Transformer Differential Protection Testing

1. Transformer Data:

Note: There are two terminologies used in that relay i.e I 1 = applied and I internat = compensated
current.
I 1= applied or injected current whereas I internal is the current that is used by relay for its calculations
after multiplying its matching factor.
I 1 =I 1 applied*matching factor

Transformer Reference Rated Power = 40MVA

Transformer HV winding = 132kV
Transformer LV winding = 11kV
Transformer TV winding = 6.6kV
Transformer HV winding MVA = 40MVA
Transformer LV winding MVA = 35MVA
Transformer TV winding MVA = 5.0MVA
Vector Group = YNd1+d1
CT Ratio (HV Side) = 600/1 A
CT Ratio (LV Side) = 4000/1 A
CT Ratio (TV Side) = 600/1 A
Match factor I1 = 3.43
Match factor I2 = .171
Match factor I3 = 1.992

Match factor I1 = (40*106)/(1.732*132*103*600)

Match factor I1 = 0.2915
Match factor I1 = 1/(0.2915)
Match factor I1 = 3.43
Match factor I2 = (40*106)/(1.732*6.6*103*600)
Match factor I2 = 5.84
Match factor I2 = 1/(5.84)
Match factor I2 = 0.171
Match factor I3 = (40*106)/(1.732*11.5*103*4000)
Match factor I3 = 0.502
Match factor I3 = 1/(0.502)
Match factor I3 = 1.992

2. Restoring current:

Restoring current can be computed as:

Ir = 0.5*[ |I1|+ |I2|+|I3|] equ...1
Where
‘I1’ stands for HV current
‘I2’ stands for TV current
‘I3’ stands for LV current
3. Differential current:

If our HV,LV and TV side current are vector compensated than differential current can be found
as:
Id = I1-I2-I3
equ...2

For slope 1 region, the following relation is true

Id=%slope1*(Ir) equ...3

For slope 2 region, the following relation is true

Id=%slope1*(Is2)+slope2*(Ibias max -Is2) equ...4

4. Settings

Nominal Current 1.00 A

Is1 0.2 × I N
Slope 1 30%
Slope 2 80%
Is2 1

5. Proposed Graph

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4 Series1
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

6. Verification of Region-1
Example 1
In that region, if the difference between I1,I2 and I3 is greater than 0.2.than differential tripping
takes place. Equ...2 holds in that region. The injection values are:

Case 1: When I2, I3 winding currents are Zero

Transformer matching factor for HV winding I1 = 3.43

Minimum Differential Pickup = 0.20
Pickup differential current at relay will operate = 0.2/3.43
= 0.058
Injection values:

HV WINDING TV WINDING LV WINDING

I1 Ф1 I2 Ф2 I3 Ф3 I1 Ф1 I2 Ф2 I3 Ф3 I1 Ф1 I2 Ф2 I3 Ф3
.057 0 .057 240 .057 120 0.0 150 0.0 30 0.0 270 0.0 150 0.0 30 0.0 270
.058 0 .058 240 .058 120 0.0 150 0.0 30 0.0 270 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 270

Case 2: When I1,I3 winding currents are Zero

Transformer matching factor for TV winding I2 = .171

Minimum Differential Pickup = 0.20
Pickup differential current at relay will operate = 0.2/.171
= 1.169
Injection values:

HV WINDING TV WINDING LV WINDING

I1 Ф1 I2 Ф2 I3 Ф3 I1 Ф1 I2 Ф2 I3 Ф3 I1 Ф1 I2 Ф2 I3 Ф3
.0 0 .0 240 .0 120 1.69 150 1.69 30 1.69 270 0.0 150 0.0 30 0.0 270
.0 0 .0 240 .0 120 1.70 150 1.70 30 1.70 270 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 270

Case 3:When I1,I2 winding currents are Zero

Transformer matching factor for LV winding I3 = 1.992

Minimum Differential Pickup = 0.20
Pickup differential current at relay will operate = 0.2/1.992
= 0.100
Injection values:

HV WINDING TV WINDING LV WINDING

I1 Ф1 I2 Ф2 I3 Ф3 I1 Ф1 I2 Ф2 I3 Ф3 I1 Ф1 I2 Ф2 I3 Ф3
.0 0 .0 240 .0 120 .0 150 .0 30 .0 270 0.99 150 0.99 30 0.99 270
.0 0 .0 240 .0 120 .0 150 .0 30 .0 270 0.10 0.0 0.10 0.0 0.10 270
7. Stability test
In that we check the power entering inside the Transformer must be equal to power leaving
that Transformer which is under protection.
Transformer HV winding full load current I1 = (40*106)/(132kV*1.732*600)
= 0.2915
Transformer TV winding full load current I2 = (5*106)/(6.6kV*1.732*600)
= 0.728
Transformer LV winding full load current I3 = (35*106)/(11.5kV*1.732*4000)
= 0.439
Put the values of I1,I2,I3 in equation 1 so we have

Ir = 0.5*[ |I1|+ |I2|+|I3|]

= 0.5*[I1applied*match factor+ I2applied*match factor+ I3applied*match factor]
= 0.5*[0.2915*3.43+0.728*.171+0.439*1.992] :include matching factor
= 0.5*[1.998]
= 0.998
Put the values of I1,I2,I3 in equation 2 so we have
Id = (I1-I2-I3)
=[I1applied*match factor- I2applied*match factor- I3applied*match factor]
= (0.2915*3.43)-(0.728*.171)-(0.439*1.992)
= 0.000869

Injection values:

HV WINDING TV WINDING LV WINDING

I1a Ф1 I1b Ф2 I1c Ф3 I2a Ф1 I2b Ф2 I2c Ф3 I3a Ф1 I3b Ф2 I3c Ф3
.29 0 .29 240 .29 120 .72 150 .72 30 .72 270 0.43 150 0.43 30 0.43 270

8. Verification of Slope-1
Example 1

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Series1
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

(0.67.0.2) (1.00, 0.3)

(0.728, 0.2184)

Slope 1 region
 In that region i.e. (0.67, 0.2) to (1.0, 0.30) slope-1 is involved. For Differential Trip take that
point restoring point (0.728) and the corresponding differential value can be calculated as:
Id = slope1*Ir
Id = 0.3*.728
Id = 0.2184
We have following case for verification of slope 1

Case: I2=0.728 and I1,I3 will be variable to compute slope 1 by using following equation:
Id =[I1applied*match factor- I2applied*match factor- I3applied*match factor]
0.2184 = (I1*3.43)-(.728*.171)-(I3*1.992)
0.2184 = (I1*3.43)-(.1244)-(I2*1.992)
0.2184+0.1244= (I1*3.43)-I2*1.992)
0.3434 = (I1*3.43)-(I3*1.992) eqa... a

Also we have Ir =0.5*[I1applied*match factor+ I2applied*match factor+ I3applied*match

factor]

0.728 = 0.5*[(I1*3.43)+(.728*.171)+(I3*1.992)]
(0.728*2)-0.1244 = [(I1*3.43)+(I2*1.992)]
1.330 = 3.43*I1+I3*1.992 eqa…b

Computing both equations

I1 = 0.244
I3 = 0.249

Injection values:

HV WINDING TV WINDING LV WINDING

I1a Ф1 I1b Ф2 I1c Ф3 I2a Ф1 I2b Ф2 I2c Ф3 I3a Ф1 I3b Ф2 I3c Ф3
.244 0 .244 240 .244 120 .72 150 .72 30 .72 270 0.248 150 0.248 30 0.248 270
.244 0 .244 240 .244 120 .72 150 .72 30 .72 270 0.249 150 0.249 30 0.249 270

Case 1 I3=0.439 and I1 and I2 will be variable to compute slope 1

0.2184 = (I1*3.43)-(I2*.171)-(0.439*1.992)
0.2184 = (I1*3.43)-( I2*.171)-(0.439*1.992)
0.2184 = (I1*3.43)-( I2*.171)-(0.439*1.992)
.2184+.8744 = (I1*3.43)-( I2*.171)
1.092 = (I1*3.43)-( I2*.171) eqa... a

Also
0.728 = 0.5*[(I1*3.43)+(I2*.171)+(0.439*1.992)]
(0.728*2)-0.8744 = [(I1*3.43)+(I2*0.171)]
1.456-.8744 = [(I1*3.43)+(I2*0.171)]
 0.5816 = [(I1*3.43)+(I2*0.171)] eqa... b
Computing both equations

I1 = 0.244
I2 = -1.492
Due to impact of negative in phase I2 the angles of I2 current will shifted to 180 degree that will
have also impact on its restraining value i.e. Ir = 0.983.

9. Verification of slope 2

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
Series1
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

(1, 0.3) (1.3, 0.54)

Slope 2 region

Example 1
In that region i.e. (1, 0.3) to (infinite, infinite) slope-2 is involved. For Differential Trip take
points of that region like that (1.3, 0.54) . Use equ…5 in order to find injection values we will
proceed as:
Id=%slope1*Is2+(slope2*(Ibias max -Is2))
Id=0.3*1+0.8(1.3-1)
Id=0.3+0.8(0.3)
Id=0.54
Case : I2=0.728 and I1 , I3 will be variable to compute slope 2 region by using following
relation:
 Id =[I1applied*match factor- I2applied*match factor- I3applied*match factor]
0.54 = (I1*3.43)-(.728*.171)-(I3*1.992)
0.54 = (I1*3.43)-(.1244)-(I2*1.992)
0.54+0.1244 = (I1*3.43)-I2*1.992)
0.665 = (I1*3.43)-(I3*1.992) eqa... a
Also we have
Ir = 0.5*[I1applied*match factor+ I2applied*match factor+ I3applied*match
factor]
1.3 = 0.5*[(I1*3.43)+(.728*.171)+(I3*1.992)]
(1.3*2)-0.1244 = [(I1*3.43)+(I2*1.992)]
2.475 = 3.43*I1+I3*1.992 eqa…b
Computing both equations

I1 = 0.458
I3 = 0.454

Injection values:

HV WINDING TV WINDING LV WINDING

I1a Ф1 I1b Ф2 I1c Ф3 I2a Ф1 I2b Ф2 I2c Ф3 I3a Ф1 I3b Ф2 I3c Ф3
.458 0 .458 240 .458 120 .0 150 .0 30 .0 270 0.453 150 0.453 30 0.453 270
.458 0 .458 240 .458 120 .0 150 .0 30 .0 270 0.454 150 0.454 30 0.454 270
Restricted earth fault testing:
The differential currents can be calculated as:

equ…1

The restraining currents can be computed as:

equ…2

‘Ia’ is the applied current in Red phase of HV winding star connection

‘Ib’ is the applied current in Yellow phase of HV winding star connection

‘Ic’ is the applied current in Blue phase of HV winding in star connection

‘K’ is the ratio of zero sequence CT / Line CT

‘IN’ is the zero sequence CT current

10.REF function setting:

Is1 = 18A
IS2 = 180A
K1 = 0%
K2 = 150%

11.Proposed Graph:

600
500
400
300
200 Series1
100
0
-100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Verification of REF function:

Using equation 1 we have

Assume all currents

Id = (0.2<0+0.2>240+0.2<120)+0.1<0

After solving the equation we have:

Id = 0+0.1<0

Similary if we adjust the neutral angle to 180 then

Id = (0.2<0+0.2>240+0.2<120)+0.1<180

After solving the equation we have:

Id = 0+0.1<180

Similary we have case in which

Ia = 0.2<0
Ib = 0.0<240
Ic = 0.0<120
IN = 0.2<180
Put the value in equation 1 we have
Id = (0.2<0+0.0>240+0.0<120)+0.2<180
Id = 0.2<0+0.2<180
Id = 0

HV Side Neutral side Status

I1
I1 Ф1 I2 Ф2 I3 Ф3 Ф1
0.20 0 0.20 240 0.20 120 0.09 0 No Pickup
0.20 0 0.20 240 0.20 120 0.10 0 pickup
0.20 0 0.20 240 0.20 120 0.09 180 No Pickup
0.20 0 0.20 240 0.20 120 0.10 180 pickup
0.20 0 0.0 240 0.0 120 0.20 180 Stable

12.Verification of Slope:
Suppose we have point (196,24) and we want to find injection values at which relay will trip so the
proposed differential and restraining equations will be:

Ir = ((Ia+Ib+Ic)+IN)/2

196 = (Ia+0+0+IN)/2

392 = (Ia+IN)/2

Similary

Id = Ia-In

24 = Ia-In

Solving both equations

Ia = 208

IN = 184

Dividing with CT ration

Ia = 208/200 = 1.04

IN = 184/200 = 0.92

HV Side Neutral side Status

I1
I1 Ф1 I2 Ф2 I3 Ф3 Ф1
1.04 0 0.0 240 0.0 120 0.918 180 No Pickup
1.04 0 0.0 240 0.0 120 0.917 180 pickup
13.Verification of Slope :
Suppose we have point (196,24) and we want to find injection values at which relay will trip but in such
case we have line ct 200:1 and Zero sequence ct is 50:1,the value of ‘k’ can be calculated as:

K = Zero sequence ct/Line ct

K = 50/200

K = 0.25

so the proposed differential and restraining equations will be:

Ir = ((Ia+Ib+Ic)+0.25*IN)/2

196 = (Ia+0+0+IN)/2

392 = (Ia+IN)/2

Similary

Id = Ia-0.25In

24 = Ia-0.25In

Solving both equations

Ia = 208

IN = 736

Dividing with CT ration

Ia = 208/200 = 1.04

IN = 736/200 = 3.68

HV Side Neutral side Status

I1
I1 Ф1 I2 Ф2 I3 Ф3 Ф1
1.04 0 0.0 240 0.0 120 3.70 180 No Pickup
1.04 0 0.0 240 0.0 120 3.60 180 pickup
Note:For REF, Dot point of the cTs are made in such a way that current enters from P1 in Hv towards bus
bar and leave from s1 to enter in C24,c26 and c28 where as p1 of the zero sequence is towards the
ground side secondary current leaving from s1 and to enter in C16.