CENTRAL BOARD OF

SECONDARY EDUCATION.

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT.
IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND CATIONS
PRESENT IN THE TOOTHPASTE
For session 2019-2020

BY: -
M.SARTHAK RATHI
CLASS: - XII-A
ROLLNO:
 CERTIFICATE.
Certified by department of CHEMISTRY that this is
bondified project done by
M.SARTHAK RATHI of class XII A during the
academic year 2019-2020 in practical fulfillment of
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
conducted by CBSE

ROLL NO :

Signature of Internal signature of external

Examiner Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I am greatly indebted towards the principal for

giving me an opportunity in elaborating my knowledge
towards the subject (CHEMISTRY) by completing
this Project work.

I express my heartiest gratitude to my beloved

school for the guidance and providing the required
apparatus to perform my project work.

I would also thank my parents and my chemistry

teacher ( MRS: ANKITA ) for giving me their co-
operation in completing this Project.
 AIM:-
IDENTIFICATION
OF THE CATIONS
AND ANIONS IN
TOOTHPASTE
 THEORY:-
EVERY TOOTHPASTE CONTAINS THE
FOLLOWING INGREDIENTS: BINDERS,
ABRASIVES, SUBSERS, HUMECTANTS,
FLAVOURS, SWEETNERS, FLUORIDES, TOOTH
WHITENERS, A PRESERVATIVE AND WATER.
BINDERS THICKENS TOOTHPASTE-THEY
PREVENT SEPARATION OF THE SOLID AND
LIQUID COMPONENT, ESPECIALLY STORAGE.
THEY ALSO AFFECT THE SPEED AND VOLUME
OF FOAM PRODUCTION, RATE OF FLAVOR
RELEASE AND PRODUCT DISPERSAL, THE
APEARANCE OF TOOTHPASTE RIBBON ON THE
TOOTHBRUSH.SOME BINDERS ARE GUM
SOILD ALIGNAT, METHYL CELLULOSE,
CARRAGEEN AND MAGNESIUM ALUMINIUM
SILICATE.
 CONTENTS:-
 IONIC LIQUIDS:-
 CATIONS &ANIONS.
 COMPONENTS ARE USED IN
TOOTHPASTE.
 SAFETY TIPS WHILE DOING THIS
EXPERIMENT
 INGREDIENTS:-
 ABRASIVES, FLUORIDES, SURFACTANTS.
 OTHER COMPONENTS:-
 ANTIBACERIAL AGENTS, FLAVORANTS,
REMINERALIZERS.
 MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS
IDENTIFICATION OF ANIONS AND
CATIONS PRESENT IN THE
TOOTHPASTE
ANIONS IN AN ATOM OR MOLECULE THAT
CARRIES AN ELECTRIC CHARGE. CATIONS ARE
POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS CREATED BY THE
LOSS OF ELECTRONS. ANIONS ARE NEGATIVELY
CHARGED IONS CREATED BY THE GAIN OF
ELECTRONS. IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS, ALL IONS
EXHIBIT THEIR OWN UNIQUE, CHARACTERISTIC
BEHAVIORS.
TOOTHPASTE IS A PASTE OR GEL DENTIFRICE
USED WITH OA TOOTHBRUSH AS AN ACCESSORY TO
CLEAN AND MAINTAIN THE AESTHETICS AND
HEALTH OF TEETH.
TOOTHPASTE IS USED TO PROMOTE ORAL HYGIENE:
IT SERVES AS AN ABRASIVE THAT AIDS IN
REMOVINGTHE DENTAL PLAQUE AND FOOD FROM
THE TEETH, ASSISTS IN SUPPRESSING HALITOSIS,
AND DELIVERS ACTIVE INGREDIENTS (MOST
COMMONLY FLUORIDE) TO HELP PREVENT TOOTH
AND DISEASE (GINGIVITIS). MOST OF THE CLEANING
IS ACHIEVED BY THE MECHANICAL ACTION OF THE
TOOTHBRUSH AND NOT BY THE TOOTHPASTE. SALT
AND SODIUM BICARBONATE (BAKING SODA) ARE
AMONG MATERIALS THAT CAN BE SUBISTITUTED
FOR COMMERCIAL TOOTHPASTE. TOOTHPASTE IS
NOT INTENDED TO BE SWALLOWED DUE TO THE
FLOURIDE CONTENT, BUT IS GENERALLY NOT VERY
HARMFUL IF ACCIDENTLY SWALLOWED IN SMALL
AMOUNTS. HOWEVER ONE SHOULD SEEK MEDICAL
ATTENTION AFTER SWALOWING ABNORMALLY LARGE
AMOUNTS.
COMPONENTS ARE USED
IN TOOTHPASTE:-
 HClO4
 HBr
 HI
 H2SO4
 HClO3
 HCL
 HNO3
 INGREDIENTS:-
IN ADDITION TO 20%-42% WATER, TOOTHPASTES
ARE DERIVED FROM A VARIETY OF
COMPONENTS, THE THREE MAIN ONES BEING
ABRASIVES, FLUORIDE, AND DETERGENTS.

ABRASIVES:-
ABRASIVES CONSTITE AT LEAST 50% OF TYPICAL
TOOTHPASTE. THESE INSOLUBLE PARTICLES
HELP REMOVE PLAQUE FROM THE TEETH. THE
REMOVAL OF PLAQUE AND CALCULUS HELPS
MINIMIZE CAVITIES AND PERIDONTAL DISEASE.
REPRESENT ABRASIVES INCLUDE PARTICLES OF
ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE (AL(OH2)), CALCIUM
CARBONATE(CaCO3),VARIOUS CALCIUM
HYDROGEN PHOSPHATES, VARIOUS SILICAS AND
ZEOLITES, AND HYDROXYAPATITE (Ca5(PO4)3 OH).
ABRASIVES, LIKE THE DENTAL POLISHING
AGENTS USED IN DENTISTS’ OFFICES, ALSO
CAUSE A SMALL AMOUNT OF ENAMEL EROSION
WHICH IS TERMED “POLISHING” ACTION. SOME
BRANDS CONTAIN POWDERED WHILE MICA,
WHICH ACTS AS A MILD ABRASIVE, AND ALSO
ADDSA COSMETICALLY PLESING GLITTERY
SHIMMER TO THE PASTE. THE POLISHING OF
TEETH REMOVES STAAINS FROM TOOTH
SURFACES, BUT HAS NOT BEEN SHOWN TO
IMPROVE DENTAL HEALTH OVER AND ABOVE
THE EFFECTS OF THE REMOVAL OF PLAQUE
AND CALCULS.

FLUORIDES:-
FLUORIDE IN VARIOUS FORMS IS THE MOST
POPULAR ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN TOOTHPASTE
TO PREVENT CAVITIES. FLUORIDES OCCUR IN
SMALL AMOUNT IN PLANTS, ANIMALS AND SOME
NATURAL WATER SOURCES. THE ADDITIONAL
FLUORIDES IN TOOTHPASTE HAS BENEFICIAL
EFFECTS ON THE FORMATION OF DENTAL
ENAMEL AND BONES. SODIUM FLUORIDE (NaF)
IS THE MOST COMMON SOURCE OF FLUORIDE,
BUT STANNOUS FLUORIDE (SnF), OLAFLURS (AN
ORGANIC SALT OF FLUORIDE), AND SODIUM
MONOFLUROPHOSPHATE (Na2 PO3 F) ARE ALSO
USED. STANNOUS FLUROIDE HAS BEEN SHOWN
TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SODIUM
FLUROIDE IN REDUCING THE INCIDENCE OF
DENTAL CAREIESAND CONTROLLING
GINGIVITIS.
MUCH OF THE TOOTHPASTE SOLD IN
THE ‘UNITED STATES HAS 1000 TO 1100 PARTS
PER MILLON FLUROIDE. IN EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES, SUCH AS THE UK OR GREECE, THE
FLUORIDE CONTENT IS OFTEN HIGHER; A NaF
OF 0.312% W/W (1,450 PPM FLUORIDE) IS NOT
UNCOMMON.

SURFACANTS:-
MANY, ALTHOUGH NOT ALL, TOOOTHPASTE
CONTAIN SODIUM LAURYL SULFATE (SLS) OR
RELATED SURFACTANTS (DETERGENTS). SLS IS
WELL, SUCH AS SHAMPOO, AND IS MAINLY A
FOAMING AGENTS, WHICH ENABLES UNIFORM
DISTRIBUTION OF TOOTHPASTE, IMPROVING ITS
CLEANSING POWER.
 OTHER COMPONENTS:-
ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS:-
TRICLOSAN, AN ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT, IS A
COMMON TOOTHPASTE INGREDIENT IN THE
UNITED KINGDOM. TRICLOSAN OR ZINC
CHLORIDE PREVENT GINGIVITIS AND,
ACCORDING TO THE AMERICAN DENTAL
ASSOCIATION, HELPS REDUCE TARTAR AND BAD
BREADTH. A 2006 REVIEW OF CLINICAL
RESEARCH CONCLUDED THERE WAS EVIDENCE
FOR PLAQUE AND GIGNIVITIS.
FLAVORANTS:-
TOOTHPASTE COMES IN A VARIETY OF COLOURS
AND FLAVORS INTENDED TO ENCOURAGE USE
OF THE PRODUCT. THREE MOST COMMON
FLAVORANTS ARE PEPPERMINT,SPEARMINT AND
WINTERGREEN. TOOTHPASTE FLAVORED WITH
PEPPERMINT-ANISE OIL IS POPULAR IN
MEDITERRANEAN REGION. THESE FLOVORS ARE
PROVIDEED BY THE RESPECTIVE OILS, E.G.
PEPPERMINT OIL. MORE EXOTIC FLAVORS
INCLUDE, ANETHOLE ANISE, APRICOT,
BUBBLEGUM, CINNAMON, FENNNEL, LAVANDER,
NEEM, GINGER, VANILLA, LEMON, ORANGE AND
PINE. MORE UNUSUAL FLAVORS HAVE BEEN
USED, E.G. PEANUT BUTTER, ICED TEA, AND
EVEN WHISKY. UNFLAVORED TOOTHPASTES
EXIST.
REMINERALIZER:-
HYDROXYAPATITE NANOCRYSTALS AND
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE ARE INCLUDED IN SOME
FORULATIONS FOR REMINERALIZATION, I.E. THE
REFORMATION OF ENAMEL.

MISCELLANEOUS COMPONENTS:-
AGENTS ARE ADDED TO SUPPRESS THE
TENDENCY OF TOOTHPASTE TO DRY INTO A
POWDER. INCLUDED ARE VARIOUS SUGAR
ALCOHOLS , SUCH AS GLYCEROL, SORBITOL, OR
XYLITOL, OR RELATED DERIVATIVES,SUCH AS
1,2-PROPYLENE GLYCOL AND
POLYETHYLENEGLYCOL STRONTIUM CHLORIDE
OR POTASSIUM NITRATE IS INCLUDED IN SOME
TOOTHPASTES TO REDUCES SENSITIVITY.
SODIUM POLYPHOSPHATE IS ADDED TO
MINIMIZE THE FORMATION OF TARTAR.

COLOUR OOF THE TOOTHPASTE: - WHITE

EXPEERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
TAKE APART OF FORMATION CO32-
THE SOLUTION AND WHITE OF PPT CONFIRMED
ADD MgSO4
SOLUTION.
TAKE A PART OF FORMATION Ca2+
SOLUTION AND ADD OF WHITE PPT CONFRIMED
AMMONIUM
HYDROXIDE(1-2ML)
TAKE A PART OF FORMATION PO42-
SOLUTION AND ADD OF WHITE PPT CONFRIMED.
MAGNESIUM
MIXTURE
(MIXTURE OF NH4Cl
AND NH4OH)
ACIDIFY A PORTION A YELLOW PPT I- IS
OF AQUEOUS IS FORMED CONFRIMED
SOLUTION WITH WHICH IS IN
DILUTE HNO3. BOIL SOLUBLE IN
AND COOL AND ADD NH4OH
AgNO3
TAKE SMALL SMELLS LIKE CH3COO-
QUANTITY OF THAT OF
SOLUTION AND ADD VINEGAR
OXALIC ACID
PREPARE THE PASTE
OF IT WITH A FEW
DROPS OF WATER
RUB AND SMELL
TO ONE PART OF NO REACTION Pb ABSENT
SOLUTION ADD KI
TO ONE PART OF THE A WHITE PPT IS Mg PRESENT
SOLUTION ADD FORMED
SOLID NH4OH IN
SLIGHT EXCESS AND
THEN ADD
AMMONIUM
PHOSPHATE

CHEMICAL REACTION:-
 CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO42-(WHITE PPT)
 CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
(CH3COO)2Ca+(MgCl4)2C2O4→2CHCOONa+
Ca2O4
 NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl
+H2O
 I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT).
 (COOH)2+2CH3COONA→ NO REACTION
 Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION
 MgCl2+ NH4OH(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+
2NH4 +H2O
TEST ON COLGATE COLOUR OF PASTE: -
WHITE
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
TAKE A PART OF FORMATION OF CO3 2-
THE SOLUTION AND WHITE PPT CONFRIMED
ADD
MgSO4SOLUTION
TAKE A PART OF FORMATION OF Ca2+
SOLUTION AND ADD WHITE PPT CONFRIMED
AMMONIUM
HYDROXIDE.
TAKE A PART OF FORMATION OF PO4
SOLUTION AND ADD WHITE PPT CONFRIMED
MAGNESIA
MIXTURE(MIXTURE
OF NH4OH) AND
ALLOW TO STAND
ACIDIFY A PORTION A YELLOW PPT I- CONFRIMED
OF AQUEOUS IS FORMED
SOLUTION WITH WHICH IS
DILUTE HCL.BOIL INSOLUBLE IN
AND COOL AND NH4OH
ADD AgNO3
TAKE A SMALL SMELL LIKE CH3COO
QUANTITY OF THAT OF ABSENT
SOLUTION AND ADD VIEGAR
OXALIC ACID
PREPARE THE
PASTE OF IT WITH
FEW DROPS OF
WATER RUB AND
SMELL
TAKE ONE PART OF NO REACTION PB ABSENT
SOLUTION ADD KI
TO ONE PART OF A WHITE PPT IS Mg PRESENT
THE SOLUTION ADD FORMED.
SOLID NH4OH IN
SLIGHT EXCESS
THEN ADD
AMMONIUM
PHOSPHATE.
IONS PRESENT:-Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:-
 CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4 2-
 CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
 (CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2CHCOONH4+CaC2O4
 NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2O
 I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT)
 (COOH)2+2CH3COONa→NO REACTION
 Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION
 MgCL2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+
H2O
TEST ON CLOSE UP.
COLOUR OF THE PASTE: - RED GEL
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
TAKE A PART OF FORMATION OF CO3 2-
THE SOLUTION AND WHITE PPT CONFRIMED
ADD
MgSO4SOLUTION
TAKE A PART OF FORMATION OF Ca2+
SOLUTION AND ADD WHITE PPT CONFRIMED
AMMONIUM OXALIC
(1-2ML) AMMONIUM
HYDROXIDE.
TAKE A PART OF FORMATION OF PO4
SOLUTION AND ADD WHITE PPT CONFRIMED
MAGNESIA
MIXTURE(MIXTURE
OF NH4OH) AND
ALLOW TO STAND
ACIDIFY A PORTION FORMATION I- CONFRIMED
OF AQUEOUS WHITE PPT
SOLUTION WITH
DILUTE HNO3.BOIL
AND COOL AND
ADD AgNO3
TAKE A SMALL FORMATION CH3COO
QUANTITY OF WHITE PPT PRESENT
SOLUTION AND ADD
KI
TAKE ONE PART OF FORMATION PB ABSENT
SOLUTION ADD KI WHITE PPT
TO ONE PART OF A WHITE PPT IS Mg PRESENT
THE SOLUTION ADD FORMED.
SOLID NH4OH IN
SLIGHT EXCESS
THEN ADD
AMMONIUM
PHOSPHATE.

IONS PRESENT: - Mg, I, PO4, Ca, CO3,

CH3COO
CHEMICAL REACTIONS:-
 CO3+MgSO4→MgCO3+SO4(WHITE PPT)
 CO3+2CH3COOH→(CH3COO)2Ca+H2O
 (CH3COO)2Ca+(NH4)2C2O4→2CHCOONH4+CaC2O4
 NaHPO4+MgCl2+NH4OH→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NaCl+H2
O
  I+AgNO3→NO3+AgI (YELLOW PPT)
 (COOH)2+2CH3COONa→NO REACTION
 Pb+2KI→ NO REACTION
 MgCL2+NH4OH+(NH3)2HPO4→Mg(NH4)PO4+2NH4+
H2O

CONCLUSION:-
HENCE AFTER TESTING DIFFERENT
SAMPLES OF TOOTHPASTE, WE FIND
THAT COLGATE HAS ALL NECESSARY
FOR STRONGER AND WHITER TEETH.
ANIONS:- CATIONS:-
OH- H+
SO42- Ca2+
CO32- Cu2+
CL- Fe3+
Br - Fe2+
I- NH4+
NO3-
SAFETY TIPS WHILE DOING THIS
EXPERIMENT:-
 WEAR EYE PROTECTION. AMMONIA
SOLUTION CAUSES BURNS AND GIVES OFF
AMMONIA VAPOURS WHICH IRRITATES THE
EYES, LUNGS AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.
 SODIUM HYDROXIDE CAN CAUSE BURNS
AND IS DANGEROUS TO THE EYES.
 HYDROCHLORIC ACID CAN CAUSE BURNS.
 BARIUM CHLORIDE IS HARMFUL BY
INHALATION AN IF SWALLOWED.
 NITRIC ACID CAUSES BURNS.
THANK YOU