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Applications of Series Solition

The document discusses series solutions to differential equations using power series and the Frobenius method. It introduces series solutions and states that power series and Frobenius methods can be used to find solutions that cannot be obtained in closed form. It then provides details on applying the Frobenius method and power series method to solve second-order linear differential equations. Finally, it discusses applications of series solutions in fields like engineering including uses in spectrum analysis.

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175 views7 pages

Applications of Series Solition

The document discusses series solutions to differential equations using power series and the Frobenius method. It introduces series solutions and states that power series and Frobenius methods can be used to find solutions that cannot be obtained in closed form. It then provides details on applying the Frobenius method and power series method to solve second-order linear differential equations. Finally, it discusses applications of series solutions in fields like engineering including uses in spectrum analysis.

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ODE PRESENTATION

SERIES OF SOLUTION
INTRODUCTION OF SERIES SOLUTION.
 In many cases the solution of such equations can not be obtained in
closed form for this to write it in close form we can use series solution.

 Many of most important differential equations applied mathematics


and engineering.

 E.G Bessel equations , legender equation and hypergeometric equation


are of this types since there and other solutions play important role in
applied mathamatics and engineering there for in this we discuss
power series and frobenius method

FROBENEOUS METHOD.
 method of Frobenius, named after Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, is a way
to find an infinite series solution for a second-order ordinary
differential equation of the form

 Consider the second-order linear differential equation

 a2(z)f''(z)+a1(z)f'(z)+a0(z)f(z)=0

 Suppose a2 is nonzero for all z. Then we can divide throughout to


obtain

f''+a1(z) \ a2(z)}f'+a0(z)\ a2(z)f=0

Suppose further that a1/a2 and a0/a2 are analytic functions

The power series method calls for the construction of a power series
solution
 f=summition {k=0}^infinity AK z^K If a2 is zero for some z, then
the Frobenius method, a variation on this method, is suited to deal
with so called singular points other wise it is ordinary point. The
method works analogously for higher order equations as well as for
systems.

POWER SERIES METHOD:


 For solution of series solution we can also use power series method to
solve the problem.

 EXAMPLE.

 Use power series method to solve this

 Y”+y=0

 Solution.

 Step no 1.

 Use general equation of y which is.

 Y=a1+a2x+a3x^2+a4x^3………..eq(A

Step no 2.

Take first derivative of eq no A to get (y’)

Then take second derivative of that eq to get (y”)

Step no 3.

Then put these values in main equation.

Step no 4.

Then compare the coefficient with main equation to get the values of
a1,a2,a3….

Step no 5.
Then put these values of a1,a2,a3… in main eq to get solution.
APPLICATIONS OF SERIES SOLITION:

◆ Infinite Series:

 If the general linear homogeneous second-order ODE x** +


p(t)x* + q(t)x = 0 (1) has coefficients p and q that are not both constants.
However, sometimes we can write a solution x(t) as a power series: x(t)
= E^∞ n=0 an(t − t0) n (2
where we use ODE (1) to determine the coefficients . Much useful
information can be deduced about an ODE when its solutions can be
expressed as power series. If a function x(t) has a convergent Taylor
series x(t) = an(t − t0)n

 The term “analytic” is frequently used for functions with convergent


Taylor Series. some interval about t = t0, then x(t) is said to be analytic at
t0. Since all derivatives of analytic functions exist, the derivatives x* and
x** of x can be obtained by differentiating that series term by term,
producing series with the same radius of convergence as the series for x.
If we substitute these series into ODE (1), we can determine the
coefficients An. To begin with, a0 and a1 are equal to the initial values
x(t0) and x(t0), respectively

◆ Ordinary Points:

 If p(t) and q(t) are both analytic at t0, then t0 is called an ordinary point
for the differential equation x**(t) + p(t)x*(t) +
q(t)x(t) = 0.

 At an ordinary point, the method illustrated in the preceding example


always produces solutions written in series form. The following theorem
states this more precisely. Ordinary Points Theorem. If t0 is an ordinary
point of the second order differential equation: x** + p(t)x* + q(t)x = 0
that is, if p(t) and q(t) are both analytic at t0, then the general solution of
ODE is given by the series x(t) =E∞(n=0)An(t − t0) n = a0x1(t) + a1x2(t)
where a0 and a1 are arbitrary and, for each n ≥ 2, an can be written in
terms of a0 and a1. When this is done, we get the right-hand term in
formula , where x1(t) and x2(t) are linearly independent solutions of ODE
that are analytic at t0. Further, the radius of convergence for each of the
series solutions x1(t) and x2(t) is at least as large as the smaller of the
two radii of convergence for the series for p(t) and q(t).

 Regular Singular Points

 A singular point of the ODE x**(t) + p(t)x* (t) + q(t)x(t) = 0 is a regular


singular point if both (t − t0) p(t) and (t − t0)2q(t) are analytic at t0. In
this case we’ll have to modify the method to find a series solution to the
ODE. Since (t − t0) p(t) and (t − t0)2q(t) are analytic at t0, they have
power series expansions centered at t0: (t − t0) p(t) = P0 + P1(t − t0) +
P2(t − t0) 2 +··· (t − t0) 2 q(t) = Q0 + Q1(t − t0) + Q2(t − t0) 2 +··· , P0 and
Q0, in these two series are particularly important. The roots of the
quadratic equation (called the indicial equation) r(r − 1) + P0r + Q0 = 0.

 the indicial equation are real numbers. A theorem due to Frobenius


tells us how to modify our original method of constructing power series
solutions so that we can obtain series solutions near regular singular
points

APPICATIONS IN ENGINEERING
 An important application of power series in the field of engineering is
spectrum analysis.

 In radio, audio, and light applications, it is very useful to be able to


receive a wide range of frequencies and be able to pinpoint which
frequencies are the loudest/brightest. By using a form of power series
called the Fourier Series/Fourier Transform, we are able to do this
mathematically. This algorithm is used in everything from instrument
tuners to deep-space telescopes, and learning power series is very
important to understanding it.

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