A CHEMISTRY PROJECT

ON
“ PRESENCE OF PESTICIDES & INSECTICIDES IN

VARIOUS FRUITS AND VEGETABLES ”

SUBMITTED BY:- GUIDED BY:-

PABITRA RANJAN GIRI Mr. AKHANDAL NAYAK
CLASS- XII
ROLL NO.:-
CONTENTS
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Declaration
4. Abstract
5. Theory
6. History
7. Effects on environment
8. Classification
9. Alternatives in pest control
10. Requirements
11. Procedure
12. Conclusion
13. Bibliography
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “PRESNCE OF
PESTICIDES AND INSECTICIDES IN VARIOUS FRUITS
AND VEGETABLES“by Pabitra Ranjan Giri of class XII is
in accordance to the topic allotted to him.

This project is submitted for fulfilment of the terms and

conditions laid down for ALL INDIA SENIOR SCHOOL
CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION (AISSCE) conducted by
CBSE.

It embodies the original work done by him under the

guidance of his teacher Mr.Akhandal Nayak, Department
of Chemistry.
D.A.V. PUBLIC SCHOOL, BALASORE

Signature of student Signature of Supervisor

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENt
i would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher
Mr. AKHANDAL NAYAK who gave me the golden opportunity on
the topic “PRESENCE OF PESTICIDES &INSECTICDES IN
VARIOUS FRUITS &VEGETABLES”, which also helped me in
doing a lot of research and i came to know about so many new
things .i am really thankful to them .

Secondly i want to thank my parents and friends who helped me a

lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame.

I am thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant

encouragement, support and guidance from all teaching staffs of
chemistry department which helped me in successfully completing
my project work. Also, I would like to extend my sincere esteems to
all staff in laboratory for their timely support.

Name: pabitra ranjan giri

Class: XII

Roll:
 DECLARATION
I PABITRA RANJAN GIRI of class XII do hereby declare
that this chemistry project entitled “presence of
pesticides & insecticides in various fruits &
vegetables” submitted practical for all india

Senior sCHOOL certificate examination

{aissce} 2019-2020 consists of the original work done by
me under the supervision of Mr. Akhandal nayak.

Name: PABITRA RANJAN GIRI

Class: XII
ABSTRACT
To Study the presence of insecticides or pesticides(Nitrogen Containing)
in various fruits and vegetables

Theory
In the decade, there has been a tremendous increase in the guilds of
various crops to meet the demand of our growing world population.
This great feat has been achieved by adopting new methods of forming
and by expensive use of fertilizers and insecticides.

A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substance intended for

preventing, destroying repelling or mitigating any pest. A pesticide may
be a chemical substance, biological agent antimicrobial disinfectant or
device used against any pest. Pests includes insects, plant pathogens
insects, molluscs, birds, mammals, fish nematodes and microbus that
destroy property, spread disease or are a vector for disease or cause a
nuisance. Although there are also drawbacks, such as potential to
humans and other animals. The term includes substances intended for
use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant or agent for
thinning fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit and substances
applied to crops either before or after harvest to protect the
commodity from deterioration during storage and transport.Their
excessive use has a deleterious effect on humans and the environment;
their presence in food is particularly dangerous. With their
environmental stability, ability to bio accumulate and toxicity,
pesticides may place the human body at greater risk of disease and
poisoning. Pesticides enter the environment in various forms (e.g.,
powders, moistened powders, powders for preparing aqueous
solutions, and concentrates for making up emulsions or sprays).
History
Since before 20BC, humans have utilized pesticides to protect their
crops .The first known pesticide was elemental sulphur dusting used in
ancient summer about 4500 years ago in ancient Mesopotamia. By the
15th century, toxic chemicals such as arsenic, mercury and led being
applied sulphate was extracted from tobacco leaves for use an
insecticide. The 19th century saw the introduction of two more natural
pesticides, pyrethrum, which is derived from chrysanthemums,
rotenone which is derived from the roots of tropical vegetables.

In 1940s manufactures began to produce large amounts of synthetic

pesticides and their use become wide spread. Some sources consider
the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the “Pesticide era”
Pesticide use has increased 50 field since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes of
pesticides are now used each year.

In 1960s it was discovered that DDT was preventing many fish eating
birds from reproducing, which was a serious threat to biodiversity. The
agricultural use of DDT is now leaned under the Stockholm convention,
but it is still used in some developing nations.

EFFECTS ON ENVIRONMENT
Pesticides have many advantages, but they also do much harm to the
environment. In view of both positive and negative effects of
pesticides; we should aim to achieve full selectivity of their action.
Nonetheless, the latest studies show that pesticides still constitute a
hazard to the environment and human health.
Each year, 140,000 tons of pesticides are sprayed onto crops in the
European Union (EU) alone. Fruit and vegetables are the crops most
likely to be contaminated by pesticides, particularly grapes, citrus fruits
and potatoes.

CLASSIFICATION:-
Pesticides classified according to the pests they control. The
four main types of pesticides are
1.HERBICIDES
2.FUNGICIDES
3.INSECTIDES
4.RODENTICIDES
A. Herbicides
Herbicides eliminates plant threats grow where they are not
wanted. Farmers use them to reduce weeds in such public
areas as parks and ponds. People use herbicides in their yards
to get rid of Crab grass, Dandelions and other weeds.
B. Fungicides
Certain fungi cause disease and may infect both plants and
animals including human beings. Fungicides control plant
diseases that infect food crops wood used for building houses
in often heated with fungicides to prevent dry not.

C. Insecticides
Farmers use insecticides to protect their crops from
insect damage. In Urban areas public health officials use them
to fight mosquitoes and that insects carry germs. People use
insecticides indoor to control pests and ants and cockroaches.
D. Rodenticides
Colloquially “rat poison” are typically non-specific pest
control chemicals made and sold for the purpose of killing
rodents. Some rodenticides are lethal after one exposure
while others require more than one. Rodents are disinclined
to gorge on an unknown food (perhaps reflecting an adaptation
to their inability to vomit), Preferring wait and to sample,
observe whether it makes them or other rats sick. This
phenomenon of bait shyness or poison shyness is the rationale
for poisons that kill only after multiple doses.
Alternatives In Pest Control

Continuing problems arising from the wide spread use of board

spectrum insecticide creates a dilemma how best to control
pest and at the some time how to remove environmental
hazards. Restrictions on use of pesticides and the substitution
of pests on controlling use of pesticides is by far the best
method. Restrictions can mean simply more limited use or total
banning or chemicals. Many countries have limited or banned
the use of DDT and other chlorinated Hydrocarbons insecticide
but this group of chemicals is widely used mainly in the third
world countries. The US department of agriculture has
campaigned for the safe use of pesticides but from
environment point of view no broad spectrum biocide can be
used.

Traditional insecticides such as pyrethrum or non persistent

chemicals such as carbonate sevin are now very widely used
and totally new types of pest control are useful in particular
cases. For example the autodial (sub destroying) techniques
makes use of sterilized males population. Large – scale rearing,
radiation sterilizing and release program are now major effects
of the US Department of agriculture and are highly effective in
restricted situations. Control of insects by synthetic growth
hormones is also effective in limited situations but is better
described as on active area of biological research than a general
alternative to pesticide use. The technique use extracts of
juvenile hormone or their synthesized mimics.
Requirements

 Mortar and pestle

 Beakers
 Funnel
 glass rod
 filter paper
 china dish
 water bath
 tripod stand
 fusion-tubes
 knife
 test-tube
 sample of fruits and vegetables
 alcohol
 sodium metal
 ferric chloride solution
 ferrous sulfate crystal
 distilled water
 dilute sulphuric acid
Procedure
1. Take different kinds of fruit and vegetables and cut them into small
piece separately.

2. Transfer the cut piece of various fruits and vegetables in mortar

separately and crush them.

3. Take different beaker of each kind of fruits and vegetables and place
the crushed fruit and vegetable in these beakers, and add 10ml of
alcohol to each or these. Stir well and filter collect the filtrate in
separate china dishes.

4. Evaporate the alcohol by heating china dishes one by one over water
bath and let the residue dry in an oven.

5. Heat a small piece of dry sodium in a fusion tubes, till it melts. Then
add one of the above residue from china dish to the fusion tube and
heat till red hot. Drop the hot fusion tube in china dish containing about
110ml of distilled water. Break the tube and boil the contents of the
china dish for about 5 minute to cool and filter solution. Collect the
filtrate.

6. To the filtrate add 1ml freshly prepared ferrous sulphate solution and
warm the contents. Then, add 2-3 drops of ferric chloride solution and
acidity with the dil. Hydrochloric acid if a blue or green precipitate or
coloration is obtained, it indicated the presence of nitrogen containing
insecticide.

7. Repeat the test of nitrogen for residue obtained from other fruits
and vegetable and record observation.
OBSERVATION

SL. NO. Name of the fruits and Test for presence of Presence of
vegetables nitrogen insecticide/pesticide

1. Tomato +ve Yes

2. Grapes +ve Yes

3. Carrot -ve No

4. Potato +ve Yes

5. Orange +ve Yes

CONCLUSION
Thus from the above experiment we conclude that the
fruits and vegetables that we consume especially grapes,
tomato and potato contain nitrogen containing
insecticides and pesticides

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.www.slideshare.net
2.www.seminarsonly.com
3.www.wikipedia.com
4.practical manual book for class-XII
5.www.scribd.com