the radius of the sphere (ii) is imaginary whereas the centre is real. Such a sphere is called psendo-sphere or a virtual TT Note 2. The lation (iii) of the sphere contains four unknown constants : or Th in of eh ni or non etG 7.03. Equation ofa Sphow WiOugh For Ghee palate a (Four-Points form) (Agra 91; Kanpur 93) Let the co-ordinates of the four given points A,B,C and D be (1, ¥1, 21), (2s ¥2. 22), (3, ¥3, 23) and (x4, y4, 24) respectively. Let the equation of,the sphere passing through these four points be Pty +24 2uct Ivy +2we+d=0 fi) If this sphere’ passes though the given points A,B, C and D, we have Cf + yt chy + Quy + 20y1 + 2wey +d =0; fii) (3+y3 +B) + 2uxz +20y2 +20 +d=0, iii) (d+y$+ 3) +23 + 2vy3 + 2we3+d=0, wfi¥) ht yht A) + 2ucat Qvya + 2woa td =0 lv) Eliminating u,v, and d from (i), (i), (i), (iv) and (¥), we get ara x y z]=0 M+yledt x yl Zi a+h+d ny a aryed X30 ¥3 23 dtyitd oa yuSphere. 3 Note : In numerical problems, evaluation of determinant takes much time and so the values of u, v, w and d should be found from (ii), (iiii), (iv) and (v) and then these should be substituted in (i), to get the required equation. *§ 7.04 Equation‘of a sphere on the line joining two given points as diameter. (Diameter Form). (Kumaun 90) Let A (x1, yt. z1) and B (x2, y2, 22) be two given points. . Let P (x, y, z) be any point on the surface of the sphere, drawn on the line joining A and Bas, diameter. Then AP is perpendicular to BP. . Now the direction ratios of the lines AP and BP are —yinz—zi and = x~x2, y—y2, Z~ 22 respectively. wn) which is the fequied-eq Solved Examples on § 7.01 to § 7.04 et Find the equation of the sphere whose centre is’(2,—3, 4) and radius’, Sol. Let P (x1, y1, 21) be any point on the sphere, then as C (2, ~3, 4) is the given centre of the sphere, so CP =radius of the sphere = 5 i.e. CP? =(5)* or @1-2? +0143" 4-4 =F or xh —4x, +44 yh + Gyr +942] ~ 81 + 16 =25 or attytedt 4x14 61-824 4=0. 2. Locus of Pis x? +y*+2- 4x + 6y-82+4=0, which is the required equation of the sphere. Ans. Ext. What is the equation of a sphere which passes through (0, 9, 0) and which has its centre at (4,3, 0). Sol. Centre of the sphere is (4, 3, 0). As it passes through (0, 0, 0), so Its radius = distance between (0, 0, 0) and (4,3, 0) (Note) ={G-07 +G-0 +-0=1G) -. Required equation of the sphere is (x-0F +(y-0) + @-0)" =NE] .-§ 7.02 Page 1 Ch. VIL or Papetead or 2x +27? 4227= 1. Ans. Ex, 3: Find the centre and the radius of the sphere See § 7,02 Page t Ch: VII c. Centre is (~u, - ¥, =) be. (1-23) oo4 Solid Geometry 958 and radius = + ew? aVl 4449 13. Ans. *Ex. 4. Prove that equation ax? + ay? +az"+2ux4+2vy+2werd=0 represents a sphere and find its centre and radius. we Sol. From the given equation we find that : ( this equation is of second degree in x, y and z (i) the coefficients of x7, y’ and 2” are equal, each being a and Gii) the terms containing the product AY, ye and zx are absent. Hence the given equation represents a sphere (see the conditions for a sphere in § 7.02 on Page 2) Also as a#0, so the given equation of the sphere can be rewritten as Py? e222 (w/a)x+2 (v/a) y+ 2 (w/a) 2+(d/a) =0, which is of the form «22 2 by +z + Qu + Wy + 2wz+d=0' . 3} aiid radius is aoa « _{ u +. Its centre’is }-—, - a --f ie. Ati + 40? — cay a a Ex. 5. Find the equation of a sphere which passes through the origin add intercepts lengths a, b,c on the x, y and z-axes respectively. or oe Find the equation of the sphere which passes through (a, 0,0) and (0, b, 0), (0, 0, e) and (0, 6, 0). ms (Bundetkhand 91) * or The plane ABC whose equation is x/a+y/b+2/c=1 mets the axes OX, OY, OZ in A, B, C respectively. Find the equation of the sphere O, ABC. (Meerué 93) Find its centre and radius, © ~~" cones Sol. - The sphere intercepts a length a on x-axis so it Passes through the point (a, 0, 0). Similarly it passes through the points (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c). Also it passes through the origin ie. (0, 0, 0). Let the equation of the sphere be Pye At duet yt weed = If it passes through (0, 0, 0) then from (i) we have d= 0 If (i) passes through (a, 0, 0), then we get a” + 2ua+d=0 or from (ii), a?+2ua+0=0 ot us-ta,asaz0 Similarly as (i) passes through (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c) we get ye-tb and weSphere 5 Hence from (i), required equation is x+y? +2 -ax-by-cz=0 Ans. Here ‘2u' =—a, ‘2v’ =-b, ‘2w’ =~, ‘d’ =0 and radius = Wu? + 4 wd) = VIC jay +b) + i -01 =N@ +e +e). \ Ans. Find the equation of a sphere which passes through the origin and makes equal intercepts of unit length on the axes. Hint : Do as Ex. 5 above. Find the equation of the sphere through (0, 0, 0), (£, 0,0), ©, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) Ans.2+y?+2?-x-y-z=0 (a). Find the equation to the sphere through the points (0, 0, 0), (0, 1,- 1), (- 1, 2, 0) and (1, 2, 3). (Rokilkhand 91) Sol. Let the equation of the Sphere be. Vay +c + Quart Wy t 2w2+d=0 If it passes through (0, 0, 0), then d=0 : If it passes through (0, },-"1), then” = O+14+14+04+2v-2w+050, - d=0 or ve-w+1=0 Git) If it passes through 1,2, 0), then 1+4+40~2u+4v+0+0=0. or 5-2u+4v=0 ° iv) If it passes through (1, 2, 3), then 1444+9+420+4y+6w+0=0, - or . ut2v+3w+7=0 wekV) From (iii), we get w=v+ 1 and from (iv), w= (5+ 4¥)/2 Substituting these values in (v) we get {(S + 4¥)/2] + 2v4+3 (V+ 1)+7=0 or S+4v+4v+6v+647=0 or 14v=-18 of v=-9/7 o wavt1=(-9/1)+b=-2/7 and wopor9ai (Fg 7 14 “ From ®. we get the required equation as Beye 42e 18) 2426 O/Ny+2(-2/T)240= 0 or wus 14 (xP +y?+2)-2x-36y-8¢=0 Ans. 7 (b). Find the equation of the sphere through the points (0,0 0); © (0,1,-1) C1,2, 0) and (1,2, 1).° (Bundetkhand 90) Sol. Do as Ex. (a) above. Ans. 10a" +? +2") -2x-26y- 6 =0 Ex. 8 (a), Find the equation of the sphere which passes through the points (1,>3/4), (1, - 5,2), (1,-3,0) and whose centre lies on the ‘plane - x+ty+z=0. Sol. Let the equation of the sphere be6 Solid Geometry : Py 4274 2ue4 Wyte d=0 afi) IFit passes through (1,—3, 4), then . 149+ 16+2u—6v+8w+d=0 oi} If it passes through (1, ~5, 2), then 14+254+4+42-10v+4wed=0 (iii) If it passes through (1,—3, 0), then 1+9+2u-6v+d=0 (iv) Again the centre of the sphere is (— 4,—¥,—w) and this centre lies on the plane x+y +z=0. So we have-u-v—w=0 or utv+w=0 wv) Solving (ii) and (iv) we get 16+8w=0 or w=-2 (vi) Solving (ii) and (iii) we eet 44+ 4v4dwa3 or —4+4v-8=0, from (vi) or 4v=I2 or y=3 vii) +. From (v), (vi) and-(vii) we get w=—.1 and so from Gv) d=10 Hence from (i) we get the required equation, as . Payee tes Gy dee 10=0. 1” nt, Ex. $f) Find the equation of the sphere which passes tlixough the Points (3,0, 2), (-1, 1, ), (2,~5,4) and whose centre‘lies éi'the plane xtyt+2e=3, : : Hint : Do as Ex. 8 (a) above: Las Ans. 8 (2 +y*+ @)-x43$y— 412-19 =0 <8 (c). Show that the equation of the sphere through three points G,0,2),-1,1,@,-5,4) and having its cenfre ‘on ‘the ° plane oe Pog 2x+3y +42 =6 is x+y? 427 44y—62=1 4, (Kuméun 95) .. Sol. Do as Ex. 8 (a) above. o . ae 5 (@). Find the equation of the sphere circumsertbing tne tetrahedron whipse faces are x = 0, y=0, 20, Waty/b+2/c=1. Sol. Taking three planes at a time and solving their equations we get the Coordinates of the vertices of this tetrahedron as (0, 0, @), (a, 0,0), (, b, 0) and (0, 0, c). : : The equation of the sphere circumscribiig the tetrahedron ic. through these foyr’points can be obtained as in Ex. 5 Page 4 Ch, VIE. pt “9 (b), Find the equation of the sphere circumscribing the edron. whose faces are y/b+z/c=0,2/e+x/a=0,x/a+y/b=0, x/aty/b+z/e=1, . Sol. Taking three planes at a time and solving their equations, we get the coordinates of the vertices of this tetrahedron as (0, 0,0), (a, b, ~c), (a,b, c) and (—a, b,c): . ‘Then proceeding as in Ex. 5 on Page 4 Ch. VII we can find that Qu=- (a +?+ 2a,Sphere 7 Wwa-@ +P 4+0)/b, wa (a+b + c%5/e and d=0 + The required equation is 2 Ws rex Wt ely tees a ¢ x +y¥ +2 x JL P4P ee abe om Obtain the equation of the sphere having its centre on the line 8¥+2z=0=2x~3y and passing through the points (0,—2,—4) and 2-1-1. (Garhwal 95) Sol. Let the equation of the sphere be S+y a? + Quart Wwyt2wetd=0 i) Its centre is (~x,—v,—w). If it lies on the lines Sy+2z=0=2x—3y, vty tz Ans. or then we have 5 (-v) +2 (-w)=0=2(-u)-3(-») ie. Sv+2w=0 (ii) and 2u+3v=0 ---(iii) : alte sphere (pages rough (0 - ~2,—4) and (2, ~ J,— 1), then we get aL ite 0+4+16—4y—8w+d=0 and es AbL4 Lt 4u— ‘Ww-Iw+d=0 wv) Solving Gi), (iii) and (v) we get 3, v=-2; w=5; d=12, which satisfy (iv). <, From (ij the required equation is Saye? —bx~4y 4 W0z + 12=0 Ans. "sed" @. Find the equation of the sphere with centre at (2, 3,-4) and touching the p! 2x + 6y -3z4+15=0, (Meerut 96 P, 94) Sol. Centre of the sphere is given as (2, 3, ~4) Radius of the sphere = length of perpendicular from the centre (2, 3, - 4) on the giver’ plane _20)+6@)= le 4+ a We+e+e3yy WA) <. The required equation of the sphere is (x—2)? + (y- 3)? + (+4? or Payee —ar—6y+82-20=0 Ans. 11 (b). Obtain the equation of the sphere with centre at (1,2, 3} and touching the plane’6x-~- 3y # 22 = 4. Sol,.Do as Ex. 11 (a) above’ Ans. x+y? +2 2x4 4y—62+ 10=0 ‘x. 12.’A sphere of radius k paises through the origin and meets the axes in A, B, C. Prove that the centroid of the triangle ABC lies on the sphere 9 (x?+y? +27) =4k?, (Agra 90; Kanpur 96; Purvanchal 94; Rohitkhand 90) Sol. Let the coordinates of A, B and C be (a, 0,0), (0, 6, 0) and (0, 0, ¢} respectively. The sphere also passes through the origin O (0, 0,0). As in Ex. 58 Solid Geometry Page 4 Ch. VII we can find the equation of the sphere through O, A, B and C as Py +2 —ax—by-ce=0 Ai) “Its radius = V{Ga)+ Gy +o}= $Me? + P+) =k (given) or Pte aaa _ nil) Aso if Oy. 2 be the coordinates of the centroid of A ABC, then ta, wage, 2= te or a=3x1,b=3y1, ¢= 321. »substvoting these values of a, b and c in (ii) we get Gx) + Gy)? + Ga)? = 42 <. The required locus of (x1, y1,z1) is 9 (x? + y? +2) = 42 Hence proved. ¥ +x. 13. A plane passes through a fixed point (p,q, r) and cuts the axes in A, B, C, Show that the locus of the centre of the sphere OABC is os BeSytan (Agra 91; Avadh 94, ot Bundelthand 91; Garkwal 94, 92; Kanpur 95; Kumaun 93; Meerut 98, 90 S; Purvanchal 97, 96, 95, 92) Sol. Let the coordinates of A,B and C be (a, 0,0), (0, b, 0) and (0, 0, c) respectively. The equation of the plane ABC is xe ; tis i wi) If it passes through (p, 4, r), then ef i + fs =1 Ai) Also the equation of the sphere OABC can be found as in Ex. 5 Page 4 Ch. Vilas vty +2 —axr-by-z=0. If its contre be (x1, yi, 21) then x1 p or a=2x, b=2y, and c=2q Substituting these values of a, 6 and c in (ii), we get (p/2x1) + (9/2y1) + (7/221) = 1 +. Locus of the centre (at, y1, z1) of the sphere OABC is (p/x) + (g/y) + (1/2) =2. Hence proved. he 14. Find the equation of the sphere that passes through the points (4, 1, 0), (2,3, 4), (1, 0, 0) and touches the plane 2x +2y—z= Il. Sol. Let the equation of the sphere be vay 42+ Qurt Wy t2we+d=0 @ Its centre is (— u,~ v, —w) and radius =V(u? + v? + w?— a) Since the sphere (i) passes through the point (4, 1, 0), so #417 4.07 +.2u (4) + 2v (0) + 2w 0) +d=0 or 8ut Qv4d+17=0 Gi)Sphere 9 Similarly if the sphere (i) passes through (2, -3, 4) and (J, 0,0), then we have 4u-6v+ 8w+d+29=0 . and Qutd+l=0 iv) Also as the sphere (i) touches the given plane, sd) thé length of perpendicular from its centre (— u, — v,— w) to the given plane 2x + 2y -z- 11 = 0 must be equal to the radius (uw? + v7 + w? — d) of the sphere (i). 220) +2(-v)-(-w) 1h aVe+4w- a ye +241] ie. or - Qu-dvew-1P=9 02 + +0? d) or Sué+ Sv? + 8w? — Buy + dvw + 4uw — 4du~ Ady + 22w - 9d - 121 = 0-9) d-=-3@+1) Avid ~8u-d=11=4d44—-d-17=3d~13 or ved Gd—13) “vii From (iii), 8w =—4u + 6v-d—29 = (2d +2) + (0d - 39) ~d—29, from (vi), (vii) or 8w=10d-66 or w=t(5d—33) Avil} Substituting values of u, vw from (vi), (vii), (viii) in (v) and simplifying we get 72d” — 747d + 1935 = 0 which gives d=5. ©. From (vi), (vii) and (viii) we get u=—3, v= 1, w=-2 <. From (i) the required equation is Payee br42y—4¢ 4550 Ans. 15 (a). A sphere of constant radius 2k passes through origin and meets the axes in A, B and C. Find the locus of the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC. Sol. As in Ex, 13 Page 8 Ch. VI the sphere OABC is Pat? —ar-by-cz=0 is radius = MG ay + ¢ byt g l= ; Via? +b? +c) = 2k (given) or +P ec = 162 i) If (x1 y1, 21) be the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC, then aet [0+a+04+0}= a or a=4x; Similarly b=4y, and c=4z Substituting these values of a, b, ¢ in (i) we get (4x1)? + Gyr + dey = 16 or Peyote eda? c. The required locus of (x1, yi, zi) is? +7 +2 =? Ane.10 Solid Geometry , Ex. 15 (b). A sphere of radius 2 passes the origin O and meets the coordinate axes in A, B and C. Show that the locus of the centroid of the tetrahedron OABC is the sphere x7 +? +27=1 (Allahabad 92) Sol,Do as Ex. 15 (a) above. Here ‘k’ = 1 ‘Ex. 16. Find the equation of the sphere which passes jthrough the ints (1, 0, 0), (0, 1,.0) and (0, 0, 1) and has its radius as small ‘as possible. i (Kumaur. 91) Sol. Let the equation of the sphere be vay 4 + Quxt Wy + Qweto=0 (i) If it passes through (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1) then 1+2ute=0, L+2v+c=0, 1+2wtc=0 Late) or +. Herr be the radius of the sphere (), then Paw+yP+w—c=R (say) or R=3(1+0)*—e, from (il) If ris least then R least. @R-3 SS 25 = positive dc’ ak 3 Now 7, = 9 (l+o)—Land 37 . dR 31 1 ER, ce Equating 7 to zero we get 7 c-+3=0 or c=—3 and "5. being positive Ris least when c From (ii) when R i.e. 7” is least we have w =-}a-} .. From (9, the required equation is x*+y° +22 (x+y +2)-4=0 or 3 +y+2)-2eety+D-1=0. Ans. & x. 17. A point moves so that the sum of the squares of its distances from the six faces of a cube is constant, show that its locus is a sphere. Sol. Take any vertex of the cube as origin and the edges terminating at that vertex as coordinate axes. Then if a be the length of each edge of the cube, then the equations of its six faces are x=0, y=0,z=0,x=a, y=a and zea. Wote) (Students are advised to draw the figure themselves and check the above equations). Let P(xt,y1,21) be the moving point, then according to the given problem we have the sum of squares of its distances from the faces of the cube is constant k (say). Zi xp-a@ ? yi-a@ 2 Zi-a 2 -{#) +f ; } C3) EP) =k. ue Pf)Sphere i or xt+yhe cet 2a ta) + Ot -2ayi +0) 4 (h- daar ta?)=k ot 2Gh+yt+ d)-20 G1 ty1 +21) + Ga? -H=0 or att ytect—aQ+y1 +1) +d=0, where d= (3a? —4)/2 ” The locus of P (xt, yt, 21) isx2 + y? #2? ax —ay-az+d=0 which evidently represents a sphere as it is second degree equation in x, y,z 5 coefficients of x2, y?, z” are equal and terms containing product terms xy, yz, 2x are absent. Hence proved. LEK. 18 (a). A point moves so that the ratio of its two distances from two fixed points is constant. Show that its locus is a sphere, Sol. Let the moving point be P (x, y, z) and the fixed points A and B be (a, 0,0) and (~ a, 0, 0) respectively. Given PA/PB=k or PA’=. PB’ or (xa)? + (9-07 + OF =F [tay + G- 07 +@- 0] 2 U-Ry+yd-P)+2 1 -P)-2ar (14+) +a (1 -P)=0 g erye? 2s, +a? =0, which evidently represents a sphere. (See Ex. 17 Page 10 for reasons). _ Ex 18 (b). A point moves so that sum of squares ofits distances from a given number of points is constant. Prove that the locus of this point is a sphere and show that its centre is the centroid of the given points. Sol. Let there be n given points (x1, y1, 21), (x2; 2. 22) etc. Let the moving point be (0, B, y). Then according to the given problem the sum of the squares of its distances from the given points is constant. ie. E(x)? +(B—y1)? + (y-z1)"] = constant = & (say) or no? + nB? +n — 202 x1-2BL yt - EutEd+Lyi+Laak oe ptey— ao(E)- a6 (2)- nF} )=0 «. Locus of (©, B, 7) is the sphere P4yh2-2 2} 2[F e+ conan = 0 nm n} n Za Ly Ea ht which is evidently the centroid of the cults centre is points (X1, Yi, Z1)s (42s ¥2s Z2) verees (Ens Yr Zn) Hence proved. \ “fix. 19. Find the equation of the sphere on the join of (2, -3, 4) and (-5,6,-7) as diameter. Sol. The required eqution of the sphere is. (x-2) +5) +43) (y-6) + (@-4) (@+7)=0le Solid Geometry, «See § 7.04 Page 3 Ch. VIL Pty tes 3x 3y 432-4920. Ans. A Ex. 20. OA, OB, OC are three mutually perpendicular lines through the origin having direction cosines lj, m4, ny ; 12, m2, n2 and f3, m3, n3. If OA =a, OB =b, OC =c. Find the equation of the sphere OABC. Sol. Taking O4, OB and OC as coordinate axes the coordinates of A, B “and C are (a,0,0), (0,6;0) and (0,0; c) respectively. Consequently the equation of the sphere OABC, as in Ex. 5 Page 4 Ch. VI is - vay +2 -ar- by-cz=0 ofl) Now ‘twansferring to original axes by putting x=ljx+my +miz, = bx + my + nz, z= Lax + my + n3z, we get from (i) the required equation of the sphere as (lux + my +nizye+ (lox + my + nz)? + (Bx + may + nz)" —a (hx + my + niz)- b (bx + may + mz) c (lax + may + 032) = or Pty? mh) +2 (af) + Day (E hm) + 2yz (B many) + 2ex (B en — (ali + bly + cls) x— (ami + bmz+ cms) y ~ (ani + bnz + cn3) 2=.5° or aye +2? = (ah + bint cls) x+ (ami + bmo-+0ms) y + (any + bnz+0n3) z, since Zit = { and Ehimi=6 etc Exercises on § 7.01—7.04 Ex. 1, Find the centre and radius of the sphere given by AP 4y42)-I24 4y-6z=1 Ans. (1/2, —'1, 3/2); V() Ex. 2, Find the centre and radius of the sphere x* +y* +2? -2y—4z = 11. What is the distance of the centre from the yz-olane ? Ans. (0, 1, 2); 4;0 ~~ Ex. 3. Prove that the equation a (x+y? +27) 4+2 (uxt vy +wz) +d =0,a#0 always represents a sphere, provided «7 +v?>+w?—ad>0. Ex. 4. A sphere has its centre at (1,~3, 4) and passes through (3, — 1, 3). Find its equation. Find also the equation of the concentric sphere which touches the plane 2x + 5y—5z=21. Ans. 74+ +2*— 2x4 6-824 17= ey +2 e+ by 82-28 =0 Ex. 5. Find the centre of the sphere through the four points (4,-1,2), @,-2, 3), (,~5, 1) and (2, 0, 1). Ans. (2, ~ 13/15, 7/5) Ex. 6, Find the equations of the spheres through the following points and find their centres and radii :—— @ (, 0, 0); (2, 0, 0); (0, 4, 0); (0, 0,1). Gi) ©, 0,0); 4,3, 1)5 (4, -3, 1); 4, 3, - 1) ii) (0, 0, 0); a, b, c); (a, —8, 0); (a, 6,~ ce). (Garhwal 96; Kumaun 92) (iv) (0,0, 0); G1, 1, D5 (1-1, D3 0, t.- .Sphere 13 Ans. @) 7 tyre P= det 4y—o (12, 3 #21) my (i) 6 (2 +y? +24) = 13 Bx 4 dy 4 122);(-3 13 15) ral: a2 i3 ii) Pryt? xy 24 PHP 4? epee? e+e ee abc” da * hh (2? + Ber + Pe), PrP ee) +H 42 ‘ 2e . 2abe (iv) P+y? +2 =3 ety 42, (3/2, 3/2, 3/2), 3138/2. Ex. 7. Find the equation of the sphere passing through the points (3,0, 2), 1, 1, 1), @,-5, 4) and having its centre on 2x + 3y + 4¢=6. Ans. 2 +y? +22 +4y-62-1=0 Ex. 8. Find the equation of the sphere through the origin cutting off intercepts 3, 4 and 5 from the coordinate axes. . Ans. x+y? +2 —~3x-4y—5e=0 Ex. 9. A plane through a fixed point (1, 1, 1) cuts the axes in-A, B, C. Find the locus of the centre of the sphere OABC, where 0 is the ouigin. Ans. xo} ay tye Ex. 10. A variable plane cuts the coordinate axes in A,B, C and always passes through the point (1, 2, 3). Find the locus of the centre of the sphere passing through A, B, C and the origin. Ans. x! + 2y! 4327 22, Ex. 11. Find the equation of the sphere circumscribing the tetrahedron fromed by the planes 4y-+3z=0, 3x+2y=0,¢+ 2x =0 and 6x + 4y 43z= 12, Ans. 12 (x2 +y? +22) = 1744+ 116y-+ 872. Ex. 12. Find the equation of the sptiere circumscribing the tetrahedron whose faces are y+ 2=0,7+x=0,x+y=0 andx+y+z=1. Ans. Pty +2 =3(ety+z) Ex. 13. Find the equation of the sphere the extremities of whose diameter are the ponts (3, 4,—2) and (-2;~ 1,0). Ans. 2 4y? +2? x~3y 422 = 10 '§ 7.05. Plane section of a sphere. To prove that the section of a sphere ty te’ Que Dy + 202+ d=0 wi) byaplane ° Ix+my+na=p Ai) NX isa cirele and to find its radius and centre. eA is the centre (~ uv, ~w) of the sphere (i) and RS Cis the foot of the perpendicular OC from O to the plane Gi). Let A be any point on the section of the sphere (i) by the plane (ii), then CA is any fine through C and as such Ge 014 Solid Geometry perpendicular to OC. Now OA =the radius of the sphere =V(u? + v? + w?—d) and OC = length of the perp. from O (- u,- v,—w) to the plane (iii) | _lCutmevy+nCw)-p_lutmvtnwtp numerically MR my VP +m +n)" Now from above fig. itis evident the CA? = 0a?- 0C? Ail) ie. CA? =constant, as the radius of the sphere (i) and the distance of its centre from the plane (ii) are constant. Hence the distance of any point A on the section of the sphere (i) by the plane (ii) is at a constant distance from the foot C of the perpendicular from centre of (i) to (ii), ée. the locus of A is a circle with centre C and radius CA given by (iii). Equations of a circle. - From above we have fon that the intersection of the sphere v4 y +24 Qux+ Qvyt+2w2+H=0 by the plane ix+my+nz=p is a circle and so the equations of this circle are vay +e? 4 luc t Dy +2we+d=0, i+ my+nz=p. taken together. . Hence in general, the equations of a circle cousist of the equations of a sphere and that of a'plane (taken togehter). ‘Note 1. From § 7.05 above we observe that : ~G@) The foot {The point C in Fig. 1 of § 7.05 above) of perpendicular from the centre (the point O in the above figure) of the sphere on the plane of the circle is the centre of the-circle and (ii) and radius of the circle = CA (Fig. 1 Page 13 Ch. VI) = (0A? — OC) = 1{(cadius of the sphere)” - (length of perpendicular from the centre of the sphere on the plane of the circle)*] (Remember) Note 2. The section of a sphere by a plane passing through the centre of the sphere ts called a great circle. Its centre and radius is the same at that of the sphere. *§ 7.06 Intersection of two sphres. __ Let the equations of the two spheres be 2 4 yc? s Quix + Qniy + 2wizt di =O and Set ye? 4 Quart Wey + 2wz+d=0 The points common to these two circles satisfy both these equations 51 =0, S2=0 and hence satisfy Sy - S2 = 0. ie. 2 (uy — up) x +2 (v1 — v2) y+ 2 (wr — 2) 2 +.2 (dy - da) =0 which being a linear equation in x, y, z represents a plane.Sphere 5 Thus the curve of intersection of the two spheres Sj =0, 52=0, is the same as the curve of intersection of any one of these spheres and the plane 51 -S2=0 and so it is a circle. ; Note. From § 7.06 above we conclude that the equations of two spheres taken together also represent a circle. § 7.07. Sphere through a given circle. Let the equations of the circle be Sax +y +24 2uxt Ivy + wet d=0 and Psl+my+nz-p=0. Then the equation S+AP=0, in which A is a constant represents a sphere as in this equation the coefficient of 2, y*, 2 are equal and the terms containing xy, yz, zt are absent. Also the equation $+ P=0 is satisfied by all points which satisfy both $=0 and P=0 ie. which lie on the circle $=0, P=0. Hence S$ +2 P=0 represents a sphere through circle 5= 0, P=0. In a similar manner we can show that the equation S1+452=0 represents a sphere through the circle of intersection of the spheres Sj =0 and 2=0. : Solved Examples.on § 7.05 to § 7.07. 78% 1 @. Find the radins and centre of the circle x+y? 4a? 8x4 dy + 82-45 =0, x—2y +2: (Gorakhpur 92; Purvanchal 91; Sol. Refer Fig, 1. Page 13 of this chapter. Centre of this sphere x+y 4z?— Bxt dy + 82-45 =0 is O(4,-2,-4) and radius OA = V[42+ (-2)2+(- 4)? +45]=9 < Length of perpendicular from 0 (4,-2,—4) to the given plane xo yt 2253 3. ‘ohitkhand 93, 90) CD +2(-4)-3 © Mite? +27] c. Radius of the circle = CA = V(0A? - OC?) = V9)? - (3 = 45. Ans. Coordinates of the centre. As OC is perpendicular to the plane x—2y+2z=3, so the direction ratios of the line OC are the same as those of the normal to the plane i.e. 1, +2, 2 i.e. the coefficients of x, y, z in the equation 1, numerically of this plane. <. The equations of this line OC are yt? _16 Solid Geometry ISUVIVE Let OC=r, then the coordinates of Care (447,-2+2r,-442r). Buc lies on the plane x—2y +2z=3 o (440-262-2)42C442n 23 or 9r=3 or rt Coordinates of centre C of the circle are (13/3,~8/3, 10/3) Ans. / oe. 1 (). Find the radius and centre of the circle, determined by the equations x? + y? +2” = ax + by +02, and (x/a) +(y/b) + (2/e) = 1. (Avadh 94, 93) Sol. Refer Fig, 1 Page 13 of this chapter. Centre of the sphere x?-+y? +2? ax—by~cz=0 is 0 (a/2, b/2, c/2) and radius OA = V[(a/2)" + (b/2)? + (c/27)} =V(a2 +b + ey + Length of perpendicular from the centre 0 (a/2,b/2,c/2) to the given plane (x/a) + (y/b) + (2/c)-1=0 =0C= 1a) (a/2) +(1/b) (6/2) + (17) (c/2) ~ 1 (Note) Waza)? + y+ 177} sabe/2VW+ Pa? + aby +. Radins of the circle = CA = V(04?- 0C) . V Pte He aye? 4 4+ ta +a) ye SEA OC cet sah pease) “2 Bees cha? + ah) wi @+e) (e+) (a? +b implityi “2 Bett ca? 4 ab? on sipniyng Coordinate of the centre C : As OC is perpendicular to the plane (/a) + (y/8) + (@/c) = 1, so the directon ratios of the line OC are the same as those of the normal to this plane ie. 1/a, 1/b,1/c i.e. the coefficients of xy and z in the equation of this plane. <. Equations of line OC are x-(a/2) a= 5/2) _ > cf Va ib =r say) , borcir tet ocr te Cif, ato’ 2 But C lies on the plane (x/a) + (y/b) + (z/c) = 1 wAfe,r\tfeyz\ der), “alt al’ bl2"b} al2 cj18LVL2 Sphere 7 eee ree ae i) 2b? + 2a? +.a°b") is (GE. Bef, $4}: where ris given by (i). tx. 2. Find the equation of the sphere whose centre is the point (1,2,3) and which touches the plane 3x+2y+z+4=0. Find also the radius of the circle in which the sphere is cut by the plane x+y +2=0. Sot. Since the sphere touches the plane 3+ 2y +2+4=0 fi) so its radius = length of perpendicular from its, centre (1, 2, 3) on (i) aSI42241344 May 13? 4+2417) aay «. The required equation of the sphere is (x-1P + 0-2" +(-3) = 44, See § 7.02 (a) B. 1 Cb. VIE or Pye? 4y-62=0 Now for the radius of the circle refer Fig. i Page 13 Ch. VI The coordinates of O, the centre of the sphere are given as (1, 2, 3) and OC being the perpendicular to the plane x+y +z=0 its direction ratios are the same as those of the normal to this plane ie. 1, 1, 1 the coefficients of x, y, z in the equation x+y+z=0. ©. The equation of the line OC are Ach iyo? 203 1 11 Let OC= r, then the coodinates of C are (r+ 1, r+2, r+3) and C lies on the plane x + y +z=0, so we have (r+ +(+2)+(F+3)50 or 3r+6=0 or r=-2 ~. The coordinates of C are (-2+1,-2+2,-2+3) or (-1,0,1) Ans. "*Ey Kis the radius of the circle x ty ta? 4 tux t dey +dwetd=0, k+my+nz=0, =r (say) prove that (x? +d) 0? +m? +n?) = (mw ~ nv)? + (na —Iw)* + (lv - mu)? (Garhwal 91) Sol. The radius of the sphere 2° 4)? +z" + 2ux-+ 2vy +2wz+d=0 is Wc? +? + w? - d) = R (Say) and its centre is (© x, -, -w). The length of perpendicular from (~u,-v,—w) to the given plane Lewem (enw be my +nz=0 is EM *MED+RE) _ 5 (sayy . +P +m +1?) Then the radius of the circle is given by 2 lu + my + PoR apres ene—a -leemtany (Pema)18 Solid Geometry or PP tm beet + wd) (P+ me +n) = (lu mvt nw? or (P4d) (Pe mtn?) =? 1 40) me tr) — (lt my + rw)? = (maw ~nv)?, by Lagrange’s Identity. Vx. 4 (a). Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (x1, y1, 21) and which lies on the sphere x” + y? +2? = a?, Sol. The centre of the given plane is O (0, 0, 0) aid that of the circle is given to be C (x1, 1, 21). Now the equation of a plane through C (x1, y1, z1) is a(x-m1)+BO-y)+¥@-z2)=0 (i) If this plane is perpendicular to the line OC whose d.t’s are ~0, y1-0,21-0 fe. x,y, 21 then we have =P mY the equation of plane through C (x1, yt, z1) at right angles to OC is _ - xi (x—x1) +91 Oy) +21 (c-z1)=0 ie. aatyyteaattyttd Also the equation of the given sphere is x7+y? +2? = The equations (ii) and (iii) together represent the circie Whose centre is (x1. 91 2p and which lies on the sphere (iii). Ans. “Ex. 4 (b). Find the equations of the circle lying on the sphere eyes 2et ay 62+ 3~0and having centre at (2, 3,- 4). (Allahabad 92} Sol. The centre C of the given sphere is (1,~2, 3) and that of circle is given to be A (2,3, = 4). ‘The equation of any plane through A (2, 3,~ 4) is & e-2)+PY-3)+y@+4)=0 ~-(i) If this plane is perpendicular to the line AC, whose d.t’s are ” 1-2,-2-3,3+4 ie. -1,-5,7, then from (i) we get & _B_Y “1-5 7 “. From (j), the equation of the plane through A (2, 3, - 4) at right angles to AC Gi . the line joining the centres of the circle and sphere) is ~(t-2)-5 0-347 (2+4)=0 ie. a+ Sy-72-45=0 Also the given sphere isx’+y" +2? - 2x + 4y—6243=0 iii) <. Equations (ii) and (iii) together represent the requiréd circle. Ans. Ex. 4 (c). Find the equations of the circle which has its centre at (2,2, 1) and lies on the sphere x+y? +774 5x - Ty 4+22-8=0 (Rohilkharid 96) Sol. Do as Ex. 4 (by‘above.Sphere 19 “ Ans? +y? 4224 5x— Ty #22=8, x— By 442+ 4=0, Ex. 5. Find the ‘equation of the sphere through the circle ty e2?=9,x4+y—22+4=0.and the origin, nee Sol. The equation of any'sphere through the given circle is . @ty +P 4A xty-W+4)=0 (i) If this sphere passes through the origin (0, 0, 0), then we have (0+0+0-9)+20+04044)=0 and A=9/4 From (i), the required equation of the sphere is (+42 ~9)+ 9/4) (r+y— 2244) =0 oF 4x2 + dy? 442+ 9x-+ sy — 182=0 Ans. pP AEX 6: Prove that the centres of all sections of the sphere x7 +9" +2? =” by planes through point (x’,y’, /) lie on the sphere Ex(x-x)=0. (Bundelkhand 95) Sol. Let C(x1, yt, z1) be the centre of the section. and the centre of the sphere x? +y" +27 =a" is 0 (0,0, 0). +. The dic.'s of the line OC are x1~0,y1 ~0, 21-0 ice. x1, yt, 21 and so the equation of the plane cutting the given sphere in a circle with centre Ga, yr, 21) is the equation of the plane through (x1, y1, zt) and at right angles'to OC and its equation therefore is x1 (x- x1) + y1 —y1) +21 (@-z1)=0 If it passes through (x, y’, z’), then we get x1 ~x1) +y1 0" -y1) +21 @-2)=0. ~. The locus of the centre (a1, yr/‘z1) is 2Q'-2)+y1 O-y) +2 -D=0 or Ex(@e-x)=0 Hence proved. ¥Ex,-7. Prove that the plane x+2y-z=4 cuts the sphere x+y’ t2?_x+242=0 ina circle of radius untiy and find the equations of the sphere which has this circle for one of its great circles. (Garhwal 94, 92; Meerut 97) Sol. The contre of the given sphere is (4,0, -1) and its radius MG? + OP +37 -C}= VE) =R (say) Also length of perpendicular from (7, 0, ~4) to x+2y-2-4=0is 1 i P2O-Co-4 3 | VW+Pscny ie? Then radius of the circle = V(R? — py «Se8.§°7.05 Page 13 Ch. VII =NG-He1. Hence proved. N6 =p (say)20 Solid Geometry 958 The equations of the circle are x + y+? -x+z-2=0, xe2)-2-4=0 ..See Note § 7.06 Page 15 Ch. VIE <. The equation cf a sphere through this circle is (P+y +2 —xt 7-4 (xt 2-7-4) =0 See § 7.07 Page 15 Ch. VII or Pye 2+(A~ 1) x+y + (1A) z—-(24 40) =0 Ai) Its centre is [-4Q-1),-2,-3 (1-A)]- If this circle is a great circle of the sphere (i), then the centre of (i) should lie on the plane of the circle i.e. the plane x+2y-z-4=0. s FQ 1)42CN4+4 1-2 ~4=0 or ~3h-3=0 or A=-1 - From (i), the equation of the required sphere is Py 42 2y42=0. ‘Ans. R > she 8 (a). Find the equation of the sphere for which the circle x Ay tee ty- Bs 200, 2x + 3y +42=8 is a great circle, (Bundelkhand 94; Rohitkhand 925 Sol. The equation of any sphere through the given circle is aye + Ty + D+A (2x 43y + 4z-8)=0 fi) or Pty tee ae + Myst Wh—-2 c+ 2-81) =0 Its centre is {- A-3 (7430), 1-2) Now if the given circle (which is the section of the sphere ay? +2 —Iy—22+2=0 by the plane 2x4 3y +4z=8) is a great circle of the sphere (i), then the’ centre of the sphere (i) must lie on the plane of the, circle i. ie, on the plane 2x + 3y +-4z=8. + From (ii) we get 2(-0) +3 [-4 (7+ 3A) +4 (1-24) =8 (Note) or -2-B BAe 4-BA=8 or A=W1 Substituting the valve of A in (i), we get the required equation as +P +24 Ty 2242) - (2x4 3yt4z-8)=0 or Pty se 2447-6 +10=0, Ans. tes 8 (b). Find the equation of the sphere whose great circle is x+y? +224 Oy -42=8, xt+y4z=3. (Rohilkhand 95) Sol. Equation of any sphere through the given circle is (Pty? +24 Oy - 47-8) tA (ety tz-3)50 or Payee hx t(1O4A) y- (4A) z-(8 +32) =0 Its centre is [-$2,-5-$2,2-44] iSphere at Now if the given circle is a great circle of the sphere (i), then the centre of sphere (i) must lie on the plane of the circle i.e. on the plane x+y +2=3. :. From (ii), we get (4 +(-5 -3 ayea-tays3 or ~(G/2)2%-6=0 or A=-4 Substituting this value of A in (i), we get the required equation as (2 +y +2 + ly-42-8)-4 (e+ y+z-3)=0 or Payee art by-844=0. Ans. 8489, Prove that the circles x2+y?+2*—2x+3y +42-5=0, Sy +6z+1=0 and x4+y" +2" -3x—dy + 50-6 =0, x+2y—72=0 lies on the same sphere and find its equation. Also find the value of a for which x-+y+z=aN3 touches the sphere. (Avadh 94; Bundetkhand 96, 93; Garhwal 93; Kanpur 95) Sol. The equation of any sphere through the first circle is (2 +y? + 2-24 By 4 42-5) +2 (Sy + 62+ 1) =O Ai) Similarly the equation of any sphere through the second circle is Qe ay +2 -3x—4y + 52-6) +E (e+ 2y~7z)=0 If the given circles lies on the same sphere then (i) and (ii) should represent the same sphere, so comparing the coefficients of x, y,z and constant terms in (i) and (ii) we get -2=-34p ali 4464=5-T uv); and From (iii) and (vi) we get =-1, 2=-1. These values of % and pt satisfy (iv) and (v), hence the given circles lie on the same sphere. Putting 2=— 1 in (i) we get the required equation of the sphere as Pay +2 ~2x-2y-22-6=0 (vii) Its centre in (1, 1, 1) and radius = V(17 +1? + 12+ 6) =3. If the plane x+y+z=av3 ..(viti) touches the sphere (vii), then the length of the perpendicular from the centre (1, 1, 1) of the sphere to the plane (viii) must be equal to the radius of the sphere. iv) (vi) 1); ie. Jelslo3_, or 3-aV3=43%3 Var) or aN3=343N3 0 or d= V3 43. Ans. {_ Bx 10. Find the condition that the circles. way’ + 2 + Qux + 2vy +202 +d =O, bx + my + nz = ayer + Qu’ x42 yt 2w 24d’ =0, x+y +n =p should lie on the same sphere. 4 (Garhwal 96) Sol. The equation of any sphere through the first'circle is * (2a yt+ 2+ Que + vy + 2wet dt A(t mytnz—p)=0 i)22 Solid Geometry Similarly the equation of any sphere through second circle is (ay +24 x4 DW yt DW! 24d) xt my +n'e—p') <0 ii) If the given circles lie on the same sphere, then for some values of & and UH the equations (i) and (ii) should represent the same sphere. Comparing the coefficients of x, y, z and constant terms in (i) and (ii) we get 2u+M=2u' + pl or 2(u-w)+M—pl (iii) W+Am=2v' +m’ or 2(v—v) + m— pn! wiv) Qwtdn=QwWtpn — or 2(w~w) +n tn’ =0 _(v) or d-hp=d-pp' or ~(d~d) + Ap—pp’ =0 (vi) Eliminating 4 and —1 from (ii), (iv), (v) and (vi) we get required condition as 2m@-w) 1 rf=0 }2@-v) om om 2(w-w) nn : oo -d-d} p p Ans. x. IL. Find the equation of the sphere passing through the circles +29 =9,%24 and y"4+22=36,x=1. Sol. The equation of any sphere through the circle y?+2?=9, x= 4 is W+y+2-9- 1644-4) =0 i) (Note the introduction of x) Sisnilarly the equation of any sphere through the circle y?+ 2? = 36,x=1 is @+y+2°-36- 1) +n @-I=0 eit) If the two given circles lie on. the same sphere then (i) and (ii) should represent that sphere on which the given circles lie ie. (i) and (ii) represent the same sphere ++ Comparing the coefficients of x and constant terms in (i) and (ii) we get A=pand 254+ 40= 37+ Solving these we get = p= 4. -: From (i) and (ji) we get the required equation as @+y+2—25) 44-4 =0 of Pay+Zeara4i. Ans 3Ex. 12. Prove that the sphere S=x’+y?+77+ 2ux-+ Ivy +2wz+d=0 cuts the sphere s Xt y ta) 4 Du x4 2v y+ dw’ 2+d’=0 ina great circle if 2 (uP +? + w) md’ = 2 (uu’+ w+ ww) —d or if 2(uu'+w+ww)=2074+d4d, where ©’ is the radius of the second sphere. Sol. The equation of the plane through the circle of inttersection of the given sphere is S- 5’ =0 ie. 2(u-w) x42 (v-V) y42 wW-w) z+ (d-d)=0 (i)Sphere 2B If the sphere S=0 cuts the sphere 5’ =0 in a great circle, then the centre (u!,-v’, -w!) of the sphere 5°=0 should lie on the plane (i). Wote) 2 (u au) ul = 2 (vv) v2 (ww) w+ (dd 20 or 20+ a wd =2 (uu tw eww) ii) Hence proved. or 2 (r%+d")—d'=2 (ua + + ww')—d, where r is the radius of the second sphere and so r=’? + v4 w?—d" or Wad’ +d=2 (ui +w! +ww). Hence proved. *Ex. 13. Find the equations of the spheres which pass through circle x+y tz? <5, x+ 2y +3z=3 and touch the plane 4x +3y = 15. (Kanpur 97, 91; Rohilkhand 94) Sol. The equation of any sphere through the given circle is (2 +y? +25) +A (et 2y 432-3) 50 or Pays? + det yt 3hz- (545A) 50 ei) lis centre is (42, 2,3 A) and its radius EMC EAP HEI HCFA +6 +30) =VEV +3045) If the sphere (i).touches the given plane 4x + 3y-15=0 ii) theu the length of the perpendicular from the centre of (i) to (ii) must be equal to the radius of (i). 449 43C0-15 =V0 02 +3445) Ya +3) & or (54-15)? =25 EA + 3N+5) or Me 6h+9=10+3h45 or SK -6h-8=0 or Gh+4)(K-2)=0 of A=2,-4 Substituting these values of A in (i), we get required equations as Pry tet oetdyt6z-H=0 and Pryprd-tr$y) 2,8 4 14. Find the equations of the spheres through the circle xt+y+2?=1, 2x +4y +52 ~6 and touching the plane z=0. (Purvanchal 95; Rohilkhand 93) Sol. The equation of any sphere through the given circle is (tye 2-1) +h (x4 4yt 52-6) = or Styteet that day + Shz— (146A) =0 (i)24 Solid Geometry its centre is (-A,~22, -3 4) and its radius = VIC A)? + (2a) ec ba? +14 6) VES 2? +6041) If the sphere (i) touches the palne s=0 senlfi) then the length of the W petpendicilsr from the centre of (i) to (ii) must be equal to the radius of (i). -3 “Tp Wie or e532 =(45/4) 92 +64 or SMR HELAL=O or (SAFNAtN=0 or As-t-4 Substituting these values of A in (@) we get the required equations as Pape? —2w-dy—5e45=0 and Pry? +2 ~2x—fy_ ~z+4=0, Ans. s *Ex. 15. P is the variable point on the given line and A, B, C are its Projections on the axes. Show that the sphere O, ABC passes through a fixed circle. = (45/4) 0? + 60+ 1) (Note) n Any variable point on this line may be taken as P (0+ Ir, B+ mr, y-+ nv). Given that the points A, B,C are the projections of P on the axes, so the coordinates of A,B and C are (0+ Ir, ,0),. (0,B+mir,0) and (0,0, 7+n2) respectively. (Note) Now the equation of the sphere thorugh (0, 0, 0,(4.0.0), (0, 4,0) and (0,0, c) as in Ex, 5 Page 4 ofthis chapter i is P+y?+2—ax-by~cz=0 -. In this problem the equation of the sphere O, ABC is Pay? +2 (041) x—-B+mr) y~(y+ nr) 2=0 or (2 ty? +2?— ox By— 2) =r (e+ my tz) =0, which is of the form S+ AP =0 where A=- r. <. The sphere for all values of r passes through the fixed circle ety +2—ax-By-7z=0, ie+my+nz=0. Hence proved. xX x¥fx. 16 (a). A variable plane is parailel to the given plane X/4+9/b+2/c=0 and meets the'axes in A, B, C respectively. Prove that the circle ABC lies on the cone n(ers}ra(er2}eal (Meerut 91,90; Rohilkhand 91)Sphere 3 Sol. The equation of any plane parallel to the given plane is (a/a) + (9/b) + (2) = i) ‘The plane (i) meets the axes in A, B and C, so the cogrdinates of A, 8 and C are (ak, 0, 0}; (0, bk, 0) and (0, 0, ck) respectively. . The equation of the’ sphere O, ABC as in last example is Py +2 ake —hky~ che =0 or (+42) -klart by +c) = Gi) ‘The equation of the circle ABC are given by (i) and (ii) hence eliminating k between (i) and (ii), we get the required locus of circle ABC as (t+ysey— eats (ax+by+cz)=0 b z x 2) += y)= or Gq (byt 62) +4 (ax + cz) + 7% (ax + by) 0 ¢,5\ fela@ (bay or n[5ede (Eero [Ess eo Ans. he 16 (b). A variable plane is parallel to the given plane (x/a) + (y/b) + (/c) =1 and meets the axes in A, B, C respectively. Prove that the circle ABC lies on the cone E [yz {(c/b) + (b/c}}]. (Bundelkhand 90) Sol. Do as Ex. 16 (a) above. *Ex. 17. Find the equation of the sphere threugh the circle +27 =9,2x+3y+4z=5 and the point (1, 2, 3). (Bundelkhand 92; Garhwal 93; Purvarschal 97, 94; Rohilkhand 94) Sol. The equation of the sphere through the giver circle is (ryt 2-9) $2 (24 3y 442-5) =0, Ai) where A is a constant. If it passes through the given point (1, 2, 3) then (P +2? 43°-9)+2(2+6+12-5)=0 or 5+15A=0 or A= 3 <. From (i), the required equation of the sphere is (Pry 2-9) 4 xt By 4 d2—5)=0 Bt 442) - 2x + By 4 4z)-22=0. Ans. "e aK 18 (a). Find the equation of the sphere which passes through the point (a, B, 7) and the circle x? +y? =a", 2=0. (Avadh 92; Kanpur 93, 90; Lucknow 91; Meerut 98, 95) Sol. The ‘equations of the circle are given as x° +y* =a", 2= : 2 These can be written as. x7 +y? + 27-0? =0, 2=0 (Note the introduction of 2°)26 Solid Geometry +. The equation of the sphere through given circle is (P+y 42-0") 442=0, where Lis constant. (i) (Note) If it passes through (0, B, 7) then we have’ * + B+ Ya? +A y=0 of k= (a? 02 pea yyy Substituting this value of 2 in (i) the required equation is (Pty +2 a4 @-e -B-Y)z2=0. Ans. x. 18 (b). Find the equation of the sphere through the circle 7, z= 0 and through the centre of the sphere (x-0)? + (y- BP + @-yP=r (Meerut 92 P) Sol. The centre of the given sphere is (ot, B, y) and so this example is the same as Bx. 18 (a) above. Ex 18 (©). A circle, centre (2, 3, 0) and radius 1, is drawn in the plane z=0. Find the equation of the sphere which passes through this circle and the point (1, 1, 1). Sol. The equations of the given‘circle are 27 +623) = 27, 220, (Note) which can be rewritten as (x~2)+ (y~3)?+22-1=0,2=0. (Note the introduction of term 2?) Equation of any sphere through this circle is (2-2 +Q-3P 4-1} 422-0. Ai) where 2. is constant. If it passes through (1, 1, 1), then we have (0-27 +037 +(7?-D)+A0)=0 or A= Substituting this value of A in (i), the required equation is (x- 27 + -3 +22- 1-52 =0 or Payee de by 524 1250. ~ Ans. &Z* 19. Find the plane, the centre and the radius of the circle common to the two spheres. yt 4e4 =O and x +y?+2"~4x~2y-1=0. Sol. The required equation of the plane is (Pay te dee O44 ede -25 or 4xt+2y-424+2=0 or Ixty-2z4+1=0 The cenire of the sphere x?-+y? 4 22~4¢41=0 is C(O, 0, 2) and radius = Vi(0)? + (0)? + (2)? ~ (1)] =V3 = R (say). + Length of perpendicular from C (0, 0, 2) to the plane (i) 2040-2241 3 veer ea 22 Iy=0 (Note) i) i) numerically =p (say)Sphere a : * Required radius of the circle = V(R? ~ p*) = V[3 - (9/8)]. aise, Ans. Let Cy be the centre of the circle, then CC; is perpendicular to the plane (i); so the d.c.'s of the line CC, are the same as those of the normal to the plane (ie. 2, 1-2 .See Ex. | (a). Page 15 of this chapter Bat 8 22 or (cay), Let CC; =r, then the coordinates of Cy are a. r,2—2r) and C1 lies on (i so we get 2(2r)+()-2(2-2N+1=0 or I-3=0 of r= 1/3. <. The coordinates of Cy are (2/3, 1/3, 4/3). Ans. >> *Ex 20. POP’ is a variable diameter of the ellipse 2=0, x?/a?+y"/b"=1 and a circle is described in the plane PP’ zz’ on PP’ as diameter, prove that as PP” varies, the circle generates the surface (ty ery [ee/ay+(y=x+y¥ — (Garkwal 90) Sol. From our knowledge of coordinate geometry of two dimensions we know that the parametric coordinates of extremities of a diameter of the ellipse (?/a") + 97/6") = | ca be taken as {a cos 0, & sin 8) and (~a cos 0, ~ 6 sin 8). ». Here in this problem (of 3 dimensions), since POP’ is a diameter of the ellipse on the plane z= 0, so the coordinates of P and P’ can be taken as (acos 9, b sin @, 0) and (a cos 6, - 6 sin 8, 0) (Note) <. The equation of the sphere drawn on PP’ as diameter is (x-a cos 8) (x +.acos @) + (y —b sin ®) (y +b sin 8) + (0) (2-0) =0 or 2 +y+2 =a" cos? 0+b* sin? @ wi) ‘The circle referred in the problem is the intersection of this sphere (i) and the plane PF’ zz’. Now the equation of any plane through zz’ i.e. z-axis ie. x=0; y=0 is xthy=0. Mii) If this plane passes through P (a cos 0, b sin 0, 0) then acos8+2hsin@=0 or A=~(acos Q)/(b sin 6) -. From (ii), the equation of the plane PP’ 22’ is acos6) _ xy coe 0 or F088 ~ bsin® At) ~. The equation of line CC1 is Evidently the coordinates of P’ (~a cos 8, -b sin 6, Q) satisfy it, so (iii) represents the equation of the plane PP’ zz‘. =. The equations of circle described in the plane PP’ zz’ on PP’ as diameter are given by the sphere (i) and the plane (iii). Now in order to find the locus of this circle, we are to eliminate @ from (i) and (ii). From (iii) we get28 SOHC SICOMed ¥ (x/a) _ 9/0) _SiG/ay* +0707). [E } . al cos8 sin® Yicos?a+sin20) V. a b Ep ging = Ve/ay+ 7)" psn =a) + vm Substituting these values in (i) we get the required locus as Pe G/a) + (y/be These give a cos 0= w+y+ey= 2 or w+y valerie +y¥ Hence proved. Ain 21. A sphere whose centre lies in the positive octant passes through the origin and cuts the planes x = 0, y=0,2=0 in circles of radii V2, bv2, cV2 respectively. Find the equation of this sphere. Sol. * The sphere passes through origin, so its equation can be taken as . eye + Quxt Wy + 2we=0 i) As this sphere meets the plane z=0 ; so putting z=0 in (iY we get x+y? 42ur-+2vy=0; which is evidently a circle on ay-plane and its radius =e +r). - But we are given that the sphere meets the plane z=0 in a circle of radius eV2, so we have Yi? + v*) = V2. or Prvra2re fii) Similarly as the sphere (i) meets the planes x=0, y=0, in circle of radii a2, 02, sowehave v+w?=2a? iii) and wu = 25? (iv) Adding (ii), (ii) and (iv) we get 2 (2+ v? +04) =2a" +26? + 2c? or eePawad +e ece. ~{v) Subtracting (iii), (iv) and Gi) from (vy by tum we get Babee, Pata 2 and wad +P 2 or wet A), ve +P), wee +P 2?) Also it is given that the centre of the sphere (i) viz. (~ x, —v, ~ w) lies in the positive octant, so the values of u, v, w must be negative. (Note) a+ ea), v=-WC+ PB, we VP + PY Substituting these values of u, v, w in (i), the required equation is aye tae 4 2a aye +a by he -2(@? +P -c)=0. Ans. ¢ L~fx. 22. A is point on OX and B on OY, so that the angle OAB is constant and equal to 0. On AB as diameter a circle is drawn whose planeSphere 9 is paraliel to OZ. Prove that as AB varies the circle generates the cone axy—2 sin 20=0. — (Garhwwal 91; Kanpur 96) Sol. Let the coordinates of A and B be (a, 0, 0) and (0, b, 0) respectively. Also ZAOB =< (given), so in right angled triangle 408 with ZAOB= 1/2 we have tan = OB/OA=b/a A) (Students should draw A AOB and verify for themselves). Now the equation of the plane containing z-axis ie. x= 0, y=0 is of the form x + Ay =0, whcih does not contain z. ‘The equation of the plane through A and B and parallel to OZ (Le. z-axis) is (e/a) +(/b)= 1, fii) which also does not contain z. Now the equation of the sphere drawn on AB as diameter is fa) (x0) + (9-0) (YB) + 2-9} (2-0) =0 or Payee sart by < ‘The equations of the circle drawn on AB as diameter and plane paraliel to z-axis are x7 +y? +2? = ax+ by, (x/a) + /6)= 1 iii) ‘The required locus of the circle as AB varies (i.e. as a and b vary), is obtained by eliminating a and b between (i) and (iii) From (iii) we have x+y? +2" = (ax + by) ((x/a) + (/4)] (Note) or vay ecen’ ty’ +29 [(a/b) + (b/a)] or 23.9 [cot + tan ot, from (i) 2 (es a sin 4] cos? + sin? s| or Cs ay | ty | sing cosa sin @ cos @ or 22 sinacosa=2xy or Zsin2a=2ry. Hence proved. e Ex. 23, Spheres are described to contain the circle z= 0. xtyeal Prove that the locus of the extremities of their diameters which are harallel to the x-axis is the rectangular hyperbola x” - 2" =a, y=0 (Purvanchal 97) . Sol. The equation of the sphere through the given circle eeyeaiz=0 is Wry te~a)+hz2=0 Ai) See Ex. 18 (a) Page 25 of this chapter Its centre is (0, 0,— 2/2) and radius = VW(-2/2)"- (a) =? +402)//2 Now the equations of the diameter of the sphere (i) and paralle! to x-axis ie. the line through the centre (0, 0, - 4/2) and parallel to the line with d.c.’s 1, x-0_y-0_zt+(X/2) 0, 0 are = eo ‘The coordinates of any point on it at a distance r from the centre (0,0, —4/2) of the sphere (i) are (r. 0, = 2/2).30 Solid Geomeiry If we take r= +1 VQ? +4") =+ radius of the sphere then we find that the coordinates of the extremities of the diameter parallel to x-axis are given by x=thQ? 4-day =0, 2=-1/2 oll) Required locus is obtained by eliminating 4 from (ii). From (ii) we have 4x7=2? + 4a, y=0, 2¢5-A or 4x? =(— 22)? + 4a, y=0 on eliminating 2 or 2-2=d, y= 0, which is the required locus and is a rectangular hyperbola on the plane y= 0. Hence proved. x. 24. If'a plane cuts the sphere x” +y” + 27— 8% + 4y + 82-45 =0 in a circle whose centre is (13/3, 8/3,~ 10/3), then obtain the equations of the cirele and kence its radius, (Allahabad 91) Sol. Refer Fig. 1 on Page 13. The centre 0 of the given sphere is (4, ~ 2, — 4) and radius = V4? 427444 45)=V(81)=9 = 04, The centre C of the circle is given as (13/3, ~ 8/3, ~ 10/3) “ OC = 4) 4 (Sa ep 4? or C= (1/9) + (4/9) + (4/9) =1 of OCHL. Also d. ratios of OC are (13/3) — 4, (8/3) +2, (~ 10/3) +4 ie - 1/3, -2/3,2/3 ie. 1,-2,2 od, cosines of OC are b= 2 33 Wr + ear 42 . Equations of the plane through C(13/3,-8/3,— 10/3) and perpendicular to OC is (173) [2—(13/3)} ~ 2/3) (y + (8/3)] + 2/3) [z+ (10/3)] =0 or (Gx = 13)-2 Gy +8) +2(3c+10) =0 or 3x-6y+6z2-9=0 or x= 2y+2z53 “+ Required equations of the circle is Pye? Bet dy + 8e-45 20, x 2y 4223 Also its raadius = CA = ¥(OA? — 0€%) = V9? ~ 17} =(80) = 45: Ans. Exercises on § 7.05—§ 7.07. Ex. 1. Obtain the radius and centre of the circle x°+y?+24x4y +2-4=O,x4y+7=0. (Bundelkhand 96, 94) - Ans. 2 ; (0, 8, 0) Ex. 2. Find the centre and radius of the circle in which the sphere Bay t+ 2x~2y— dz 19 =0 is cut by the plane x+2y4+22+7=0. 7 5Sphere 31 Ex. 3. Find the radius of the circle in which the sphere x°+y? +2" =4 is cut by the plane x+y+z=1 . Ans. (11/3) Ex. 4. Find the centre and radius of the cirgle Pye 28x45 dy t 82-45 =0,x- Dy t= 3. Ans. 6,-3,- 3); VU55/2) Ex. 5. Find the radius and centre of the circle of intersection of the sphere x? +y* +2" 2y—4z— 11 =0 and the plane x + 2y +22= 15. Ans. V7 and (1, 3, 4) Ex. 6. Find the radius of the circle given by the equation 3x 43y°43¢ tx~Sy-2=0, xt+y=2. Ans. 1/12. Ex. 7. Find out the equation of the sphere having the circle given by v+y42=9, x-2y-22=5 for a great circle. Also find out its centre and radius. Ans. 9 (x7 +y? +27) — 10x + 20y—202 = 31; (5/9, - 10/9, 10/9); N14). Ex. 8 Find the equation of ‘the sphere having the circle ety 42d + dy-6e+7=0, 2x-y+2z=5 for a great circle, Ans. 9 (x2 +9? +27) + 2x + 26y - 342+ 13 =0. Ex. 9. Find the equation of the sphere passing through the circle 42225, y=2andx?+27= 16, y=3. Ex, 10. Find the equations of the spheres which passes through the circle vay elt e4e=3; Wxty+z+4=0 and touch the — plane Bray = 14, Ans. 2+) +2)-2ct2yt 4a ty +2 +3444 Wy — 222 + 69 =0. Ex. 11. Find the equation of the spheres which pass through the circle v+yr+2-2x+22=2, y=0 and touch the plane y +2=7. Ans.x2 +? +2" - 2x —4y +22 =2; x+y? +2 De 4 28y 4 2z=2. Ex. 12. Find the equations of the spheres which pass through the circle Py techs det dy; x Dy +3z= 8 and touching the plane 4x-+ 3y =25. Ans. 2+)? #22 + 62-16 =0; 5x? + Sy” +52 - 1dx -28y - 122+ 32 =0 Ex. 13, Find the equation of the sphere through the circle et yt +2 =9; 2x4 3yt4e=5 and the point (1, 2, 3). [Hint : Use $+2P = 0]. (Bundelkhand 92) Ans. 3 (2 4-97 +2) - 2x -3y- 47522. 2 Ex. 14, Show that the two circles x? +y?+2?+3x~4y—32=0, xoye2e =4 and 2¢ +y? +2) 4 Bx— [8p 4 17Z=17, Iety- 324150 lie on the same sphere. Find its equation. Ans. x+y? +274 Sx-6y4 12832 Solid Geometry IS1/VIU2 Ex. 15. Show that the circles, x° +)? +2*-y+2z=0,.x-y+2=2 and Vay +2 te—3yt7=5, le-y+dz= fie’ on the ‘same sphere, Find the equation of the sphere. (Avadh % Gorakhpur 90; Kanpur 94) Ans, 7 ty Pa Pate 4y+5z=6. § 7.08 Intersection of a straight line and a sphere. Let the equations of the sphere and the straight line be ay 4224 Quart Wy 4 Qwetd=0 wai) and HRP ET Gay) ii} Any point on the line (ii) is (01+ dr, B+ mr, y+). If this point lies on the sphere (i), then we have (a+ iy + Bt mr) + (yt ar) +2u (+ ly) + Bem +2w (yt nr) +d=0 or PC +n fn) 2r us 0) +m + Bln OFM) + +B 4? + 2uO4 WB42wy+d=0 (ill) This is a quadratic equation in r and so gives two values of r and therefore the line (ii) meets the sphere (i) in two points which may be real, coincident or imaginary according as zoots of (iii) are so. Note s—If m,n are the actual direction cosines of the line (ii), then P+m?+n?= 1 and then the equation (ii) can be simplified. **§ 7/09. Equation of the tangent plane. (Agra 92; Kanpur 94; Kumaun 94, 92) (A) Let.us find the equation of the tangent plane to the sphere Pry 42 4 Quxt Wy +2we+d=0 efi) at the point (cr, B, 7). ‘As (a, B,y) is ‘the point on the sphere (i), so we shave o 2 +B? + P+ Quo 2B + 2wy+d=0, wi) ‘The equations of any line through the point (a, B, 7) are yeB ent ii) m ‘The points of intersection of the line (iii) and the sphere @) as in § 7.08 above are given by PP +m +n) 42 (arutmBtvtnew) + (a P48 +P + 2u0r-+ Wt Iwy +d) 0 or PP em? +n) + 2r{l (atu) +m (B+) +n (y+w)} =0,from (ji) As one of the roots of (iv) is zero, so one of the points of intersection of the sphere (i) and the line (iii) coincides with the point (0, B, y). If the line (ii) is a tangent line to the sphere (i) at (ct, B, ¥), then the other point of intersection1BVIU3 Sphere 33 should also coincide with (cB, ¥), ie. the second root of (iv) should aiso danish and for this form (iv), we have | U(atu)t+m(B+v)ta(y+w)=0 Av) <. The line! (iii) is a tangent line to the sphere (i) if the d.c.’s of the line (iti) viz. 4, an, 2 should satisfy the condition (v). / The tangent plane at (o,f, y) to the sphere (i) is the locus of all such tangents and its equation is obtained by eliminating (, m, a between (v) and the equation (iii) of the line. <. The required equation of the tangent plane is (x0) (+) + &-B) +r) +@-Y (Y¥+w)=0 or xGatutyBevtzytwy (+P +7 + uct vB + wy =0 or x(Atulty(B+v)+z (y+ w) + (uet vB + wy+d)=0, with the help of Gi) or xatyP+zytu(x+a)tv(ytP)twety+d=0. wnlvi. The equation (vi) is the required equation of the tangent plane to the sphere (i) at the point («, B. ¥). Note :—The method of writing the equation of the tangent plane to the sphere at («, B, y) is the same as used in writing the equations of the tangent to * a conic in two dimensional co-ordinate geometry i.e, write x” in the equation of the sphere as x.x’and change one x into ot {i.e. the x-coordinate of the point (co, B, )] and similarly for y* and z? write yB and zy, write ux as u (x-+x) and change one x into Gie. write: u(x+a) for 2ux. Similarly write v(y+B), w (+7) for 2vy, 2wz respectively. . Cor. 1. Tangent line at any point is perpendicular to the radius through that point. From § 7.08, we know that a is a tangent line to the sphere x+y" + 2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz+d=0 at (G, B, y), then (ut a)+m(v+B)+n(w+y)=0. @ Also the direction ratios of the radius through (a, B, 7} are proportional to a+u,f+v, y+ as (—u,-v,-w) are the coordinates of the centre of the Sphere. . Hence the result (i) shows that the line with d.’s a+u, B+v, y+w is at vaB i om n right angles to the tangent line = at (a, B,y)- Cor 2. The tangent palne at any point is perpendicular to any radius through that point. The d.c.’s of the normal to the tangent plane, given by (vi) of § 7.09 are proportional to the coefficients of x, y, z in the equaton (vi) ie. a+u, B+v andee Sofid Geometry +w, But these are also the d.t's of the radius through @, B, 7 of the sphere as Shown in cor. 1. above, Hence the normal to the tangent plane at (ct, 8,7) is paraliel to ‘radius of the sphere at the point i.e. the tangent at (cB, ¥) is j perpendicular (o the radius through, that point, L (B) Let us find the equation of the tangent plane to the sphere Payeled fi) at the point (a, B, 7). As (ct, B, 7) is a point on the sphere (i), so we get +B? + y= a? (ii) The equations of any line through («, B, 7) are E-G@_y-Boz-y_ oe Sp ar say) (iii) The point of intersection of the line (iii) and the sphere (i) are given by (a+ by + (B+ mn? + (4nd or P Pm? +1?) + 2r lect mb + ny) + (02 + B24? a) =0 or P Cm? +n?) +2r (lect mB +m) =0 , from Gi) waiv) As one of the roots of (iv).is zero, so one of the points of intersection of @) and (fi) coincides with the point (c., B, y). If the line (iti) is @ tangent line to (i) at (a, B, y) then the other point of intersection should also coincide with (0; B, 1), ée. the second root of (iv) should also vanish and so from (v) we have lo+ mB +ny=0 --{v) +-)The line (iii) is tangent line to (i) if d.c.’s of the line (iii) viz. f, m,n should satisfy the condition (v). The tangent plane at (cr, B, 7) to the sphere (i) is the Jocus of all such tangents and its equation is obtained by eliminating /, m, 1 between (jii) and ). . +. The required equation of the tangent plane is (a) a+ ~B)B+@-yy=0 or ox + By t+ y= 02+ P47 =2?, from (ili) or ax+By+z=a", which is the required equation of the tangent plane to the sphere (i) at (a, B, 1). Syne Condition for the plane Ix + my + nz = p to touch the sphere x+y? 427+ Qux + Qvy +2w2td =0. | (Avadh 92; Gorakhpur 92; Kumaun 93) The centre of the given sphere is (-u,-v,-w) and ils radius =Vw?+v?+w?—d), ifthe given plane touches the given sphere, then the ~ dength of the perpendicular from the centre (—u,-¥, —w) of the sphere to the given plane must be equal to the radius of the sphere. ie. iCutmevtn(-w =P ata yt4 wa) MP +m? +n?)Sphere 35 or (lu + mvt nw + py = (PF +m + ny W+r ew -d), which is the required condition. Solved Examples on § 7.08 to § 7.10. EEL Find the equation of the tangent plane at the point (1, 2, 3) to the sphere 3 (x? + y’ +2”) - 2x—3y —4z-22=0 {Kumaun 96) Sol. Equation of the sphere is : x+y? 47 ~(2/3) x-y~ (4/3) z- (22/3) =0 ‘The equation of the tangent plane to this sphere at (1, 2, 3) is xb +y.2+23~(1/3) (c+ 1) —(1/2) (9 +2) ~ (2/3) + 3) - 22/3) =0 See § 7.09 (Note) Page 33 Ch. VII or 4+ 2y432~ (173) x— (1/3) ¢ (1/2) y- 1-2/3) 2-2 21/3) =0 or (2/3) x4 4 y+ (1/3) 2— (32/3) =0 or }y + 14z- 64 =0 Ans. 2 (a). Find the condition for the plane Ix + my + nz=p to touch dentan Peer? a’, Sol. The-centre of the given sphere is (0, 0, 0) and its radius is a. Now if the given plane Ix+my+nz—p=0 touches the given sphere, then the length of the perpendicular from the centre (0, 0, 0) of the sphere to this plane must be equal to the radius a of the sphere. . LO0+m0+n0-p _ = 2. ie. “VG@enti®y =a oor -pzat(P +m +n) 2 (? +m? +n”), which is the required condition. Ans. (b). Find the condition for the plane ax + by +cz+k=0 to bea tangent plane to the sphere x" + y" +z" + 2ux + 2vy +2wz+d=0 {Kumaun 93) Sol. The centre of the given sphere is (— u, — v,—w) anid its radius =a wa) If the given plane touches the given sphere, then the length of perpendicular from the centre (-z,—v,—w) of the sphere to the given plane must be equal to the radius of the sphere. acu +b(-v4 COW FE ary Pa wr dy Ver +b? +7) or (aut bv+cw- kPa +P +e Pew a, which i quired condition. Ans. 3 (a). Show that the plane 2x+y—z=12 touches the sphere x? +y? +27 =A and find ifs point of contact. (Bundelkhand 95, 92, Purvanchat 93) (b) Show that the plane 2x-2y+z+12=0 touches the sphere x? ty? +27~2x-4y +22-3=0. Also find the point of contact. (Kumaun 90; Lucknow 91) or ie.36 Solid Geometry 958 Sol. (@). Let the required point of contact be (x1, y1, 21). Then the equation of the tangent plane to the given sphere at (ei, yu, zi) is Ax ty + z= 24 This should be the same as the given plane 2x + y—z= 12 wii) | eos MM a 24 Coniparing (ji) and (ii) we get 2 Tap ‘These give x1 = 4, y) =2, 27 =-2 wii) Also (x1, y1. zi) is a point on the given sphere so xt +y?-+2t=24 and the samne is satisfied by the values of x1, yi. 21 given by (iii). Hence the plane’ (ii) touches the given sphere at the point (yizi) ie. (4, 2,-2) Ans. (b). Do as part (a) above Ans. © 1, 4,2) An 3 (c). Show that the plane 2x— 2y 42+ 16=0 touches the sphere x7+y' +274 2x—dy+22-3=0 and find the coordinates of the point of contact. (Rohilkhand 97) Sol. Do as Ex. 3 (a) above. Ans, (~3, 4,2) *Ex. 4 Obtain ihe equation of the sphere inscribed on the ine Joining the points A (3,4, 1) and B(-1,0,5) as diameter. Find also the equation of the tangent plane at B. Sol. The equation of the sphere described on the line Joining the given points A (3, 4, 1) and B (— 1, 0, 5) is @-DE-C N+ 0-9 9-9) +@-N@-N=0 or erp +22 4y-6242=0, on simplifying. Ans. The tangent plane to this sphere at any point (0, B,Y is XO+ yB-+ zy (x+0)-2 (V+ B)-3 (24+ +2=0 {Note) ~See § 7.09 (A) Page 32 of this chapter. “. The required tangent plane to this sphere at B (- 1, 0, 5) is given by x(-I) +y0+z(5)-[x+ © 1)}-2 [y+ 0] -3 [2 +5] 42=0 or Ox+Se-x+ 1—2y—32-15+2=0 or xty-24+6=0. Ans. Ae 5. Find the equation of the tangent planes to the sphere x +y"+2?—4x42y-6245=0, which are parallel to the plane 2xt+y-z=6, (Purvanchai 97) Sol. Let the tangent plane to the given sphere Parallel to the given plan be 2rty-z7+k=0. wei) The centre of the sphere is (2,— 1, 3) and radius=V(Q2?+ 1743-5) or V44149-5) or 3. If the plane (i) touches the given sphere, then the length of perpendicular from the centre (2,— 1, 3) to (i) must be equal to the tadius 3, 22)+- I 3 or k=+3N6 (Note) vore Pay ie.Sphere 37 ©. From (i) the required planes are 2x+ y—z£3V6 =0 Ans. ¥ Ex 6 (a). Find the equation of the sphere which touches the sphere A(x? ty? +2") + 10x 25y—22=0 at (1,2,-2) and passéthrough the point (~ 1,0, 0) : (Bundelkhand 93) Sol. The tangent plane at (1, 2, ~2) to the given sphere vayeceds-By-lan0 (Note} is nl ty24262)43 («+ )-242)-4@-2)=0 or 2x-y—2z-4=0, on simplifying. . The equation of the sphere touching the given sphere at (1, 2, ~2) is (ry ae +dx- By ty 4d Qx-y-2z-4)=0 i If it passes through (- 1, 0, 0), then we have a -3)4+2(2-4)=0 or Aa-d <. From (2), the required equation is W+yeceds By ty —tx-y-2e-4) 20 or Gr +y 42) 42e-6y41=0. Ans. wht ). Find the equation of the sphere which touches the sphere x+y +2742x-6y+1=0 at 1,2,-2 and passes through the poiot (1, - 1,0). Sol. Do gs Ex. 6 (a) above. Ans. x74)? +2" + 24x— I Ty - 222-43 =0 +Ey-6 (c). Find the equation of the sphere which touches the splice x+y ta? —x43y +22-3=0 at the point (1, 1,-1) and passes through the origin. (Allahabad 91; Gorakhpur 91; Kanpur 90) Hint. Do as Ex. 6 (a) above. Ans. 2x" + 2y? +22? -3x+y+42=0. ee 7 (a). If any tangent piane to the sphere x’ +? +2" =r" makes intekéepts a, b and c on the coordinates axes prove that aap yea Sol. The equation of the tangent plane at (ct, B, y) to the given sphere is xo+yB+zy=7. vai) Given that a is the intercept made by the plane (i) on x-axis. Sowehave aa+0+0=7 or a=P/a. Similarly 8 =7/b and y="/c., as b and c are the intercepts made by the plane (i) on y and z axes respectively. Also as (ot, B, 7) is a point on the sphere, so we have +B tPe? or (Aas (PP +(e =P or aah tac tar? Hence proved.38 . Solid Geometry PA. 7 (b). Find the equation of the tangent planes to the sphere x+y" +274 2x—4y + 62—7=0 which intersect in the line | 6x - 3y - 23 =0=32+2. Sol, The equation of any plane through the line is (6x3y-23)44.G24+2)= or 6x—3y +A) z+ (2A-23) =0. +. fi) If this plane touches the given sphere, then the length of the perpendicular from the centre (~ 1,2,—3) of the sphere to this plane must be equal to the radius V{(- 1)? + (2)? + (- 3)?- (~ J ie. V2) of the sphere . SED -3(2)+ BY) CB+OR-2) _ 94, Vie? + 3)" + GA) or - 6-6-9 + 20-23 = M21) 45 +922) or (7h = 35) =21 (45 +922) or 1404? — 4904-280 =0 or 22 7h-4=0 or dap eva9+32y=t049)=4,-4, +. The required equations of the tangent planes from (i) are Gx—3y+ 122- 15 =0 and 6x -3y-3 =24 or 2x-y+4z=5 and 4x~2y -2= 16. Ans. YE. & (a). Hf three mutually prpendicular chords of fengths dy, d, d3 ¥& be drawn through the point (cf, y) to the sphere x?+ y'+2=27, prove that d7-+ d3-+ 43 = 127-8 (02 + p47, (Rohitkhand 91) Sol. Let the equation of a chord through A (c,, B, y) be 220 y-B ery A mo ont (say) ‘The point of intersection of this line and the sphere x°+y?+2? =a" are given by (ot+ lin? + (B+ mir)? + (pt arya or Pf nif + nf) +2r (ha + mB + ary) + (02+ B+? -a)=0 oe 7? + 2r (hot mB + ary) + (02+ B+ 7 — a) =0, fi) if 1, my, ny-be the actual d.c.’s of the chord, If this chord through A (c,, B,y) meets the given sphere in B and C. then AB= rt and AC= 12, where ry and r are the roots of (i). Also if PQ =di, thea di =AQ-AP=n—1. + i= (n-nP=(ntn) -4nn = (2 (hot mB + np —4 [02+ B+ 7-2}, hom) or di =4 (a+ mB tay’ ~4 (02 +84 7-2, Similarly = 4 (a+ mo + nay)? ~4 (02 + B+ PySphere 39 2y and A=4 (ly0e+ m+ nny)? 4 (08 Bey dt d +di=4 {o? (t+ B48)+ Bo (wt + mik-+ na) (ni tng? + 3°) + ZOE my + By E mums + ZOE fray . 3 (+B HY -@)), a4 (+P eP 32+ BrP -a)), - ERs Let, and Elim =0 . = 1202-8 (2 +B +7). Hence proved. Ex. 8 (b). Find the length of the chord intercepted by the line (-@)/¥= (y- B)/m = (2 -7)/n on the sphere Vryaeraa Sol. As in Ex. 8 (a) above we can prove that the required length of the chord is given by f= 4 [(lo.+ mB + my ~(0? + p+f~-ay] or d=? [(loc+ mB +m? (2 + Bef PN? Ans. Bik. 9. Find the points of intersection of the line bq-=F0-3) =} (2-3) with the sphere ayer —d4y-7=0. Sol. Any point on the given line is (1 + 2r,2+37, 3 +47) Ai) if this point lies on the given sphere, then we have (14 2n? 4 4 302+ G+ ar -4 2 439-T=0 or 428-120 or (r-1) (FHI sO or rs~ 11/29. . From (i) the required poinis are , 2 943 44 (1-2,2-3,3~4) and (142, 2435, 345) or (1-1-1 and ES, 3. Ans. git 10. Find the equations of the tangent line te the circle Beh By? 4324 2x -3y— 42-2250, 3x+4y +52—26=0 at the point (2, 2, 3). Sol. The equation of the tangent plane to the sphere 2 2 2 ayes -3x-y-$ Oat (1,2. 3) is x (i) Fy Q+23)-$ 0+ y-t6 + -243)-3 or ax + 9y-+ 14-64 =0. The required tangent line is the Tine of intersection of the planes 4x¢9y + [42-6420 and 3x + 4y + 5z~26=9 If Ganyn be the direction ratios of this line {which evidently passes through (1.2, 3)} then we have 4f+9m-+ ldn=0, 3+ 4 + 5n=0 Loom Lt “45-56 42-20 16-27a VUE NSSOMETY +. The required tangent line at (1, 2, 3) is x-1=-J0-2)=(¢-3), Ans, ZEx. IL Find the equation of a sphere touching the three co-ordinate plane’. How many such spheres can be drawn? Sol. Let the equation of the sphere be O44 Pa Ques Qy + Iwetd=0. ) If the sphere touches” the ye-plane iz,x=0, then the length of the perpendicular from its centre (— u, ~v,— w) to the plane x=0 must be equal to its radius = (u? + v7 + w?—d) =u ie. Vet swid or autre aw—d or Vewed if) Similarly if the sphere (i) touches zx and xy-planes then we shall have wand i) and aaa --Aiv) Adding (ii), (ii) and (iv) we get2 (W+v? +w)=3¢ or PtvPawe 3 d wn(¥) or w =44d, from (il) Similarly from (iii), (iv) and (v), we get v afd=w 2s d=v=we (ay) or ustizvew, 2 ‘Hence irom (i) the required equation is Pry ePtAGryeg eM 20, Ans. , Since’A can take an infinite number of values, so an infinite number of such spheres can be drawni but if the raditis of the sphere is given then 4 can be expressed in terms of the given radius and then only eight such spheres can be Possible as the sets of values of u, v and w can be taken in eight different ways. é Ex. 12. A sphere touches the three coordinate planes and passes rough the point (2, 1, 5), Find its equation. (Kanpur 92) Sol: Let thé sphere be Pay te + Quit Wy + Iwetd=0. wi) Its centre is (- u,~ v,—w}-and radius Va? +v?4.w?—d), Hf the sphere touches the yz-plane ie. x=0, then the length of the Perpendicular drawn from the centre (- u,~v,—w) of the sphere to the plane + =0 must be equal to the radius V(u? + v? + w?—d) of the sphere, Note) “Giga era o ave aw_g 1° +04 or awed. ..{ii)Sphere | Ay Sisnilarly if the sphere (i) touches plands y=O and z=0 (the other ‘ordinate Planes) then we shall gt wPaw=d wdiv) ~¥) - From (v) we get w= 1a. Similarly from (iii), @v) and (v) we get »? = ; d= ~. From (i) the equation of the sphere reduces to Paya PaDVEdotyty+d=0, (vi) ‘on substituting values of u, v and w. If this sphere passes through (2, 1, 5) then we get 4414254V(2d) (24145) +d=0 d+8V2Vd+30=0 © or Va=4 f+ 8/2 + V(128 - 120)] Na=4 [-8V2 +22] =-3V2,-5¥2 or = d= 18, 50 ©. From (vi), the sequired equations of the sphere are e+e? -6(tyty4t [8=0 ind Zo Paya P (ety 42) 430=0. Ans. *ExA3 (a). Find the equations of the spheres which pass through the circle x+y" +2" =5, 2x-+3y +2=3 and touch the plane 3x + 4y = 15. Sol. The equation of any sphere through the given circle is @+y+2-5) +h Qrt3y42-3) 20 or Says 2 start Thy thc-(GA+5)=0 wali) If this sphere touches the plane 3x+4y—15=0 then the length of perpendicular from its centre (— A, ~ 32/2, ~ 2/2) to this plane must be equal to its radius V[(— 2)?-+ 32/2)" + (2/274 BR+5)] ie. VEN? 2) + BA+5)} (Note) ie Bemeee aI v2) vanes] = (Oh+ 15) as “) * 5 Vt 2) x 18. 3A+5)"=25 (7A? +62 +10), squaring both sides 132? 390%-200=0, on simplifying. Substituting the two values of & obtained from here in (i) by turn, we get he required equations of spheres. Ans.42 Solid Geometry Ex. 13 (b). Find the equation of the spheres through the circle ty? +22 =1,2x+4y + 52 =6 and touching the plane z = 0. _g, Sol Do as Ex. 13 (ayabove. Ams, 5 (0 ty" 27) 2x-4y—Sz+ 120 € px 14 (a). Find the|equation of a sphere inscribed in the tetrahedron se faces are x=0, y= 0,2=0, 2x — 6y-+ 32 +6 =0. Sol. The equation of the sphere touching the coordinate planes is Payee Ihe Dy Wet Ws See Ex. 11 Page 40 Ch. VIL (Note) noting that the fourth plane meets the x, y and z axes in the —ve, + ve and —ve directions. Is centre is a- 4, A) and radius = VA? +2244? — 22) = 2, Tf this sphere touches the plane 2x—6y+3z+6=0, then the length of the perpendicular from the centre (2, ~A, ) of the sphere to this plane must b equal to its radius A. ie FREER AG _y or 6+ita 4) or A= (Note) W24+0 +3’) 7 ‘The required equation is 2+ y? +2? + (2/3) (x- y+) 4 =6 or 907 +47) 4+6(x-ytpF2=0 Ans, Ex. 14 (b). Find the equation of the sphere in the positive octant touching the coordinates planes and the plane 2x + 3y + 6z—24=0 1. Do as Ex. 14 (a) above. ‘@ Aix. 15. Prove that the centres of the spheres which touch the lines y=mx, 2=¢; y=—mx,z=—c lie upon the conicoid mxy + ez (1 +m’ 7) = 0, (Garhwal 90) Sol. Let the equation of the sphere which touches the given lines be Pty +24 duct Qvy + 2we+d=0 (i) If this sphere touches the line y= mx, z=, then we have ene? + co + Qux + Qumet Qwe +d=0, . putting y= mx, z=c in Ci) or +m) t2urvmrt (C+ werd=0. / .Lii) If the line y= mx, z=c touches the sphere (i) then the roots‘of (ii) must be coincident and the condition for the same is ° QlutvmyPad tm’) (P+ 2wetd) — v? P= (4m) (e+ 2wetd). / iti) ¢ touches the sphere (i). then we shail wetd), (iv) putting- mt for m and —c for ¢ in (iii) Aac” or (utvn Similarly if the line yeoms 2 have (u~ vm)? = (1+ me) Subtracting (iv) ftom (iii), we got duvm = (I + m7) (dye)Sphere B or (Cu) (-v) m+ (tne) Cw)e=0. (Note) ©. The locus of the centre (— 4, — v, — 1) of the sphere is sym + (lt ne) ze=0 Hence proved. Ex. 16. In one end of a diameter of the sphere Te +y'+2?—2x + 4y ~6z~11=0 be (1, 2,4) find the coordinates of other end. Sol. If C be the centre of the given sphere then C is (1, - 2, 3) Also let A be the point (~ 1, 2,4). Then the direction ratios of the line AC are (1 + 1,-2-2,3-4) or 2,-4,~1) +. The equation of the line AC is #£* Sag =u4 Any point on this line is B (= 1+2r,2-47,4~0). Ai) If the point B is the other end of the diameter through A, then B must fie on the sphere, and so we have (C1 + 27 42497 + 4 =) Pe2)+4Q-4n -6(4-A-N29 or UP =4tr— dG or r= 14 [5/N(21)], taking + ve value. 2. The required point B is ty Wg 2085 4. yn" val? Yen} **Bx. 17. Show that the plane 2x ~2y + 2+ 12=0 touches the sphere x+y?-bz*—-2x—4y + 22-3=0 and find the point of contact. (Agra 92) Sob Ifthe plane 2x~2y~¢4 12=0 di) touches the sphere ea ¥ 2-2 43+ 22-320 i) then the length of the perpendicular from the centre (1, 2. ~ $) of the sphere (i) to the plane (i) must be equal to the radius : Vie 1)? +2? + (- £7 ~ © 3) = VQ) =3 of the sphere Gi) 20)- e 20 2OHENHR 5 yyy v2"+C2¢ +ar) which being twue the plane (i) touches tie sphere (ii} Also if C be the centre of the sphere and P the required point of contact, then’the d.’s 6f the line CP are same as those of the normal to the plane (i) ie. 2,-2, L Also Cis (1, 2,- 1). Hence the equation of the line CP is If CP=r, the coordinates of P are (2r+1,-2r+2, r= 1) and P lies on (i), so we have QQrHN-2-IW+ BH (r-N +120 or M8 FI=O or red ©. The coordinates of P are QEHEL-2ENF2-1-t oo G4 -2 Ans. Ans. ie.44 Solid Geometry A Ex. 18. Find the locus of the centres of spheres of constant radius ich pass through a given point and touch a given line. Sol. Take x-axis as the given line and (0, 0, a) as the given point. (Note) Let the equation of the sphere be Pay tet Quxt Wy +2Qwe+d=0 Ai) “As it passes through the given’point (0; 0;a) soa*+2watd=0 ....(id Also the radius of the sphere (i) is given as constant k (say). Then evew dak The sphere (i) touches the given line which we have chosen as x-axis i y=O=zatthe points given by x" + 2ur+.d=0 wiv) Since the sphere (i) touches the line y= 0 =z, so the roots of (iv) must be equal and therefore using ‘p? = 4ac’ we have Qup=4.id ot wad wv) Eliminating d from Li, Gi) and (v) we = get we . @ +2watw'=0, P +0 c The required Jocus of the centre 6 4 given.by the equations a? +2 (-2)a+(-2)"=0, Cy +z w) of the sphere (i) is or Y-lazta=0, ¥+2=K, which is the curve of intersection of two quadratic surfaces -azta°=0 and yo+z°= Ans. ¥ Lyfix. 19. Find the locus of the centres of spheres which pass through a given point and touch a given plane. Sol. Take z= 0 as the given plane and (0, 0, aa as the given point. (Note) ‘Let the Squation of the sohere be > Pays P+ Quxt Wy + 2wz+d=0 Ai) As it passes through (0,0, a), so we have a? + 2wa+d=0 Ail) Also if the sphere (i) touches the plane x=0 then’ the length -of perpendicular from its centre (- u, - ¥,—w) to the plane z=0 must be equal to its radius V(u2 + v? + wd) ie C8 Mura awad ie ered Kil) vy Eliminating. from (ii) and (iii) ve get a? + 2wa+u? +7 =0 wai) ». Locus of the centre (-u,—v,—w) of the sphere (i) from (iv) is P42 (-2at(-x + Cy =0 or x+y? -2az+a7=0. Exercises on § 7.10 Ex. 1. Show the equation of the tangent plane to the sphere vy 42 =9 at (1,2, 2) isx—2y +2259,Sphere 45 Ex. 2. Find the equation of the sphere which touckes the sphere sy? 42 + 2x Sy {=O at (1.2, —2) and passes through (0, 0, 0). Ans, 2452424 (5/2) x- (25/4) p~ (1/2) 2=0. Ex. 3, Find the equation of the sphere which touches the sphere Pay toon 3yt 2-3 =0 at (1, 1, 1) and passes through (2, 0. 1). Ans. 2 (7 +y?4+2)—x+ liyt4z~12=0. Ex. 4. [f a tangent plane to the sphere (2 +y?4+22)=7? makes intercepis a, b, ¢ on the axes of coordinates, prove that rte tear? Ex. 5. Obtain the equations of the tangent planes to the sphere Pay? +2 + 6-22 +1 =0 which passes through the line 3 (16x) =3¢= 29430 Ans. x+ 2y-2z4+ 14=0, 2x4+2y-z-2=0. Ex. 6. Find the equations of the sphere passing through the circle ey eendx—y +324 12=0, des ays 7¢= 10 and touching the plane x-y+2e=h. Ans. x7 +y 42-24 Dy 424-2=0, Ex. 7. Find the equations of the spheres passing through x° +y x+2y+3z=3 and touch the plane 4x + 3y = Ans. x7 +y? +24 2x4 4y+6z= UL, 5 (x 4° 42°) ~ 4x 8y- 122 = 13. Ex. 8 A sphere is inscribed in the tetrahedron whose faces are x=0, y=0,2=0 and 2x+6y+3z=14. Find its centre, radius and equation. Ans. (7/9, 7/9, 7/9); 7/9; 81 (2 +y7 +2) = 128 (xt ¥+2)-98. § 7.11 Touching spheres. () Two spheres are said to touch (Fig, 34) externally, if the distance between their centres is equal to the sum of their radii. (Remember) In this case the point of contact of the G (C2 4% sphere divides the line joining the centres ly] internally in the ratio of their radii, [In adjoining Fig. 34 the point of contact A divides the line joining centres Ci and C2 internally in the ratio ri : 72] (Fig. 35)46 . Solid Geometry Gi) Two spheres are said to touch internally, if the distance between their centres is cqual to the difference of their radii. (Remember) In this case the point of contact livides the line joining the centres extemally in the rati il. (In Fig. 35 P. 45 Ch. VII the point Of contact A divides line joining centres C1 and Cz externally in ratio ry : 72]. Solved Examples on § 7.11. C1 (a), Show that the spheres x?+y?+2?=25 and x*+y?+2" ~2Ax — 40y ~ 182 + 225 = 0 touch externally and find the point of contact. Sol. Let the given spheres touch each other at (a, B, 7). The equations of the tangent planes of the spheres at (a, B, 7) are xa+yB + zy=25 and x0.+yB + zy 12 (x+0)-20(y+ B)-9 @ ++ 225=0 or xO+yB + zy=25 fi) and (a.— 12) x + (PB -20) y+ (y—9) z= 1204+ 208 + 9y- 225 wil) If the two spheres touch each other, then (i) and (ii) represent tlie same plane, hence comparing the coefficients of x, y,z and constant terms in these equations, we get a@=12 BP=20- y=9 -120+20B +9y~225 _ o oP ate B =k (say) Then &~12=ko or w= 12/(1-%) Similarly B = 20/(i —&) and y=9/(1— 8) Also 120+ 208 + 9y- 225 =25k . 12 20 9) aoe or os} ffs] 225 = 25k or 144 4400+ 81 ~ 225 (1-9) =25k(1- or P48k+16=0 or (k+4)=0 of k=-4 12__ 125-20 20.4 9 9 “LH SO THA SO 144 5 =. The required point of contact is (12/5, 4, 9/5). Ans. Also the radii of the spheres are 5, V{(12)" + (20)° + (9)°- 225] i.e. 20. ~. Sum of radii = 5+20=25 (iii) Distance between the centres (0,0, 0) and (12, 20, 9) of these spheres = V[(12)? + (20) +(9)7] = V(625) = 25 = sum of radii of the spheres, from (iii) Hence spheres touch externally. Ae 1 (b) Show that the spheres x’+y’+z27=100 and P¥Y +27 — 24x - 30y - 32z +400 =0 touch externally and find their point of contact. (Kanpur 94) Sol. Do as Ex. | (a) above. Ans. Point of contact is (24/5, 6, 32/5). °Sphere 41 2, Show that the spheres x?+y?+z°-2x-3=0 and ty'+22+ 6x + 6y +9=0 touch externally. Sol. The centre and radius of sphere x+y? +2 —2r-3=0 are (1, 1,0) and V(1 +3) ie. 2. : : The centre and radius of the sphere x? +y'+2°+6x+6y+9=0 are (-3,-3, 0) and V9 +9-9) ie. 3. Now the distance between the centres SVC +3)? +043)? + 0-0] = V6 +9) =5 And the sum of radii of the spheres = 2+3 =5 ++ The sum of the radii, = distance betwen the centres so two spheres touch externally. _ : Bx3. Show that the spheres vty +7 =64 and x+y td - lax + dy — 62+ 4820 touch internally and find their point of contact. Sol. For the point of contact proceed as in Ex. I (a) Page 46. For the other part ie. (touching internally) show that the distance between the centres = difference of their radii, Aus. (48/7, ~ 1/7, 24/7) Exercise on § 7.11. Ex. Show that the spheres x2+y?+22=25, x+y? +27 —1Br—24y ~ 40z + 225 = 0 touch and show that their point of contact is (9/5, 12/5, 4). § 7.12. Plane of coatact. Let the tangent plane at (&, Bi, 7) to the sphere P4y +24 Quxt Wy t2we+d=0 A) pass through a point (x1, y1, 21) external to this sphere. ‘The equation of the tangent plane at (0, B, 7) to the sphere (i) is Kat yPtzytu(x+Qtv(ytP)+wetytd=0 or x(u+a)+y (V+) +z (w+ yt (was vB + wy+d)=0 If it passes through (x1, yi, z1), then xi(uta)tyr V+BP Fz WFP + (Uat vB + wyted =O or (x1 +) +B Git vty (ei +H) + wt vy t wai +d) =0 This shows that (a, B, 7) lies on the plane aQa ta) ty Gi ty)+2(ei tw) +(e try t wz +d) =0 or ca tyitzitu(etn)tyOtytwra)td=0 which is known as the plane of contact of the point @ BY). ‘And the locus of («, B, 7) is the circle of intersection of this plane and the sphere. § 7.13 The Polar Plane. Definition, ff the line 5% = rb 22ST (where mm are its actual direction cosines) drawn through the point A(a,B.y) meets the sphere Payee dur + Dey + Qwetd=0 in points Pand Q and a point R lies on48 Solid Geometry 181/VIV3 this such thet 4 50 = ha . (ie. AR is the harmonic mean of AP and AQ) then the locus of R is defined as the polar plane of (0, B;'y) with respect of the sphere. (Kumaun 93) ‘The coordinates of any point on the given line are (+ Ir, B+ mr, y+n7). ‘The distances of the points of intersection of the line and the Sphere are © given by the equation : (+ Ie)? + (B¥ mr)? + y+ nr}? + 2u (01+ Ir) +20 (B+ mr) +2w(ytan+d=9 or Pr (tu) +m (P+) +n (y+) + +B ++ 2u0+ P+ 2wy+d)=0, GY remembering that Pa mtntst As this line meets the sphere in P and Q so the roots of the equation, (i) are AP and AQ ‘Also-2-= 4. 1 AP +AQ __ suntof the roots of (i) AR AP” AQ™ AP. AQ ~ product of the roots of (i) fs CG+uimB+v+n(y+w)] oF + Ba + Quer + WP + 2wy +d oro + B24 Qucx + QP + 2wy +d =-[1.AR (a+) +m. AR (B+v) +n. AR (y+w)] ii) “Now let R be (x, y, 2) and its distance from A (a, B, y) is AR. ‘Then from the equation of the line, we have =L.AR,y-B=m.AR and z-y=a.AR (Note) we get 7 + B+ 77 + 2ua+ 2vB + 2wy+d : =—[e- 0) (+H) + -B) Ber) +-Y G+] or xatyPezytu(etajt+v(y+P)tw+ytd=0, (iii) which is the.equation of the locus of R i.e. from definition the equation of the « polar of A (ct, B, y) with respect to the sphere. The point A (or, B, 7) is called the pole of the plane (iii) with respect to the sphere. (Kumaun 93) To find the pole of a given plane with respect to a given sphere. Let the pole be (x1, y1, zi). Then compare the given plane with the polar plane of (x1, yi, z1) with respect to the given sphere and evaluate x1, y1 and zi. § 7.14 Properties of pole and polar. ~ roperty I, The distance of the points from the centre of a sphere are pléportional to the distance of each from the polar plane of the other. From (i, (Salmon’s Theorem) Let the points be P (x1, y1, 21) and Q (x2, y2, 22) whose polar planes with “respect to the sphere x+y" 4 2? =a" are181/VIV/4 Sphere 49 xx + yyt + 221 =a i) and weatyy+22=4% wwii) Distance of P from the polar plane of Q \ Ditance of Q from the polar plane of P : | _ Gan tyr ae @ od + yh +d) (Note) (ontyy tana Vad+ y+ ab _Not+ytech _ op we “Yod+ 342) ~ 0g" where 0(0,0,0) is the evtitre of the sphere. "Property IL ete palat-plan. of point Esha ci pases gh anot is xr plane of '0 will pass through P dnd sucli-points are known as conjugate points. The proof of this and property I below are left as exercises for the reader. Property M1I. If the pole of a given plane lies on another plane B, then the pole of the plsié will He on the plane 6 and such planes are Inown és conjugate planes. Property IV. The polar plan ¢_of @.point with respect.to_a sphere is perpendicular to the Ti ofthe sphere. Let the point be Pouyn zi) and then the equation of its polar with respect to the spherex?+y42=7 is ty +zer. ». The direction ratios of the normal to this polar plane are x1, Y1,21 which are also the direction ratios of the line joining P (x1, yi,21) ‘and the centre O (0, 0, 0) of the sphre. Hence GP is perpendicular to the polar plane of P with respect to the sphere. Property Y. If the line joit z and poi ets the polar plane of P in , then OP.O ius)”. (Ga yt a) and the equation of the sphere be r4yeea? afi) Then the radius of the sphere =r and its centre is (0, 0, 0). +. OP=Vt+yh+2) and the equations of polar plane of P with respect to the she @) is xx + yyi += ~~ (di) -. OQ = perp. distance of O (0, ", 0) from the plane (ii) 2 aa ee. Hence OP.0Q=?. Mads yi+c) OP Property VI. Polar lines. Definition, Two lines which are such that the polar of ary point on any one passes through the other lines.50 Solid Geometry Let AB and CD be two polar tines, with respect to the sphere \ Piyeted (i) Let the line AB peta UB 2-7 : n ‘Then any POint ‘on the line AB is (c+ ir, B+ mr, y+ nv). Its polar with respect to the sphere {i) is x (a+r) +y (B+ .mr)+z(y+nr) = a or (ur + By + 2-07) +r (let my +z) =0 or P'+ rQ=0, which for all values of r passes through the line P=0, Q=0 the line ax-+By+y-a'=0, k+my+nz=0, ‘which are therefore the equations of the polar line CD of the line AB. Sofved Examples on § 7.12—§7.14. . 3*Ex. 1. Find the pole of the plane Ix+my+nz=p with respect to thelgphere tyr =a? (Kumaun 95) Sol. Let the pole of the plane Lx + my + nz=p oi) with respect to the sphere ? +y? +2? =a? ii) be (x1, 94, 21). Then the polar of (x1, yi, z1) with fespect to the sphere (iis arty tzzee (iii) Now (i) and (jii) represent the same plane, so comparing chem we have ALY aa Lomon’p whence a xia’ l/p; yea’ m/p3 2 =a? n/p. pp x. 2. Prove that the polar plane of any point on the line $x=4-D=4@+3) with respect to the sphere x?+y?+22=1 passes through the line (1/13) (2x + 3) +4 (y-D= 2 2 2 «+ The required pole is G on ea) : Ans. Sol. Any point onthe line $= 2512243 ig pear, i +3,—-344n 34 . The polar plane of the point P with respect to the sphere Pryecstis x.Qnty. (143 +z.(-344=1 afi) If this plane (i) passes through the given line 3 ats B43 yo or, ——za2o tL z20 i) 3 13-6 -2 then the point (~3/2, 1, 0) on this line must lie on the plane (i) and so we have -5 (2 +1 (1 +37) +0(~3 +47) = 1, which being true for all values of r the point (2, 1, 0) lies on the plane (i). _ ERE po: 2 PSphere st Also the normal to the plane (i) must be perpendicular to this line with direction ratios 13,—6,—2. ie. } (2r) (13) + (1 + 37) (- 6) + (-3 + 4r) (-2)=0 which ig also satisfied for all values of r. Hence the polar plane (i) passes through the given line (ii). Hence proved Exercises on § 7.12-§ 7.14 Ex. 1. Show that the equation of the polar plane of (x1, y1, zi) with respect to the sphere x+y? 42? =a" isxet+yyr += Ex. 2. Show that the equation of the polar plane of $@+ =F Y-2)=243 with respect to the sphere x+y? +22= Lis x-2y+3z4+1=0=2c4+3y tz. Ex. 3. Show that every straight line through the point A meets a given sphere in two points P and Q. (Kanpur 92) § 7.15. Angle of intersectin of two spheres. ‘The angle of intersectin of two spheres is the angle between the tangent planes to them at their common point of intersection. As the radii of the spheres at this common point are normal to the tangent planes so this angle is also equal to the angle between the radii of the spheres at their common point of intersection. If the angle of intersection of two spheres is a right angle, the spheres are said to be orthogonal. **§ 7.16. Condition for orthogonality of the spheres. (Agra 91, 90) Sol. Let the equations of the two spheres be Pay +24 Quct Qy + 2z+d=0 and Baylies Wy tweed’ = Let P be a common point of;intersection of these spheres and C and C’ be their centres. Then CP=V (w+ 0? +w?—d) and C’P=Vu? $v? wd d Also-CC’ = distance between'C(-u,-v,-w) and C’(-u’, =Viu-uy ave ww)? 1 If the two spheres (i) and (ii) cut orthgonally, then ZOPC'=in or CC SCP +O or or Solved Examples on § 7.15-7.16. **Ex. | (a). Show that the two spheres x?+y? +z? + 6y +22+8=0 and x” + y" +2 + 6x + 8y +4z + 20=0 are orthogonal.52 Solid Geometry 958 Find their plane of intersection. Sol. Hete we have u=0,v=3,w=1,d=8 and w=3,v'=-4, ws 2,a’=20, + Quu! + vv! + Qww' = 2 (0) (3) #2 (3) (4) +2 (1) (2)= 24-44 =28=8+20=d+d" Hence the spheres cut orthogonally. Also the plane of intersection of two spheres S1=0 and S2=0 is given by S1-52=0, the coefficients of x7, y*, 2 in each of 5; and Sz must be unity. +. Required equation of plane of intersection is (2+ y+ 2 + 6x4 By 442420) + y+ 2 4 6y 4 2248)=0 or 6xt+2y+2z+12=0° or 3xr+y+z+6=0, Ans. eto Find the condition that the spheres x7+y*+27=a" and sty 'ta? + 2ux+ 2vy +2wz+d=0 may cat orthogonally, Sol. Here we have u=0,¥=0,w=0,d=—a" and w’=u, ¥ =v, w=, d'=d. Now the condition for orthogonality i is 2uu’ + 2vv’ + 2ww! = ard ’ 20u+200+20w=-a +d or d-a'=0 or “d=a2 Ans. *Ex. 2. Two points P and Q are conjugate with respect to-a sphere S; prove that the sphere on PQ as diameter cuts S orthogonally. Sol. Let the points P and Q be (x1, y1, 21) and (x2, y2, 22) and the equation of the sphere be eryps2e?, i) . e polar Plane of POL yn 21). with _Tespect to the sphere (i) is xe + yy1 + zzt =P and if Q (2, 92, 2) lies on this plane then amtypatigsr iG) Now the equation of the sphere on PQ as diameter is (e~ x1) &~ 22) + yl) @-y2) + @— 41) @—-22) =0 or Pry ed (rtm) x- Oty y(t az +(x tye +ziz2)=0 Gi) If this sphere (iii) cuts the sphere (i) orthogonally, then “Quu’ + 2w"+ Iww’ =d+d” 7) + (rue tyne +2122), or 412 + yly2 +z1z2= 17, which is true by virtue of (ii). lence the spheres (i) and (iii) cut orthogonally. Ex. 3. Find the equation of the sphere that passes through the circle x +y?+27~ 2x + By ~4z+9=0, 3x-dy+52—15=0 and cuts the sphere x? +y4 +27 42x + dy - 62+ 11 =0 orthogonally. (Purvanchal 90) Sol. The equation of the sphere through the given circle isSphere . a (Payee Det 3y— 4249) 42 Gx— Ay + Sz~ 15)=0 or Hye PHGA-Dxt GAN YHA A ZAC 15)=90 0) ‘The other given sphere is. 2°+)"+ P+ det+4y-G+ 1=0 ii) ‘The condition of orthogonal intersection of the spheres (i) and (i) is “yy! + Iw’ +2ww =d+d™ or 2EGA- 1) 424 GA) 2425 (R= A) 3) =6- ISR) 41 or Bh=2)+2G-44)—3 (SA-4) = 17 15h or A=- 1/5 ‘: Froin (i) the required sphere is . 5 (Pay +2)—13x+ Wy - 252+ 45=0. Ans. € a 4, Find the equation of the sphere which touches the plane Sri) -1+2=0 at the point (J, ~ 2, 1) and cuts orthogonally the sphere ey te dnt by+4=0. (Kanpur 95; Lucknow 90; Rohitkhand 95) Sol, As the plane 3x-+2y—z+2=0 is a tangent plane to the required sphere at A (1,~2, 1), s0 the Hine joining the centre C of the sphére and the point A(1,-2, 1) must be at right angles to this plane. Hence the equation of the line AC is 3 (x= 1) =14Q=-@-D, -O the d.c.’s of the line AC are the coefficients of x,y,z in the given plane. ‘Any point on this line (i) is (L+3r,-2+2r, Lr) and can be taken as the centre C of the sphere. Also the radius of the sphere is CA ie VWiC+3r- e+ (-242r427 4-75 1} ie. N14. Now the centre and radius of the given sphere are C’ (2,~3,0) and V4 -4)=3 , If the two spheres cut orthogonally, then we have (cPy + (CPP =(CC ? See § 7.16 Page 5t'Ch. Vit ie, (rV14?+ P= 437-27 +(242re3 +(l-10y or 147249 =r 1+ Or D+ 1-1) or = 73/2. . . The centre C of the sphere is (143r,-2+2r, 1-7); where r=-3/2 . ie. {1-0/2}, =2-3, 14/2) be. (-1/2,-5,5/2), and radius is r((14) ie. (3/2) (14), numerically. 2 The equation of the sphere is : (+ (/DP +0459" (2-G/DP 6/2) Yaa? or Pye 2+ Txt Wy-Szt12=0 Ans. v ee spheres of radii r1 and rz cut orthogonally. Prove that the nkafas of the common cirdle is rira / @t+rd. {Agra 92; Avadh 95, 93; Garhwal'90; Kanpur 97, 91; Kunaun 91; Meerut 96; Parvanchal 96)54 Solid Geometry Sol. Let the equation of the common circle be x2 +)? =a2,2=0. (i) lts radius is evidently a and we are to evaluate it. Now let the equations of the two giver spheres through this circle be Gy? “tere =0 1 Ai) and « tyra) 4 2472 = (iii) (Note) {Here an extra term z* has been introduced in each equation, so that it May represent a sphere]. From (ii) the radius of the sphere . i =VICM?- Ca] =V 02 +04) = 7 (given) and similarly from (iii) the radius of the sphere = V (u? +a?) = 12 (given). Also as the sphere (ii) and (fi) cut each other orthogonally, so we have Mye=(-a)+(2a7) or Ny? =a, squaring both sides or (f-a\(B-@ nal, Pedohyeder or Ahad (43). .0f aan (F413) 7x. 6. Show that every sphere through the cirdle x+y ate 9, 2=0 cuts orthogonally every sphere through the circle x7 +27=r7, y=0. Sol, The spheres through the given circles are (yee pep ee 0 (i) and (Pty +2-P)+Qy= .-Gii) (Note) If (i) and-(ii) cut orthogonally, then we have 2a)0¥2 (0) +2Q;087—?, --See § 7.16 Page 51 which is srue for all values of & and 1. Hence proved. 2 7 (a). Find the equation of a sphere which cuts four given spheres orthogonally. : Sol. Let the sphere pay Pep tact avy + wer d= 0, i) cut the four given spheres P+ y eee dupe + Qviy + 2wiz + d= where i= 1, 2, 3,4, orthogonally. Then we have the conditions 2uij + 2vvi+ 2wwj = addi i #=1,2,3,4 which can be rewritten as . ~ dy + Quy + 201 + Qnaey — © = dig + Quuy + 2009 + 2wwy — = dy + 2un3 + 203 + 2ww3 ~ and — dq + 2uug + Qvv4 + 2wwg - -(v) Eliminating u,v,w and d from (i), Gi), (iii), (iv), and (¥), we get the required equation asSphere 55 x oy z t=0 mov owl =I “v2 w2 =] 8 a3 V3 WR - ua va owe | Ans. 4 7 (b). Find the equation of the sphere which cuts orthogonally each of the four spheres x*+y?+27+2ax=a*; x?+y?+2"+2by =b'; vy +224 dez=c7 and x+y? +27 =a +b? +07, (Garhwal 95) Sol. Let the required equation of the sphere be Py te? Dux + Wy + Qwetd=0 ofA) If this sphere cuts the first of the given spheres orthogonally, then Qua=d-a® i), using “Qua + 2vv’ + 2wwisd +d’. Similarly if its cuts the second and third of the. given spheres orthogonally, then we have 2bv=d-H Ai) and Qwe=d~c? iii) Also if this sphere cuts the last of the given spheres orthogonally, then we have 2u.0+2v.0+2w.0=d-@-8 2 or dads ee iv) From (i), (i), (ii), with the help of (iv), we have 2u= (b+ 07)/a, Qva(c? +a°)/b, Iw =(u? + BYVe. Hence the required sphere from (A) is 2,2 2 2 2 2 Paya? (Ae “= ). Fs#}-(2 aA Jreresedien b . If the variable sphere x’ +y?+2?+2ux + 2vy +2wz+2=0 always cuts the sphere 3(x?+y"+2z")-6x+10y+z=8 at right angles, then show that the point (u, v, w) moves on a fixed plane. : Gol. The given spheres are x7 +)? +27 +2urt 2vy+2w2t2=0 i) and ety? tc) 2x4 (10/3) y+ (1/3) 2-8/3) =0 tii) If the spheres (j) and (ii) cut each other at right angles, then Qu © 1) + 2v (5/3) + 2w (1/6) =2 + (8/3), using 2uu’ + 2v' + Qui’ =d+d/ or u— 0v—w =2, on simplifying. =. The locus of the point (u, ¥, 1) is 6x~10y-2=2, which represents a fixed plan, . Hence proved. ¥ Fy Find the general equation of all spheres through the given points A (a, 0, 0), B (0, b, 0) and C (0, 0, ¢).56 Solid Geometry Also find the condition that this sphere may cut orthgonally the sphere.x”+ y? +2” 2ax —2by ~ 2cz=0 Sol. Let the fourth point on the sphere be taken as origin. Then the equation of the sphere through O, A, B and C is + Sexrsy+2—arthy-cc=0 i) ...See Ex, 5 Page 4 Also the equation of the plane ABC is P=(x/a)+ (9/6) + (@/c)-1=0 Now the equation of any sphere through the intersection of (j) and (ii) is given by S+AP=0 ie. Cty 42 ar bye tA w/aty/b+7/e~1)=0. fii which is the required general equation. Also (iii) can be rewritten as 2 +yt2—(a-Ma)x—(b-Wb) y-(c-Me)z-A=0. iv) If the given sphere and sphere (iv) cut orthogonally, then we have —(a—Ma) (a) ~(b-1/b) (—b) - (¢- Ae) (-c) =- 240 or 2=L@+07+2), which is the required condition. i ix. 10. Prove that the spheres, that can be drawn through the origin each set of. points where. the planes parallel. to. the plane x/a+y/b+z/c=0 cut the co-ordinate axes, form a system of spheres which are cut orthogonally by the sphere x” + y" +2? + 2ux + 2vy +2wz=0 if au + by +cw=0. : Sol. The equation of any plane parailel to the plane (@/a) + (7b) + (@/c) =0 is (x/a) + (9/b) + (2/0) =k. i) This plane cuts the axes at A (ak, 0, 0), B (0, bk, 0) and C (0, 0, ck). “The eqiiation of sphéie through 0 (0, 0, 0), A,B and Cis * P+ +2 — ake —bky- cla =0 _.See Ex, Page 4 Ch. vil If this sphere cuts the given sphere onhogonally, then we have ~ 2u 4 ak) + 2v (4 bk) +2w (-4 ck) =0+40 or ait + bv + cw = 0, for all values of k. Hence proved. Ex. 11. Prove that a sphere S=0 which cuts the two spheres Si =0 and S2=0 at right angles will also cut the sphere 41 S1 +42 S2=0 at right angles, Sol. Let $=. Peyhe 2 duced tne 0 5 Py) P24 Quiet 2vy +2wizt di = = and ex ty 42+ 2une+ Ivey + Qwoz + d= 0 Then if S=0 cuts'$1 =0 and $2 =0 orthogonally (i.e. at right angles), we we get 2uuy + 2vvy + 2ww = d+ dy and Quuz + 2vv2 + 2ww2 =d+ do.on a Sphere Now the equation of the sphere 41S; + Az S2=0 reduces to Patera? Dui t haw) (Ravi + dave oD y(Aawrtdawe) A+ Aa Atha ithe J ofa + mI. 0 tha If 5 =0 cuts this sphere Ay St + A2 S2=0 orthogonally, then we have Ayu + Agua Davi + hove Aw + Agw2 ( meh JP made [OME hehe oe + =| Ma +2 or a (Quy + 2vvy + 2ww) + Ag (Zusen + 2vv2 + 2ww2) / =A (d+di) +a d +da) or Ay (d+ di) +a (d+ da) =i (d + di) + 22 (d+ 2), from (i) and (ii) and is evidently true for ail values of Ay and A. Hence proved. Exercises on § 7.15—7.16. Ex. 1. Obtain the condition that the spheres a (x? -+y? +2") + 2lx-+ 2my + 2nz+p=0 and b(x?-+y?42)=K may cut orthogonally, Ans. ak” = bp. Ex. 2. Obtain the condition that the spheres a (x7-+y" +1?) + 2ux+ 2vy 42we4d=0 and a (2 +y?+2) 42d xt2v yt 2w! z+d’=0 may cut orthogonally. Ans. 2 (ui! +o’ + ww!) = da’ +d’a § 7.17. Length of the tangent. Let P (x1, yt, 2i) be a point outside the sphere Satay 47 +2uxt dy+2wze+d=0. fi) Its centee is C (

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