CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS

When you run code in Python, each statement is executed in the order in which they appear.
Programming languages like Python let you change the order in which code executes, allowing
you to skip statements or run certain statements over and over again. Programming constructs
that let you alter the order in which code executes are known as control flow statements.

IF STATEMENT

The most basic control flow statement in Python is the "if" statement. An if statement checks
whether some logical expression evaluates to true or false and then executes a code block if the
expression is true.

In Python, an if statement starts with if, followed by a logical expression and a colon. The code to
execute if the logical expression is true appears on the next line, indented from the if statement
above it by 4 spaces:

In [ ]: x=10 #Assign some vari

ables
y=5
if x>y: #If Statement
print("x is greater than y")

In this example we use two variables, x and y, which are used as part of the if statement to test
whether x is greater than y. As x is 10, and y is 5, we know that 10 is greater than 5, and so we
print to screen that "x is greater than y".

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 Example 1: If the number is positive, print an appropriate message

In [ ]: num = 3
if num>0:
print(num, "is a positive number.")

INDENTATION

Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define scope in the code. If statement, without
indentation will throw an error.

ELSE STATEMENT
If statements are often accompanied by else statements. Else statements come after if
statements and execute code in the event that logical expression checked by an if statement is
false:

Example 2: Take an input from the user to check how many days are
there in a leap year. Print a congratulatory message if the answer is
correct

In [ ]: days=int(input("How many days are there in a leap year?"))

if days == 366:
print("Congratulations")
else:
print("Please re-appear for the test")

Example 3: Ask the user, "if python is an interpreted language, yes or

no?". If the answer is correct send a message that he has cleared the

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 test else send a message that he has passed the test. In either case
print a Thanks message too!

In [ ]: answer=input("Is Python an Interpreted Language? Yes or No?").lower()

if answer=="yes":
print("You have cleared the Test")
else:
print("You have failed the test")

print("Thanks for appearing")

ELIF STATEMENT

The elif keyword is pythons way of saying "if the previous conditions were not true, then try this
condition".

In [ ]: x=33
y=33
if x>y:
print("x is greater than y")
elif x==y:
print("x and y are equal")

else:
print("x is less than y")

In this example x is equal to y, so the first condition is not true, but the elif condition is true, so we
print to screen that "x and y are equal".

Example 4: Ask the user "Which Python data type is an ordered

sequence?". If his answer is list or tuple, send him a test clearance
message else send him a message that his input is wrong. You
CANNOT use OR operator to solve this.

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 In [ ]: response=input("Which python datatype is an ordered sequence?").lower()
print("You entered: ", response)

if response=="list":
print("You have cleared the test.")
elif response=="tuple":
print("You have cleared the test.")
else:
print("Your input is wrong. Please try again!")

NESTED IF STATEMENTS

Some programs may have a code block under an “if” clause which subsequently has another
conditional block as the first statement.

In such a case, Python allows nesting of an if-else or if-elif-else inside another conditional clause.

Python doesn’t limit the level of nested conditions in a program. Given below is the syntax of a
multi-level nested if-elif-else statement.

EXAMPLE 5: # In this program, we input a number, check if the

number is positive or negative or zero and display an appropriate
message. This time we use nested if

In [ ]: num = float(input("Enter a number: "))

if num >= 0:
if num == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Positive number")
else:
print("Negative number")

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 EXAMPLE 6:

In [ ]: response = int(input("How many days are there in a leap year? "))
print("You entered:", response)

if response == 366 :
print("You have cleared the first level.")
response = input("What month has an extra day in leap year?? ").low
er()
if response == "february" :
print("You have cleared the test.")
else:
print("You have failed the test.")

else:
print("Your input is wrong, please try again.")

ASSIGNMENT ON CONTROL FLOW STATEMENTS

Question 1: Take values of length & breadth of a rectangle from the

user and check if it is square or not?

Question 2: Take two int values from user and print greatest among
them

Question 3: A shop will give discount of 10% if the cost of purchased

quantity is more than 1000. Ask user for quantity. Suppose, one unit
will cost 100. Judge and print total cost for user.

Question 4: A company decided to give bonus of 5% to employee if

his/her year of service is more than 5 years. Ask user for their salary

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 and year of service and print the net bonus amount.

Question 5: A school has following rules for grading system:

a. Below 25 - F b. 25 to 45 - E c. 45 to 50 - D d. 50 to 60 - C e. 60 to 80 - B f. Above 80 - A Ask user to enter marks and
print the corresponding grade.

Question 6: A student will not be allowed to sit in exam if his/her

attendance is less than 75%. Take following input from user: Number
of classes held. Number of classes attended. And print percentage of
class attended. Is student is allowed to sit in exam or not.

ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT ON CONTROL FLOW

STATEMENTS

ANSWER 1:

In [ ]: length=int(input("Enter Length:"))

breadth=int(input("Enter Breadth:"))

if length==breadth:
print("Yes, it is a square")
else:
print("No, it is a rectangle")

ANSWER 2:

In [ ]: first=int(input("Enter first number:"))

second=int(input("Enter second number:"))

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 if first>second:
print("first number is greater,", first)
elif first<second:
print("second number is greater,", second)
else:
print("both are equal")

ANSWER 3:

In [ ]: quantity=int(input("Enter the quantity:"))

if quantity*100>1000:
print("Cost is", ((quantity*100)-(0.1*quantity*100)))
else:
print("Cost is", quantity*100)

In [ ]: quantity=int(input("Enter the quantity:"))

if quantity*100>1000:
print("Cost is", ((quantity*100)-(0.1*quantity*100)))
else:
print("Cost is", quantity*100)

ANSWER 4:

In [ ]: salary=int(input("Enter the Salary: "))

yos=int(input("No. of Years of Service: "))
if yos>5:
print("Bonus is", 0.05*salary)
else:
print("No Bonus")

In [ ]: salary=int(input("Enter the Salary: "))

yos=int(input("No. of Years of Service: "))
if yos>5:
print("Bonus is", 0.05*salary)

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 else:
print("No Bonus")

ANSWER 5:

In [ ]: marks=int(input("Enter the marks: "))

if marks<25:
print("F")
elif marks>=25 and marks<45:
print("E")
elif marks>=45 and marks<50:
print("D")
elif marks>=50 and marks<60:
print("C")
elif marks>=60 and marks<80:
print("B")
else:
print("A")

In [ ]: marks=int(input("Enter the marks: "))

if marks<25:
print("F")
elif marks>=25 and marks<45:
print("E")
elif marks>=45 and marks<50:
print("D")
elif marks>=50 and marks<60:
print("C")
elif marks>=60 and marks<80:
print("B")
else:
print("A")

ANSWER 6:

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 In [ ]: classesheld=int(input("Enter number of classes held: "))
classesattended=int(input("Enter number of classes attended: "))
atten=(classesattended/classesheld)*100
satten=str(atten)
print("Attendance is", satten,"%")
if atten>=75.0:
print("You are allowed to sit in the exam")
else:
print("Please attend more classes")

In [ ]: classesheld=int(input("Enter number of classes held: "))

classesattended=int(input("Enter number of classes attended: "))
atten=(classesattended/classesheld)*100
satten=str(atten)
print("Attendance is", satten,"%")
if atten>=75.0:
print("You are allowed to sit in the exam")
else:
print("Please attend more classes")

RANGE

The range() function defaults to 0 as a starting value, however it is possible to specify the starting
value by adding a parameter: range(2, 6), which means values from 2 to 6 (but not including 6):

In [1]: for x in range(6):

print(x)

0
1
2
3
4
5

The range() function defaults to increment the sequence by 1, however it is possible to specify

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 the increment value by adding a third parameter: range(2, 30, 3):

In [2]: for x in range(2,101,10):

print(x)

2
12
22
32
42
52
62
72
82
92

likewise it can be used in case of strings:

In [7]: for letter in "Welcomel india":

if letter == "l":
print('Current Letter:',letter)

Current Letter: l
Current Letter: l

FOR LOOP
For loops are a programming construct that let you go through each item in a sequence and then
perform some operation on each one. For instance, you could use a for loop to go through all the
values in a list, tuple, dictionary or series and check whether each conforms to some logical
expression or print the value to the console.

In [8]: # Example 1:

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 cars=["Maruti", "Honda", "Toyota"]
for x in cars:
print(x)

Maruti
Honda
Toyota

In [9]: # Example 2:

for x in "banana":
print(x)

b
a
n
a
n
a

In [13]: # Example 3:

mysequence=tuple(range(0,101,10))
for number in mysequence:
print(number+100)

100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200

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 Practice Questions

Question 1: Using For Loop, Write a program which will find all such
numbers which are divisible by 7 but are not a multiple of 5, between
2000 and 3200 (both included). The numbers obtained should be
printed in a comma-separated sequence on a single line.

Question 2: With a given integral number n, write a program to

generate a dictionary that contains (i, i*i) such that is an integral
number between 1 and n (both included). and then the program
should print the dictionary. Suppose the following input is supplied to
the program:
8

Then, the output should be: {1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64}

Question 3: Go through the string below and if the length of a word is

even print "even!"
st = 'Print every word in this sentence that has an even number of letters'

Question 4: Take a list, say for example this one:

a = [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]

and write a program that prints out all the elements of the list that are less than 5.

Answer 1:

In [14]: a=range(2000,3201)

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 z=[]
for a1 in a:
if a1%7==0 and a1%5==0:
a1+=1
elif a1%7==0:
z.append(a1)
a1+=1

print(z)

[2002, 2009, 2016, 2023, 2037, 2044, 2051, 2058, 2072, 2079, 2086, 209
3, 2107, 2114, 2121, 2128, 2142, 2149, 2156, 2163, 2177, 2184, 2191, 21
98, 2212, 2219, 2226, 2233, 2247, 2254, 2261, 2268, 2282, 2289, 2296, 2
303, 2317, 2324, 2331, 2338, 2352, 2359, 2366, 2373, 2387, 2394, 2401,
2408, 2422, 2429, 2436, 2443, 2457, 2464, 2471, 2478, 2492, 2499, 2506,
2513, 2527, 2534, 2541, 2548, 2562, 2569, 2576, 2583, 2597, 2604, 2611,
2618, 2632, 2639, 2646, 2653, 2667, 2674, 2681, 2688, 2702, 2709, 2716,
2723, 2737, 2744, 2751, 2758, 2772, 2779, 2786, 2793, 2807, 2814, 2821,
2828, 2842, 2849, 2856, 2863, 2877, 2884, 2891, 2898, 2912, 2919, 2926,
2933, 2947, 2954, 2961, 2968, 2982, 2989, 2996, 3003, 3017, 3024, 3031,
3038, 3052, 3059, 3066, 3073, 3087, 3094, 3101, 3108, 3122, 3129, 3136,
3143, 3157, 3164, 3171, 3178, 3192, 3199]

Answer 2:

In [ ]: n=int(input("Enter any number!\n"))

d={}
for i in range(1,n+1):
d[i]=i*i
print(d)

Answer 3:

In [17]: w=[]
st = 'Print every word in this sentence that has an even number of lett
ers'

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 z=st.split()
for i in z:
if len(i)%2==0:
w.append(i)
#else:
#w.append("Odd")
print(w)

['word', 'in', 'this', 'sentence', 'that', 'an', 'even', 'number', 'o

f']

In [16]: z

Out[16]: ['Print',
'every',
'word',
'in',
'this',
'sentence',
'that',
'has',
'an',
'even',
'number',
'of',
'letters']

Answer 4:

In [18]: a = [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89]

x=a
for x in a:
if x <= 5:
print('this value of this index is less than 5 and it is', x)

this value of this index is less than 5 and it is 1

this value of this index is less than 5 and it is 1
this value of this index is less than 5 and it is 2

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 this value of this index is less than 5 and it is 3
this value of this index is less than 5 and it is 5

WHILE LOOP
While loops are similar to for loops in that they allow you to execute code over and over again.
For loops execute their contents, at most, a number of iterations equal to the length of the
sequence you are looping over. While loops, on the other hand, keep executing their contents as
long as a logical expression you supply remains true:

In [19]: # Example 1:

x=5
i=0
while i<x: #print as long as the iteration(i) is less than x
print ("India")
i=i+1 #incrementing the iteration by 1 each time the loop executes

India
India
India
India
India

QUESTION 1: Using While Loop, write a program which enables the

user to extract words from a string which start from a particular
alphabet (which will be inputted by the User)?
z="This is Great Guru Gram City Clean Class"

QUESTION 2: Using While Loop, Write a program which will find all
such numbers which are divisible by 7 but are not a multiple of 5,

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 between 2000 and 3200 (both included). The numbers obtained should
be printed in a comma-separated sequence on a single line.

SOLUTIONS

ANSWER 1:

In [20]: z="This is Great Gurgaon Gram City Clean Class"

x=input("Words starting with which alphabet should be extracted?\n").up
per()
k=z.split()
w=len(k)
t=0
while t<w:
if k[t][0] == x:
print(k[t])
t+=1
else:
t+=1

Words starting with which alphabet should be extracted?

g
Great
Gurgaon
Gram

In [ ]: z="This is Great Gurgaon Gram City Clean Class"

x=input("Words starting with which alphabet should be extracted?\n").up
per()
k=z.split()
w=len(k)
t=0
while t<w:
if k[t][0] == x:
print(k[t])
t+=1

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 else:
t+=1

CONTINUE & BREAK

While loops can get you into trouble because they keep executing until the logical statement
provided is false. If you supply a logical statement that will never become false and don't provide
a way to break out of the while loop, it will run forever. For instance, if the while loop above didn't
include the statement incrementing the value of iters by 1, the logical statement would never
become false and the code would run forever. Infinite while loops are a common cause of
program crashes.

The CONTINUE AND BREAK STATEMENTS work inside while loops just like they do in for
loops. You can use the break statement to escape a while loop even if the logical expression you
supplied is true. Consider the following while loop:

In [21]: while True: #True is always TRUE!

print("Enjoy")
break #but we break the Loop here

Enjoy

In [22]: x = 100
while x < 110:
print(x)
if x==103:
break
x=x+1

100
101
102
103

In [23]: for letter in "Welcome":

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 if letter == "l":
break
print('Current Letter:',letter)

Current Letter: W
Current Letter: e

With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration, and continue with the next:

In [24]: x = 100
while x < 110:
x=x+1
if 104<=x<=107:
continue
print(x)

101
102
103
108
109
110

In the above example, the iteration is stopped for values of x: 104,105,106 and then continues
for the remaining values till x<110

In [25]: for letter in "Welcome":

if letter == "l":
continue
print('Current Letter:',letter)

Current Letter: W
Current Letter: e
Current Letter: c
Current Letter: o
Current Letter: m
Current Letter: e

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 In [26]: for letter in 'Python':
if letter == 'h':
pass

print ('Current Letter :', letter)

print ("Good bye!")

Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
Current Letter : h
Current Letter : o
Current Letter : n
Good bye!

PASS

You can consider python pass statement as no operation statement. The difference between
Python comments and pass statement is; comments are being eliminated while interpreting the
program but pass statement does not. It consumes execution cycle like a valid statement. For
example, for printing only the odd numbers from a list, our program flow will be

List <- a list of number for each number in the list: if the number is even, then, do nothing else print odd number

In [27]: #Generate a list of number

numbers = [ 1, 2, 4, 3, 6, 5, 7, 10, 9 ]
#Check for each number that belongs to the list
for number in numbers:
#check if the number is even
if number % 2 == 0:
#if even, then pass ( No operation )
pass
else:
#print the odd numbers
print (number)

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 3
5
7
9

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