ASSIGNMENT

Module Code : RST03

Module Title : Railway Telecommunication

Course : Railway Signalling and Telecommunication

Department : Directorate of Training and Lifelong Learning

Name of the Student : K.Krishnaveni

Reg. No. : DTLL0819RST008

Batch : Sep – 2019

Module Leader/Supervisor : M.L.Sharma

Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences

University House, Gnanagangothri Campus, New BEL Road,
M S R Nagar, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA - 560 054

i
 Declaration Sheet
Student Name K.Krishnaveni
Reg. No DTLL0819RST008
Railway Signaling and
Course Batch Sep - 2019
Telecommunication
Module Code RST03
Module Title Railway Telecommunication
Module Date 11/11/19 To 7/12/19
Module Leader/
M.S.Sharma
Supervisor

Declaration

The assignment submitted herewith is a result of my own investigations and that I have
conformed to the guidelines against plagiarism as laid out in the Student Handbook. All sections
of the text and results, which have been obtained from other sources, are fully referenced. I
understand that cheating and plagiarism constitute a breach of University regulations and will
be dealt with accordingly.

Signature of the Student Date

Submission Date Stamp

(by Examination & Assessment
Section)

Signature of the Module Leader and Date Signature of Reviewer and Date

ii
 Abstract

Communication based train control (CBTC) is a railway signaling system that makes use of the
telecommunications between the train and track equipment for the traffic management and infrastructure
control. Telecommunication is a vital infrastructure for managing any transportation network.
Telecommunication network is used for managing train operations and staff management and to offer
passenger amenities.
The telecommunication system acts as the communication backbone for signaling system and other system
such as SCADA, AFC etc are provides telecommunication service to meet operational and administrative of
metro network. It also used for train traffic control, maintenance control, telephone exchange, train
destination indicator.
Telecommunication is a communication at a distance using electrical signals or electromagnetic waves. A
complete telecommunication arrangement is made up of two or more stations equipped with transmitter
and receiver devices. The telecommunication devices include telephones, telegraph, radio, microwave
communication arrangements, fiber optics, satellites and the internet.

iii
 Contents

Declaration Sheet ........................................................................................................................... ii

Abstract......................................................................................................................................... iii
Contents .........................................................................................................................................iv
List of Tables ......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
List of Figures.................................................................................................................................. v
List of Symbols ...................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 1...................................................................................................................................... 6
Visit of station room of A ................................................................................................................ 6
1.1 Types of Telephones in station control room: ........................................................................... 6
Digital telephone: .............................................................................................................................. 6
VoIP: .................................................................................................................................................. 6
Emergency telephone: ...................................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Wireless Equipment’s:................................................................................................................ 7
1.3 Different types of computer terminals: ..................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2...................................................................................................................................... 8
Platform visit .................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1 Passenger Emergency phone: .................................................................................................... 8
2.2 Different interface along with transmission media: .................................................................. 8
2.3 Passenger’s at PF stops the train: .............................................................................................. 8
CHAPTER 3...................................................................................................................................... 9
platform visit .................................................................................................................................. 9
3.1 Types of speakers: ...................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 The Noise is picked up:............................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 4...................................................................................................................................... 11
OCC Visit report ............................................................................................................................ 11
4.1 Operating Control Center(OCC): .............................................................................................. 11
References.................................................................................................................................... 15
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 16

iv
 List of Figures

Figure 4.1 Machining Process [Ref.] .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 4.2 The Wonder Machine [2] .................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

< The Figure numbers have to be based on the chapter number>

v
 CHAPTER 1

Visit of station room of A

1.1 Types of Telephones in station control room:

There are four types of telephones are there:
 Analog telephone
 Digital telephone
 VoIP
 Emergency telephone

Analog telephone:
In this analog telephone works by converting the sound of voice into an electrical waveform. This analog
telephone built on plain old telephone service (POTS). These are reliable, having good voice quality and it,s
having some features like hold, mute, redial, and speed dial. These also have able to transfer calls between
one station to another station but it has limited potential for expansion. It is less expensive and it requires
adopter to integrate with common application such as VoIP. The connection is made by copper wires. Analog
telephone lines transmit voice as electrical signals. When you speak into your phone, the microphone
converts the sound waves into analog electrical waves. These waves propagate over the telephone line to
their destination.

Digital telephone:
Digital telephony uses digital information and sound is represented by a series of ones and zeros. This has
more bandwidth so it has an ability to send more information at once and has a lower error rate. Digital
telephone systems are modern. In these telephone the information is converted into binary bits and these
converted information is received by the receiver signal.

VoIP:
Voice over internet protocol is another form of digital telephony that has become very popular. With this
VoIP technology, you make digital voice and video calls via the internet. The station controller have a
microphones, by these microphones its takes the voice and converted into a digital information, which is
then sent across the internet to the person receiving the call. The receiver may get the call on his own
computer which is in controller room, on a fixed phone line. IP means internet protocol it is one of the key
part that every computer can be addressed by quoting a unique number known as its IP address, which is a
bit like the computer equivalent of a telephone number or station address.

Railway Telecommunication 6
Emergency telephone:
Emergency telephone is used between passenger and a station controller. Is there any emergencies like fire
accidents, someone fallen on the track or the train doors are struck on that time passengers uses this
emergency telephone. This telephone is placed in the platform which is easily available to the passengers. If
any emergency is takes place just passenger press that button and directly talk to the station controller.

1.2 Wireless Equipment’s:

DMO:
Direct mode operation means is represents direct communication between two or more TETRA mobile
stations without the use of trunking network infrastructure. It has an ability of radio terminals to
communicate directly with each other like ‘Walkie-Talkies’ independent of network or ‘Ethernet’ and ‘optical
fiber cable’ etc. Ethernet provides point to point or multipoint connectivity services over a MAN. In metro
ring Ethernet is used it is a backbone for train network and supports IP based LCD passengers Displays and
IP based route maps. It allowing TETRA radio terminals to communicate directly with one another while
outside of the TETRA network.
TMO:
Trunk mode is a communication line or link designed to carry multiple signals simultaneously to provide
network access between two points. Exchange the date from antenna to other switching mobile office for
one transmission SDH is used. For example Radio system is a two way radio system that uses a digital control
channel to automatically assign frequency channels to group of users. These trunk mode operation access to
multiple channels. It allows for Trunked mode operation extension or “GATEWAY MODE”, an extension back
to the network to out-of-range terminals.

1.3 Different types of computer terminals:

Computer terminal is an electronic or electromechanical hardware device which is used for entering data
into, and displaying or printing data from a computer. The computer terminals at computer equipment room
it monitors the train occupation, detection. Another system is used for route setting and locking purpose and
other is for monitoring the train moment. The following types of computer terminals are used at station.
 Signaling layout- from the control equipment room the controller monitors the train
moments and he continuously watching the train moment.
 Another computer is having advanced features and it also has color indication to different
lines and train occupation etc.
 Other one is used for knowing the passengers identification, this is used for surveillance and
security purpose.

Railway Telecommunication 7
 CHAPTER 2
Platform visit

2.1 Passenger Emergency phone:

These passenger emergency phones are located on the platforms. These phones are used by the passengers
in any emergency period like any fire accident is takes place or ant person is fallen on the track. This
passenger emergency phone having one button in case any emergency time the passenger wants to press
that button and the call will directly connected to the station controller, he can lift the within three rings. In
case the station controller didn’t lift the phone the call is directly connected to the operation control center
(OCC).

2.2 Different interface along with transmission media:

Passenger emergency telephone is connected to the Telecom Equipment Room (TER) through copper wire.
The emergency phone will be linked between the DL and Controller via station PBX. The emergency
telephones voice circuit is connected to the station’s PBX. When the passenger emergency phone’s handset
is lifted, the user will be automatically be connected to pre-assigned destination such as SCR analog phone.
This SCR analog phone is connected to OCC/PBX via E1 to OCC. OCC PBX has been configured with hotline to
the same station SCR telephone through FXO/FXS gateway via LAN.

2.3 Passenger’s at PF stops the train:

By using the emergency tripping system (ETS) a passenger can stop the train at the platform. This
equipment is placed in the platform, if any emergency then passenger press this button then automatically
the 750 volts power supply in the track will stop the supply the power to that track then the train
automatically stops there only. This is also used to achieve an electrical tripping scheme to de- energise the
OCS section during emergency conditions. ETS consists of ETS stations (ETS Boxes) and the PLC/RTU which
is a part of the SCADA System. It also a safe and reliable protection device which is designed for the
operation of large generating units.

Railway Telecommunication 8
 CHAPTER 3
platform visit

3.1 Types of speakers:

Types of speakers they are:

 Ceiling range speaker
 Projector speakers
 Horn loudspeaker
Ceiling range speaker:
Ceiling range speaker are one of the speaker used in metro platform. It is circle like structure and attached
to the top of the roof. Ceiling speakers are usually passive speakers which mean they do not have built-in
amplifiers and instead receive their power via speaker cable that is run from an external amplifier.
These ceiling speaker model- PCL/TC tapped at 1.5W.
Projector speaker PS20/T:
It is an uni-directional waterproof projection speaker built-in 70v/100v transformer. This technique reduces
the losses on longer distance and allow easy parallel connection of multiple loudspeakers. The built-in two
6” full range speakers drivers are designed of wide frequency response 110-15kHz, the multiple power taps
5W/10W &20W are there and for Projection speaker model- CAD10/TC tapped at 1.25W.
Horn loudspeaker:
The horn speaker’s built-in 70v/100v transformer. These 70v/100v transformer technique reduces the
losses on longer distance. The horn speaker is designed of wide frequency response 300-13kHz, the
multiple power taps are helpful for different applications varies from surrounding crowd, where paging is
needed. The Horn speaker model- PH10 tapped at 2.5W.

3.2 The Noise is picked up:

For reducing and detecting the noise some sensors are used called ambient noise monitoring sensor. This
sensor is designed to monitor changing ambient noise levels and electrically adjust the level of page
announcement or background noise to ensure audibility during periods with high noise levels. It uses a
microphone which supplies the input to an amplifier, peak detector and buffer. These sensor which is
designed to operate under extreme temperatures, from -40°C to +50°C. The main purpose of an ambient
noise sensor system is to adjust the level of public address announcement based on a measure of the ambient
noise in the platform areas. It automatically adjust the sound pressure output level 10db above the ambient
noise level. It sends the noise data to power amplifier in the CER.
Role of antenna on a metro train:

Railway Telecommunication 9
The antennas were installed in top of the metro train and starting track of the stations and tunnels etc. that
are used to transfer all the operations control data from the facilities to the metro control and command
center thereby enabling monitor and control of all the systems. The main function of antenna is for
transmission of a signal, radiofrequency electrical energy from the transmitter is converted into
electromagnetic energy by the antenna and radiated into the surroundings and another is for reception of
signals. It is an transducer that converts one form of energy into another form of energy.

Railway Telecommunication 10
 Chapter 4

OCC Visit report

4.1 Operating Control Center (OCC):

The main duty of operating control center is it’s keeps tracking of incoming and outgoing cars in the depot,
rolling stock operation, and overall systems like electricity, signal, telecommunication, machinery, etc and
facilities to control and manage every activities like PAS, PIDS, CCTV, TELEPHONE, RADIO, MASTER CLOCK,
SDH, T-SCADA. In Bengaluru the OCC is in Baiyappanahalli Is the main depot and the backup control center
(BCC) is in peenya.
 Closed circuit television (CCTV):
It is used for security purpose in metro stations and these cctv activity is controlled from OCC. The CCTV
cameras are placed in the station like platform, ticket counter, entry and exit, and concourse areas for
knowing the passenger’s activity and it can record the data upto two months and after that the data can be
placed into the server and stored it. These activity is controlled from the OCC. First cctv capture the data
then that captured data will encoded by the encoder then it goes to the Giga ETHERNET then it’s going to
HMI& SCR and network video recorder & storage and this information is decoded by the decoder and finally
the decoded data will displayed in the monitors.
 Passenger Information Display System (PIDS):
These passenger information displays are placed in the metro station for giving the train information, number
of coaches and timing of the next train, and knowing the next station information and these activities and
information monitoring and given by the operating control center.
 It interface with PIDS through ICMS to synchronize with text on PIDS for pre -defined
messages.
 For train related messages, PIDS receive train information from signaling in OCC.
 OCC PIDS disseminates information to respective station PIDS.
 Passenger Announcement System (PAS):
These passengers announcement system is for giving announcements to the passengers like doors opening
and closing the train, and the next arriving train timing, and platform number, and any emergency warnings
to the passengers and these activity is monitoring from the operating control center.
 Telephone:
The telephone is used to exchange the information from one station to the another station. EPABX exchange
system is used that is multi-line connections can be made through a single telephonic connection. The types
of exchanges are Analog, Digital, and Emergency telephone are used. The full form of EPABX is (Electronic
Private Automatic Branch Exchange). Every station has their individual code the code will be in 5 digits, first
two digits indicates the station number and next three digits is for telephone number.

Railway Telecommunication 11
  Broad Band Radio System (BBRS):
The broad band radio system is mainly used in the subway station and tunnels. This system is very important
for railway traffic control systems and passenger’s network services and this measurements focus on subway
stations, straight tunnels and train effect the signal. The top of the metro train has an antenna which is used
for receiving the data from the out sources, this is a moving antenna. The platform also has an antenna this
is static antenna, this platform antennas give the train information to the power over Ethernet (POE) cables
and then these data is transferred to telephone equipment room (TER). From these it goes to GE and then
this information goes to the OCC then surveillance room.
 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH):
SDH is a multiplexing technique used for synchronous data transmission on the optical media. The principles
of SDH are:
 STM-1 is created by a segments of 270 bytes each.
 The first bytes of each segment carries the overhead information.
 The remaining 261 bytes carry pay load (actual data).
 When visualized as a block, the STM-1 frame appears as a rows by 270 columns of bytes.
 The bit rate of framed digital signal = frame rate x frame capacity
 Master Clock:
Master clock means by the name itself has main clock, this clock is same for all station and for all radio
recordings and for storage. This clock is connected to GPRS for the purpose of correct timing for all stations.
The time is very important and plays a vital role in metro. This master clock is connected one core switch
called GE and it has central digital recording system and it is connected to central master clock. By this clock
they indicate the timing of the train and all.
 Radio:
Radio means it is a station for the production and transmission of AM and FM radio broadcasts. It transfers
the signals from one station to another station by using walkie- talkie. Transmit the data by walkie- talkie to
base tower station (BTS). One tower covers minimum of 3 stations. From this station next the data transfer
to master switching office (MSO) then it goes to the other BTS then it received by the receiver through walkie
– talkie.

Railway Telecommunication 12
 Chapter 5

OCC Visit of lab

A. Amplitude shift keying (ASK):

It is a form of amplitude modulation that represents digital data as various in the amplitude
of carrier wave. In ASK system the binary symbol 1 is represented by transmitting a fixed-
amplitude carrier wave and fixed frequency for a bit duration of T seconds. It is a carrier
modulation technique. The shift keying is used for digital signals that use discrete values.
This technique requires less bandwidth and low transmitting current.
B. Frequency shift keying (FSK):
It is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through
discrete frequency changes of a carrier signal. It is a method for representing digital data
with analog signals by using a change in the frequency of the carrier to represent
information. It is thus type of modulation. FSK with two frequencies, corresponding to the
digital values 0 and 1.
C. Phase shift keying (PSK):
PSK in a digital transmission refers to a type of angle modulation in which the phase of the
carrier is discretely varied. PSK is a digital modulation process which conveys data by
changing the phase of a constant frequency reference signal. The modulation is
accomplished by varying the sine and cosine inputs at the precise time.
D. Transmission by using Antennas:
In this method the transmission is done by using different types of antennas. In this method
the power of the amplifier is connected to the standing wave ratio (SWR), this SWR needs
fan for cooling purpose. Then it is connect to the attenuator, the function of the attenuator
is used to reducing high power signals for test equipment, level control and for impedance
matching. Next the signal is given to the frequency modulator, it has copper wire it is used
to adjust the frequency and indicated by the copper wire is at 9KHz. Then it goes to the
directional coupler antenna that is transmitting antenna, and the receiving antenna is horn
antenna through the line of sight the signal is received by the receiver.
E. PLC SCADA Industrial Automation:
Programmable logic controller is a computing system used to control electromechanical
processes. SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. It is a type of
industrial control system that is used to monitor and control facilities and infrastructure in
industries. The following steps are the working of this,

Railway Telecommunication 13
  It has a PLC programming code it is works on this code.
 It has cylinders and these cylinders uses a pressure operation system.
 It’s also having a sensor for sensing the objects that are placed in correct positions
are not. This sensor requires 5V dc supply voltage.
 For compression specification we want to wait for some time, then we on the circuit
then the PLC code is on and run.
 Then we switch on the main supply and then sensor also takes in on position.
 Next the cylinder piston takes pressure and push the block into position then it
return back to its place.
 Then the movable arms takes pressure through cylinder it can attachable or
detachable automatically.
 These process takes place sequentially first moving the block then the bearing is
inserted and then shaft is placed by moving arms by using pressure, in this same way
the detaching process also takes place.

Railway Telecommunication 14
 References

As per the university format:

http://www.msruas.ac.in/pdf_files/Research/Guidelines%20for%20Referencing.pdf

Railway Telecommunication 15
 Bibliography

Railway Telecommunication 16