Outline

Design of Structural Concrete: 1 Historical Background

Impact
p of Limit Analysis
y 2 Modelling of Structural Concrete
3 Behaviour of Structural Concrete
4 Limit Analysis and Design
VII EPUSP Symposium and 51th Brazilian Concrete Congress
5 Tension Chord Model
Curitiba, 8 October 2009
6 Cracked Membrane Model
7 Sandwich Model
Peter Marti
ETH, Zurich, Switzerland 8 Structural Design and Code Development
9 Conclusions

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1 Historical Background

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2 Modelling of Structural Concrete Scientific Models - One

• Aim at representing reality

• Means of describing certain ranges of experience /
developing associated terminologies
• Basis of predicting future behaviour
• Essential aspects emphasised / secondary aspects
neglected

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Scientific Models - Two Scientific Models - Three

• Realistic → consistent interpretation of past behaviour • Subject to permanent evolution

→ accurate prediction of future behaviour
• Improve consistency,
consistency accuracy and generality
• Powerful → large range of experience
• Continuous verification in the light of new
Consistency / accuracy / generality (experimental) evidence
If necessary, models have to be adapted and terms
have to be newly defined

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Structural Engineering Models for Structural Concrete

• Designing, realising and managing (complex) • Scientific models → consistency, accuracy, generality
structures based on scientific knowledge
g and practical
• Engineering models → simplicity,
simplicity transparency
experience
• Conceptual design → combined use of simplified models
• Design of new / examination of existing structures
• Detailed design → more advanced and comprehensive
Modelling is an important structural engineering
models
activity
• Classical models / recent extensions
C
Consistent
i t t framework
f k ffor th
the ttreatment
t t off th
the entire
ti
load-deformation response
Coherent approach to conceptual design, structural
analysis, dimensioning and detailing

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3 Behaviour of Structural Concrete
Load Load
6
2 3
4
1 5 1

7
8
Deformation Deformation

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 )
4 Limit Analysis and Design CL
F E

H
D

A
G
I
B C

G I

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 A H G F A F

H
G

I E
DL D E
J K
I

B C B C

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 5 Tension Chord Model

Compression Chord

Web

M N
V Tension Chord

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 σc
Reinforcement Ratio
O fct
N qdx N+dN
Ac
x dx εc
uc 1
Ec
σc σc + dσc

δ = us - u c
σs σs + dσs
Detailing τb

τb σs
2 fct
fu
τ bb00 fy Esh
1
fct
τ b1
Ductility Es

1
Plastic Deformation δ(σs = fy ) δ ε sy ε su ε s

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 6 Cracked Membrane Model

srm

τb
τ b1
τ b0
σs

σsm
σsr
fy

εs
ε sm

ε sr
σc
σcm

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 σsy Δσcy
x
θr λ y fct
x srm srmy
sy
srmx
3 1 σx τ srmy srmy
- σc3 θr σsyr
Ox
θr τ xy Xr XF
sx srmy cot θr
Concrete Stresses Applied
τxy at the Crack Stresses fct
y σy 3r 1r 3F 1F
− σc 3
θF σ Oy
θr y cot θ
γ /2 sy
θr srm σc1
θF
X srm
Qr Yr YF QF − σc 3
sx

ρy σsyr srmx srmx

3 1
ε σsx
θr ρx σsxr
srm / 2
θr srm / 2
srm / 2
Q Y σsxr Quarter Points
Δσcx
λ x fct
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7 Sandwich Model x
y
z

h dv
nx mx
ny nxy nyx m yx
my vx
vy
m xy

ϕ0 x
y
45 dv
z
v0

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 Top Cover

Top Cover
ϕ0 x 1
2 v0 cotθ
nx mx y
2 dv z dv
ny m y θ
n xy m xy v0
2 dv 2 dv nx mx vx2
v0 cotθ
2 d v 2 v0 tanθ
Core
d v cotθ n xy m xy v xv y
1
2 v0 cot θ ny my vy2 2 d v 2 v0 tan θ
dv 2 d v 2 v0 tan θ
dv vx Bottom Cover
vy

Bottom Cover nx mx vx2

2 d v 2 v0 tan θ
n xy m xy v xv y
ny my vy2 2 d v 2 v0 tanθ
nx mx 2 d v 2 v0 tanθ
2 dv
ny m y n xy m xy
2 dv 2 dv

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8 Structural Design and Code Code Development
Development
• Recognised principles of construction
• Codes should be simple
simple, clear
clear, understandable
and practical
• Codes must be reliable
• A code is a necessary evil, not an end in itself
• Basis of fair competition
− consistent terminology
− restricted to a minimum of rules
− liberal towards innovation, no hindrance
to creativity

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Structural Quality Conceptual Design

• Mainly dependent on • Essential qualities: economy / integration /

− conceptual design
g configuration
g
− detailing
• Economy mainly influenced by chosen structural
− execution
system / envisaged methods of construction
• Importance of structural analysis and numerical
• Basic design requires a synthesis:
verifications often overestimated
− follow force flow
− account for execution
− avoid ballast by reducing / prestressing members
Efficient raw design / more or less uniform stresses
• Refined design to improve integration / configuration

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Representative Stress Design 8 Conclusions

• Partial factors unsuitable for conceptual design • Limit analysis

− simple, rational and ggeneral framework for ULS
• Representative stresses (service load level)
design of structural concrete
σs ≤ σ s , rep = 0 .6 2 f sk
σ ≤ σ p , re p = 0 .6 2 f p 0 .1 k
• Supplementary deformation considerations
− tension chord model
p
−σc ≤ σ c , r ep = 5 f ctm
τb ≤ τ b , re p = 0 .6 5 f c tm
− cracked membrane model
τc ≤ τ c , rep = 0 .2 5 f ctm
− sandwich model
• Representative stress design method
• N.B. : f sd = f sk γ s ; σ s ,rep = f sd γ F − suitable for conceptual design
fcd ≈ 6.9 ⋅ f ctm ; σc,rep = fcd γ F − similar to allowable stress design
2 1 − integration of achievements of limit analysis
γF ≈ γ + γ = 1.4
3 G 3 Q

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Thank You

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