Scribd
Upload
200 views7 pages

Perfect Botany Project

The document describes the characteristics of flowers based on symmetry, position of floral parts, and parts of individual flowers. Flowers are classified as actinomorphic, zygomorphic, or asymmetrical based on symmetry. Position of the ovary determines whether flowers are hypogynous, perigynous, or epigynous. Each flower has four whorls - calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. The summary provides details on the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It also summarizes the characteristics of four plant species: Petunia Alba, Sweet Pea, Asparagus, and Onion.

Uploaded by

iG么RayG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
200 views7 pages

Perfect Botany Project

The document describes the characteristics of flowers based on symmetry, position of floral parts, and parts of individual flowers. Flowers are classified as actinomorphic, zygomorphic, or asymmetrical based on symmetry. Position of the ovary determines whether flowers are hypogynous, perigynous, or epigynous. Each flower has four whorls - calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. The summary provides details on the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium. It also summarizes the characteristics of four plant species: Petunia Alba, Sweet Pea, Asparagus, and Onion.

Uploaded by

iG么RayG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Based on the symmetry of the flowers can be described in to following types:

1. Actinomorphic: Flowers can be divided into two halves through any vertical plane.
2. Zygomorphic: Flowers can be divided into two equal halves only along one vertical plane.
3. Asymmetrical: Flowers which cannot be divided into equal halves by any plane.

Based on the position of calyx, corolla, and androecium with respect of ovary, the flowers are
described as following:
1.Hypogynous (Superior ovary): Gynoecium occupies the highest position while the other parts are
situated below it.
2.Perigynous (Half inferior): If gynoecium is situated in the centre and other parts of the flower are
located on the rim of the thalamus almost at the same level.
3.Epigynous (Inferior ovary): The ovary situated in a flask shaped thalamus and other parts of flower
arise above the ovary.

Parts of a flower

Each flower normally has four floral whorls, calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium.

1.Calyx

The calyx is the outermost whorl of the flower and is called sepals. Sepals looks like green leaves
that are seen underneath the flower. Calyx may be gamosepalous (sepals united) or polysepalous
(sepals free).

2.Corolla
The corolla is the second whorl of the flower and is composed of petals. Petals are the most colorful
parts of a flower. Corolla may be gamopetalous (petals united) or polypetalous (petals free).
The arrangements of sepals or petals in the floral bud, with respect to the members of the same
whorls are called aestivation.
1.Valvate: When sepals or petals do not overlap one another at the margin, without overlapping.
2.Twisted: Sepals or petals overlap with the next sepal or petal.
3. Imbricate: If the margins of sepals or petals overlap one another but not in any particular direction
are called imbricate aestivation.
4.Vexillary: Among five petals, the largest petal (standard) overlaps the two lateral petals (wings)
which in turn overlap two smallest anterior petals (Keel).

3. Androecium

Androecium is the third whorl of the flower which contains the male reproductive organ, stamens. A
stamen consists of an anther and a filament.
The stamens are variously fused among themselves. They can be of the following type:

1. Monoadelphous: stamens may be united into one bunch or one bundle. e.g., China rose
2. Diadelphous: stamens may be united into two bundles. e.g., pea
3. Polyadelphous: stamens may be united into more than two bundles. e.g., Citrus

Based on the attachment of filament to anther, it can be of the following type:

1. Basifixed: Filament of stamen is attached to base of the anther.


2. Adnate: Filament attached along the whole length of anther.
3. Dorsifixed: Filaments attached to the back of anther.
4. Versatile: Anther lobes attached with filament in the middle portion with both ends free

4.Gynoecium

Gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower, consisting of one or more units called carpels. Each
carpel includes an ovary, a style and a stigma.
Carpels are of two types depending upon fusion:

1. Apocarpous: Carpels free from each other e.g., lotus


2. Syncarpous: Carpels fused with each other e.g., mustard.

The arrangement of placentae bearing ovules inside the ovary is called placentation. It is of following
types.

1. Marginal: The placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary and the ovules are
borne on this ridge e.g., pea.
2. Axile: Margins of carpels fuse to form central axis. e.g., tomato
3. Parietal: The ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary. e.g., mustard.
4. Free central: Ovules borne from central axis and lacking septa. e.g., chilly.
5. Basal: Placenta develops at the base of the ovary. e.g., sunflower.
We will now look at the characteristics of some plants based on their family.

1 . Petunia Alba (Family: Solanaceae)

Floral Characteristics:

 Flower:Ebracteate, pedicellate, complete, actinomorphic, bisexual, pentamerous,


hypogynous.
 Calyx:Sepals 5, Gamosepalous, green, valvate aestivation.
 Corolla:Petals 5, Gamopetalous, white/purple, valvate aestivation.
 Androecium:Stamens 5, Epipetalous, Anther basifixed, Dithecous.
 Gynoecium:Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, axile placentation, swollen placenta.

Reason for identification:


Persistent sepals, infundibuliform corolla, stamen epipetalous, ovary obliquely placed, axile
placentation with swollen placenta.
2. Sweet Pea [Family: Fabaceae]

Floral Characteristics:

 Flower:Bracteate, pedicellate, complete, zygomorphic, bisexual, pentamerous.


 Calyx: Sepals 5, Gamosepalous, green, valvate aestivation, odd sepal anterior.
 Corolla: Petals5, polypetalous, papilionaceous, vexillary aestivation.
 Androecium:Stamens 10, diadelphous 9 +1, 9 stamens united at base and 10 th stamen is
free, anther basifixed, dithecous.
 Gynoecium: Monocarpellary, ovary superior, unilocular, marginal placentation.

Reason for identification:


Flowers zygomorphic with papilionaceous corolla, stamens diadelphous, monocarpellary gynoecium,
ovary unilocular with marginal placentation.
3. Asparagus [Family: Liliaceae]

Floral Characteristics:

 Flower: Bracteate, pedicellate, incomplete, actinomorphic, bisexual, hypogynous, trimerous


 Tepals: Tepals 6, two whorls of three each, white.
 Androecium: Stamens 6, antiphyllous, anther basifixed, Dithecous.
 Gynoecium: Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular, axile placentation.

Reason for identification:

Flowers are trimerous, petaloid perianth in two whorls of 3 each, stamens 6 in two whorls of 3 each,
epiphyllous, ovary tricarpellary, trilocular with axile placentation.
4. Onion [Family: Liliaceae]

Floral Characteristics:

 Flower: Bracteate, pedicellate, incomplete, actinomorphic, bisexual, hypogynous, trimerous


 Tepals: Tepals 6, two whorls of three each, petaloid, white.
 Androecium: Stamens 6, polyandrous, antiphyllous, anther basifixed, dithecous.
 Gynoecium: Tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular, axile placentation.

Reason for identification:


Flowers are trimerous, petaloid perianth in two whorls of 3 each, stamens 6 in two whorls of 3 each,
epiphyllous, ovary tricarpellary, trilocular with axile placentation.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy