SWITCHGEAR

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Scope.............................................................................................................1
2. General.........................................................................................................1
3. Service condition.........................................................................................1
3.1. Normal service conditions........................................................................................1
3.2. Unusual service conditions.......................................................................................2
4. Definitions....................................................................................................2
5. Circuit breaker type....................................................................................6
5.1. Kinds of AC circuit breakers....................................................................................6
5.2. Application of circuit breaker type...........................................................................7
6. Selection of circuit breaker.........................................................................7
7. Selection of MCSG....................................................................................10
7.1. Design.....................................................................................................................10
7.2. Rating......................................................................................................................11
8. Selection of GIS.........................................................................................14
8.1. Design.....................................................................................................................14
8.2. Rating.....................................................................................................................15
8.3. DS and ES...............................................................................................................18
8.4. Bus..........................................................................................................................18
8.5. CT...........................................................................................................................18
8.6. PT...........................................................................................................................18
8.7. The others...............................................................................................................18
9. Nameplates..................................................................................................19

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 LIST OF TABLES

< Table 1 > Application of circuit breaker type.................................................................7

< Table 2 > Rated voltage..................................................................................................7
< Table 3 > Rated insulation levels...................................................................................8
< Table 4 > Normal current, short-time withstand current and peak current....................8
< Table 5 > DC, AC voltage for control............................................................................9
< Table 6 > Rated break time............................................................................................9
< Table 7 > Rated voltage................................................................................................11
< Table 8 > Rated insulation levels.................................................................................12
< Table 9 > Normal current, short-time withstand current and peak current..................12
< Table 10 > DC, AC voltage for control........................................................................13
< Table 11 > Rated break time.........................................................................................13
< Table 12 > Rated voltage..............................................................................................15
< Table 13 > Rated insulation levels...............................................................................16
< Table 14 > Normal current, short-time withstand current and peak current................16
< Table 15 > DC, AC voltage for control........................................................................17
< Table 16 > Rated break time........................................................................................17
< Table 17 > Rated insulation levels...............................................................................22
< Table 18 > Standard current ratings (A).......................................................................23
< Table 19 > Example of fault capacity calculation........................................................28
< Table 20 > Example of circuit breaker application......................................................28
< Table 21 > Rated duration of short circuit....................................................................29
< Table 22 > Rated operating sequence in KEPCO........................................................30
< Table 23 > Rated operating sequence...........................................................................30
< Table 24 > Application of other countries....................................................................30
< Table 25 > Rated break time........................................................................................31

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 LIST OF FIGURES

< Figure 1 > Circuit-breaker without switching resister...................................................5

< Figure 2 > Circuit-breaker with switching resister........................................................6
< Figure 3 > Simulated power system for fault calculations...........................................24

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 LIST OF APPENDIX

References ··················································································· 21
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Review of ratings for switchgear ·························································· 22
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 Monthly average temperature of the hottest month: + 40 °C

 Yearly average temperature: : + 30 °C

3.2. Unusual service conditions

Conditions other than those listed in above for the power transformer are considered to be
unusual. And manufacturers should discuss with purchaser for the unusual service
conditions

4. Definitions
 Switchgear
A general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated
control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices
and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting
structures, intended in principle for use in connection with generation, transmission,
distribution and conversion of electric energy

 Control-gear
A general term covering switching devices and their combination with associated
control, measuring, protective and regulating equipment, also assemblies of such devices
and equipment with associated interconnections, accessories, enclosures and supporting
structures, intended in principle for the control of electric energy consuming equipment

 Indoor switchgear and control-gear

Switchgear and control-gear designed solely for installation within a building or other
housing, where the switchgear and control-gear is protected against wind, rain, snow,
abnormal dirt deposits, abnormal condensation, ice and hoar frost

 Outdoor switchgear and control-gear

Switchgear and control-gear suitable for installation in the open air, i.e. capable of
withstanding wind, rain, snow, dirt deposits, condensation, ice and hoar frost.

 Metal-enclosed Switchgear (MCSG)

Switchgear assemblies with an external metal enclosure intended to be earthed and
completely assembled, except for external connections.

 Gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear (GIS)

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Metal-enclosed switchgear in which the insulation is obtained, at least partly, by an

insulating gas other than air at atmospheric pressure
Note) Three-phase enclosed gas-insulated switchgear applies to switchgear with the
three phases enclosed in a common enclosure. Single-phase enclosed gas-
insulated switchgear applies to switchgear with each phase enclosed in a single
independent enclosure.

 Gas-insulated switchgear enclosure

Part of gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear retaining the insulating gas under the
prescribed conditions necessary to maintain safely the highest insulation level,
protecting the equipment against external influence and providing a high degree of
protection to personnel

 Short-circuit current
An over-current resulting from a short circuit due to a fault or an incorrect connection in
an electric circuit

 Disconnect switch
A mechanical switching device which provides, in the open position, an isolating
distance in accordance with specified requirements

 Earthing switch
A mechanical switching device for earthing parts of a circuit, capable of withstanding
for a specified time currents under abnormal conditions such as those of short circuit,
but it is not required to carry current under normal conditions of the circuit. An earthing
switch may have a short circuit making capacity.

 Breaking capacity
A value of prospective current that a switching device is capable of breaking at a stated
voltage under prescribed conditions of use and behavior

 Making capacity
A value of prospective making current that a switching device is capable of making at a
stated voltage under prescribed conditions of use and behavior

 Short-circuit breaking capacity

A breaking capacity for which the prescribed conditions include a short circuit at the
terminals of the switching device

 Short-time withstand current

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The current that a circuit or a switching device in the closed position can carry during a
specified short time under prescribed conditions of use and behavior

 Opening time
The opening time is the interval of time between the instant of energizing the opening
release, the circuit-breaker being in the closed position, and the instant when the arcing
contacts have separated in all poles. The opening time includes the operating time of any
auxiliary equipment necessary to open the circuit-breaker and forming an integral part of
the circuit-breaker.

 Arcing time
The interval of time between the instant of the first initiation of an arc and the instant of
final arc extinction in all poles

 Break time
The interval of time between the beginning of the opening time of a mechanical
switching device and the end of the arcing time

 Make time
The interval of time between energizing the closing circuit, the circuit breaker being in
the open position, and the instant when the current begins to flow in the first pole

 Closing time
The interval of time between energizing the closing circuit, the circuit breaker being in
the open position, and the instant when the contacts touch in all poles

 Pre-arcing time
The interval of time between the initiation of current flow in the first pole during a
closing operation and the instant when the contacts touch in all poles for three-phase
conditions

 Open-close time (during auto-re-closing)

The interval of time between the instant when the arcing contacts have separated in all
poles and the instant when the contacts touch in the first pole during a re-closing cycle

 Dead time (during auto-re-closing)

The interval of time between final arc extinction in all poles in the opening operation
and the first re-establishment of current in any pole in the subsequent closing operation

 Re-closing time

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The interval of time between the beginning of the opening time and the instant when the
contacts touch in all poles during a re-closing cycle

 Re-make time (during re-closing)

The interval of time between the beginning of the opening time and the first re-
establishment of current in any pole in the subsequent closing operation

 Close-open time
The interval of time between the instant when the contacts touch in the first pole during
a closing operation and the instant when the arcing contacts have separated in all poles
during the subsequent opening operation

 Pre-insertion time
The interval of time during a closing operation in any one pole between the instant of
contact touch in the closing resistor element and the instant of contact touch in the main
breaking unit of that pole

< Figure 0 > Circuit-breaker without switching resister

Closed position
Contact movement

Open position

Current flow Current flow

Time
Opening time Make time

Arcing time Pre-arcing time

Break time Closing time
Dead time
Open-close time
Re-make time
Re-closing time
Final arc extinction in all poles Contact touch in all poles
Energizing of closing circuit Contact touch in first poles
Separation arcing contacts in all poles
Start of current in first pole
Energizing of opening release

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< Figure 0 > Circuit-breaker with switching resister

Closed position
Contact movement

Open position

Current flow Current flow

Time
Opening time Make time

Arcing time Pre-arcing time

Break time Closing time
Pre-insertion time
Dead time
Open-close time
Re-make time
Re-closing time
Energizing of closing circuit Contact touch in all poles

Resister current Contact touch in first poles

Contact touch in the closing resister

-Start
Fullof current in first pole
current
Arc extinction in all poles

Full current
Separation arcing contacts in all poles

Energizing of opening release

5. Circuit breaker type

A circuit breaker is a mechanical switching device, capable of making, carrying and
breaking currents under normal circuit conditions and also making, carrying for a
specified time and breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions such as
those of short circuit

5.1. Kinds of AC circuit breakers

The circuit breakers are classified according to the arc quenching media as following
a) VCB (Vacuum Circuit-Breaker)
A circuit-breaker in which the contacts open and close within a highly evacuated
envelope

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b) GCB (Gas Circuit-Breaker)

A circuit-breaker in which the contacts open and close in gas such as SF6 gas

c) OCB (Oil Circuit-Breaker)

A circuit-breaker in which the contacts open and close in oil

d) ABB (Air Blast circuit-Breaker)

A circuit-breaker in which the contacts open and close through the compressed air

5.2. Application of circuit breaker type

AC circuit breakers apply according to the nominal system voltages as shown in table
bellow

< Table 0 > Application of circuit breaker type

Nominal voltages (kV) Circuit breaker Remark
11 VCB Indoor MCSG type
30 GCB Indoor GIS type
66 GCB Outdoor AIS type

6. Selection of circuit breaker

In this chapter, the characteristics of a circuit breaker including its operating devices and
auxiliary equipment for the primary side of the new 66 kV substation that shall be used to
determine the ratings are the following
a) Rated voltage
The rated voltage indicates the upper limits of the highest voltage of systems for which
circuit breaker is intended

< Table 0 > Rated voltage

Nominal voltage (kV) Rated voltage (kV) Remark
66 72.5 Outdoor type

b) Rated insulation level

The rated insulation levels of the 66 kV circuit breakers are given as shown bellow

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< Table 0 > Rated insulation levels

Power-frequency withstand Lightning impulse withstand
Rated voltage voltage (kV, rms) voltage (kV, peak)
(kV, rms) Across the Across the
Common value Common value
isolating distance isolating distance
72.5 140 160 325 375

c) Rated frequency
The standard values for the rated frequency is 50 Hz

d) Rated normal current

The rated normal current is the rms value of the current which the circuit breaker shall
be able to carry continuously without deterioration at its rated frequency, voltage, with
a temperature rise not exceeding the values specified in IEC 60694

e) Rated short-time withstand current

The rms value of the current which the circuit breaker can carry in the closed position
during a specified short-time (2s), the standard value shall be equal to the short-circuit
rating assigned the circuit breaker

f) Rated peak withstand current

The peak current associated with the first major loop of the rated short-time withstand
current which the circuit breaker can carry in the closed position. For a rated frequency
of 50 Hz and bellow it is equal to 2.5 times the rated short-time withstand current

< Table 0 > Normal current, short-time withstand current and peak current
Rated voltages Rated normal Rated short-time withstand Rated peak withstand
[kV] current [A] current [kA, rms] current [kA, peak]
72.5 2,000, (400) 31.5 80
Note)
1. ( ) : For transformer bay
2. Normal current calculation of 66 kV switchgear
Based on ACSR 315㎟ (a 66 kV feeder): 1,040 A×90%(Utilization rate) = 936 (A).
However, if we assumed the voltage drop by 0.5%, the current is 1,037A

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(983×1.05), therefore, considering the sufficient margin. Set the rated normal
current as 2,000 A
3. Normal current calculation of transformer bay
Based on 25 MVA: 219 A, therefore, considering the sufficient margin, set the rated
normal current as 400 A

g) Rated duration of short-circuit

The interval of time for which circuit breaker can carry in the closed position, a current
equal to its rated short-time withstand current. The standard values of rated duration of
short-circuit is 2s

h) Rated supply voltage for control circuit

The relative tolerance of AC and DC power supply in normal duty measured at the
input of the auxiliary equipment is 85% to 110%
< Table 0 > DC, AC voltage for control
DC voltage (V) AC 3Ø, 3W or 4W system (V) AC 1Ø, 2W system (V)
110 400 / 230 230

i) Rated operating sequence

The rated operating sequence means successive operating conditions when the circuit
breaker is closed and opened more than 1~2 times. For rapid auto-reclosing, the
operating sequence is following below

O – 0.3s – CO – 3min - O

j) Rated break time

The rated break time is defined as the limit of the breaking time, under all ratings and
regulations of circuit conditions, when the circuit breaker opens the rated short-time
withstand current according to the rated operating sequence. The break time should not
exceed the rated break time when the circuit breaker opens more than 30% of the rated
short-circuit withstand current under the rated voltage

< Table 0 > Rated break time

Rated voltage (kV) Rated break time (cycle) Remark
72.5 3

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7. Selection of MCSG
In this chapter, the characteristics of a MCSG including its operating devices and
auxiliary equipment for the secondary side of the new 66 kV, 30 kV substations that shall
be used to determine the ratings are the following

7.1. Design
a) MCSG shall be designed so that normal service, inspection and maintenance
operations, determination of the energized or de-energized state of the circuit breaker
can be carried out safely

b) Also, all removable parts and components of the same type and rating shall be
mechanically and electrically interchangeable

7.1.1. Earthing
The earthing circuit is normally designed for a single short-circuit withstand.
a) Main circuit
To ensure personnel protection during maintenance work, all parts of the main circuit
to which access is required or provided shall be capable of being earthed prior to
becoming accessible

b) Enclosure
Each functional unit shall be connected to earthing conductor. All the metallic parts
intended to be earthed and not belonging to a main or auxiliary circuit shall also be
connected to the earthing conductor directly or through metallic structural parts. Also,
the interconnection between the adjacent units shall be capable of carrying the rated
short-time and peak withstand current for the earthing circuit

c) Removable parts
The normally earthed metallic parts of a removable part shall remain connected to earth
in the test and disconnected position and in any position. On insertion, the normally
earthed metallic parts of a removable part shall be connected to earth prior to the
making of the contacts of the fixed and removable parts of the main circuit.

7.1.2. Stored energy operation

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a) A switching device arranged for stored energy operation shall be capable of making
and breaking its rated short-circuit current

b) Motor and their electrically operated auxiliary equipment for charging a spring or for
driving a compressor or pump shall operate satisfactorily between 85% and 110% of
the rated supply voltage.

7.1.3. Interlocking
Interlocks between different components of the equipment should be equipped for
protections and convenience of operation.
a) The withdrawal or engagement of a circuit breaker, switch or contactor shall be
prevented unless it is in the open position

b) Also, the interlock shall prevent the closing of circuit breaker, switch or contactor in
the service position unless any auxiliary circuits associated with the automatic
opening of these device are connected.

7.1.4. Enclosure
Enclosure shall be metallic and HV parts are completely enclosed by metallic partitions
or shutters intended to be earthed. Also, the enclosure shall provide at least the degree of
protection IP 2X, according to IEC 60694.

7.1.5. Compartment
A compartment shall be designated by the main component therein, for example, circuit-
breaker compartment, bus-bar compartment, cable compartment and so on.

7.2. Rating
a) Rated voltage
The rated voltage indicates the upper limits of the highest voltage of systems for which
circuit breaker is intended

< Table 0 > Rated voltage

Nominal voltage (kV) Rated voltage (kV) Remark
11 12 Indoor MCSG type

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b) Rated insulation level

The rated insulation levels of the 11 kV MCSG are given as shown bellow
< Table 0 > Rated insulation levels
Power-frequency withstand Lightning impulse withstand
Rated voltage voltage (kV, rms) voltage (kV, peak)
kV, rms) Across the Across the
Common value Common value
isolating distance isolating distance
12 28 32 75 85

c) Rated frequency
The standard values for the rated frequency is 50 Hz

d) Rated normal current

The rated normal current is the rms value of the current which the circuit breaker shall
be able to carry continuously without deterioration at its rated frequency, voltage, with
a temperature rise not exceeding the values specified in IEC 60694

e) Rated short-time withstand current

The rms value of the current which the circuit breaker can carry in the closed position
during a specified short-time (2s), the standard value shall be equal to the short-circuit
rating assigned the circuit breaker

f) Rated peak withstand current

The peak current associated with the first major loop of the rated short-time withstand
current which the circuit breaker can carry in the closed position. For a rated frequency
of 50 Hz and bellow it is equal to 2.5 times the rated short-time withstand current

< Table 0 > Normal current, short-time withstand current and peak current
Rated voltages Rated normal Rated short-time withstand Rated peak withstand
[kV] current [A] current [kA, rms] current [kA, peak]
12 2000, (630) 25 63
Note)
1. ( ): For each 11 kV feeder
2. Normal current calculation for 11 kV MCSG

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Based on 25 MVA (power transformer capacity): 1312 A, therefore, considering the

sufficient margin, set the rated normal current of MCSG as 2000 A
3. Normal current calculation of a 11 kV feeder
Based on XLPE 240㎟×3C(a 11 kV feeder): 363 A×90%(Utilization rate) = 327
(A). However, if we assumed the voltage drop by 0.5%, the current is 343A
(327×1.05), therefore, considering the sufficient margin. Set the rated normal
current as 630 A

g) Rated duration of short-circuit

The interval of time for which circuit breaker can carry in the closed position, a current
equal to its rated short-time withstand current. The standard values of rated duration of
short-circuit is 2s

h) Rated supply voltage for control circuit

The relative tolerance of AC and DC power supply in normal duty measured at the
input of the auxiliary equipment is 85% to 110%
< Table 0 > DC, AC voltage for control
DC voltage (V) AC 3Ø, 3W or 4W system (V) AC 1Ø, 2W system (V)
110 400 / 230 230

i) Rated operating sequence

The rated operating sequence means successive operating conditions when the circuit
breaker is closed and opened more than 1~2 times. For rapid auto-reclosing, the
operating sequence is following below
O – 0.3s – CO – 3min - O

j) Rated break time

The rated break time is defined as the limit of the breaking time, under all ratings and
regulations of circuit conditions, when the circuit breaker opens the rated short-time
withstand current according to the rated operating sequence. The break time should not
exceed the rated break time when the circuit breaker opens more than 30% of the rated
short-circuit withstand current under the rated voltage

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< Table 0 > Rated break time

Rated voltage (kV) Rated break time (cycle) Remark
12 5

8. Selection of GIS
In this chapter, the characteristics of a GIS including its operating devices and auxiliary
equipment for the primary side of the new 30 kV substations that shall be used to
determine the ratings are the following

8.1. Design
a) GIS shall be designed so that normal service, inspection and maintenance operation,
earthing of connected cables, and the elimination of dangerous electrostatic charges
can be carried out safely including the checking of phase sequence after installation
and extension
b) Also, all components of the same rating and construction which may need to be
replaced shall be interchangeable.

8.1.1. Component
GIS shall be composed with circuit-breaker (CB), dis-connector switch (DS), earthing
switch (ES), bus, current transformer (CT), voltage transformer (VT or PT), bushing and
lightning arrester (LA).

8.1.2. Requirement for gases in GIS

The required quantity, quality and density of the gas to be used in GIS comply with the
manufacturer’s recommendation.

8.1.3. Earthing
The frame of each device of GIS shall be provided with a reliable earthing terminal
having a clamping screw or bolt for connection to an earthing conductor suitable for
specified fault conditions
a) Main circuit
To ensure safety during maintenance work, all parts of the main circuit to which access
is required or provided shall be capable of being earthed. Also earthing may be made
by earthing switches with a making capacity equal to the rated peak withstand current,
if there is still a possibility that the circuit connected is live (e.g. line earthing switch)

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b) Enclosure
The enclosures shall be connected to earth. All metal parts which do not belong to a
main or an auxiliary circuit shall be earthed. For the interconnection of enclosures,
frames, so forth, fastening (e.g. bolting or welding) is acceptable for providing
electrical continuity.

8.1.4. Gas monitoring

The gas density or temperature compensated gas pressure in each compartment shall be
continuously monitored. The monitoring device shall be provide at least two sets of
alarm levels for pressure or density (alarm and minimum functional pressure or density)

8.1.5. Interlocking
a) Apparatus installed in main circuit, which are used for ensuring isolating distance
during maintenance work, shall be provided with locking facilities to prevent closing

b) Earthing switches shall be provided with locking facilities to avoid opening

c) Earthing switches should be interlocked with the associated dis-connector switch

d) Dis-connector switches should be interlocked with the associated circuit-breaker to

prevent opening or closing of the switch or dis-connector switches unless the
associated circuit breaker is open.

8.1.6. Enclosure
The enclosure shall be capable of withstanding the normal and transient pressures to
which it is subjected in service.

8.2. Rating
a) Rated voltage
The rated voltage indicates the upper limits of the highest voltage of systems for which
circuit breaker is intended

< Table 0 > Rated voltage

Nominal voltage (kV) Rated voltage (kV) Remark

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30 36 Indoor GIS type

b) Rated insulation level

The rated insulation levels of the 30 kV GIS are given as shown bellow
< Table 0 > Rated insulation levels
Power-frequency withstand Lightning impulse withstand
Rated voltage voltage (kV, rms) voltage (kV, peak)
kV, rms) Across the Across the
Common value Common value
isolating distance isolating distance
36 70 80 170 195

c) Rated frequency
The standard values for the rated frequency is 50 Hz

d) Rated normal current

The rated normal current is the rms value of the current which the circuit breaker shall
be able to carry continuously without deterioration at its rated frequency, voltage, with
a temperature rise not exceeding the values specified in IEC 60694

e) Rated short-time withstand current

The rms value of the current which the circuit breaker can carry in the closed position
during a specified short-time (2s), the standard value shall be equal to the short-circuit
rating assigned the circuit breaker

f) Rated peak withstand current

The peak current associated with the first major loop of the rated short-time withstand
current which the circuit breaker can carry in the closed position. For a rated frequency
of 50 Hz and bellow it is equal to 2.5 times the rated short-time withstand current

< Table 0 > Normal current, short-time withstand current and peak current
Rated voltages Rated normal Rated short-time withstand Rated peak withstand
[kV] current [A] current [kA, rms] current [kA, peak]
36 2000, (630) 31.5 80
Note)
1. ( ): For power transformer bay

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2. Normal current calculation of 30 kV GIS

Based on XLPE 630㎟×1C (a 30 kV feeder): 811 A×90%( Utilization rate) = 730
(A). However, if we assumed the voltage drop by 0.5%, the current is 767A
(730×1.05), therefore, considering the sufficient margin. Set the rated normal
current as 2,000 A
4. Normal current calculation of transformer bay
Based on 25 MVA: 481 A, therefore, considering the sufficient margin, set the rated
normal current as 630 A

g) Rated duration of short-circuit

The interval of time for which circuit breaker can carry in the closed position, a current
equal to its rated short-time withstand current. The standard values of rated duration of
short-circuit is 2s

h) Rated supply voltage for control circuit

The relative tolerance of AC and DC power supply in normal duty measured at the
input of the auxiliary equipment is 85% to 110%

< Table 0 > DC, AC voltage for control

DC voltage (V) AC 3Ø, 3W or 4W system (V) AC 1Ø, 2W system (V)
110 400 / 230 230

i) Rated operating sequence

The rated operating sequence means successive operating conditions when the circuit
breaker is closed and opened more than 1~2 times. For rapid auto-reclosing, the
operating sequence is following below
O – 0.3s – CO – 3min - O

j) Rated break time

The rated break time is defined as the limit of the breaking time, under all ratings and
regulations of circuit conditions, when the circuit breaker opens the rated short-time
withstand current according to the rated operating sequence. The break time should not
exceed the rated break time when the circuit breaker opens more than 30% of the rated
short-circuit withstand current under the rated voltage

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< Table 0 > Rated break time

Rated voltage (kV) Rated break time (cycle) Remark
36 3

8.3. DS and ES
The ratings and insulation levels for dis-connector and earthing switches comply with the
< table 13>, <table 14>

8.4. Bus
a) The main bus shall be formed as double bus, and each phase for bus composition shall
be accommodated in one enclosure

b) Outgoing and branch buses shall be applicable to manufacturer’s specification unless

the user requests for special specifications

8.5. CT
a) The insulation methods of CT applying to GIS shall be applicable to gas type CT or
mold type CT

b) CTs shall be suitable for GIS structure, also, characteristics and ratings comply with
the relevant specification

8.6. PT
The insulation methods of PT applying to GIS shall be applicable to gas type PT or mold
type PT

8.7. The others

a) SF6 GAS

 Specification of SF6 gas using the insulation medium in GIS complies with IEC
60376

 A gas compartment in GIS shall be divided up to pursue a convenience about the

management of gas, minimize the faults range when the fault or extension of GIS
occurs

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 Also, limit switches to monitoring the pressure condition and gas pressure gauges
shall be settled at suitable places to supervise and check

b) Arrangement of GIS
GIS shall be arranged considering the follow items

 Connection of relevant facilities such as the outgoing feeders, power transformers

and so on

 Final scale of substation and the plan for extension

 The operation, inspection and check, maintenance work of substation

9. Nameplates
 Switchgear and their operation devices shall be provided with nameplates which
contain the necessary information. And for outdoor switchgear, the nameplates and
their fixings shall be weatherproof and corrosion-proof

 Also, technical characteristics on nameplates and in documents which are common to

several kinds of high voltage switchgear shall be represented by the same symbols

 Rated characteristics to be given all circuit breakers

a) Rated voltage
b) Rated insulation level
c) Rated frequency
d) Rated normal current
e) Rated short-time withstand current
f) Rated peak withstand current
g) Rated duration of short-circuit
h) Rated supply voltage of closing and opening devices and of auxiliary circuits
i) Rated pressure of compressed gas supply and/or of hydraulic supply for operation,
interruption and insulation , as applicable
j) Rated short-circuit breaking current
k) Rated short-circuit making current
l) Rated operating sequence

 Rated characteristics to be given in the specific cases indicated below

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a) Characteristics for short-line faults related to the rated short-circuit breaking current,
for circuit-breakers designed for direct connection to overhead transmission lines and
rated at 52 kV and above and at more than 12,5 kA rated short-circuit breaking
current

b) Rated line-charging breaking current, for three-pole circuit-breakers intended for

switching over-head transmission lines (mandatory for circuit-breakers of rated
voltages equal to or greater than 72,5 kV)

c) Rated cable-charging breaking current, for three-pole circuit-breakers intended for

switching cables (mandatory for circuit-breakers of rated voltages equal to or less
than 52 kV)

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APPENDIX A: References

IEC 60694 Common specifications for high-voltage switchgear and control-

gear standards
IEC 62271-100 High-voltage switchgear and control-gear
: High-voltage alternating-current circuit-breakers
IEC 62271-102 High voltage switchgear and control-gear–Alternating current dis-
connectors and earthing switches
IEC 60071-1 Insulation Co-Ordination Part 1: Definitions, Principles and Rules
Seventh Edition
IEC 60050-441 International Electro technical Vocabulary Switchgear, control-gear
and fuses
IEC 62271-200 High-voltage switchgear and control-gear
AC metal-enclosed switchgear and control-gear for rated voltages
above 1 kV and up to and including 53 kV
IEC 62271-203 High-voltage switchgear and control-gear
Gas-insulated metal-enclosed switchgear for rated voltages above
52 kV
KEPCO Substation Design Standard,
Transmission and distribution electrical engineering-second
edition-by Dr C.R. Bayliss CEng FIEE

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APPENDIX B: Review of ratings for switchgear

1. Rated voltages
The rated voltage indicates the upper limit of the highest voltage of systems for which the
switchgear is intended. Standard values of rated voltages are given below;

a) Series Ⅰ
3.6 kV – 7.2 kV - 12 kV – 17.5 kV - 24 kV - 36 kV - 52 kV – 72.5 kV - 100 kV - 123
kV - 145 kV - 170 kV – 245 kV

b) Series Ⅱ (Based on the current practice in north America)

4.76 kV – 8.25 kV - 15 kV – 25.8 kV - 38 kV – 48.3 kV - 72.5 kV

2. Rated insulation level

The rated insulation level of switchgear shall be selected from the values given in tables.
In this tables, the withstand voltage values applies at the standardized reference
atmosphere specified in IEC 60071-1. For special service conditions, refer to the relevant
standards

< Table 0 > Rated insulation levels

Rated power-frequency withstand Rated lightning impulse withstand

Rated
voltage (kV, rms) voltage (kV, peak)
voltage
Across the Across the
(kV, rms) Common value Common value
isolating distance isolating distance
20 23
3.6 10 12
40 46
40 46
7.2 20 23
60 70
60 70
12 28 32
75 85

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75 85
17.5 38 45
95 110
95 110
24 50 60
125 145
145 165
36 70 80
170 195
52 95 110 250 290
72.5 140 160 325 375
150 175 380 440
100
185 210 450 520
185 210 450 520
123
230 265 550 630
230 265 550 630
145
275 315 650 750
275 315 650 750
170
325 375 750 860

3. Rated normal and short-time withstand current

The values of rated normal currents and rated short-time withstand current shall be
selected from the R 10 series, specified in IEC 60059. The R 10 series comprises the

number 1 – 1.25 – 1.6 – 2 – 2.5 – 3.15 – 4 – 5 – 6.3 – 8 and their products 10 n

< Table 0 > Standard current ratings (A)

1 1.25 1.6 2 2.5 3.15 4 5 6.3 8
10 12.5 16 20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80
100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800
1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000 5000 6300 8000
10000 12500 16000 20000 25000 31500 40000 50000 63000 80000
100000 125000 160000 200000
Note)
1. The steps may vary according to the equipment concerned, depending on their use or
properties
2. The selection of the values to be adopted should be considered in each case on its

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merits and it may be found that there are good grounds for choosing 1.5 – 3 – 6 – 7.5
instead of 1.6 – 3.15 – 6.3 – 8

4. Example of rated short-time withstand current

4.1. Simulated power system (all data assumed)

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< Figure 0 > Simulated power system for fault calculations

%Z=j4.204, %Z=j4.865, %Z=j2.372 G1 G2

△ △
%Z=j5.0 (at 100 MVA)
Y Y

220 kV #1T/L 220 kV #2T/L

ACSR 330㎟ ×2C (50 km) ACSR 330㎟ ×2C (45 km)
%Z=0.042+j0.2025 (%/km)
%Z=0.042+j0.3454 (%/km)

220/66 kV S/S △ △
%Z=j3.44 (at 100 MVA)
Y Y

66 kV #1T/L 66 kV #2T/L
ACSR 240㎟×2C (15 km) ACSR 240㎟×2C (20 km)
%Z=0.0567+j0.2058 (%/km)
%Z=0.0494+j0.3471 (%/km)
66 kV #3T/L
ACSR 240㎟×2C (25 km)

△ △ 66/11 kV A S/S △ △
%Z=j9.77 (at 20 MVA)
Y Y Y Y
66 kV #4T/L
ACSR 240㎟×2C (30 km)

△ △
11kV Line
Y Y
66/11 kV B S/S Z=Positive phase sequence impedance
Z=Negative phase sequence impedance
Z= Zero phase sequence impedance
Z=Taken as equal to Z

11kV Line

4.2. Required data

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a) Impedance data

◊ Generator: %Z=j4.204, %Z=j4.865, %Z=j2.372

◊ 220 kV step up Tr: %Z=j5.0 (at 100 MVA)
◊ 220 kV T/L: %Z=0.042+j0.2025 (%/km), %Z=0.042+j0.3454 (%/km)
◊ 220 / 66 kV Tr: %Z=j3.44 (at 100 MVA)
◊ 66 kV T/L: %Z=0.0567+j0.2058 (%/km), %Z=0.0494+j0.3471 (%/km)
◊ 66 / 11 kV Tr: %Z=j9.77 (at 20 MVA), convert into 100 MVA
=

b) Faults Calculation Equation by Percent Impedance

◊ Three-phase faults calculation [= 100MVA]

◊ Phase-to-phase faults calculation [= 100MVA]

◊ Phase-to-ground faults calculation [= 100MVA]

4.3. Calculation for three phase fault current

: Consider only the Positive phase sequence impedance ( Z 1 )
a) Impedance of bus in power plant
Generators and Transformers are connected with series and two sets are composed of
parallel
Z g1  Z t1 j 4.204  j 5.0
% Z1    j 4.602
2 2

b) Impedance of 220 kV #1T/L

%Z 1 / km = 0.042 + j0.2025 and two circuits are composed of parallel.

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(0.042  j 0.2025)  50km

%Z1   1.05  j 5.0625
2

c) Impedance of 220 kV #2T/L

%Z 1 /km = 0.042 + j0.2025 and two circuits are composed of parallel.

(0.042  j 0.2025)  45km

%Z1   0.945  j 4.5563
2

d) Impedance of 220 kV bus in 220 kV substation

Impedance of bus in power plant + Impedance of 220 kV #1, 2T/L
(1.05  j 5.06)  (0.95  j 4.56) (22.08  j 9.6)
% Z 1  j 4.602  = j 4.602 + =
(1.05  j 5.06)  (0.95  j 4.56) ( 2.0  j 9.62)
( 22.08  j 9.6)  (2.0  j 9.62)
j 4.602 +  0.50  j 7.0
(2.0  j 9.62)  (2.0  j 9.62)

e) Impedance of 66 kV bus in 220 kV substation

Impedance of 220 kV bus in 220 kV substation + Impedance of 220 / 66 kV Tr 2bank
j 3.44
% Z 1  (0.50  j 7.0)   0.50  j8.72
2

f) Impedance of 66 kV T/L

(0.0567  j 0.2058)  15km

#1T/L, % Z1   0.43  j1.54
2

(0.0567  j 0.2058)  20km

#2T/L, % Z 1   0.57  j 2.06
2

(0.0567  j 0.2058)  25km

#3T/L, %Z 1   0.71  j 2.57
2

(0.0567  j 0.2058)  30km

#4T/L, % Z 1   0.85  j 3.09
2

g) Impedance of 66 kV bus in 66/11 kV “A” substation

Impedance of 66 kV bus in 220 kV substation + Impedance of 66 kV #1, 2, 3T/L

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 Switchgear

(#1T / L)  (#2T / L#3T / L)

%Z1  (0.50  j8.72)   (0.50  j8.72)  (0.21  j1.1
(#1T / L)  (#2T / L#3T / L)
 0.71  j 9.84

h) Impedance of 66 kV bus in 66/11 kV “B” substation

Impedance of 66 kV bus in 66/11 kV “A” substation + Impedance of 66 kV #4T/L
% Z 1  (0.71  j 9.84)  (0.85  j 3.09)  1.56  j12.93

i) Impedance of 11 kV bus in 66/11 kV “B” substation

Impedance of 66 kV bus in 66/11 kV “B” substation + Impedance of 66 / 11 kV Tr
2bank
j 48.85
%Z 1 = (0.71 + j9.84) + % Z1  (0.71  j 9.84)   0.71  j 34.27
2
Therefore,
100 100 Pbase 100 100  10 6
I 3s   I base      15,311 A
%Z1 %Z1 3  11kV  10 3 (0.71  j 34.27) 3  11  10 3

4.4. Calculation for phase-to-ground fault current

a) Zero phase sequence impedance (Z 0 )
Since the fault current can’t go through the △connections when a grounding fault
occurs at power system, only consider Y connections
Therefore, Zero phase sequence impedance at the fault point
j 48.85
Z0   j 24.43
2

G Z g 0 Zt 0 Zl 0 Zt 0 Zl 0 Zt 0

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b) Positive phase sequence impedance (Z 1 )

%Z 1 = 0.71 + j34.27

c) Negative phase sequence impedance (Z 2 )

%Z 2 =Taken as equal to %Z 1
Therefore, ground-to-phase fault current can be calculated as shown.
300
Ig   I base
%Z 0  %Z1  %Z 2
300 Pbase
   16,931A
( j 24.43)  (0.71  j 34.27)  (0.71  j 34.27) 3  11  10 3

4.5. Selection of the rated short-time withstand current

a) However, in a complicated network system, the handwork is not easy to calculate the
faults current and impedance for selection of the rated short-time withstand current.
Generally, computer programs are used to manage the network system continuously

b) The maximum fault current shall be selected large value between three phase fault
current and phase-to-ground fault current, so that the maximum fault current shall be
selected as 16,931 [A] according to the above results

c) Also, the fault capacity shall be calculated according to bellow equation as shown.
P 3 V  I

P: faults capacity
V: rated voltage
I: faults current
However, it is necessary to add the sufficient margin at the calculated fault capacity
when adopting the circuit breaker

< Table 0 > Example of fault capacity calculation

Rated voltage Fault current Equation Fault capacity Adoption

(V) (A) ( 3 V  I ) (MVA) (MVA)

3  12kV  16,931A
12,000 16,931 352 420

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< Table 0 > Example of circuit breaker application

Rated voltage (kV) Fault capacity (MVA) Rated short-time withstand current (kA)
12 420 20
4.6. Rated duration of short circuit
a) The rated duration of short circuit is the maximum time capable of carrying rated
short-time withstand current without any interruption

b) The international standards and applications are shown in the following table.

< Table 0 > Rated duration of short circuit

Thailand / Vietnam KEPCO
IEC ANSI Hydro-Quebec JEC
(550 kV) 345 kV 765 kV
1 sec 3 sec 1 sec 2 sec 1 sec 1 sec 2 sec

c) As shown in the table, the rated duration of short circuit is generally applied within 3
seconds and represents the mechanical strength of the material in the circuit breaker,
which means that a longer conducting time needs more conductor insulating strength
or a circuit breaker insulating medium
d) Therefore, the rated duration of short circuit usually decided to be within the limit of
time that experiences no problems in protective coordination

4.7. Rated operating sequence

a) The rated operating sequence means successive operating conditions when the circuit
breaker is closed and opened more than 1 ~ 2 times. In the IEC, the duty cycle is
represented as follows:

O - t - CO - t' - CO
t = 3 min for circuit breakers not intended for rapid auto re-closing
t = 0.3 sec for circuit breakers intended for rapid auto re-closing
t' = 3 min, instead of t' = 3 min, other values t' = 1 min and t' = 15 sec are also used for
circuit breakers intended for rapid auto re-closing

CO - t'' - CO
t'' = 15 sec for circuit breaker not intended for rapid auto-reclosing

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O: represents an opening operation

CO: represents a closing operation followed immediately by an opening operation

< Table 0 > Rated operating sequence in KEPCO

KEPCO
25.8 kV 170 kV and 362 kV 800 kV
O-0.3s-CO-15 sec-CO O-0.3s-CO-3 min-CO O-0.3s-CO-1 min-CO

b) Selection of duty cycle

When a fault occurs, the circuit breakers frequently repeat opening and closing
operation in re-closing processes, and must be done without failure. Considering the
rapid auto re-closing and applications, the duty cycle is recommended as shown the
following table

< Table 0 > Rated operating sequence

Rated voltage (kV) Rated operating sequence Remark
12, 36, 72.5 O-0.3s-CO-3min-CO Rapid auto re-closing: 1time

c) Operating performance
A circuit breaker including its operating devices shall be capable of completing its
rated operating sequence, and designed with a trip-free mechanism.

4.7. Rated break time

a) The rated break time is defined as the limit of the break time, under all the ratings and
regulations of circuit conditions, when the circuit breaker opens the rated short-time
withstand current according to the rated operating sequence and operating conditions

b) The rated break time should not exceed the rated break time when the circuit breaker
opens more than 30 % of the rated short-time withstand current under the rated
voltage. For reference, several applications are shown in the following table

< Table 0 > Application of other countries

Rated voltage (kV) KEPCO Japan Thailand
Voltage (kV) 25.8 170 and 362 800 550 550

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Rated break time (cycle) 5 3 2 2 2

c) For the break time of circuit breakers, a short break time is favorable with
consideration of the prevention of fault spreading to the power system and the
restriction of electromagnetic inductive disturbance

d) However, considering the economical efficiency, the rated break time recommended
as shown the following table.

< Table 0 > Rated break time

Rated voltage (kV) 12 36 72.5
Rated break time (cycle) 5 3 3

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