xt ia * pre FIRING? AND VALVES {! ‘Most chemical éigineering flow problenis dictate the us of closed ducts rather than open channels. Fluids are usually transported in pipes or tubings, which is Girculdr in cross section and available in widely varying sizes, wall thickness and materials of constmetion, There is no clear cut distinction between the terms pipe and tubing, however the following, may be used to distinguish the terms: 4 PIPE ~ heayy-walled | ~ relatively large in diameter | ~ moderate lengths (20-40 1) | ~ metallic pipes can be threaded. ~ made by: welding, casting or piercing billet in a piercing mill ~ Sizes of steel pipes are specified by standard size of tubing is indicated by the outside ‘nominal diameters. diameter = wall thickness is indicated by the Schedule tuenber ~ Wall thickness is given by the BWG | (Birmingham Wire Gauge) wsiabe | The well thickness of pipe i indicated by a schedule umber. The pipe wall thickness increases with the Schedule number. Thercare 10 shedule nubs: 10,20, 30, 10, 60,80, 100, 12, 140 and 160. For ste! pipe soeslle 10 the neumber corresponding to “standard” pipe. Scheie Nember = fxsion oferta presi an llowable tres ~ 1000 x (P/s) MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION: Pipe or tubing snay be manufactured from many available matesial of construction depending upon the cosresive Propatics of the Maid being hanilled and the flow pressure. Some of the most commonly used arc: 1. Metals 4. Glass 7. Low-earbon sicel 2. Alloys 5. Various plastics 8. Wrought or Castiron 3. Wood 6. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 9. Cerarties FITTINGS: ‘The term fiting refers to a piece that can do one of the following: Join two pices of pipe (ex. coupling, unions ) 2. ‘change pipeline direction (ex. elbows, tees ) 3. change pipeline diameter (ex. reducers, bushings ) 4. terminate a pipeline (ex. plugs, valves ) 3. join two streams to form a third (ex. tee, wye ) 6. ‘control low (ex. valves)reegarntaeat TYPICAL SCREWED PIPE FITTINGS | 70 c_® _ i . CMechanics veri aot neal el eles ‘Gate valve ~ is 2 simple design porsessing, a disk that slides a ight angles to the Now + principally a valve ware for stopping flow, not recommended for comirolling How 2. Globe votre ~ more saitable for Nhyw comtitit = the Fd passes throagh an opening wlioan area in controled bry adtik placed ‘somewhat parallel to the flow direction ~ presse loss is higher than with a pate valve (Check vatre ~ permits flow in ane direction Pivg valves — on of¥ service Rturerpty volve — operate on the same principle as a damper of a stove pipe Praphringe votve — wsetil for Maids that tend to clog, the moving, part of other valves such ns very ‘viscoms liquids, slurries and corrosive liquids 7. Rall waves — moving, partis. a sphere through which a hole is drilled to pass flow when it is aligned with the pipe pres. In onder to make a Nuid Now from one point to another in a elosexl condutl oc pipe, Hts mcessary to Suave a dnving force Sometimes this force is supplied by gravity, where differences in clevation occur Usually, the enerpy or diving force 1s supphed by a mechanical device such as a pump ot a blower. ‘A pump 15 used in a flow system to increase the mechanical energy of the Mowing Muid This energy may be used 10 increase the velocity, the pressure, or the elevation of the fluid.. The two major classes ae: |. postive displacement pumps — fox this ype of pump, a definite volume of Waquid is drawn into a hamber and then forced out of the chariber at a higher pressure (a) Reciprocating pump — the chamber is a stationary cylinder and liquid is drawa into the cylinder by withdrawal ofa piston in the cylinder, then the liquid 1s forced out by a piston on arctan stroke (b) Rotary pump - the chamber moves from inlet to discharge and back again ( tna {eat rotary pump, two intenmneshing jrcars votate and liquid is trapped am the spaces between the tecth and forced out the discharge mpeller rotati 2 centrifugal pumps —in its simplest foam consists of i —_—_—eannnera nF ecdanir a PUMP CHARACTERISTICS: (stte21,1/Frmclerof tit Opratnas by Aka S Feet) Conuitagat Positive Dighlacemcat Standard Tubioe Propeller Roary Reciprocating (Radial Flow) | (mixed flow) _| (Axial flow) | _(Gear or Screw) | Piston or Plnges) | Head High, single- | (Discharge Pressure) | siaxe(upio | Intermediate. up | Low. upto | Intermediate up to | Hishest available 00 8; 0200 ft on 600 psi {gp 10 100, 00 psi ‘Multistage — up to 6000 psi — Capacity ‘Low Tmtemnediate, | Thigh, Low (1 gallmin) | Tnermediate upto (Getivered flowrate) | (100 gain) | upto, wpto toimermediate | 500 gain tovery high | 16,000 gaimin | 100.000} (500 sales) (200,000 spa | | sais Liquids Faodled Clean or Gsty | High solids | sbrasive | Upto igh Clean, no sods content! Metering or flow No We No Yes ae control ability amaly = Past Woe Be + es ete sy ‘tate a peoede +. ae _ eo ar The quantities in parenthesis are called TOTAL HEADS and are denoted by 1 Teens: My = Hb=fla = LE " 7 POWER REQUIREMENT: | | Pu=mi, = mAH = Pr n | a y= pressure athe suction and discharges lines velocity H= total head ‘he power supplied to the purmp Z=height above the datum plane | y= the power detivered to the fluid CAVITATION: ' o 1% jing any installation in which a centrifugal pump is used, careful attention is must be paid to check the minimum pressure which will arise al any point. If this pressure is Jess than the vapor pressure at the pumping -aporization will occur and the pump may not be capable of Acveloping the required suction head. Moreover, if the liquid comains gases, these may come out of | solution giving rise to pockets of gas. This phenomenon is known as CAVITATION and may result in mechanical damage to the pump as the bubbles collapse. The tendency for cavitation to ‘occur is accentuated by any suklen changes in the magnitude of direction of the velocity of te liquid in the pump. ‘The ousct of cavitation is accompanied by a marked increase in noise and vibration as the vapor bubbles collapse, and also a loss of head. [nace Praca << VARCE permet Pee os NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSED: = thedifference between the static head at the suction inlet and the bead corresponding to the vapor pressure of the fiquid atthe pump iad oe pe paal —" iE be - ]- Z where: Py ~ abs. Pressure a the surface of the reservoir ? NPSH g ‘ve per oe Te ~¥apor pressure 7 RESERVE Te Pune ‘Example 8-1: ( Unit Operations of Chemical Enginosring by McCabe, Sith and Mie, el.) ‘Benzene at 100°F is pumped through the system at the rate of 40 gpm. ‘The reservoir is st atmospheric Pressure. The gage pressure ai the end of the discharge line is 50 lb/in*. ‘The discharge is 10 fi and the pomp suction 4 ft above the level in the reservoir. The discharge linc is 1/4~ in. Schedule 49 pipe. The friction in the ‘suction line is known to be 0.5 Ibjin? and that in the discharge line is 5.5 Ibyfin’. The mechanical efficiency of the pump is 0,6. The density of bexzene is 54 Ibvit?, and its vapor pressure at 100°F is 3.8 Thfin*. Calculate: (a) the developed head of the pump, (b) the total power input, (c) the net positive suction head. ‘Problem: (Chemical Enyincring by: Cockct ) ; Determine the net positive suction head available to a centrifugal purmp when the level of watr is just at the suction point. The pumped fluid is water at 140°F and is being pumped from an atmospheric tank at 250 ‘e7m. The tank suction point is 7 ft above the pump. The piping is 5-in Schedule 40, 10 ft long, with two short radins 90° elbows. ’engin Fluid Mechanic calles ENT (METERING) OF FLOWING FLUIDS: aol the amount of material catering and leaving a chentical and of devices are used to measure the flow of fluids. The most ts tng ise sitg plats, Many different types of dovice : mc oe Pre those that wcasorc direcily the y of fluids: such as ordinary gas and water meters and positive pnconent pumps. Very widely wed for fad metering are clasiied a: LL. Pull bore meters ~ operate on all the fluid in the pipe or channel snch as ventori and orifice meters 2. Insertion meters — measure the flowrate of more commonly the fluid velocity, at one point only such as Pitot tbe I Al Eat Mie | AL \Ventri meter—a short conical inlet secon leas oa throa! section then oa Joon discharge cone = im the upstream cone, the fluid velocity is increased and its pressure decreased ‘the pressure drop in the cone is used to measure the velocity although venturi meters can be applied to the measurement of gas flow rates, they are most ‘commonly used with liquids = a venturi requires Jess power than other types of meters Disadvantages: (a) it occupies considerable space (b) itis expensive (©) the mato of throat diameter to pipe diameter cannot bc changed. (0) Velocity, Vs (velocity at the throat) 2a. P,—h) e where: Cy = venturi coefficient Be DID, | (PRMEES ER Pear 0.98 (for Dyge=2 to 8 inches) B= negligible (if Dy < % Ds) LyDaneree o pe = 0.99 (for Dyce 8 inches) (®) Volumetric and mass flosrate n {=== Pe (f) (era) (@) ir 2 oP or aans, = oe t Creat riaormiarcy Cc Peeaneo vena!) as V2. @, P ving Problem: A venturi meter having a throat diameter of 38.9 mm is installed in a line having an inside diameter of 1023 mum. It meters water having! a density of 999 kg/m. The measured pressure drop across the Yeatariis 156.9 kPa. Calcalatc the gal/min and ms flow rate. 2. Orifice Meter — a meter that overcomes the disadvantages of a venturi meter but atthe price of a much —_———(2) Velocity, u. (velocity through the prifice) ti a) fi-g Vil # where: C.= orifice coefficient = 0.61 ( for Re.. > 30,000) where: Res = Dot? A=D/D, Hw ‘D.= orifice diameter, D, =pipe diameter 1 ft ~ 0 (it p< 028) (6) Volumetric and mass flowrate PROSSLIRE RECOVERY, Because of the large friction losses from the eddies generated by the rcexpanding jet below the vena contracta, tage of the orifice meter. The the pressure in an orifice meter is poor. The resulting power loss is one disadvant faction of the orifice differential that is permanently lost depends on the value of ff (refer to figure 8.17). Power requirement for an orifice = fraction of orilice differential last x (P.— Fs) x volumetric Hlowrate The permanent pressure lass is much higher for an orifice than for a venturi. In a properly designed venturi ‘meter, the permanent lass is about 10% of the differential which may also represent power consunpiion. Problem: A sharp-cdgsd orifice having a diarheter of 0.0566 m is installed in a 0.1541-m pipe throneh whieh eid having a density of 878 kg/m? and a viscosity of 4.1 cP is flowing ‘The measured pressure difference ‘across the orifice is 93.2 kN/nr”. Calenlate the volumetric flow rate in m/s.ter: Y= (Pyp,)"* 1411p" x OF DC RRDTI- BRP For an Orifice: when £ is small: m=o061Ys, /2(@.—Pa where: = -Y=1- 041+ 0356 1-P, Y Py SUE Tee sremgi mast NOT be ws when POPs les pressure ratio at which aizfiow Soni bneeriion Matin | PLTOT TUBE: A pitot tabe is a device used to measute the local velocity along 2 streamline Well-designed instruments are in err by not more than | pereent of the theory, hut when precise ‘measurements are to be made, the pitot tube Should be calibrated and an appropriate correction factor applied. ‘This factor is used as a coefficient before the square root term. Disadvantages (1) that most designs do not give the average velocity directly Q) that its readings for gases are extremely small G) when itis used for measuring low-pressure gases, some form of multiplying gage, ‘must also be usedpuro Notes infil Mechanic Se LENSON MEASURIDENT OF FLOWING FLUID: ‘shaped ‘eieih a ‘manoineter at Fitcular orifice is to'be lused to meastre the flowrate of water at 20°C in a pipeline ‘diameter of 250 mm. |The orifice ‘diameter is'50 mm. The reading of the mercury Hho taped tp pia mm. Calculate the flowrate in m’/s. 2 Water at 25°C flows with an average ameter of 89 mm. A nortal measuring orifice plate with an orifice diameter ‘mm is ingtalled it the pil i ing of ee eee mn te sien soning of he seeny 3. A horizontal venturi meicr having a throat diameter of 20 mm/is set ina 75-mim TD pipeline. Water at 15°C is flowing through the line. A manometer containing mercury under water measures the Dressure differential over the instrument. When the manomicter reading is 500 mm, what is the flowrate in m’/ir?_ if 12 percent of, the differential is permanently lost, what is the power consumption of the meter? | 4. Petroleum oil (p = 900 kg/m?, 1 =|38.8 mPa-s) is flowing isothermally through a horizontal pipeline with an inner diameter of 102 mm. A propeily designed pitot is inserted at the centerline of the pipe, its Jeads are filled with oil and attached to a vertical U-tube containing both oil and water. The difference in the water levels in the manometer is 900 mm. Calculate the rate of oil flow in mis. 5. Natural gas having a specific gravity {clative to air of 0.60 and a viscosity of 0.011 eP is flowing through a 6-in Schedule 40 pipe in which is installed a standard sharp edged orifice equipped with flange taps. The gas is 100°F and 20; pst ‘abs at the upstream tap. The manometer reading is 46.3 in-of water at 60°F. The ratio of specific heats for natural snsis 1.30. 6. Water at 50°F is flowing through a 3-in Schedule 40 pipe at a tate of 150 gpm. (a) Ifa standard sharp-edged orifice 1% --in. in diameters inserted in the tine, what would be the reading on a mercury manometer connected across the orifice? (b) Ifa veaturi meter with a throst diameter of 1% -in. were used instead of the orifice, what would be the manometer reading? (©) What would be the reading on cach instrument if instead of water, an oil with density of 0.89 g/cc and viscosity of 1.30 cP was flowing through the pipe at the same rate. 7. Dimethyl formamide is to be pumped through a 6-cm ID. pipe. The flow rate is to be measured with either an orifice meter with a diameter of 2 cm ora venturi meter with a throat diameter of 2 com, For the same reading on a mercury manometer of 25 cm for each meter, what isthe percent ‘saving in power if venturi is used instead of an orifice meter? (For Dimethyl formamide: density = 944 kp/m*; viscosity = 0.802 cP )