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Comparison of Raman and IR Spectros

The document compares Raman and IR spectroscopy, noting their differences in principles, sample requirements, and molecular information provided. Raman spectroscopy detects molecular polarizability changes while IR detects dipole moment changes. Raman can use water as a solvent and analyze any sample state, while IR requires non-aqueous solvents and elaborate sample preparation. Both techniques provide complementary information about bond types in a molecule.

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Sreedevi Krishnakumar
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118 views2 pages

Comparison of Raman and IR Spectros

The document compares Raman and IR spectroscopy, noting their differences in principles, sample requirements, and molecular information provided. Raman spectroscopy detects molecular polarizability changes while IR detects dipole moment changes. Raman can use water as a solvent and analyze any sample state, while IR requires non-aqueous solvents and elaborate sample preparation. Both techniques provide complementary information about bond types in a molecule.

Uploaded by

Sreedevi Krishnakumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1/8/2020 Comparison of Raman and IR Spectroscopy

Home About Us About Site Fascinating Facts Definitions Contact Us

Comparison of Raman and IR Spectroscopy

By Reviewed By
Dr. Mehboob Peeran Dr. K.G. Srinivasamurthy

Mutual exclusion principle

In a molecule with a center of symmetry it is seen that vibrations that are Raman active are IR inactive and vice-versa, this is
called the Principle of mutual exclusion (eg, as in CO2 see details in the end). In molecules with different elements of
symmetry, certain bands may be active in IR, Raman, both or neither. For a complex molecule that has no symmetry except
identity element, all of the normal modes are active in both IR and Raman. This does not; however mean that they can be
observed. In both types the neighbouring strong bands may obscure weak bands, while others may be intrinsically too weak to
be observed even if they are theoretically “allowed”.

In general the strong bands in the IR spectrum of a compound corresponds to weak bands in the Raman and vice versa. This
complimentary nature is due to the electrical characteristic of the vibration. If a bond is strongly polarised, a small change in its
length such as that occurs during a vibration, will have only a small additional effect on polarisation. Vibrations involving polar
bonds ( C-O , N-O , O-H ) are therefore, comparatively weak Raman scatterers. Such polarised bonds, however, carry their
charges during the vibrational motion, ( unless neutralised by symmetry factors), which results in a large net dipole moment
change and produce strong IR absorption band. Conversely, relatively neutral bonds ( C-C , C-H , C=C ,) suffer large changes in
polarisability during a vibration, though this is less easy to visualise. But the dipole moment is not similarly affected and
vibrations that predominantly involve this type of bond are strong Raman scatterers but weak in the IR.

Mutual exclusion principle as seen in CO2

In molecules having inversion center, none of the normal modes of vibrations will be both Raman and IR active. This
is known as “mutual exclusion principle”. A simple molecule which obeys this principle is CO2. Carbondioxide has an
inversion center or center of symmetry. The following are its normal modes of vibrations. The IR and Raman active
modes are indicated below each type of vibration.

Differences between IR and Raman methods

Raman IR

1 It is due to the scattering of light by the vibrating It is the result of absorption of light by vibrating
molecules. molecules.
2 The vibration is Raman active if it causes a change in Vibration is IR active if there is change in dipole moment.
polarisability.
3 The molecule need not possess a permanent dipole The vibration concerned should have a
moment. change in dipole moment due to that vibration.
4 Water can be used as a solvent. Water cannot be used due to its intense absorption of IR.

5 Sample preparation is not very elaborate, it can be in any Sample preparation is elaborate
state. Gaseous samples can rarely be used.
6 Gives an indication of covalent character in the molecule. Gives an indication of ionic character in the molecule.

7 Cost of instrumentation is very high Comparatively inexpensive.

References:

1. Physical methods of Chemistry : Drago


2. Instrumental methods of analysis : Willard

www.chemvista.org/ramanIR4.html 1/2
1/8/2020 Comparison of Raman and IR Spectroscopy
3. IR and Raman spectra of Inorganic and coordination compounds : Nakamoto
4. Instrumental analysis for Science and Technology : W.Previous
Ferren page

Copyrights: 2005 www.chemvista.org All Rights Reserved Comparison of Raman & IR Home | Recent Articles

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