BASIC CONCEPT

OF
PIPING ENGINEERING
 PIPING DESIGN FUCTION IN ORGANIZATION

The size and scale of company or design office do not change either the basic piping
design requirements or the underlying design principles and practices.
As the volume of piping design work and the number of projects executed increases,
so also does the degree of specialization increase.

Functions such as Piping layout, Piping Specifications, Detail Drafting, 3D Modeling

and Material Take Off (MTO) emerges as separate departments within the design
office.
 PROCESS
PROJECT CIVIL

CONSTRUCTION
QUALITY

INSPEC PIPING ELECT

FIELD ENG. EQUIP/VESSEL

MATERIAL INST.
CLIENT
PIPING
PIPING includes pipe, flanges, fittings, bolting, gasket, valves and the pressure containing
portion of other piping components. It also includes Pipe hangers and supports and other items
necessary to prevent over-pressurization and over stressing of the pressure-containing
components. When the pipe sections joined with fittings, valves and other mechanical
equipment and properly supported by supports are called PIPING.
PIPE Pipe having round cross section confirming to the dimensional requirement according to

ASME B 36.10 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

 ASME B 36.19 Stainless Steel Pipe
PIPE SIZE
Initially a system known as Iron Pipe Size (IPS) was established to designate the pipe size. Size
represents the approx. inside dia. Of pipe in inches. In the beginning each pipe size was produced
to have one thickness, which later was termed as Standard (STD) or Standard Weight(STD WT.)

As the industrial requirements demanded the handling of higher-pressure fluids, pipes were
produced having thicker wall, which came to be known as Extra Strong (XS), double extra strong
(XXS) walls while the standardized out side diameters are unchanged
PIPE SIZE Con.
With the development, stronger and corrosion-resistance piping materials, the need for
thinner wall pipe resulted in new method of specifying pipe size and wall thickness. The
designation known as Nominal pipe Size (NPS) replaced IPS term schedule (SCH) was
invented to specify the nominal wall thickness of pipe.

Nominal pipe Size (NPS) is a dimensionless designator of pipe size. It indicates standard pipe
size when followed by the specific size designation number without an inch symbol. The NPS 12
and small pipe has out side diameter greater than the size designator. However, the outside
diameter of NPS14 and large pipe is the same as the size designator in inch.

Diameter Nominal (DN) is also a dimensionless designator of pipe size in the metric unit
system, developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO). It indicates standard pipe
size when followed by the specific size designation number.
PIPE SIZE Cont.

Pipe Size Designators NPS and DN

NPS DN NPS DN NPS DN NPS DN

1/8 6 3 1/2 90 22 550 44 1100

1/4 8 4 100 24 600 48 1200

3/8 10 5 125 26 650 52 1300

1/2 15 6 150 28 700 56 1400

3/4 20 8 200 30 750 60 1500

1 25 10 250 32 800 64 1600

1 1/4 32 12 300 34 850 68 1700

1 1/2 40 14 350 36 900 72 1800

2 50 16 400 38 950 76 1900

2 1/2 65 18 450 40 1000 80 2000

3 80 20 500 42 1050

For sizes larger than NPS 3, determine the DN equivalent by multiplying NPS by 25
• Components include …

1. Pipes
2. Fittings
3. Flanges
4. Gaskets
5. Bolting
6.Valves
CODE
A group of general rules or systematic procedures for design, fabrication,
installation and inspection prepared in such a manner that it can be adopted by legal
jurisdiction and made into law.

STANDARDS
Documents prepared by a professional group or committee which are believed to
be good and proper engineering practice and which contain mandatory requirements.
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

Documents prepared by professional group or committee indicating good

engineering practices but which are optional. Companies also develop Guides in order to have
consistency in the documentation. These cover various engineering methods which are
considered good practices, without specific recommendation or requirements.

Codes and standards as well as being regulations, might be considered as “design

aids” since they provide guidance from experts. Each country has its own Codes and
Standards. On global basis, American National Standards are undoubtedly the most widely
used and compliance with those
requirements are accepted world over. In India, other than American Standards, British
Standards and Indian Standards are also used for the design and selection of equipment and
piping systems.
MAJOR ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDS
Sr. No. Country Organization Abbreviation

1. USA American National Standards ANSI

Institute

2. Canada Standards Council of Canada SCC

3. France Association Francaise AFNOR

4. United British Standards Institute BSI

Kingdom

5. Europe Committee of European CEN

Normalization

6. Germany Deutsches Institute fur Normung DIN

7. Japan Japanese Industrial Standards JISC

Committee

8. India Bureau of Indian Standards BIS

9. Worldwide International Organization for ISO

Standards

• ISO is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies from some

100 countries, one from each country.
The American National Standards Institute’s standards used in
the design of the Piping System are as listed. ASME B 31. Code
for Pressure piping is at present a non-mandatory code in USA,
though they are adopted as legal requirement.
1)ASME B 31.1 - Power Piping
2)ASME B 31.2 - Fuel Gas Piping
3)ASME B 31.3 - Process Piping
4)ASME B 31.4 - Pipeline Transportation
System for liquid hydrocarbon
and other Liquids
5)ASME B 31.5 - Refrigeration Piping
6)ASME B 31.8 - Gas Transmission and
Distribution Piping
Systems.
7)ASME B 31.9 - Building Services
Piping
8)ASME B 31.11 - Slurry Transportation
Piping Systems
9)ASME B 31.G - Manual for determining
the remaining strength
of corroded piping -A
supplement to ASME B31.

Of the above, the most commonly used code is ASME B31.3. Refineries and
chemical plants are designed based on the same. All power plants are designed as
per ASME B31.1.
 Metallic Non-Metallic Lined

Ferrous Materials Non-Ferrous Materials

MSGL MSRL MS MS MS MS MS MS FRP
PTFE PP PVDF Cement Lead Ceramic PP
Lined Lined Lined Lined Lined Lined Lined

Copper Aluminium Nickel Lead

+ + +
Copper Aluminium Nickel
Alloys Alloys Alloys

Cast Carbon Alloy Stainless Special PVC CPVC PP HDPE UHMW-HDPE FRP PTFE LDPE LLDPE Glass Ceramic Cement
Iron Steel Carbon Steel Alloys
Steel

FIGURE 1.1

PIPING ELEMENTS

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION

 Metallic

Ferrous Materials Non-Ferrous Materials

Copper Aluminium Nickel Lead

+ + +
Copper Aluminium Nickel
Alloys Alloys Alloys

Cast Carbon Alloy Stainless Special

Iron Steel Carbon Steel Alloys
Steel
Pipe Ends
Based on the material of construction and the pipe to pipe joint, the ends of the
pipes are specified as follows.

Bevelled ends

Plain ends

Screwed ends

Flanged ends

Spigot/Socket ends

Buttress ends
 Types Of Pipes

Based on the method of manufacture pipes could be classified

as;

 Seamless

 Welded

o Electric Resistance Welded (ERW)

o Electric Fusion Welded (EFW)
o Spiral Welded
o Furnace Butt welded
o Double Submerged Arc Welded

 Forged and Bored

 Pipe Materials
1. ASTM A53 : Welded and Seamless Steel
Pipe Black and Galvanized
2. ASTM A106 : Seamless CS Pipe for High
Temp. Services
3. ASTM A120 : Black and Hot Dipped Zinc
coated (Galvanized) welded
and seamless pipe for ordinary
use
4. ASTM A134 : Electric fusion welded steel
plate pipe (Sizes  16” NB)
5. ASTM A135 : Electric resistance welded pipe
6. ASTM A155 : Electric fusion welded steel
pipe for high temperature
service
7. ASTM A312 : Seamless and welded
Austenitic stainless steel pipes
 8. ASTM A333 :Seamless and welded steel
pipe for low temperature
service
9. ASTM A335 :Seamless ferric alloy steel
pipe for high temperature
service
10. ASTM A358 : Electric fusion welded
Austenitic chrome-nickel steel
pipe for high temperature
service
11. ASTM A369 : Carbon and ferric alloy steel
forged and bored for high
temperature service
12. ASTM A376 : Seamless austenitic steel pipe
for high temperature central
station service
13. ASTM A409 : Welded large diameter
Austenitic steel pipe for
corrosive or high temperature
service
14. ASTM A426 : Centrifugally cast ferric alloy
steel pipe for high temperature
service
15. ASTM A430 : Austenitic steel forged and
bored pipe for high
temperature service
16. ASTM A451 : Centrifugally cast austenitic
steel pipe for high temperature
service
17. ASTM A452 : Centrifugally cast austenitic
steel cold wrought pipe for high
temperature service
18. ASTM A524 : Seamless carbon steel pipe for
atmospheric and low
temperature services
1. IS 1239 : Steel pipes for general
purposes
(Sizes  6" NB)
2. IS 1536 : Centrifugally cast iron pipe
3. IS 1537 : Vertically cast iron pipe
4. IS 1978 : Line pipe
5. IS 1979 : High test line pipe
6. IS 3589 : Steel pipe for general
services
7. IS 4984 : HDPE pipe
8. IS 4985 : PVC pipe
 END CONNECTIONS
SOCKETWELD SCREWED BUTTWELD FLANGED SPIGOT/SOCKET BUTTRESS

Type

ELBOWS 180o TEES CROSS CAPS REDUCERS STUBENDS COUPLINGS SWAGE NIPPLE UNIONS SPECIAL
RETURNS FITTINGS

EQUAL REDUCING LONG SHORT CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC

SR. LR.
45o 90o CROSS CROSS STUBENDS STUBENDS
ELBOWS ELBOWS

CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC
EQUAL REDUCING
REDUCERS REDUCERS
TEES TEES

FULL HALF REDUCING

COUPLINGS COUPLINGS COUPLINGS
LR ELBOWS SR ELBOWS

WELDOLET SOCKOLET THREADOLET ELBOWLET SWEEPOLET NIPOLET LATROLET

FIGURE 2.1
STANDARD PIPE FITTING
PIPE FITTINGS

DIMENSIONAL STANDARDS
1. ASME B 16.1
- Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
2. ASME B 16.3
- Malleable-Iron Threaded Fittings
3. ASME B 16.4
- Grey Iron Threaded fittings
4. ASME B 16.5
- Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
5. ASME B 16.9
- Factory-Made Wrought Steel Butt welding Fittings
6. ASME B 16.11
- Forged Fittings, Socket welding and Threaded
7. ASME B 16.28
- Wrought Steel Butt welding Short Radius
Elbows and Returns
 8. ASME B 16.42
- Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged
Fittings
9. BS 1640
- Butt weld Fittings
10. BS 3799
- Socket weld and Screwed end fittings
11. BS 2598
- Glass Pipelines and Fittings
12. IS 1239 Part-II
- M.S. Fittings
13. IS 1538
- Cast Iron Fittings
14. MSS-SP-43
- Stainless Steel Fittings
 PIPE FITTINGS

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON END CONNECTIONS - SOCKET

WELD/SCREWED FITTINGS

(DIMN STD ASME B16.11/BS 37 99)

Classification based on the maximum Cold non-shock
Working pressure.

a. 2000 # Class – only for SCRD fittings

b. 3000 # Class
c. 6000 # Class
d. 9000 # Class – only for SW fittings
Class Type of fitting Pipe used - Rating
Designation based
of fitting SCH No Wall
Designation

2000 Threaded 80 XS
3000 Threaded 160 --
6000 Threaded -- XXS
3000 Socket Welding 80 XS
6000 Socket Welding 160 --
9000 Socket Welding -- XXS
Class Type of fitting Pipe used - Rating
Designation based
of fitting SCH No Wall
Designation

2000 Threaded 80 XS
3000 Threaded 160 --
6000 Threaded -- XXS
3000 Socket Welding 80 XS
6000 Socket Welding 160 --
9000 Socket Welding -- XXS
Beveled end fittings are covered under ASME B 16.9, B16-28
and BS 1640. Thickness to suit pipe thickness.

BW FITTING MATERIALS

1. ASTM A 234 - Carbon Steel and Alloy steel pipe

fittings

2. ASTM A 403 - Austenitic Stainless Steel fittings

3. ASTM A 420 - Alloy Steel for low temperature Services

Flanged fittings are covered under ASME B 16.5 and BS 1650
for carbon and alloy steel piping and ASME
B 16.1 for cast iron fittings.

FLANGED END FITTING MATERIALS

1. ASTM A 216 - Carbon Steel Castings

2. ASTM A 351 - Stainless Steel Castings

3. ASTM A 352 - Alloy Steel Castings

4. ASTM F 1545 - Plastic Lined Fittings

5. IS 1538 - CI Fittings
 ELBOWS

45o 90o Short Radius 90 degree Elbow

Long Radius Return (R=1D)
ELBOWS ELBOWS

LR ELBOWS SR ELBOWS

Mitre Bend 90o 90 deg Elbows – Socket weld Elbows - 45o

 TEES

EQUAL REDUCING
TEES TEES
Tees – Butt weld

CROSS

Tees – Socket weld

EQUAL REDUCING
CROSS CROSS
Cross
 REDUCERS

CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC
REDUCERS REDUCERS

Concentric Reducer Eccentric Reducer

 STUBENDS

LONG SHORT
STUBENDS STUBENDS

CLASS A CLASS B

Stub End – Class A Stub End – Class B

 COUPLINGS

FULL HALF REDUCING

COUPLINGS COUPLINGS COUPLINGS

SWAGE NIPPLE

CONCENTRIC ECCENTRIC

Concentric Swage Nipple Eccentric Swage Nipple

 SPECIAL
FITTINGS

WELDOLET SOCKOLET THREADOLET ELBOWLET SWEEPOLET NIPOLET LATROLET

Weldolet Sockolet Thredolet

Sweepolet

Nipolet
Latrolet Elbolet
3.0 FLANGES
CLASSIFICATION - BASED ON

3.1 BASED ON ATTACHMENT TO PIPE

• 3.1.1 SLIP-ON

• 3.1.2 SOCKET WELD

• 3.1.3 SCREWED ON

• 3.1.4 LAP JOINT

• 3.1.5 WELDING NECK

• 3.1.6 BLIND
Slip-on Raised Face Flange Socket Welded Raised Face Flange Threaded Raised Face Flange

Lap Joint Flange with Stub End Welding Neck Raised Face Flange

Reducing Slip-on Flange

Expander or Reducer Flange

3.2 Based On Pressure-temperature Rating

The flanges are also classified by the

pressure temperature rating in ASME
B 16.5 as below :

3.2.1 150 #
3.2.2 300 #
3.2.3 400 #
3.2.4 600 #
3.2.5 900 #
3.2.6 1500 #
3.2.7 2500 #
3.3 BASED ON FACING

3.3.1 FLAT FACE

3.3.2 RAISED FACE

3.3.3 RING TYPE JOINT

3.3.4 TONGUE AND GROOVE

3.3.5 MALE AND FEMALE

Flat Face Raised Face Ring Joint

Tongue and Groove Joint Male / Female Joint

3.4 Based On Face Finish

 Smooth finish
 Serrated finish.

The serrations are specified by the number

which is the Arithmetic Average Roughness Height
(AARH).
3.5 Based On Material Of Construction

Flange Materials :

3.5.1 ASTM A105 - Forged Carbon Steel

3.5.2 ASTM A181 - Forged Carbon Steel for

General Purpose

3.5.3 ASTM A182 - Forged Alloy Steel and

Stainless Steel

3.5.4 ASTM A350 - Forged Alloy Steel for low

temperature services
 PARAMETERS FOR SPECIFICATION
• 1 BORE/INSIDE DIAMETER - ID - B
• 2 OUTSIDE DIAMETER - OD - O
• 3 BOLT CIRCLE/PITCH CIRCLE DIAMETER -
BCD/PCD
• 4 No OF BOLT HOLES - N
• 5 BOLT HOLE DIAMETR - 
• 6 RAISED FACE DIAMETER
• 7 HUB DIAMETER - X
• 8 LENGTH THROUGH HUB - Y
• 9 THICKNESS OF FLANGE - C
• 10 THICKNESS OF RAISED FACE
 GASKETS

Proper selection of gasket depends upon

following factors.
 Compatibility of the gasket material with the
fluid.
 Ability to withstand the pressure-temperature of
the system.

Based on the type of construction, gaskets

are classified as:
 Full Face
 Inside bolt circle
 Spiral wound metallic
 Ring type
 Metal jacketed
 The material which is most commonly
used is the Compressed Asbestos Fibre.
Indian Standard IS 2712 specifies three different
materials at three different grades.
 IS 2712 Gr W/1, W/2 and W/3 - for Steam, Alkali
and general applications.
 IS 2712 Gr A/1 - for Acid applications.
 IS 2712 Gr O/1, O/2, O/3 - for Oil applications.

Asbestos free gaskets are also available for above

applications. For very corrosive applications, PTFE or
PTFE enveloped gaskets are used.
For high temperature and high pressure applications, spiral
wound metallic gaskets are used.

ASME B 16.5 does not recommend the use of

150# rating gaskets on flanges other than welding neck and
lapped joint type.

The spiral wound gasket will perform when

the flange face is 125-250 AARH finish.
 Dimensional Standards

 API 601 - Metallic Gasket for

Refinery Piping

 BS 3381 - Metallic Spiral Wound

Gaskets

 ASME B16.20 - Metallic Gaskets for pipe

flanges

 ASME B16.21 - Non-metallic Gaskets for

pipe flanges
GASKET APPLICATION

Based on Manufacturer’s Technical Publication the

following Rule of Thumb is used for selection of Gasket
material.

MATERIAL MAXIMUM MAXIMUM

PxT TEMP (T)
(PSI x 0F) (0F)

Rubber Sheet 15,000 300

Woven Asb-
Rubberized Sheet 1,25,000 400
Compressed
Asbestos sheet 2,50,000 850
Metal Gasket 2,50,000 Depends on type
This Table does not imply that none of these materials listed have ever been used above the
Pressure Temp. value shown.
The designer should refer Manf. Cat. for the recommended upper temp. limits.
The thickness normally selected by piping engineers – 2mm for rubber. 2mm for CAF. For 150 &
300 lb flanges.
The installation bolt force must seat the gasket properly to withstand the effect of internal
pressure. Bolt stress value depend upon the material of constn. of bolt Flange finish could be
suitable for the gasket selected.
Please find herewith given below cost comparison of various ring
gaskets used. As 11/2 “size is the most used size, it has been considered
for comparison.

Sr. Type Cost/No.

No.
1. Acid proof gasket Rs. 13.00
2. Permanite gasket Rs. 13.00
3. Ammonia gasket Rs. 10.00
4. Virgin Teflon gasket Rs. 161.00
5. Spiral wound (asb.) gasket Rs. 14.00
6. Spiral wound (grph) gasket Rs. 38.00
7. Teflon envelope gasket Rs. 110.00

Rate excludes taxes (15.3% ST and 4% octroi)

 BOLTING

For low pressure, low temperature services,

machine bolts are used and studs are used otherwise.
Flanged joints using low strength carbon steel
bolts shall not be used above 200 oC or below –29 oC
Material Of Construction For Bolting

Bolting materials normally used are

• ASTM A 307 - Low Carbon Steel Bolting Material

• ASTM A 320 - Alloy Steel Bolting material for low
temperature service
• ASTM A 563 - Carbon and alloy steel nuts
• ASTM A 193 - Alloy Steel Bolting Material for high
temperature service
• ASTM A 194 - Alloy Steel nut material for high
temperature service
• IS 1367 - Threaded steel fasteners