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Effect Of Expansion Joints On Dynamic Analysis Of Structure

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International Journal of Science Engineering and Advance Technology, ISSN 2321-6905
IJSEAT, Vol. 4, Issue 2 FEBRUARY-2016

Effect Of Expansion Joints On Dynamic Analysis Of Structure 1

Dr.B.Sujatha , B Anil Kumar2
1
PG Scholar, Pydah College of Engineering, Kakinada, AP, India.
2
Assistant Professor, Pydah College of Engineering, Kakinada, AP, India

. adversely affecting the building's structural integrity or

Abstract: serviceability.
For convenience, the scope of the Committee's study was Designing for the movement of building
limited to expansion joints that separate structural frames components is an important part of architectural detailing.
of buildings in order to relieve excessive temperature The movement can be the result of temperature changes,
‘induced stresses. The practices and procedures suggested imposed loads, settlement, or other causes. Building
herein are considered to be sound and should guide the expansion joints are used to cover the space between
designer in producing a more efficient building system components, and provide a barrier to the exterior.
than in the past. Also, they have been based for the most Expansion joints can follow complicated paths
part on experience and educated judgment. Tem- along varying materials. Copper is an excellent material
premature fluctuations also effect dimensional changes in for such joints, since it is easy to form and lasts a long
the vertical direction and the performance of the time. When detailing an expansion joint for a specific
nonstructural building components; while such effects are application, it is important to consider the magnitude and
not considered in this report,. They cannot be ignored direction of movement. Some dimensions of details
during design. Execution of the most efficient design with presented in this section are based on the expected
respect to the total effects of temperature changes on maximum amount of expansion (labeled "E" in the
building performance requires criteria developed on a data details). Most expansion joints are optimized to
base more technically sound than exists at present. Thus, accommodate movement in only one direction. Their
research should be undertaken immediately to provide ability to accommodate movement in other directions
urgently needed information and data that: I. Reflect varies with their design. The designer should review the
building damage directly attributable to temperature details and select the appropriate design based on
fluctuation. permit the correlation of ambient temperature particular requirements.
with temperatures of building components (structural and One issue that must be addressed in the proper design of
nonstructural) at the periphery and within buildings for expansion joints is the height of curbs. This dimension
different building types and materials. Permit the depends largely on whether or not a cant strip is used at
correlation of ambient temperature fluctuations with these locations. Normally, the minimum recommended
temperature gradients existing within building components curb height, measured above adjacent roofing, is 8 inches.
under different conditions of exposure and insulation of However, if a cant strip is used, this dimension must be
these components. Also needed are analytic and increased. If a typical 4" cant is used, the height of the
experimental investigations that will lead to the correlation curb should be a minimum of 10 inches above the adjacent
of stresses in the various building components with the roof. This leaves room for a minimum counter flashing lap
different patterns of temperature fluctuations and gradients of 4" and 1" to 2" space between the cant and the counter
and with the different types of assembly component flashing.
(connectors). Buildings supported on masonry walls Ceramic and stone tiles can be subjected to a
require special examination since effects of temperature variety of strains and stresses caused by movement in the
changes on the performance of such buildings will vary tiled surface, leading to tiles bulging, cracking or
according to the type of masonry material or combinations becoming detached from the substrate. Movement joints
of material used. Each type and combination should be compensate for the movement of tiles which extends down
investigated with respect to construction details, through the tiles, the bed and screed layer below. Without
connections of walls to horizontal and vertical components them the shear stress builds up between the tile and the
(roofs, floors, walls, and partitions at right angles), optimal screed, causing deboning, bulging and cracking. Therefore
spacing of joints, and extent of joints. these stress-relieving joints are an essential part of any
Introduction tiling installation, and should be incorporated at the design
1.1 Definition Of Expansion Joint stage.
The term “expansion joint” as used refers to the Movement joints create a tile field which moves
isolation joints provided within a Building to permit the independently from those around it, and should be
separate segments of the structural frame to expand and included at set distances in floor and wall tiles, in
contract in response to Temperature changes without accordance with recommendations from the British
Standards Institution (BSI). BS 5385 says the maximum

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tile field should be no more than ten meters in each constructions. These joint filers are then covered with
direction for floors - but in practice, depending on the sealing compounds.
individual application, it tends to be between five and Concrete expands slightly when the temperature
eight metres for floors, and every three to four-point-five rises. Similarly, concrete shrinks upon drying and expands
metres on walls. upon subsequent wetting. Provision must cater for the
Installing the appropriate movement joints in line volume change by way of joint to relieve the stresses
with those recommendations, will prevent tiles from produced. An Expansion joint is actually a gap, which
cracking, bulging and debonding. And by "appropriate," allows space for a building to move in and out of. The
that means one which can do what is being asked of movement of the building is caused most frequently by
it. There are different widths of pre-formed movement temperature changes, the amount of expansion and
joints, and the correct width and material - brass, contraction of building depends upon the type of material
aluminum, stainless steel or PVC - must be specified to it is constructed out of. A steel framed building will move
take thermal movement into account. by a different amount then a concrete framed one. In case
The amount of movement that can be absorbed - of a small building, the magnitude of expansion is less and
and therefore the degree of protection given by the joint - therefore, no joint is required either in the floor or roof
depends on the size of the profile and the compressible slab. But in case of the long building, the expansion is very
material used. Pre-formed surface joints will usually large and may be as much as 25 mm. Therefore, buildings
accommodate movement up to 20% of the movement zone longer than 30 m are generally provided with one or more
width. A 10mm joint will extend and compress by expansion joints.
approximately 2mm. One of Schlüter's stress relieving Having successful determination the predicted
movement joints, the Schlüter DILEX-KS, has a movement along the three principal axis of the Expansion
movement zone of 11mm, will accommodate up to 2.5mm joint gap, the designer and Specifier are now faced with a
of tile movement. Because there are specific movement more critical choice, that of choosing of material to seal
joints for specific types of application, most tiling failures the joint gap itself from the element. This is a particular
are caused by using joints that aren't suitable for what is important building envelope design consideration,
being demanded of them. There are many situations, each especially when moisture and water are present.
with their own technically engineered solution in the form
of the correct joint.
Very often the problem can be caused by using
the wrong joint-one that is not able to meet
the requirements that are demanded of it. Generally
aluminium is ideal for commercial use; with brass and
stainless steel needed for heavy duty commercial and
industrial projects such as warehouses, production
facilities and airports, and where the tiled surface is
cleaned by a scrubbing machine, or where there are rolling
loads such as pallet trucks and metal-rimmed trolleys.
Stainless steel is also ideal in places like laboratories and
food processing plants where chemicals are used. PVC can
be used for residential and medium duty commercial Fig.2.1: Expansion Joint.
applications including offices and swimming pools, and
areas subject to light mechanical loading such as
showrooms and car dealerships.
Many calls to Schlüter's technical support service
refer to application problems, where no joint or the wrong
joint has been used. Other callers seek advice before the
work is carried out - and we would say that it's in
everyone's best interests to ensure that ceramic and stone
tiles are installed with the correct movement joints.
Prevention is always better than the cure which is
why Schlüter is always happy to advise on the
requirements of individual projects, as well as delivering a
variety of training courses on the use of movement joints.
2.1 Expansion Joint
The normal practice in runways, bridges,
buildings and road construction is to provide expansion
joints between cutting slabs of reinforced concrete at
designing intervals and at intersections with other

Fig.1: Movement at an Expansion Joint.

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2.2 PROBLEMS DUE TO EXPANSION JOINT 2. Material direction change: Steel deck flutes
The main problems of the expansion joints are 3. Building shapes: T, H, O, X, Y, C and others
– 4. Building size, typically greater than 30m in any
direction, can be larger or smaller areas
5. Additions, regardless of shape or size
6. Equipment isolation, Atriums, Skylights
Non load bearing walls or in some cases load bearing

Leakage of Pest Poor

Water attack workmanshi
Fig.2: Problems of expansion joints.
But the side effects developed by the waterpleakage and
pest attack are very dangerous and tedious.
1) The problem caused by water leakage:
* In rainy season water travels from the expansion
joints and goes into the walls which create
discomfort for people. Also the paints of the walls
are affected by weather. Fig.3: Location of expansion joints.
* The steel members get corroded and results in to
risk of structural failure. 2.5 CONSTRUCTION OF EXPANSION JOINT
* The electric lines in expansion joints can be short The expansion joint is to be provided from the
circuited. foundation to the top floor of the building. The one side of
2) Problems due to pest attack the expansion joint is first constructed to desired level, and
* The pest attack on the wooden pads or the then the Fiberboard is placed where Expansion joint is to
Shalitex board of expansion joints and also be provided then the other side is constructed. The
travels from electric pipes and spreads in the fiberboard is sealed with sealing compounds. Thus the
whole structure. whole construction of the building is done.
3) Problems due to poor workmanship 2.5.1 Material & Techniques
* The expansion joints provided only on the The gap of expansion joints is never left open. It
superstructure can cause failure of foundation. is filled with a compressible material so as to make it
* The expansion joints not provided on the parapet water tight. The following materials are required to render
walls can result into uneven cracks on parapet the expansion joint watertight.
walls.
2.3 NEED OF EXPANSION JOINTS
If not provided the structure shall be subjected to
internal compressive stresses and these stresses may be so
high that structure may fail. The amount of expansion as
already stated depends upon the extent of change of
temperature, the extent of the structure, and on the
coefficient of linear expansion of the material.
But of these three parameters changes in temperature and Joint Sealing Water
coefficient of linear expansion cannot be controlled. It is Fig. 4: Materials for render the expansion jointbars
filler compound waterlight.
only the extent of the structure which can be reduced to Joint filler: Bitumen, bitumen containing cellular
limit the expansion the structure within specified limits. materials, cork strips, rubber, mineral fiber, expanded
Based on these concepts it is seen that the structure 30 plastic, pith, coconut, etc. are the usual joint filler
meters long when subjected to temperature change of 50 materials. Joint filler should be compressible material
degrees F expands about 10 mm. Small buildings usually tightly fitted in the gap. Being compressible, they readily
do not require any expansion joint, but if the continuous allow free expansion of adjacent parts. It should regain
length of the structure exceeds 45 meters expansion joint 75% of its original thickness when external pressure is
should be provided. removed from it. They should be rigid, durable and
The factors affecting on expansion joints are resistant to decay.
2.4 LOCATION OF EXPANSION JOINTS Sealing compound: its function is to seal the joint against
1. Change in Materials: Wood to Steel, Concrete to passage of moisture and to prevent the ingress of dust, grit
Steel, flexible to rigid or other foreign matter into the joint. It should be tint less,

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non-toxic, insoluble and readily workable. Mastic or Hot- covering sheet is fixed to the wall on one side of the joint
applied bituminous sealing compound is mostly used for with screws and on the other side by screws through oval
the purpose. shaped slots. The oval slots permit movement at the joint
CASE STUDY without causing any damage to the covering sheet.
Expansion joint in the roof shall invariably be
3.1 SITE VISIT provided with joint filler and water bar. Joint in floor shall
As we visited the some sites of untreated or poorly be invariably sealed to prevent accumulation of dirt, dust,
constructed expansion joints, we encountered very major therein.
problems in maintaining, installing and treating expansion
joints.

i) A part of a whole expansion joint is treated

ii) The gap for movement of overlapped slab which is not
very durable and not much care is not provided as a result
the cracks are is taken off in treating formed in the cover.

Fig.5: Expansion Joint treatment in walls.

2) Framed Walls: In case of framed structure, it is
necessary to provide two frames, one on either side of the
expansion joint. The treatment of joints is similar to those
given to the masonry wall expansion joint.

iii) In this picture the joint and the treatment are at

different places. iv) Here the Shalitex board is not properly
installed so water can penetrate from cavities.

v) In this joint pest has completely demolished the

Fiberboard as it is not covered to resist this sort of problem Fig.3.2: Expansion Joint treatment in framed walls.
and weather effects. 3) Roofing Slab: The gap of the joint should be sealed with
vi) A typical failure at an expansion joint junction. a water bar and sealing compound. In order to prevent
3.2 TREATMENT METHODS FOR EXPANSION cracks in the masonry above or below the expansion joint
JOINTS IN VARIOUS ELEMENTS R.C.C or plain concrete bed blocks should be provided in
1) Walls: The joints in the wall are not left exposed. They the masonry below the expansion joint in the slab.
are covered with covering sheets which may be of
aluminum, hard board, AC sheet or timber plank.
Normally A.C. sheet is used to cover the joint. The
covering sheet is fixed to the wall on one side of the joint
with screws and on the other side by screws through oval
shaped slots. The oval slots permit movement at the joint
without causing any damage to the covering sheet.
Expansion joint in the roof shall invariably be
provided with joint filler and water bar. Joint in floor shall Fig.6: Expansion Joint treatment in Roofing Slab.
be invariably sealed to prevent accumulation of dirt, dust, There are some new methods used for treatment of
therein. The joints in the wall are not left exposed. They Expansion joint in present time
are covered with covering sheets which may be of 1) In this method a combination of fiber tape and adhesive
aluminum, hard board, AC sheet or timber plank. material is used to cover the expansion joint.
Normally A.C. sheet is used to cover the joint. The

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* The second coat is done over the tape. After the

half an hour curing the 3rd coating of adhesive
chemical is introduced. When flooring is done 15
mm gap is left on treated joint. The provided gap
is then filled up with silicon gel.
2) Treatment by simple slab construction

* In newly constructed building or in treatment of

expansion joint in existing building the cleaning
of expansion joint is required in the first step.
* Now the adhesive materials are properly mixed.

FigFIG:7.: Treatment by simple slab construction

As shown in figure the overhanging slab is constructed on
the expansion joint.
3) Treatment using rubber gasket and aluminum sheet:

Fig.8: Treatment using rubber gasket and aluminium sheet.

* Now water is applied on the surface where the SUGGESTED PROCEDURES FOR DESIGN OF
adhesive is to be placed so moisture in chemicals EXPANSION JOINTS
is not absorbed by the surface.
* The fiber tape is instantly placed over the coating The following guidelines are recommended as bases for
so it can properly cure. expansion joint design and location:
Then the first layer of adhesive chemicals is coated. Expansion joints should extend over the entire height of
the building from the top of the foundation footing (or

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perimeter basewall) through the roof. The resulting two construction details, connections of walls to horizontal and
separate but adjacent structural frames may share the same vertical components (roofs, floors,partitions at right
footing. angles), optimal spacing of joints, and extent of joints.
The upper bound (UB) of horizontal joint closing in
buildings with a beam-and-column frame should be
calculated from the expression: NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
UB = 6.10-6•Ate' (2) The model of a base isolated highway bridge specified
where Ate = (Cr w -Tm ) in degrees Farenheit and L = according to the Manual for Menshin Design of Highway
effective length.** Bridges is used to study the influence of pounding on
structural response and practical measures are suggested to
The C values of less than unity are based on the mitigate the negative effects of earthquake induced
assumption that the environmental control system in the poundings. The finite element models for nonlinear
building would operate continuously. Hence, the lower C seismic pounding analysis are built, and the influence
value cannot be applied if it is anticipated that the of different parameters on the seismic pounding
environmental control system will be regularly shut down responses of the bridges is analyzed. Parametric
for extended periods of time (i.e., 2 days or longer). Any studies are conducted to determine the effects of
deviation from these values should be quantitatively frequency ratio, gap size, restrainers’ configuration and
justified. ground motions on the pounding response of the
The effective length should be considered the average bridge. The isolated bridge model with the frequency
length of the building segments abutting the joint. If either ratio of 0.74 of the two adjacent bridge segments is
building segment has one end substantially stiffer to lateral considered. The fundamental frequency of the left
displacement than the other, the length of the building bridge frame (stiff) and right bridge frame (flexible)
segment used for computing the effective length L should with an assumed fixed base are taken equal to 0.96
be considered 50 percent greater if the stiff end is farther and 0.71 Hz, respectively. The LRB bearings are
from the joint and 33 percent smaller if the stiff end is the modeled with a bilinear element with strain hardening.
one abutting the joint. An impact element is used to model pounding between the
D. AREAS OF FUTURE RESEARCH decks in the bridge; the compression gap element has
springs that penalize closing of the gap, the restrainers
Research directed toward the establishment of a valid data are modeled as tension-only springs with a slack. For
base for the development of technically sound criteria for detailed investigation of the interaction between adjacent
the design and location of expansion joints should be segments of bridge, a wide range of gap size from 0.05 to
initiated immediately. Special attention should be given to 0.25 m with increment of 0.05 m is used to investigate
the following: gape size effect on bridge response and compared to
The collection, classification, and interpretation of data on no-pounding case, a critical separation gap (G) of 0.10 m
building damage attributable to temperature fluctuation. has been selected to study the restrainers configuration and
*Coefficient C1 differs from coefficient C in that Ci takes shock absorber effects. The installation of cable restrainers
into consideration construction tolerances and the with clearance length allows the thermal and shrinkage
compressibility/expandability of the joint filler, as well as movement and restrainers are activated when the
temperature. relative displacement between adjacent vibrating units
The development of data necessary for the correlation of exceeds specified clearance length. The clearance
ambient temperature with temperatures of building length of a restrainer is initial slack (S) of 0.10 m
components (structural and nonstructural) at the periphery (configurations I & III) and 0.20 m (configuration II) to
and within buildings for different building types and allow relative movement during temperature variations.
materials. Five cases are investigated in this study to determine
The development of data for the correlation of ambient the different parameters effects
temperature fluctuations with temperature gradients Case I: The reference case of bridge model response
existing within building components under different without pounding;
conditions of exposure and types and methods of Case II: bridge model with pounding;
insulation. Case III: bridge model with pounding and restrainers
Analytic and experimental investigation that will lead to through hinge (Configuration I)
the correlation of stresses in the various building Case IV: bridge model with pounding and restrainers
components to the different patterns of temperature through
fluctuations and gradients and to the different types of pier (Configuration II)
assembly component (connectors).
The effects of temperature change on the performance of Case V: bridge model with pounding and restrainers
buildings supported on masonry walls should be examined through hinge / shear key (Configuration III)
for each type of masonry material or combination of
materials likely to be used, and each type or combination 4.1. Pounding between Adjacent Decks Effects on Bridge
of materials should be investigated with respect to Seismic Response The relative displacement at the

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expansion joint and the adjacent bridge segments is connected to a deck on the other side of expansion joint
displacement determine the effect of poundings and with fixed bearing.
restrainers.
Based on the bridge models, the peak responses values of 4.3. Shock Absorber for Mitigation of Impact Effects
stiff and flexible frame segments displacement and its Since poundings between adjacent decks are unavoidable
relative response, Figure 5 for different gape size show in an isolated bridge, this effect has to be carefully
that the pounding reduces the segment displacement included in design. Poundings results in a transfer of large
response when vibrating near the characteristic period lateral force from a deck to the other, no matter how the
of the ground motion and increase the adjacent damage of a deck as a direct result of pounding is
segment response, Moreover, the relative displacement localized and limited, this results in damage in piers and
at expansion joint is driven by the flexible segment bearings in the other deck. Consequently it is effective to
response, this effect is more significant with highly out-of- provide a shock absorber between adjacent decks and at
phase frame segments. The displacement response of the the restrainers ends for the mitigation of pounding effect.
segment which has a longer natural period dominates The analysis results indicate that reaction forces at the
over the displacement response of the segment with a piers bases and pounding forces exerted on the
shorter natural period, making the displacement closer to superstructure can be satisfactorily reduced by applying
that of the segment with a longer natural period. simple method of placing rubber shock absorber
The displacement time histories of the analyzed between bridge segments or at the restrainers’ ends as
superstructure segment for gap 0.1 m (Case II) together potential practical mitigation measures against impact due
with the response when no pounding (Case I) occurs are to poundings and stretching of the restrainers, by that way,
presented; a positive relative displacement of the the sudden changes of the stiffness can be smoothed
expansion joint corresponds to an opening of the joint and therefore prevent, to some extent, the acceleration
gap (outward) while a negative relative displacement peaks due to impacts. The effects of a natural rubber shock
corresponds to a closing (inward), the results indicate absorber on isolated bridge model response are
that pounding can significantly alter the behavior of investigated for the studied cases.
the structure Figure 7 compares response of the bridge model with
depending on gap size, frequency ratio and input and without the shock absorbers. In the bridge without
earthquake wave. Seismic pounding, generates high the shock absorbers, pounding occurred once resulting in
magnitude and short duration acceleration pulses that can a large impact force; this caused pulse acceleration with
cause structural damage high magnitude spikes at the end of the decks. On the
other hand, in the bridge with the shock absorbers, the
peak pounding force is significantly decreased resulting in
the decrease of deck acceleration. Installation of the
shock absorbing device significantly reduces the force
between the decks generated at expansion joint due to
impact and stretching of cable restrainers; hence
reduce the acceleration response spikes. When the
expansion joint undergoes an increasing relative
movement in the positive direction, the rubber pad first
deforms under compression action providing resistance to
the motion, when the separation relative movement
reaches the cable restrainers slack, the restrainers begin
to resist further opening of the joint gap. This
resistance builds up nonlinearly with joint separation
with smooth stiffness change. The interaction between the
4.2. Restrainers System for Mitigation of Pounding It is adjacent segments occurs by both pounding and
well known that under an extreme excitation, the unseating engagement of the cable restrainers. The installation of a
prevention devices are effective to maintain the integrity shock absorber could reduce the required cable
of a total bridge system. It prevents an excessive restrainers’ force; hence more economical design.
relative displacement between decks or between a deck
and substructure and even prevent drop of a deck that
dislodges from its support. Variety of unseating prevention CONCLUSIONS
devices such as cable restrainers, a connection of adjacent In this study, the effects of poundings on seismically
decks and a connection of a deck to a substructure have isolated bridges during strong earthquakes are investigated
been used worldwide. Restrainers that connect deck to in an effort to gain insight into this complicated
deck, configuration I perform effectively to minimize problem, numerical simulation by nonlinear dynamic
the possibility of deck unseating and reduce the response analysis is conducted and pounding
pounding forces at the expansion joint for bridge with mitigation and unseating prevention for the highway
conventional bearings, where a deck with movable bearing bridges seismic responses are investigated. The finite

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element models for nonlinear seismic pounding due to impacts. Installation of the shock absorbing
analysis are built, and the influence of different device significantly reduces the force between the
parameters on the seismic pounding responses of the decks generated at expansion joint due to impact and
highway bridges is analyzed, which include the effects stretching of cable restrainers. The rubber shock
of frequency ratio, gap size, restrainers’ absorbing device with half gap/slack size provides
configuration and slack and input ground motion economical and effective design that could reduce the
characteristics. The simulations results indicate that the impact force and acceleration responses.
effectiveness of seismic isolation could be significantly
affected from potential pounding and unseating REFERENCES
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significantly higher than what is typically assumed in of seismic pounding between adjacent building
design that can result in severe impact forces that structures.3rd Egyptian Conference on Earthquake
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therefore prevent, to some extent, the acceleration peaks

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