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Gauss Egregium

1) The document presents a proof of Gauss's Theorema Egregium, which states that the Gaussian curvature of a surface can be computed intrinsically from the first and second fundamental forms. 2) It derives expressions for the entries in the determinant representations of the first and second fundamental forms. 3) By substituting these expressions into the formula for Gaussian curvature in terms of the first and second fundamental forms, it arrives at an intrinsic formula for Gaussian curvature in local coordinates, proving the Theorema Egregium.

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vanita goyal
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63 views2 pages

Gauss Egregium

1) The document presents a proof of Gauss's Theorema Egregium, which states that the Gaussian curvature of a surface can be computed intrinsically from the first and second fundamental forms. 2) It derives expressions for the entries in the determinant representations of the first and second fundamental forms. 3) By substituting these expressions into the formula for Gaussian curvature in terms of the first and second fundamental forms, it arrives at an intrinsic formula for Gaussian curvature in local coordinates, proving the Theorema Egregium.

Uploaded by

vanita goyal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A Proof Gauss Theorema Egregium

G. Santhanam

Let S be a regular surface in R3 . Let p be a point in S and (U, ϕ) be a local coordinate


system around the point p. That is there exists an open set V in R2 and a map ϕ : V → U
such that the map ϕ is a homeomorphism of V on to U and the derivative dϕ : R2 → R3 is
one-one. If we denote a point in U as ϕ(u, v), we let ϕu := dϕ(u,v) (e1 ) and ϕv := dϕ(u,v) (e2 )
in the coordinate neighbourhood U of p.
Let E := hϕu , ϕu i, F := hϕu , ϕv i and G := hϕv , ϕv i. In the coordinate system a unit
ϕu ×ϕv
normal to the surface is written as N := k ϕ u ×ϕv k
in U . In this coordinate neighbourhood U ,
the Gauss curvature of S is given by
hNu , ϕu i hNv , ϕv i − hNu , ϕv i2
.
EG − F 2
Using Leibnitz’ rule for differentiation, we write hNu , ϕu i = − hN, ϕuu i, hNu , ϕv i = − hN, ϕuv i
and hNv , ϕv i = − hN, ϕvv i. Hence the curvature of the surface S is written as
hϕ × ϕv , ϕuu i hϕ × ϕv , ϕvv i − hϕ × ϕv , ϕuv i2
K= .
(EG − F 2 )2
Let a, b and c be three vectors in R3 . If a × b denotes the cross product of the vectors a and
b, then ha × b, ci = det[a, b, c]. We use this to write
hϕ × ϕv , ϕuu i hϕ × ϕv , ϕvv i = det[ϕu , ϕv , ϕuu ] det[ϕu , ϕv , ϕvv ]t
 
hϕu , ϕu i hϕu , ϕv i hϕuu , ϕu i
= det  hϕu , ϕv i hϕv , ϕv i hϕv , ϕuu i 
hϕvv , ϕu i hϕvv , ϕv i hϕuu , ϕvv i
and
hϕ × ϕv , ϕuv i2 = det[ϕuv , ϕu , ϕv ]2
 
hϕu , ϕu i hϕu , ϕv i hϕu , ϕuv i
= det  hϕu , ϕv i hϕv , ϕv i hϕv , ϕuv i  .
hϕu , ϕuv i hϕv , ϕuv i hϕuv , ϕuv i
Let us now compute the entries in each of these matrices.
∂
hϕuu , ϕvv i = hϕu , ϕvv i − hϕu , ϕvvu i
∂u 
∂ ∂
= hϕu , ϕv i − hϕuv , ϕv i − hϕu , ϕvvu i
∂u ∂v
 
1 ∂
= Fuv − Guu − hϕu , ϕuv i − hϕuv , ϕuv i
2 ∂v
1 1
= Fuv − Guu − Evv + hϕuv , ϕuv i ,
2 2

1
∂
hϕuu , ϕv i = hϕu , ϕv i − hϕu , ϕuv i
∂u
1
= Fu − Ev ,
2
hϕuu , ϕu i = 12 Eu , hϕu , ϕvv i = Fv − 12 Gu and hϕv , ϕvv i = 12 Gv . Therefore
1
 
E F 2 Eu
hϕu × ϕv , ϕuu i hϕu × ϕv , ϕvv i = det  F G Fu − 12 Ev 
1 1 1 1 2
Fv − 2 Gu 2 Gv Fuv − 2 Evv − 2 Guu + kϕuv k
1
 
E F 2 Eu
= det  F G Fu − 12 Ev 
1 1 1 1
Fv − 2 Gu 2 Gv Fuv − 2 Evv − 2 Guu
 
E F 0
+ det  F G 0 
1 1
Fv − 2 Gu 2 Gv kϕuv k2
and
 
hϕuv , ϕuv i hϕuv , ϕu i hϕuv , ϕv i
hϕu × ϕv , ϕuv i2 = det  hϕu , ϕuv i hϕu , ϕu i hϕu , ϕv i 
hϕv , ϕuv i hϕu , ϕv i hϕv , ϕv i
1
 
E F 2 Ev
1
det  F G 2 Gu

1 1 2
2 Ev 2 Gu kϕuv k
1
 
E F 2 Ev
1
= det  F G 2 Gu

1 1
2 Ev 2 Gu 0
 
E F 0
+ det  F G 0 .
1 1 2
2 Ev 2 Gu kϕuv k

We substitute all these expressions in the formula


2
K EG − F 2 = hϕu × ϕv , ϕuu i hϕu × ϕv , ϕvv i − hϕu × ϕv , ϕuv i2

to get
1
 
2 E F 2 Eu
K EG − F 2 = det  F G Fu − 21 Ev  (1)
1 1 1 1
Fv − 2 Gu 2 Gv Fuv − 2 Evv − 2 Guu
1
 
E F 2 Ev
1
− det  F G 2 Gu

1 1
2 Ev 2 Gu 0
Summarizing the discussion above, we have proved the following theorem.
Theorem 1 (Theorema Egregium). Let S be a regular surface in R3 . Then in a coordinate
neighbourhood (U, ϕ) of S, the Gauss curvature od S is given by Equation 1.

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