Electrical

Power System

TRANSMISSION LINE

Wan Khairunizam
ENT 368
SEM 1 2018/2019
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 Contents
ü  Component of transmission line
ü  Type of power line
ü  Component of HV transmission line
ü  Equivalent circuit of the transmission line
ü  Transmission line circuit analysis

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 Introduction
Electrical energy is carried by conductors
such as overhead transmission line and
underground cable. The conductor
possesses important electrical properties for
several type of transmission line which are
high-voltage, low-voltage, high-power, low-
power, aerial lines and underground line.

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Components of a power distribution system

Basic element of transmission and distribution systems;

ü  Provide the power needed by consumer all the times
ü  Maintain the stability of the generated power, nominal
voltage not vary by more than 10%
ü  Maintain the stable frequency not vary by more than ±
0.1 Hz
ü  Supply energy at an acceptable price
ü  Meet standard of safety
ü  Respect environmental standard

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Single line diagram of generation, transmission and distribution

G1 & G2: Generating station

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1.  Transmission substation
v  Change the line voltage by means of step-up and step-down
transformer.

2.  Distribution substation

v Change the medium voltage to low voltage (from 120 V /240
V, single phase to 600 V, 3 phase) by means step-down
transformer.

3.  Interconnecting substation

v Power substations are a series of large transformers that
"step down" high-voltage power to a series of circuit
breakers and distribute that lower voltage to the area being
served.

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Two major categories power distribution systems;

1.  Transmission systems

ü  Line voltage between 115 kV and 800 kV

2. Distribution system
ü  Line voltage between 120 V and 69 kV
ü  DS is divided into medium-voltage distribution
systems ranging from 2.4 kV to 69 kV
ü  Low voltage distribution system ranging from 120 V to
600 V.

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 Criteria of designing power line

ü  The amount of active power it has to transmit

ü  The distance over which the power must be carried
ü  The cost of the power line
ü  Esthetic consideration, urban congestion, ease of
installation, and expected load growth

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 Type of power line

ü  Low-voltage (LV) lines, Voltage 600 V or less.

ü  Medium voltage (MV) line, Voltage between 2.4 kV up
to 69 kV.
ü  High-voltage (HV), Voltage below 230 kV.
ü  Extra High-voltage (EHV) line, Voltage up to 800 kV
for a long distance as 1000 km.

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 Component of a HV transmission line
1.  Conductor
ü  Standard copper conductor or steel-reinforced aluminum
cable (ACSR) are used. ACSR conductors are usually
preferred because lighter and economical lines.
ü  High electrical conductivity
ü  High tensile strength
ü  Low cost (Use for the long distance)

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 2.  Insulator
ü  Serve to support the conductor and to insulate them
from the ground.
ü  Must offers high resistance.

Shackle insulator
LV distribution

Pin insulator ≤33kV Post insulator ˃66kV

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2.  Supporting structure

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 Fundamental objective of a transmission line

ü  To carry active & reactive power (kilowatts) from one

point to another.
ü  The voltage should remains as constant as possible
over the entire length of the line from source to load,
and for all load between zero and rated load.
ü  The line losses must be small so as to attain a high
transmission efficiency.
ü  The I2R losses must not overheat the conductor

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 Equivalent circuit of a line
ü  AC line possesses a resistance R, an inductive XL and a
capacitive XC.
ü  This impedance are uniformly distributed over the entire
length of the line.
ü  Each section represents a portion of line and elements
of r, xL and xC are impedance corresponding to the unit
length.

Represent a certain distance e.g 1km (Single phase line)

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ü  Lumping individual resistance r together yield R.
ü  XL and XC, respectively for inductance and capacitance.
ü  Assume that the total capacitive reactance of the line is
composed of 2 parts, each having a value of 2Xc located at
each end of the line. (Approximation in below figure, length <
250 KM).
ü  R and XL increase as the length of the line increase.
ü  XC decrease with the increase of the length.
ü  Can be used to represent one phase of a 3 phase line.
ü  I is a current flowing in a conductor and E is the voltage
between the same conductor and Neutral.

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 Impedance value of the lines

ü  The inductive and capacitive reactance per KM for practical

transmission line 60 Hz .
ü  The impedance per unit length are constant for aerial lines
ü  xL is about 0.5 Ω/km and xC is about 300,000 Ω▪km .
ü  For underground cable, xC is about 3000 Ω ▪ km, 100 times
smaller than aerial line.
ü  xL is about 0.1 Ω/km, 5 times smaller than aerial line.
ü  The resistive r is depend on the size of the cable.

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 AWG: Wire size kcmil: unit of area
Ampacity is defined as the maximum amount of electric current a conductor or
device can carry

ü  The resistive r is depend on the size of the cable.

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 Example 1

A 3-phase 230 kV transmission line having a length of 50 km

is composed of three ACSR conductors having a cross
section of 1000 kcmil. The voltage of the source is 230 kV
(line-to-line) and that at load 220 kV. Refer to Table C & D.

a)  Determine the equivalent circuit, per phase.

b)  Draw the complete equivalent circuit of the 3-phase line.

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 Solution 1
Refer to Table C and D
(r , xL and xC per unit length)
r from Table D, r = 0.065 Ω/km
xL from Table C, xL = 0.5 Ω/km
xC from Table C, xC = 300000 Ωkm

(r , xL and xC per phase)

R = 0.065 Ω/km x 50 = 3.25 Ω
xL = 0.5 Ω/km x 50 = 25 Ω
xC = 300000 Ωkm /50 = 6000 Ω

The capacitive reactance per phase = 2 x XC = 12 kΩ

The voltage per phase is 230 / √3 = 133 kV at source, and
220 / √3 = 127 kV at load.

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 Equivalent circuit per phase
For 3-phase equivalent circuit??
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 Simplifying the equivalent circuit of transmission line

ü  Simplification depends on the power associated to the circuit.

ü  The power P, PJ, QL and QC.
P: active power absorbed by the load
PJ : I2R, active power dissipated by the line
QL : I2XL, reactive power absorbed by the line
QC : E2/XC, reactive power generated by the line
ü  Except P, other power element are all proportional to the
length of the line.
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 Equivalent circuit of a short Equivalent circuit of a long
LV line HV line

ü  For the low voltage line, capacitor is neglect.

ü  For the high voltage line, resistor is neglect.

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 Example 2
The transmission in the below figure delivers 300 MW to 3-
phase load. If the line voltage at both sending end (source)
and receiving end (load) is 230 kV, determine:

a)  The active and reactive power associated with the line.
b)  The approximate equivalent circuit, per phase.

230 kV

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 Solution 2
Line to neutral voltage per phase
E = 230 kV / √3= 133kV

The active power per phase

P = 300 MW / 3 = 100 MW.

The load current per phase

I = P/V = 100 MW / 133 kV = 750 A

PJ = I2R = 7502 x 3.25 Ω = 1.83 MW (1.8 % of P)

QL = I2XL = 7502 x 25 Ω = 14.1 Mvar (14 % of P)
QC/2 = E2/Xc = 1330002 / 12 kΩ = 1.47 Mvar
QC = 2 x 1.47 Mvar (3 % of P)

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Voltage regulation and power transmission capability of
transmission line

ü  Voltage regulation and power handling are 2 important

features of a transmission line.
ü  The voltage of a transmission line should remain as
constant as possible under variable load condition.
ü  Ordinarily, the voltage regulation from 0 to full load should
not exceed ± 5% ( sometimes accept a regulation as high
as ± 10%.)
ü  Power handling capacity is related to the power transfer
to the load.

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ü  Analysis of voltage regulation and power transmission
capability, 4 type of circuits,
a) Resistive line
b) Inductive line
c) Inductive line with compensation

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 a. Resistive line

ü  There is an upper limit to the power the line can transmit

to the load. Pmax = Es2 / 4R
ü  The maximum power is reached when the receiver
voltage ER=0.5ES
ü  The power delivered to the load is maximum when the
impedance of the load is equal to the resistance of the
line.
ü  If ER = 0.95 ES, the line can carry the load is 19% of Pmax.
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 Example 3
A single phase transmission line having a resistance of 10 Ω
is connected to a fixed sender voltage 1000 V, determine:

a)  The maximum power the line can transmit to the load.
b)  The receive power for a receiver voltage of 950 V.

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 Solution 3

The maximum power that can be transmitted

Pmax = Es2 / 4 = 10002 / 4 x 10 Ω = 25 kW

ER = 950 V
Voltage drop in the line
ES – ER = 1000 V – 950 V = 50 V
The line current
I = (ES – ER) / R = 50 / 10 = 5 A

The receiver power = I x ES = 50 x 950 = 4750 W = 4.75 kW

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 b. Inductive line

ü  The line transmit the power to the load, Pmax = Es2 / 2X

ü  The maximum power is reached when the receiver voltage
ER=0.707ES
ü  The power delivered to the load is maximum when the
resistance of the load is equal to the resistance of the line.
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 Example 4
A single phase transmission line having an inductive
reactance of 10 Ω is connected to a fixed sender voltage
1000 V, determine:

a)  The maximum active power the line can deliver to the
resistive load.
b)  The correspondence receiver voltage.
c)  The receiver power when the receiver voltage is 950 V.

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 Solution 4
The maximum power that can be transmitted
Pmax = Es2 / 2X = 10002 / 2 x 10 Ω = 50 kW

The receiver voltage at maximum power

ER = 0.707 ES = 0.707 x 1000 = 707 V.

Refer to the phasor diagram,

ES = ER + jIX = ES2 = ER2 + (jIX)2 = ES2 = ER2 + (10I)2
10002 = 9502 + 100I2 , I = surd (975)= 31.22 A.

The power to the receiver P = ER x I = 950 x 31.22 A = 29.

66 kW. Advanced Intelligent Computing and Sustainability
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 c. Compensated Inductive line

ü  To compensate the regulation and power handling capacity.

ü  Adding a variable capacitive XC reactance across the load.
ü  Perfect regulation could be obtain by adjusting the capacitor
value.
ü  Pmax=ES2/X
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