DOS & Fundamental

This book helps to learn about DOS & FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER

Each step is fully illustrated to show you how it looks on screen.

Skill Development Institute

 INDEX
DOS
(Disk Operating System)
Disk Operating System
Switch Used With DIR
Wild Card (?,*) Characters
Operating Systems
MS-DOS
MS-DOS Command
Internal Command
External Command
MS-DOS Booting Process
File naming Rules
Systems Files
Directory
Internal Commands
Date Command
External Command
Disk Management Commands
FUNDAMENTAL
Menu Driven Command Information Technology
Starting With Computer
Anatomy Of Computer
Memory
Input & Output Device
Printer
ASCII
Windows
Parts Of Ms Windows Screen
Folders & Files
Word Pad
Date & Time
Ms- Paint
Calculator
Character Map & Control Panel
Display Properties
Keyboard Properties & Calender
Entertainment Tools & Task Schedule
Vocabulary
Student Dictionary
Terms With A Key Factor

Skill Development Institute

 Computer Fundamental
Computer DOS

DOS
(Disk Operating System)
SWITCHES USED WITH DIR
a. DIR/P : This command shows page wise directory.
b. DIR/W : This command shows the directory width wise.
c. DIR/S : This command shows the directory listing with its subdirectory also.
d. DIR/AH : This command is use to show the listing of hidden files & directories only.
e. DIR/AR : Command is use to show the listing of Read-only files & directories only.
f. DIR/AS : This command is use show the listing of System files only.
g. DIR/AD : This command is use to show the listing of directories only.
h. DIR/A-(H or R or S or D) : This command is use to show the reverse result.
i. DIR/ON : This command is use to show the listing of files & directories in alphabetical order.
j. DIR/OE : It use to show the listing of files & directories in alphabetical order by extension.
k. DIR/OS : It is use to show the listing of files & directories by size, smallest first & largest last.
l. DIR/O-(N or E or S) : Opposite type result.
m. DIR/L : This command is use to show the listing of files & directories in lower case.

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n. DIR/B : This command is use to show the listing of each file & directory name in one line including
extension name. it
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DOSKEY :- Some time we have to use same command again and again, and we have to write the
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commands. With the help of this command computer remember DOS commands and permits to user to
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move the cursor along the command line, editing DOS commands before they are invoked.
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Syntax :- DOSKEY¿
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ATTRIB:- With the help of this command we can hide or make read only file. For making read only file we
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use +R with ATTRIB command.

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WildCard(?,*)Characters
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These character are useful when we have to refer to a group of files instead of a single file.
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The '?' Wildcard character :- This character replace one character e.g. suppose you want to see the listing
of all the files which have primary name made up of any five character and have an. exe extension.
C:\>DIR?????.exe¿
we can say ? is use instead of single any character.
The '*'Wildcard character :- The * wildcard is use to replace more than one any character.
C:\DIR*.exe¿
We can say * is use instead of one or more than one any character.

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 Computer Fundamental
Computer DOS

Operating Systems
Operating System manage resources. Provide a user interface and
run applications.

Resources : These programs coordinate all the computer's

resources including keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor, storage
devices and memory.

User Interface : User interact with application programs and

computer hardware through a user interface.

Applications : These programs load and run applications such as word processors and spreadsheets..

MS – DOS
Disk operating systems is designed to provide and easy way to disk for storage. It instructs the computer how to read
the information stored on disk. It also controls other devices.
Microsoft disk operating system was initially developed by “Tim Patterson” and later sold to Microsoft Corporation
(USA).

MS – DOS Command
Predefined instruction which issued at MS-DOS command prompt direct the operating systems to perform a
particular task using hardware resources are known as MS-DOS command DOS only understand commands.

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There are two types of command
1. Internal Command it
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2. External Command
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Internal Command
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Commands which are define in the command. Com file are called internal command. They work wary fast since
they are stored in RAM and this command are loaded into computer Memory at the time of Booting.
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External Command
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The commands which are not stored in the command com file are known as external commands. The extension of
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external commands files is either. Com or. Exe. They need additional file for execution. These files stored in the
disc.
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Syntax – Proper way of writing the command is known as syntax

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MS-DOS Booting Process

Process that start up a Computer is called Booting. It checks for proper functioning of all the peripherals devices
attached with the system. It also checks for the primary memory of the system.

There are Two Types of Booting

Cold Booting : - Cold boot is done by turning on the Computer. In case of cold boot the memory and peripheral
devices are checked before loading the OS

Warm Booting : - It is performed by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Del keys simultaneously. Memory and peripheral devices
are not checked in case of worm boot and operating system is directly loaded.
File:- A collection of data or information that has a home, called the filename. Almost all information stored in a
computer must be in a file. There area many different types of files data files, text files, program files, directory files
and so on.

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 Computer Fundamental
Computer DOS

BOOTING PROCESS
START

Switch on

Check all devices

Are all
devices No Display Error Message
of?
Yes
Check Memory
Yes

Is
memory No
Display Error Message
test

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ok?

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Yes
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Look for the operating system DOS
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OS
No
Found? Display Error Message
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Yes
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Load the operating System

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Display the operating System Prompt

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STOP

File Naming Rules

Every file used by the system should have a unique name. It has two parts separated by a period (.).
1. Primary Name (Maximum 8 Character)
2. Extension Name (Maximum 3 Character)

Valid characters allowed for naming a file are:

The alphabets a to z
The digits 0 to 9
Special Symbols like-$,#,&,@,!.%,(),-,^,~,}etc.

Page No. (03)

 Computer Fundamental
Computer DOS

System Files
There are basic system files necessary for starting the DOS. These are….
1. IO. SYS (Input/Output Sys)
2. MODOS. System
3. Command.com

1. IO.SYS:- This program interacts between your computer ROM BIOS and MSDOS. Systems program
at start up IO.Sys. It always contains at least five device drivers which are used to control the operations of
your keyboard, Screen, Printer, Disk Controller and System Clock.

2. MSDOS.SYS:- This program interacts directly with the applications program and IO.SYS program. It
reads and interpreted program calls for printing data storage of retrieval and information display and sends
these call to the IO.Sys program.

3. COMMAND.COM:- Command.Com is also called command processor. It works as a user system

interface. Some of the commands of MSDOS are define in this file and they are loaded into the memory
along with this file.

Directory
An organizational Unit, or Container, used to organize folders and files into a hierarchical structure.

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Directories contain book keeping information about files that are, figuratively speaking, beneath them in the
hierarchy. Many graphical user interfaces use the term folder instead of directory.
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Root Directory: - The first level in a multi level directed is the root directory.
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Parent Directory: - A directory in which one or more directories exists is known as the parent directory.
Child Directory: - A directory which is located under another directory is known as the child directory.
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C:\
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Root
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Directory
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DOCS APPS DOS

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Spread Games

Page No. (04)

 Computer Fundamental
Computer DOS

Internal Commands
DIR :- This command is used to display the contains of a drive or directory.
Syntex-DIR¿
SWITCHES USED WITH DIR

MD (Make Directory) :- MD command is used to create a new directory.

Syntex-MD None¿
CD (Change Directory):- It is used to open the directory which is already exist.
Syntex-CD Dir name-¿
RD (Remove directory):- It is use to delete (Remove) the directory but directory should be empty.
Syntax – RD Directory name¿
Cd..Command :- This Command is use to go one directory back from its path.
Copy Con Command :- This Command is use to make a new file.
Syntax – Copy Con (Path) file name¿
Del Command :- This Command is use to delete (Remove) any file.
Syntax – Del (Path) file name¿
Ren Command :- This Command is use to rename the file.
Syntax – REN (Old File Name) (New File Name)¿
CLS Command :- This Command is used to clear the screen.
Syntax – CLS¿
Type Command :- This Command is used to display the contains of a text files.
Syntax – Type (Path) file name¿
Date Command

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It display date in a standard format and asks for a new date.

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Syntax – DATE¿
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Time Command :- This Command is used to display and change the system time.
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Syntax – Time¿
Prompt Command :- It used to change the command prompt.
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Syntax – Prompt (Text)¿

Copy Command :- This Command is use to copy the files from one place to another place.
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Syntax – Copy (File Name) (Path)¿

Move Command :- It is use to move the files from one place to another place.
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Syntax – Move (File Name) (Path)¿

Help Command :- This command is use to display short summaries of command.
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Syntax – Help (Command)¿

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External Commands
XCopy Command :- This Command is use to copy the files and directories.
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Syntax – XCopy Filename/Directory Path¿

ATTRIB Command :- This Command display sets or reomoved the attributes assigned to files or
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directories.
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Every file has four attributes

Read Only :- The file cannot be modified or deleted
Hidden :- File will not be displayed by directory.
System File :- It cannot be modified or deleted and also can not be display with directories command.
Archive File :- It Significance that the file needs to be backed up.
Syntax – ATTRIB (+A/-A)(+R/-R)(+S/-S)(+H/-H)(File Name)¿

Disk Management Commands

FORMAT Command :- This command is use to created the disk for reuse. Means it clear (remove or
delete) all the file and directories.
Syntax – Format drive name¿
Sys Command :- This is used to transfer the Dos systems files (IO. Sys and MSDOS. Sys) plus the
Command. Com file to a formatted disk without requiring formatting.
Syntax – Sys target:¿
Page No. (05)
 Computer Fundamental
Computer DOS

CHKDSK :- This Command is use for check the current status of disk.
Syntax – CHKDSK (drive name)
Disk copy Command :- It is used to make a duplicate copy of the entire floppy disk.
Syntax – Disk copy (Source-disk)(Target disk)
Label Command :- It is used to display and change the label of a disk.
Syntax – Label
Vol Command :- It is used to display the volume label and serial number of any disk.
Syntax – Vol
Tree Command :- This command is use to display directory structure of specified directory graphically.
Syntax – Tree
DelTree Command :- It is used to remove all the files as well as sub directories of a directory.

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Syntax – Deltree(Path) Directory or file name

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Ver Command :- This Command is used to display the version of window.

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Syntax – Ver

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UNDELETE :- This Command is use to retrieve the deleted file.
Syntax – UNDELETE file name

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Menu driven Command
Edit :- With this Command we can see the matter of file and we can change or modify is also.

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EDIT File name
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Color :- It sets the default console fore ground and background.
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Syntax – Color Color code
Disk Comp :- It Compares the contents of two disks.
Syntax – Diskcomp (drive1:) (drive2:)
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Doskey :- It edits Command line recalls windows Command.

Syntax – Doskey (/:All/:exename)(/History)
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 Computer Fundamental
Computer Fundamental

Information Technology

I nformation is a vital resource in development activities of any society. All our Economic and social progress depends
very significantly in the transfer of commercial scientific and technical information People with different situations
require information on a subject in different forms and with different emphasis.
Information is obtained through processing of data. The storage, retrieval and processing of data become the essential
resource for all economic and social exchanges. It means information technology in which we will aware with the
method how to create and use information.
(Data is the recording of any meaningful event in any understandable form the methods used to collect and store the data
process the data into information and communicate the information all over the world is information technology.)

Data, Instruction and Information

Let us now take a detailed look into the meaning of data and information. We are aware that many events occur in
organizations on a continuous basis. Some machine part is produced. Some material arrives and the bill is paid. These
are all examples of events that take place in organization.
Many of the events that occur are significant or meaningful to the organization. When an event is significant or
meaningful, we record it. Data is nothing but the fact and figures that record meaningful occurring in an organization.
Information on the other hand is processed data. Data is the raw material for producing information. Information is the
basis on which executives takes decisions. Though we can conceptually differentiate between data and information

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there is no strict demarcation between these two. What is data to one person could well be information to another. Data is

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processed according to requirements and suitable instruction that are given.
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History of Computer
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T he history of computers starts out about 2000 years ago, at the birth of the
abacus, a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on
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them.
When these beads are moved around, according to programming rules
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memorized by the user, all regular arithmetic problems can be done.

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Father of Computer
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Charles Babbage a nineteenth century a mathematical Professor at

Cambridge University, is considered to the father of modern digital
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computers. He invent the Computer named as Analytical engine at 1833.

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CHARLES BABBAGE
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Born: 26.12.1791
Died: 18.10.1871
A step towards automated computing was the
development of punched cards, which were
first successfully used with computers in 1890 by Herman Hollerith and
James Powers, who worked for the US. Census Bureau. They developed
devices that could read the information that had been punched into the
cards automatically, without human help. In 1911 Hollerith's company
merged with a competitor to found the corporation which in 1924 became
International Business Machines.

Herman Hollerith

Page No. (07)

 Computer Fundamental

The start of World War II produced a large need for computer capacity, especially for
the military. New weapons were made for which trajectory tables and other essential
data were needed. In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchly and their associates at
the Moore school of Electrical Engineering of University of Pennsylvania decided to
build a high - speed electronic computer to do the job.This machine became known as
ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator).

Fascinated by the success of ENIAC, the mathematician John Von Neumann

undertook, in 1945, an abstract study of computation that showed that a computer
should have a very simple, fixed physical structure, and yet be able to execute any
kind of computation by means of a proper programmed control without the need for
any change in the unit itself.

John W. Mauchly
The Computer Generation
In computer, "Generation" is a step in technology. Each generation of computer is
characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the
way computers operate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, more powerful and
more efficient and reliable devices. Read about each generation and the developments
that led to the current devices that we use today

First Generation - 1940-1956: Vacuum Tubes :

These generation computers are ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC etc. These computers

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made up of vacuum tubes. These are fragile glass device that could control and

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amplify electric signals.The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and
magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They
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were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity,
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generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.
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John Von Neumann First generation computers relied on machine language to perform operations, and
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they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and
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paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-
generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S.
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Census Bureau in 1951.

Second Generation - 1956-1963: Transistors :

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Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and attached in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in
1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube,
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allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-
generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to
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damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards
for input and printouts for output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to
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symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level
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programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN.

Third Generation - 1964-1971: Integrated Circuits :

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were
miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency
of computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through
keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different
applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became
accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.

Fourth Generation - 1971-Present: Microprocessors :

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a
single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm
of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer - from the central
processing unit and memory to input/output controls - on a single chip.

Page No. (08)

 Computer Fundamental

Starting with computer

WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
Computer is a very versatile electronic machine man has ever created. Computers have made a great impact on our
everyday life. Their presence is felt in almost every walk of life be it home, school, college, office, industry, hospital,
bank, retail stores, railways, research and design organizations, etc.

A computer is basically a programmable computing machine. Earlier computers were used for complex computations
and used by only scientists and engineers. They were costly and hence only large organizations could afford them. The
technological advancement in design and fabrication of semiconductor devices namely, microprocessor has made it
possible to manufacture powerful microcomputers which are within reach of small organizations and even individuals,
These computers being very fast in calculations can be used not only for computation but also to store and retrieve
information. They control chemical processes and machines. They can measure and display physical and electrical
quantities and send photographs electronically.

The word “Computer” comes from the word compute which means to calculate. So a computer is normally considered
to be a calculating device that can perform arithmetic operations at an enormous speed. But more accurately, a
computer may be defined as a device that operates upon data. Data can be anything, like bio-data of several applicants
when the computer is used to assist us for recruiting personnel. Similarly, the data can be the details of passengers such
as name, age, etc. when the computer is employed for making airline or railway reservations.

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A compute can, not only store and process data, but also retrieve data i.e. take out data from its memory or storage as and

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when desired. Thus, computer is a general term that refers to an electronic data processing machine used for a wide
range of activities. it
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CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
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Computers have the following characteristics depending on their type and use:
(a) Fast speed of calculations and storing of information.
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(b) The ability to take in information and to store that information for future use.
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(c) The ability to take variety of instructions for execution.

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(d) The ability to use simple logical rules to make decisions for their own internal control or for the control
of some external activity.
(e) The ability to communicate with other computer systems.
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(f) To carry out computations and analysis accurately and speedily.

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FAST SPEED OF CALCULATION AND STORING OF INFORMATION

Computers work at a fast speed without losing their accuracy. They can be made to operate continuously without giving
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any rest. Their speed of working is measured in terms of MIPS, whishes an abbreviation of mega instructions per
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second.
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ABILITY TO TAKE VARIETY OF INSTRUCTIONS

The development of computers has progressed to the extent that the programs can be written by using a smallest of
instructions which can do very complex manipulations. Some of the application packages have pre-defined functions
and procedures. You will need to give the argument for these functions or procedures and they will immediately execute
and give you the result.

POWER OF REMEMBERING
As a human being acquires new knowledge, the brain can forget it after some time but in case of computer, a computer
can store and recall any amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. Computer has the power of
storing any amount of information or data. Any information can be stored and recalled as long as you require it, for any
numbers of years. It depends entirely upon you how much data you want to store in a computer and when to lose or
retrieve these data.

Page No. (09)

 Computer Fundamental

No I.Q.
Computer possesses no intelligence of its own. Its 1. Q. is zero (at least till today) It has to be told that what is to do and
in what sequence. A computer can not take its own decision.

NO FEELINGS
Computers are devoid of emotions. They have no feeling because they are machine. Based on our feelings,
knowledge, taste and experience we can make certain judgments in our daily life. But computers can not make such
judgment. There is based on the instructions given to them in the form of programs that are written by us.

HIGH STORAGE CAPACITY

The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of data. You can also store data in secondary
storage devices such as floppies, which can be kept outside your computer and can be carried to other computers.

Hardware
Firmware
Firmware is a combination of software and hardware. Computer chips that have data or programs
recorded on them are firmware. These chips commonly include the following:

!ROMs (read-only memory)

!PROMs (programmable read-only memory)

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!EPROMs (erasable programmable read-only memory)

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DATA
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Data is used to describe facts about something. When stored electronic files, data can be used directly as input for the
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information system.
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Some Common Files Are :

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1. Document files, created by word processors to save documents such memos, term papers, and letters.
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2. Worksheet files, created by electronic spreadsheets to save the analysts things such as budgets and to predict
sales.
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3. Database files, typically created by database management programs contain highly structured and
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organized data. For example, an employ database file might contain all the workers names, Social Security
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numbers, job titles, and other related pieces of information.

4. Presentation files, created by presentation graphics programs to save sensations materials for example a
file might contain audience hand speaker notes, and electronic slides.

Computer Languages :
A language is a system of communication. A programming language consists of all the symbols, characters, and
usage rules that permits people to communicate with the computer.

There are three language of computer that are given below :

1. Machine Language.
2. Assembly Language.
3. High Level Language.

Page No. (10)

 Computer Fundamental

Anatomy of Computer

ANATOMY OF A COMPUTER
The five major functional units of a digital computer
are:
(a) CPU
(b) Input Units
(c) Output Units
(d) Storage Devices
(e) Communication Interface

CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a

computer. The other parts are used to transfer data and to communicate with the CPU. A block diagram of the basic
computer organization is shown in Figure In this figure, the solid lines are used to indicate the flow of instructions and
data. The dotted lines represent the control exercised by the control unit. The figure shows the basic arrangement of
different units of a computer. It depicts the five major building blocks, or functional units of a digital computer system.
These five units correspond to the five basic operations, namely inputting, storing, processing, outputting and
controlling data, carried out by all computer systems. The five units are explained in the following paragraphs:

A CPU is the brain of a computer. Its primary function is to execute programs.

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Program
& data Input Storage Output
Unit unit it unit Results
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Inputting: Refers to the process of entering data into the

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computer, by the user using an input device, such as Control

keyboard.
unit
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Storing: Refers to the holding of data and instructions in the

computer's main memory, for manipulations.
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Centre
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Processing: Refers to performing operations (both

arithmetic and logical) or manipulation of data entered into processing
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the computer so that useful information may be taken out unit

of the entered data. Arithmetic
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Outputting: Refers to the process of showing the logic

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information or result to the user either on screen (monitor) unit

or on paper (through Printer).
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Controlling: Refers to directing all the above processor, in Block diagram representation of a computer system
coordination. This controlling is done by the Control Unit
(CU) in a Central Processing Unit (CPU).
Mass storage unit

Memory unit or store

Input unit (feeds) (prog. and data are) Arithmetic unit (arithmetic and
data into CPU stored logical operations are perfomed) Output (retrieves)
data from CPU

Control unit (directs all operations)

Schematic diagram and the jobs done by different part of a digital computer
Page No. (11)
 Computer Fundamental

Memory

STORAGE UNIT (MEMORY ARCHITECTURE)

The data and instructions that are entered into the computer system through input units must be stored inside the
computer before the actual processing can start. Similarly, the results produced by the computer after processing must
also be kept somewhere inside the computer system before those can be passed on to the output units. Moreover, the
intermediate results produced by the computer must also be preserved for ongoing processing.

The main memory of a computer system is designed to cater to such needs. It provides space for storing data and
instructions, space for storing intermediate results, and also space for the final results. In short, the specific functions of
the storage unit are to store the following.
(a) All data and instructions to be processed,
(b) Intermediate results of processing, and
(c) Final results before sending them to output devices.

Information in a computer is stored in the form of strings of 0s and 1s. For example, in a magnetic core memory 0 may
represent magnetization of the core in clockwise direction whereas 1 may represent magnetization in anti-clockwise
direction. Similarly, in anti-clockwise direction. Similarly, in an electronic memory, 0 may represent non-availability
of a voltage level but 1 may represent the presence of a definite voltage level. Thus, 0 and 1 are the two symbols that are
used to represent the binary states of components in computers. These are known as binary digits or BITS.

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Computers also provide the facility of dividing the main memory into words or bytes, a byte usually consists of 8 bits of

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information.
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MAIN MEMORY OR SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY
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Semiconductor memories are of the following two types:

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(a) RAM (random access memory)

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(b) ROM (read only memory)

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RAM (READ/WRITE) MEMORY

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RAM as a read/write memory. Information can be written into and read from a RAM. It is a volatile memory. It retains
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the stored information as it is supplied with power supply. When power supply is switched off or interrupted, the stored
information in the RAM is lost. RAMs of various capacities are available, for example, 256 MB, 512 MB and so on.
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Types of RAM
STATIC AND DYNAMIC RAM
There are two important types of RAMs: static RAM and dynamic RAM. Static RAMs can retain stored information as
long as the power supply is on. But a dynamic RAM loses its stored information in a very short time (a few
milliseconds) even though the power supply is on. Therefore, dynamic RAMs gave to be refreshed periodically,
generally every 2 milliseconds. Dynamic RAMs are cheaper and have high packing densities and moderate speeds.
They consume less power. They are used where a large capacity of memory is needed. Static RAMs are costlier and
consume more power. They do not need refreshing circuitry. They have higher speeds than dynamic RAMs.

Page No. (12)

 Computer Fundamental

ROM
ROM is a permanent type memory. Its contents are not lost when power supply is switched off. The user cannot write
into a ROM. Its contents are written into at manufacturing time. ROMs store permanent programs and other types of
data which are needed by the computer to execute user programs. ROMs store functions such as sine, cosine,
logarithm, square root, exponential and code conversion tables, etc. An example of a ROM is Toshiba Mask ROM,
TCS 534000, 512 K x 8 bits.

Types of ROM : There are three types ROM that re given below :

1. PROMS (PROGRAMMABLE
ROMS)
Programmable ROMs called PROMs are also available. Further, different types of PROMs such as erasable PROM
called EPROM, electrically erasable PROM called E PROM can be erased to record different information, whereas in
a PROM the information once written by the user cannot be changed. Such information is needed while executing user
Programs. An example of PROM is 74S287.

2. EPROM (Erasable PROM)

An EPROM is an erasable PROM. The stored data in EPROMs can be erased by exposing them to high intensity short
wave ultra violet light for about 20 minutes. When an EPROM is exposed to ultraviolet light the entire data is erased.
EPROMs are cheap, reliable, and hence they are widely used, EPROMs are used to store programs which are
permanent but need updating, the permanent programs which are at the research and development stage also need to be

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stored in EPROMs because they are modified several times. Where updating or changes in programs at the

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development stages are required, EPROMs are more economical than PROMs because they can be reused. An example
of EPROMs is Intel's 87C257. it
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2. EEPROM : Electronically Erasable p Rom the contents of sells can be erased by the application of a high
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voltage. Advantages EEP ROM it need not physically removed for programming and the process can be made selective
since electrical erasure is used. That is, main memory stores data and instructions only temporarily. In order to preserve
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or save the work which you gave done on your computer (Permanently for Future Use) before you shut it off, your have
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to use storage media such as floppy disks, compact disks (Cds) and hard disks.
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CACHE MEMORY
The cache memory (Pronounced as “cash memory”) is placed in between the CPU and the main memory. It is much
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faster than the main memory. Hence access time is much less than that of the main memory. The access time of a cache
memory is 15-25 nano-seconds (ns) whereas that of the main memory is 80 ns. One nanosecond = 10 second. The cache
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memory is not accessible to users. It stores instructions and data which are to be immediately executed. It is used to
reduce the average access time for address, instructions or data which are normally stored in the main memory. Thus
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the cache memory increases the operating speed of the system. Cache memory is much costlier than the main memory.
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SECONDARY STORAGE UNITS AND DEVICES

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You cannot store data in the main memory of a PC permanently firstly because it is very expensive and secondly its
contents are erased when the computer is turned off.

FLOPPY DISK
A floppy disk, also called a disk or diskette, is a removable storage disk used for storing data. It is called a floppy disk
because the round film inside the disk's plastic shell is flexible (floppy) you should make a copy of any important
information from the hard disk in a floppy. This is known as keeping a backup of important

Page No. (13)

 Computer Fundamental

information. This will prevent loss of information it case the hard disk fails or is tampered by a virus. You can use a
floppy disk to store and move data easily from one PC to another

TYPES OF FLOPPIES
Floppies are available in the following two sizes with varying storage capacities:
(a) 3 ½” size floppy with a capacity of 720 kilobytes, 1.44 megabytes or 2.88 megabytes.
(b) 5 ” size double sided high density floppy with a capacity of 360, or 720 kilobytes or 1.2 megabytes. This type is
normal it use.

PROTECTING A FLOPPY DISK

A floppy disk has a write protection notch or tab that is used to prevent accidental erasure of data. Floppy disks should
always be kept away from sources of heat, dust, moisture, water and strong magnetic fields. The exposed area (the
film) of the disk should never be touched with hand. Every floppy disk is enclosed in its own protective cover. The
front of this cover is smooth, while the rear side has visible roughness. A label is pasted on the top front side of the disk
the keep track of the disk. You should use a felt tipped pen to write of the label so that each floppy can be identified.

OPTICAL DISK
It is an optical Read Only Memory (ROM). The disk is made up of a resin, such as polycarbonate. The coating material
is highly reflective, usually aluminum. The high intensity laser beam forms a tiny pit along a trace to represent 1 and
the surface without a pit known as land represents 0. Figure 2.19 shows a CD disk.

For reading the data, a laser beam of less intensity is employed. In some cases separate laser beams are employed: One

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for writing and the other for reading. The reflected laser is sensed by a photodiode to read data. The intensity of the

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reflected light of laser changes as it encounters a pit, a pit spreads the light so that the photodiode receives less
reflected light. But land reflects sufficient light to the photodiode. Thus, this change in reflected light is sensed and
converted into electrical signals for data reading purposes.
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Optical disks are of two types, namely compact disks (Cds) or CD-ROMs and WORM (Write Once and Read Many)
disks. CD-ROMs use long spiral tracks to store data serially. The track is divided into blocks of the same size. A CD-
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ROM disk rotates at a variable speed so that the pits are read by the laser at a constant linear speed. The speed of the
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disk is adjusted in such a manner that the track passes under the read/write head at a constant linear velocity.
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CD-ROM provides random access data retrievals and data indexing, and the disks gave a shelf life of more than 40
years. CD-ROM can store about 700 MB of data , (about 800 floppies) making it an excellent medium for storing
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massive amount of data higher capacity software such as electronic reference books, business and entertainment
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software. CD-ROMs are an improvement over paper for large documents or databases since the information can be
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more easily searched and retries, But the cost of making the disk is still uneconomical especially for a limited number
of copies.
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IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF CD-ROM DRIVERS,

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Following are the important aspects of CD-ROM:

(a) Speed rating (double, quadruple, or Hexa), that is the maximum speed
at which it is capable of transferring data.
(b) Another important aspect of the CD-ROM drive is that if should be
able to cope with the 15 frame per second (fps) speed and 320 x 200
resolution needed by video-intensive applications.

While single and double-speed CD-ROM drives do not handle video

well, the quad-speed drives offer smooth and continuous video playback.
(c) Another important factor is the drive's controller interface. From the perspective of performance, there is not much
difference between an enhanced IDE and an SCSI CD-ROM drive. But if you have an eye on future expansion, your
obvious choice should be a SCSI drive which is capable of linking seven devices from a single controller card.

Page No. (14)

 Computer Fundamental

Input & Output Device

What is Input ?
Input consists of data and instructions. Input devices translate what people understand into a form that computers can
process.

Input is any data or instructions that are used by a computer; it can come directly from you or from other sources. You
provide input whenever you use system or application programs for example, when using a word processing program,
you enter data in the form of numbers and letters and issue commands such as to save and to print documents. You can
also enter data and issue commands using your voice, by pointing to items, and by writing on special devices. Other
sources of input include scanned or photographed images.

Input devices are hardware used to provide input to the computer. For example when using a word processor, you
typically use a keyboard to enter text and a mouse to issue commands, In addition to keyboards and mice, widely used
input devices include scanning, image capturing, digitizing, and audio input devices. (See Figure 5-1) These devices are
effectively translators from what people can understand to what the computer can process.

KEYBOARD ENTRY
Keyboards translate numbers, letters, and special characters. Traditional,
ergonomic, and folding are types of keyboards.

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One of the most common ways to input data is by keyboard. As mentioned in chapter 4, keyboards convert numbers,
letters, and special characters that people understand into electrical signals. These signals are sent to and processed by
the system unit. it
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The are a wide variety of different keyboard designs. They range from the traditional keyboards to ergonomic
keyboards to space-saving folding or flexible keyboards. (See Figure 5-2)
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Traditional Keyboard
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Flexible Keyboard
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A computer keyboards combines a typewriter keyboard with a numeric keypad. Additionally, it has many
special purpose keys. Some keys such as the Caps Lock key are toggle keys. These keys turn a feature on
or off. Others such as the Ctrl key combination keys that perform an action when held down in
combination with another key. To learn more abut keyboard features, see Figure 5-3.

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 Computer Fundamental

POINTING DEVICES
Pointing, of course, is one of the most natural of all human gestures. Pointing devices provide a comfortable interface
with the system with the system unit by accepting point gestures and converting them into machine – readable input.
There are a wide variety of different pointing devices including the mouse, joystick touch screen, and light pen.

MOUSE
A mouse controls a pointer that is displayed on the monitor. The pointer usually appears in the shape of an arrow. It
frequently, however, changes shape depending on the application. A mouse can have one, two, or more buttons, which
are used to select command options and to control information presented on the monitor. Some mice have a wheel
button that can be rotated to scroll through information presented on the monitor. Although there are several different
mouse types, there are three basic design: mechanical, optical, and cordless.
Mechanical mouse is generally considered the traditional type and is currently the most widely used. It has a rotating
ball on the bottom and is attached with a cord to the system unit. As you move the mouse across a smooth surface, the
roller rotates and controls the pointer on the screen. (See figure 5-4).
Optical mouse has no moving parts. It emits and senses light to detect mouse movement. This newer type of mouse has
some advantages compared to the mechanical mouse: It can be used on any surface, is more precise, and does not
require periodic cleaning.

Left button
Single-click an item Right button
to select it, double-click Single-click an object
to perform an action typically displays a
shortcut menu of options.

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Mouse cable
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Connects and sends

signals from mouse to
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system unit.
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Retaining ring Roller ball

Holds roller ball in Converts movement
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position so that it can of the mouse into

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freely rotate on work surface electronic signals.

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Figure 5-4 Standard Mouse

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The pointer by moving and tapping your finger on the surface of a pad. You can use a pointing stick, located in the
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middle of the keyboard, to control the pointer by directing the stick with your finger.

JOYSTICK
A joystick is the most popular input device for computer games. You control game actions by varying the pressure,
speed and direction of the joystick. Additional controls such as buttons and triggers are used to specify commands or
initiate specific actions.

TOUCH SCREEN
A touch screen is a particular kind of monitor screen covered with a plastic layer. Behind this layer are crisscrossed
invisible beams of infrared light. This arrangement enables someone to actions of commands by touching the screen
with a finger.

LIGHT PEN
A light pen is a light-sensitive pen like device. The light pen is place against the monitor. This closes a photo-electric
circuit and identifies the spot for entering or modifying data. For example light pens are used to Ed digital images.
Page No. (16)
 Computer Fundamental

SCANNIG DEVICES

Optical scanners copy or reproduce text and images. Bar

code readers identify and price products. Character and
mark recognition devices recognize special character and
marks.

OPTICAL SCANNERS
An optical scanners, also known simply as a scanner, copies or reproduces text as well as images. These devices
record the light and dark areas as well as color of the scanned document. After the image has been scanned, it can be
displayed, printed on paper, and stored for later uses. There are two basic types of scanners: flatbed and portable. (See
Figure 5-9)

·Flatbed scanner is much like a copy machine. The image to be scanned is placed on a glass surface and the
scanner records the image from below.
·Portable scanner is typically a handheld device that slides across the image, making direct contact.

Optical scanners are powerful tools for a wide variety of end users including graphics and advertising professionals who
scan images and combine them with text. Lawyers and students use portable scanners as a valuable research tool to
record information.
Figure 5.9 Two type of scanners

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Flatbed scanner Portables scanner

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BAR CODE READERS

You are probably familiar with bar code readers from grocery stores. Wand readers or platform scanners are
photoelectric scanners that read the bar codes, or vertical zebra-striped marks, printed on product containers. Super-
markets use electric cash registers and a bar code system called the Universal Product Code (UPC).

CHARACTER AND MARK RECOGNITION DEVICES

Character and mark recognition devices are scanners that are able to recognize special characters and marks. They are
specialty devices that are essential tools for certain applications. Three types are

·Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR), which is used by banks to automatically read those unusual
numbers on the bottom of checks. A special-purpose machine known as a reader/sorter reads characters made of
ink containing magnetized particles.
·Optical-character recognition (OCR), which uses special preprinted characters that can be read by a light
source and changed into machine-readable code.
Page No. (17)
 Computer Fundamental

IMAGE CAPTURING DEVICES

Digital cameras capture still images. Digital video cameras capture

motion. Webcams are specialized digital video cameras.

Optical scanners like traditional copy machines can make a copy from an original. For example, an optical scanner can
make a digital copy of a photograph. Image capturing devices, on the other hand, create or capture original images.

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These devices include digital cameras and video cameras.

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·Digital cameras are similar to traditional cameras except, the images are recorded digitally on a disk or in the
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camera's memory rather than on film.
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·Unlike traditional video cameras, digital video cameras record motion digitally on a disk or in the camera's
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memory; see Figure 5-12. Webcams are specialized digital video cameras that capture images and send them to
a computer for broadcast over the Internet; see Figure 5-13.
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To learn more about image capturing and digital photography, see Making IT Work for You: Digital Photography on
pages 124-125.
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DIGITIZING DEVICES
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Graphic tablets record sketches and tracings of maps and other drawing.
Digital notebooks record handwritten notes.
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Digitizing Devices convert a sketch or figure into a form that can be

processed by a computer. Typically, these devices have some type of
flat surface and a writing device. As the user moves the writing
device across the surface the digitizing device records the movement
as a series of points and sends this information to the computer. Two
widely used digitizing devices are graphic tablets and digital
notebooks.

Figure 5-13 A Webcam

Page No. (18)

 Computer Fundamental

Graphics tablets use a special graphics surface or tablet and a special stylus or pen like device. The user either directly
sketches on the tablet or traces images that have been placed on the tablet. Graphics tablets are used by artists for
creating illustrations, by mapmakers to record or trace maps, and by engineers to digitally save mechanical drawings.

Digital note books typically use a regular notepad positioned on top of an electric pad or tablet. Using a regular pen,
the user takes notes and creates drawings on the notepad. Students and businesspeople frequently use these devices to
record class or meeting notes, see figure 5-14. These notes can later be processed, edited, and used with a word
processing program

AUDIO – INPUT DEVICES

Audio – input devices convert sounds for processing. Voice recognition

systems accept voice commands to control computer operations and to create documents.

Audio – input devices convert sounds into a form can be processed by a computer. These sounds can be from a
wide variety of sources. By far the most widely used audio-input device is the microphone. This input device in an
essential part of a voice recognition system.

Voice recognition systems

Voice recognition systems use a microphone, sound card, and special software. These systems allow users to operate

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computers and to create document using voice commands.

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There are two types of voice recognition systems: discrete – speech recognition systems and continuous – speech
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recognition systems.
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·Discrete-speech recognition systems are able to recognize individual words based on their sound. They
cannot, however, distinguish between same-sound words such as there, and they're. This limitation requires
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users to review captured dictation and make corrections.

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·Continuous – speech recognition systems are able to distinguish between same-sounding words by evaluating
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the context within which individual words are used. These systems are considered to be one of the key
technologies for the 21st century. Two well-known systems are Naturally Speaking from Dragon Systems and
Via Voice from IBM.
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WHAT IS OUTPUT?
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Output is processed data of information. Output devices provide

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output for people by translating what and use.

Output is processed data or information form a computer. Output typically takes

the form of text, graphics, photos, audio, and/or video. For example, when you
create a presentation using a presentation graphics program, you typically input
text and graphics. You could also include photographs and even add voice
narration. The output would be the completed presentation.

Figure : 5-16 A portable

voice recognition system

Page No. (19)

 Computer Fundamental

Output devices are any hardware used to provide or the create output from the computer. The most widely used
output devices are monitors, printers, and audio-output devices. (See figure 5-17).

MONITORS

Monitor standards indicate screen quality. CRTs are similar to televisions.

Flat – panel monitors are smaller. Other monitors include e – book,
data projectors, and HDTV's.

The most frequently used output device is the monitor. Two important characteristics of monitors are size and clarity.
A monitor's size is indicated by the diagonal length of its viewing area. Common sizes are 15, 17, 19 and 21 inches.
Larger monitors have the advantage of displaying more information at one time; however, they are more expensive.

A monitor's clarity is indicated by its resolution, which is measured in pixels. Pixels are individual dots or
“picture elements” that form images on a monitor. For a given size monitor, the greater the resolution (the more
pixels), the better the clarity of the image.

Page No. (20)

 Computer Fundamental

FLAT – PANEL MONITORS

Because CRTs are too bulky to be transported, portable monitors known as flat –
panel monitors or liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors were developed.
Unlike the technology used in CRTs, the technology for portable monitors
involves liquid crystals. Flat-panel monitors are much thinner than CRTs. Once
used exclusively for portable computers, flat-panel monitors are used for desktop
systems as well. (See Figure 5-21)
Figure 5-20 CRT monitor
There are two basic types of flat-panel monitors: passive-matrix and active
matrix. Passive-matrix or dual – scan monitors create images by scanning the
entire screen. This type requites very little power, but the clarity of the images is
not as sharp. Active – matrix or thin film transistor (TFT) monitors do not scan down the screen; instead. Each pixel
is independently activated. More colors with better clarity can be displayed. Active – matrix monitors are more
expensive and require more power.

OTHER MONITORS

There are several other types of monitors. These monitors are used for more
specialized applications such as reading books, making presentations, and
watching television. These specialized devices are e-books, data projects, and
high-definition television.

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· E-books, also known as e-book readers, are handheld, book – sized
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devices that display text and graphics. Using content downloaded from the
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Web or from special cartridges, these devices are used to read newspapers,
magazines, and entire books.
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· Data projectors are specialized devices similar to slide projectors. These

devices, however, connect to microcomputers and project computer output
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just as it would appear on a traditional monitor. ) See Figure 5-23).

Figure 5-21 A Flat panel monitor
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Printer
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The images output on a monitor are often referred to as soft copy. Information output on paper – whether by a printer or
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by a plotter – is called hard copy. Three popular kinds of printers used with microcomputers are ink – jet, laser, and
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thermal.
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INK – JET PRINTER

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An ink – jet printer sprays small droplets of ink at high speed on to the surface of the paper. This process not only
produces a letter – quality image but also permits printing to be done in variety of colors. (See Figure 5-24). Most photo
printer is special – purpose ink – jet printers designed to print photo quality images from digital cameras. Ink – jet
printers are the most widely used printer. They are reliable, quiet, and inexpensive. Ink – jet printers are used wherever
color and appearance are important, as in advertising and public relations.

LASER PRINTER
The laser printer uses a technology similar to that used in a photocopying machine. (See Figure 5-25). It uses a laser
beam to produce images with excellent letter and graphics quality. More expensive than ink- jet printers, laser printers
are used in applications requiring high – quality output.

There are two categories of laser printers. Personal laser printers are less expensive and used by many single users.
They typically can print four to six pages a minute. Shared laser printers are more expensive and are used (shared) by
a group of users. Shared laser printers typically print over 30 pages a minute.
Page No. (21)
 Computer Fundamental

THERMAL PRINTER
A thermal printer uses heat elements to produce images on heat – sensitive paper: Originally these printers were only
used in scientific labs to record data. More recently, color thermal printers have been widely used to produce very high –
quality color artwork and text.
Color thermal printers are not as popular because of their cost and the requirement of specially treated paper: they are a
more special – use printer that produces near – photographic output. They are widely used in professional art and design
work where very high – quality color is essential.
Some of the important characteristics of the three most widely used microcomputer printers are summarized in
Figure 5-26.

OTHER PRINTERS

There are several other types of printers. These printers include dot – matrix printers, chain printers, and plotters.

·Dot – matrix printers form characters and images using a series small pins on a print head. Once a widely used
microcomputer printer, they are inexpensive and reliable but quite noisy. In general, they are used for tasks
where high – quality output is not required.
·Chain printers are expensive high – speed machines. You are not likely to see once connected to a single
microcomputer. They are typically used within organizations to serve several computers connected by a network
or a mainframe computer requiring large quantities of printed output.

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·Plotters are special – purpose printers for producing a wide range of specialized output. Using output form

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digitizing tables and other graphics input devices; plotters can create maps, images, and architectural and
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engineering drawing. They can produce high – quality, multicolor documents and also documents that are larger
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than most printers can handle. (See Figure 5-27). Plotters are widely used by graphic artists, engineers, and
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architects to print out designs, sketches, and drawings.

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AUDIO – OUTPUT DEVICES

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Audio – output devices produce, sounds for people. Voice output is

common and simpler than voice recognition.
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Audio – output devices translate audio information from the computer into sounds that people
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can understand. The most widely used audio – output devices are speakers and headphones.
(See Figure 5-28.) These devices are connected to a sound card in the system unit. The sound
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card is used to capture as well as play back recorded sounds. Audio – output devices are used to
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play music, vocalize translations from one language to another, and communicate information
from the computer system to users.
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COMBINATION
INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

Many devices combine input and

output devices. Sometimes this is
done to save space. Other times it is
done for very specialized
applications, common combination
devices include fax machines,
multifunction devices, Internet
telephones, and terminals.

Figure 5-28 Dual circular speakers with an Apple System

Page No. (22)
 Computer Fundamental

FAX MACHINES
A fax machines, also known as a facsimile transmission machine, is a standard tool in nearly every office. At one
time, all fax machines were separate stand-alone devices for sending and receiving images over telephone lines. Now,
most computer systems have that capability with the simple addition of a fax/modem board, which also operates as a
modem. To send a fax, these devices scan the image of a document converting the light and dark areas into a format that
can be sent electronically over standard telephone lines. To receive a fax these devices reverse the process and print the
document (or display the document on your monitor). Using signals received from the telephone line.

MULTI FUNCTIONAL DEVICES

Multifunctional devices typically combine the capabilities of a scanner, printer, fax, and copying machine. (See
Figure 5-29). These multifunctional devices offer a cost and space advantage. They cost about the same as a good
printer or copy machine but require much less space than the single-function devices they replace, their disadvantage is
that the quality and functionality are not quite as good as those of the separate single – purpose devices. Even so,
multifunctional devices are widely used in home and small business offices.

Data Representation

I t work and what it can do for us. There is no magic in computer and computers are not the horribly complex and
maddeningly technical machine that they are made out to be. In fact the computer is a remarkably simple machine.
Almost every part in a computer has only one job to do- that is, it say “Yes” or “No” when the time comes. No matter
what kind of advanced components a computer uses, each decision it makes comes down to whether a switch on or off.

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But to understand this simple reasoning, which is the building block of a computer let us first understand what a

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computer is, its basic functions and architecture.

Binary System-BITS and BYTES

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All of you haven seen a typewriter. It has a key board in which the keys are connected to mechanical levels. At the tips or
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each level you see letters embossed (A-Z, 0-9 and special characters). When ever a key is pressed the level comes up
and hits the ribbon and the impression of the letter comes on the paper.
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The computer also a key board but there are no levels. It is all connected with wires (circuits) and whenever you press a
key the letter of that key generates a sequence of electrical impulses which are sent to the CPU.
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How does this happen? Let us take example of an electric switch :

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A switch two positions- on/off. This switch is connected to an electric bulb. When the switch is on, the bulb will emit
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light. So one switch can give two messages or represent two functions.
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Two switches can give 4 messages (2*2). There such switches can give you 8 messages (2*2*2) as shown :
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Switch 1 Switch 2 Switch 3 (All are off)

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0 0 0 (All are on)

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1 1 1 (Combination)
0 1
0 1 1
1 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0

Hence, with an addition of a switch the functions multiply in powers of two

5 Switches can give you 32 functions 2*2*2*=25 = 32

6 Switches can give you 64 functions 26 = 64

7 Switches can give you 128 functions 27 = 128

8 Switches can give you 256 functions 28 = 256

Page No. (23)
 Computer Fundamental

ASCII

ASCII :
Acronym for the American Standard Code for
Information Interchange. Pronounced ask-ee,
ASCII is a code for representing English
characters as numbers, with each letter
assigned a number from 0 to 127. For example,
the ASCII code for uppercase M is 77. Most
computers use ASCII codes to represent text,
which makes it possible to transfer data from
one computer to another. ASCII character set
uses just 7 bits for each character. There are
several larger character sets that use 8 bits, which gives them 128 additional characters. The extra characters are used to
represent non-English characters, graphics symbols, and mathematical symbols. Several companies and organizations
have proposed extensions for these 128 characters.

Characters and ASCII Equivalents

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Description Char HEX ASCII

Space space 20  
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exclamation mark ! 21 !

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(double) quotation mark " 22 "

number sign # 23 #
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dollar sign $ 24 $

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percent sign % 25 %

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Ampersand & 26 &

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Apostrophe ' 27 '

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open parenthesis ( 28 (

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close parenthesis ) 29 )

Asterisk * 2A *
plus sign + 2B +
Comma , 2C ,
minus sign/hyphen - 2D -
division sign / F7 ÷
period, decimal point . 2E .
slash, virgule, solidus / 2F /
digit 0 0 30 0

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 Computer Fundamental

digit 1 1 31 1 capital T T 54 T

digit 2 2 32 2 capital U U 55 U
digit 3 3 33 3 capital V V 56 V
digit 4 4 34 4 capital W W 57 W
digit 5 5 35 5 capital X X 58 X
digit 6 6 36 6 capital Y Y 59 Y
digit 7 7 37 7 capital Z Z 5A Z
digit 8 8 38 8 left square bracket [ 5B [
digit 9 39 9 backslash, reverse solidus \ 5C \
Colon : 3A : right square bracket ] 5D ]
Semicolon ; 3B &#059; spacing circumflex accent ^ 5E ^
less-than sign < 3C &#060; spacing underscore, low line _ 5F &#095;
equal sign = 3D &#061; spacing grave accent ` 60 &#096;
greater-than sign > 3E &#062; small a 61 &#097;
question mark ? 3F &#063; small b b 62 &#098;
commercial "at" sign @ 40 &#064; small c c 63 &#099;
capital A A 41 &#065; small d d 64 &#100;
capital B B 42 &#066; small e e 65 &#101;
capital C C 43 &#067; small f f 66 &#102;
capital D D 44 &#068; small g g 67 &#103;
capital E E 45 &#069; small h h 68 &#104;
capital F F 46 &#070; small i i 69 &#105;

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capital G G 47 &#071; small j j 6A &#106;

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capital H H 48 &#072; small k k 6B &#107;
capital I I 49 &#073; small l it l 6C &#108;
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capital J J 4A &#074; small m m 6D &#109;
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capital K K 4B &#075; small n n 6E &#110;

capital L L 4C &#076; small o o 6F &#111;
capital M M 4D &#077; small p p 70 &#112;
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capital N N 4E &#078; small q q 71 &#113;

capital O O 4F &#079; small r r 72 &#114;
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capital P P 50 &#080; small s s 73 &#115;

capital Q Q 51 &#081; small t t 74 &#116;
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capital R R 52 &#082; small u u 75 &#117;

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capital S S 53 &#083; small v v 76 &#118;

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 Computer Fundamental

small w w 77 &#119; paragraph sign, pilcrow sign ¶ B6 &#182;

small x x 78 &#120; inverted question mark ¿ BF &#191;
small y y 79 &#121; capital A grave À C0 &#192;
small z z 7A &#122; capital A acute Á C1 &#193;
left brace (curly bracket) { 7B &#123; capital A circumflex  C2 &#194;
vertical bar | 7C &#124;
capital A tilde à C3 &#195;
right brace (curly bracket) y 7D &#125;

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capital A dieresis or umlaut Ä C4 &#196;
tilde accent ~ 7E &#126;
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capital A ring Å C5 &#197;
delete ^? 7F &#127;
capital AE ligature Æ C6 &#198;
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letter modifying circumflex 88 &#136;
capital C cedilla Ç C7 &#199;
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per thousand (mille) sign 89 &#137;

capital E grave È C8 &#200;
capital S caron or hacek 8A &#138;
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left single angle quote mark 8B &#139; capital E acute É C9 &#201;

left single quotation mark 91 &#145; capital E circumflex Ê CA &#202;
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capital E dieresis or umlaut CB &#203;

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right single quote mark 92 &#146;

left double quotation mark 93 &#147; capital I grave Ì CC &#204;
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right double quote mark 94 &#148; capital I acute e Í CD &#205;

round filled bullet 95 &#149; capital I circumflex Î CE &#206;
en dash 96 &#150; capital I dieresis or umlaut Ï CF &#207;
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em dash 97 &#151; e
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capital N tilde Ñ D1 &#209;

small spacing tilde accent 98 &#152; small sharp s, sz ligature DF &#223;
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trademark sign 99 &#153; small a grave à E0 &#224;

inverted exclamation mark ¡ A1 &#161; small a acute á E1 &#225;
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cent sign ¢ A2 &#162;

small a circumflex â E2 &#226;
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pound sterling sign £ A3 &#163;

small a tilde ã E3 &#227;
yen sign ¥ A5 &#165;
small a dieresis or ..
oumlaut ä E4 &#228;
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broken vertical bar A6 &#166;

small a ring å E5 &#229;
section sign § A7 &#167;
small ae ligature æ E6 &#230;
copyright sign © A9 &#169;
small c cedilla ç E7 &#231;
logical not sign ¬ AC &#172;
soft hyphen AD &#173; small e grave è E8 &#232;
registered trademark sign ® AE &#174; small e acute é E9 &#233;
degree sign ° B0 &#176; small e circumflex ê EA &#234;
..
small e dieresis or o
umlaut ë EB &#235;
plus-or-minus sign B1 &#177;
micro sign µ B5 &#181; small n tilde ñ F1 &#241;

Page No. (26)

 Computer Fundamental

Windows
What is windows?
It is an operating system, also, Windows is a GUI i.e. Graphical User Interface. Interface means a middleman between
the two parties. The operating system is also a middleman or an “Interface” between you and the internal machinery of
the computer. Graphical means pictorial. For historical reasons, the art or science of drawing pictures on the monitor is
called as computer graphics. So you can interpret the Graphical User Interface as the “pictorial-middleman who sit
between the computer and user.”

Introduction
Microsoft's desktop operating system dominance is mainly due to one operating system that is windows.
Now windows 98/XP has been released with a lot more feature and integration with the internet.

Windows-XP improves computer reliability by introducing new wizards, utilities and resources that help keep your
system running smoothly.

Features of windows XP :
Wi n d o w s - X P m a k e s o u r c o m p u t e r e a s i e r t o u s e w i t h n e w a n d e n h a n c e d f e a t u r e s :

GUI(Graphical user Interface):- Windows provide Graphical user interface to user.

Mouse compatible : Mouse make Windows very easy to user.

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Printing : Different types of printer can work in Windows environment so user find very good quality of printing.

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Scanning : We can scan any picture or document easily in Windows. it
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Faster : Windows application runs faster.
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Support advanced devices: It supports new type of I/O devices as digital camera, forced feedback joystick DVD etc.
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Internet : It has internet explorer is added to simplify internet use and also feel consisting of look world wide web.
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E-mail: It has new program for handling E-mail is included called outlook express. It's much less complex and easier
to use.
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Desktop Layers : Windows 98/XP active desktop has two layer behind the window you have HTML layer that can
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display image of web site of your choice.

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Multiple Display Support: Multiple display support makes it possible for you to use several monitors
simultaneously to increase the size of our desktop, run different programs on separate monitors and run program or
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play games with multiple views.

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Better Multimedia & gaming support : It has better multimedia and gaming support.

Clipboard : Clipboard to share data from different application.

OLE Support : It supports OLE(object linking & embedding) by which one can add graph, chart, picture etc. into
word processing document.

Help: Windows-XP includes a new help system that makes your computer easier to use it help you can find answers to
your questions quickly and easily. You can also get up-to-date. Technical support from the world wide web.

ScanDisk : ScanDisk run as automatically in the event the operating system is shut down improperly. ScanDisk detects
corruption when they are most likely to occur and then corrects them.
Backup: Backup provides improved backup and restore capabilities, including support for more tape drives and the

Page No. (27)

 Computer Fundamental

Parts of MS Windows Screen

Desktop : The screen.

Icons : The icons are My computer, in box, recycle bin, set up the Microsoft network.
Task Bar : The task bar is position at the bottom of desktop by default. Its position can be changed.
It contains start button at the left side and time indicator at the right side. The name of
applications currently working with will be displayed on the task bar.

Star Button : The start button is positioned at the left side of task bar by default. It is used to execute
the applications, to shut down the computer etc.

Time Indicator : The time indicator display the system time. It will also display the data, when the mouse
pointer is position on the time indicator. To set the current time and today’s date, double,
click on the time indicator.
Mouse Pointer : The arrow, which moves on the screen when, moving the mouse.

MOUSE
Mouse is a pointing device. It is also the primary input device for MS-Windows. There are two types of mouse.

IBM : All three buttons are used (three buttons mouse)

MICROSOFT : Only two buttons are used (two buttons mouse)

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ACTIVITIES OF MOUSE

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Point : Placing the mouse pointer on a particular icon or item.
Click it
: Placing the mouse pointer on a particular icon or item and pressing the primary mouse
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button (left button) once. Used to select icon or item.
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Double Click : Placing the mouse pointer on a particular icon or item, pressing the primary mouse button (left
button) twice rapidly. Used to execute the program.
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Drag : Placing the mouse pointer on a particular icon or item, pressing the primary mouse button (left
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button) moving the mouse and then releasing the mouse button. Used to move the icon or items.

Right Click : Placing the mouse pointer on a particular or item and pressing the right mouse button once. Used to
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display the short-cut menus.

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The Win XP Taskbar and Properties

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The taskbar is another important part of the Windows XP operating system. One of its main uses is to switch
between any open programs of documents. We will look more closely at the windows XP taskbar.
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Page No. (28)

 Computer Fundamental

Setting The Date & Time

To set the date and time, double click on the time indicator on the task bar. Time following windows will be displayed as
shown.

Select the appropriate month, year and date in the left side of the window and set. The time and AM or PM in the right
side of the windows and click on OK. The time Indicator will automatically display the new time

The Win XP Start button

The start button see fig is a very important part of Windows XP, clicking on the start button opens up what is called the
start menu, the start menu is used to access your programs, settings, printers and more.

Start Button and its elements

Start menu
The start menu offers an extremely simple way for you to start your programs on your computer. It is the primary way to
access files, folder and programs on your computer.

Turn Off Computer

This option is use to turn off our computer. Click on Start button and click to turn off computer. There are three option
available to turn off our computer i.e. Stand by, Turn off and Restart

Stand By option is use for sending computer in sleeping mode. If we click on Stand By button, the computer is stop
working and we feel that computer turned off, but it is in sleeping mode only. If we press any key or move mouse,

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computer does its work properly.

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Turn Off or Shut down Windows Xp, click the start
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button, click Turn off Computer... and then click one of
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the Turn off option that appears on the screen. After
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click on this button computer close all the files and

operating system itself. It is very safe to OFF our
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computer. It is very important to Turn off the computer

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after working on it, rather than closing direct with

switch otherwise the next time when we switch on the
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computer, it will start scan disk program and take a long

time to get ready.
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Restart option is use to restart the computer. If we click

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on Restart button, the Computer turn off first and start

again.
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Log Off...
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This option is use to go one user to another user of your computer. If you click on Log Off option, two option appears i.e.
Switch User and Log Off

Switch User
is use to change the user very fast without closing any files.

Log Off button is use to change the user with closing all the files and documents of current user.

Page No. (29)

 Computer Fundamental

Run
It runs program by typing program name and clicking on ok button.

Help and Support

If you doesn't know how to do something, you can look it up in help. Just click the start button, and then click help. You
can get help on each item in a dialog box by clicking the question mark button in the little bar and then clicking the item.
Or write the word and all the related answer will be in front of you.

Search
Search enables you to find folder, file, shared computer of our computer. Misplacing or losing files in offices is a
common incident. Often we have to waste a lot of time in tracing them. Such a situation can be easily avoided with the
help of computers. In Windows, the search command will help you to locate files on your computer quickly and easily.
For finding files or folders you need to specify any one of the following information:-
File name or a part of it- Any text contained in it - The date the file was created, modified or saved - Type of the file - Size
of the file etc.

Setting
It allows you to change the setting of the computer, printers, taskbar and even your active desktop.
It will also allow the customization of the start menu and the taskbar

Documents
You can quickly open a document you have worked on recently by using the documents command on the start menu. It
displays the recent 15 documents which have been used.

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Program manager
Program manager are program menu, which is stand alone programs. Windows programs are added to the program
menu automatically as they are installed. it
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Programs
Displays the list of program. You can start(open) any program by clicking on it.
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The Start Button

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The Start button appears in the lower left corner of the screen. On Clicking the button,
the star menu appears.
the Start menu contains the following choice:
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Windows Update : It check the internet for updates to the Operating System.
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Program : It lists program which are installed on the computer.

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Favorites : It lists web pages which are designated as favourites while surfing the internet.
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Document : It lists document which were recently opened.

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Setting : It lists which can be used to change the setting of the operating system.

Find : Helps to search for files or folder stored in the computer.

Help : It provides help on the program for which the executable filename are known.

Log Off : It enables user who share a computer to log off but leave the computer running so
that someone else can log on.
Shut Down : It enables us to shut down the computer correctly , restart or restart it in MS-
DOS mode

Control Panel
A section in Microsoft Windows that enables a user to modify the computer's settings. Changing the mouse settings,
display settings, sound settings, and keyboard settings are just a few of the examples of what can be modified in the
Control Panel. Below is an example of what the Microsoft Windows Control Panel may look like.
Page No. (30)
 Computer Fundamental

Folders & Files

Creating a folder
Yo u c a n c r e a t e a f o l d e r o n t h e d e s k t o p o n r i g h t c l i c k i n g o n t h e d e s k t o p , p o i n t i n g
to new option, Clicking to folder. Windows instantly shows a folder on the desktop.

Deleting and Restoring, Files and Folders

Windows also provides the feature of deleting unwanted files. The files you do not need can be conveniently deleted
using the delete command. To delete a file, select the file or folder from windows explorer and click on delete command
from the edit menu or select it from the popup menu which appears when you right-click on that particular file. When
you delete a file, Windows stores that file in a folder named Recycle Bin. In case you delete a file accidentally, you can
always get it back to its original location by restoring it from the Recycle Bin.

In case you do not need the file any more, you can permanently delete that file by deleting it from the Recycle Bin. For
deleting the file from the Recycle Bin double-click on the Recycle Bin icon on the desktop, select the file that you want to
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delete permanently and select the Empty Recycle Bin button. For renaming a file or folder just right-click on the folder
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you want to rename and select rename option from the popup menu that appears. A editable area for name appears below
the file or folder. You can give any meaningful name of file or folder.
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In My Computer or windows explorer, click on the file or folder you want to cut or In the edit menu, click on cut
command. Open the folder or disk where you want to put that file or folder. Then go to the edit menu, click paste, or right
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click on the area where you want to paste and click on paste option. The file or folder will be paste. To select more than
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one file or folder to cut, hold down the Ctrl key, and than click the item you want. And paste it at your desired place.
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To send a file or folder

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If you are copying a file or folder to a floppy disk,

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insert the disk in the disk drive.

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Copy, Move or Create Shortcut By drag and drop

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methodBy drag and drop we can copy or move any

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file or folder. We create shortcut also with drag and

drop.

Page No. (31)

 Computer Fundamental

Word Pad

Word Pad Is A Document Mode Word Processor Available In

Ms-Windows.
Features
§ File Can Be Saved In 4 Different Formats. They Are:
§ Word For Windows 6.0
§ Rich Text Format ( Rtf )
§ Text Document
§ Text Document Ms Dos Format
§ Displayed The Tool Bar, Formating Bar, Status Bar And
Ruler.
§ Margins, Tabs And Indents Can Be Set Easily
§ Allows Print Priview.
§ Different Font Types And Font Sizes Can Be Used In The Documents.
§ Bold, Italics, Underline And Text Coloring Features Are Available.
§ Left, Centre And Right Alignments Are Available.
§ Bullets Markers Can Be Included In The Document.
§ Picture Can Be Inserted Of Pictures Can Be Drawn.

Demerits
§ Headers And Footers Cannot Be Included.
§ Justified Alignment Is Not Available.

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§

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Double And One And Half-Line Spacing Is Not Available.
§ Manual Page Breaks Cannot Be Included.
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Spelling Check, Superscript Character Formats Ars Not Available.
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To Execute Word Pad, Select

Start Programs Accessories Wordpad

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Executable Fill Name : Wordpad .Exe

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Location : C:\Program Files\Accessories\Wordpad. Exe

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Ms- Windows Then Displayed The Editor As Shown In Figure

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The Word Pad Program - Executed From The Accessories Group.

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Parts Of Wordpad Windows :

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§ Wordpad Application Windows Will Have A Control Box , Title Bar ( If The Is Not Named, The Title Bar
Displayed Document ), Minimize Button, Maximize Butoon, Close Button, Menu Bar And Application
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Workspace.
§ Tool Bar Is Displayed Below The Menu Bar Containing 11 Graphical Symbols Called Icons-New, Open,
Save, Print, Preview, Find, Cut, Copy, Paste, Undo, Date / Time. The Tool Bar Can Be Moved Anywhere
On The Screen By Dragging The Toll Bar's Empty Area.
§ Format Bar Contains A Set Graphical Icons And 2 Drop Down List Boxes - Font, Type, Font Size, Bold,
Italics, Underline, Text Color, Align Left, Centre Align Right And Bullet. The Format Bar Can Be Turned
On Or Off By Selecting Format Bar And View Menu. It can Also Be Moved Anywhere On The Screen By
Dragging The Format Bar's Empty Area.
§ Ruler Is Displayed Below The Format Bar. It Is Used To Set The Tab Stops, Left, First Line And Right
Indents.
§ Status Bar Is Displayed At The Bottom Of Wordpad Window. Massages Are Displayed At The Left And
Caps Lock, Num Lock, Indicators Are Displayed At The Right.

Page No. (32)

 Computer Fundamental

The Following Methods Are Available To Block The Text In Word Pad.
§ Click & Drag : Click At The Position From Where The Text Is To be Blocked And Drag The Mouse To The
Position Where The Block Is To be Ended.

Mouse Ponter To The Position, Where The Block Is To Be Ended And Shift Click.
§ Double Click On Word : To Block A Word, Double Click Anywhere On The Word.
§ Click On The Selection Area Of Line : To Block Many Lines, Click In The Selection Area Of The Line.
Selection Area Is The Space At The Left Border Of The Window Before The Text.
§ Click And Drag The Selection Area Of Line : To Block Many Lines, Click On The Selection Area Of The Line
And Drag The Mouse Pointer Up Or Down.
§ Double Click On The Selection Area : To Back A Paragraph, Double Click In The Selection Area Of Any Line I
The Paragraph.
§ Ctrl+Click In The Selection Area : To Back Entire Document, Ctrl+Click In The Selection area Of Any Line In
The Document.

Text Formating
The Text Formatting Features Includes Changing The Font Type, Font Size, Bold, Italics, Under Line And Text Color.
§ Block The Text To Be Formatted.
§ Select The Font Type Or Font Size Desired From The Format Bar . To Bold Face ( ^B ), Italics ( ^I ) Or To
Underline ( ^U ) Click On The Corresponding Button In The Format Bar. To Change The Text Colour, Click On
The Colour Icon In The Farmat Bar And Choose The Desired Colior.
The Font Type And Font Size Can Also Be Set By Blocking The Text And Selecting The Fong Type Font Size From The
Corresponding Drop Down List.
To Set The Font Size Can Also Be Set By Blocking The Text And Selecting The Text Select Font…..From Format

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Menu.

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Move/ Copy The Block it
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In The Case Of Moving The Block, Contents Of The Block Are Moved To Another Location. Copying The Block Is
Copying The Contents Of The Block To Another Location. In Other Words The Contents Of The Block Will Appear At
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Both The Places. There Are Three Methods Available To Move/ Copy The Block.
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Method 1
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§ Create A Block.
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§ To Move The Block, Place The Mouse Pointer Inside The Block And Drag The Block To The Position Where It
Is to Be Moved And Release The Mouse Button.
§ To Copy The Block, Ctrl+Drag The Block To The Position Where It Is To Be Copies And Release The Mouse
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Button.
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Method 2
§ Create A Block
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§ Right Click On The Short Cut Popup Menu To Move Or Select Copy From The Short Cut Popup Menu To Copy
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The Block.
§ Click At The Position Where The Blick Is To Be Moved Or Copied.
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§ Right Click At That Position And Select Paste From The Short Cut Popup Menu.

Method 3
§ Create A Block.
§ To Move The Block, Press ^* Or Select Cut From Edit Menu. To Copy The Block, Press ^C Or Select Copy
From Edit Menu.
§ Click At The Position Where The Block Is To Be Moved Of Copied.
§ Press ^V Or Select Paste From Edit Menu.

Deleting The Block

To Delete The Contents Of Block,
§ Block The Text To Deleted
§ Press The Del Or Delete Key.

Undo The Earlier Work

To Undo The Latest Work, Press ^Z Or Undo From Edit Menu.
Page No. (33)
 Computer Fundamental

Date & Time

Inserting The Date / Time
§ Click In The Place Where The Date Or Time Is To Be
Inserted.
§ Select Date And Time…From Insert Menu . The Following
Dialog Box Will Be Displayed As Shown In Figure.
The Date And Time Dialog Box - To Insert Date And Time
§ Select The Date Or Time Format Required And Click On
The Ok.
Paragraph Alignment
There Are three Types Of Alignments For Paragraphs In Word Pad. They Are - Left, Centre And Right. Left Is The
Default Alignment. There Are Three Method To Set The Paragraph Alignment.
Method 1
§ Click Anywhere are The Paragraph. ( By Default, The Alignment Will Be Set For On Paragraph Only. If
Move Than One Paragraph Is To Be Aligned, Block The Paragraphs ).
§ Click On Left, Centre Or Right Alignment Icon In The Format Bar.

Method 2
§ Click Anywhere On The Paragraph.
§ Select Paragraph….From Format Menu, Or Right Click On The Paragraph And Select Paragraph…. From
Short Cut Popup Menu. The Dialig Box Given Un The Next Page Will Be Displayed.

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Select The Alignment Required From The Alignment Drop Down List Displayed At The Bottom Of The
Dialog Box As Shown In
§ And Click On Ok. it
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Indents
Indents Are Of Two Types. They Are List First Line And Right Indents. Indents Can Be Set On The Ruler Or
Through The Menu.
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Setting The Left/Right Indents Through Menu

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§ Click On Paragraph Or Select Several Paragraphs Which Are To Be Indents.

§ Select Paragraph….From Format Menu. Indents And Alignment Dialog Box Will Be Displayed As Shown
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Above. Type The Left, First Line Or Right Indent Measurements In Inches And Click On Ok.
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Setting The Left/ Right Indents Using The Ruler

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§ Click On The Paragraph Or Select Several Paragraphs.

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§ Drag The Marker On The Ruler ( Lower Right Triangular Symbol ) to a New Position Left Side Do
Select Left Indents Marker On The Ruler ( Lower Left Triangular Symbol ) To A New Position Right
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Side, T60 Set The Right Indent.

§ Drag The First Line Indents Side, To The Right Indents .
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§ Drag The First Line Indent Marker Icon The Ruler ( Upper Left Triangular Symbol )To A New Position
Right Side.

Bulleted Paragraphs
Bulleted Paragraphs Mean, A Bullet Symbol ( 1 ) Will Be Appear At The Left Side Of The Paragraphs And The
Paragraph Is Indented At The Left Side. Bullted Paragraphs Serves The Following Purposes:
§ Calling Attention To The Content Of The Paragraph.
§ Listing A Set Of Options.

Word Pad Can Include A Bullet To Any Paragraph. It Places The Bullet At The Left Indent Position Of Paragraph
By Shifting The Rest Of The Right. The Bullet Style Command Works As A Toggle.

Bullet Can Be Using The Following Steps,

§ Click Anywhere On The Paragraph Or Select Multiple Paragraphs, Which Are To Be Bulleted
§ Click On The Bullet Button Bar Or Select Bullet Style From Format Menu.
Page No. (34)
 Computer Fundamental

MS- Paint

M icrosoft Paint Is A Program Used To Draw The Images. A Large Number Of Drawing Tools And Different
Colors Are Available To Creat Any Good Pictures. The Pictures Creates In Ms - Paint Are Bit - Maped
Graphics. A Bitmap Is A Collection Of Bits ( Pixels Or Pwls In The Screen ) Of Information That Creates An Image
When Assigned ( Mapped ) Dots On The Screen. The File Create In Paint Well Have That Extension. Bmp. But,
Images With Extension Pcx and Tie Can Also Be Opened In Paint By Translating Them To .Bmp Format With The
Conversion Software.

To Load Paint Select, Start Programs Accessories Paint

Executable File For Paint Is Ms - Paint .Exe.

Location : C :\Program Files\Accessories\

The Ms - Paint Program - Executed From The Accessories Group.

Different Drawing Tools ( Tool Box ) Are Displayed At The Left Side. At The Bottom Of The Screen Is The Color Box ,
The Middle Empty Area Is The Drawing Area. The Status Line Is Displayed Below The Color Box. The Color Box
Allows Selection Of Different Colors When Drawing The Pictures. To Select The Foreground Color ( Drawing Color
), Click On The Color and To select The Background Color )Fill Color) Right Click On The Color.

Tool Box

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The Tool Box Contains Various Tools Used To Draw The Images. The Tool Are,

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Tools Used To Create Your Drawing. it
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Free - Form Select ( Scissors ) - It Is Used To Select Any Area Of The Picture By Drawing A Freehand Line Around
The Area To Be Selected.
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Select ( Pick ) - It Is Used To Select A Rectangular Portion Of The Drawing. It Is The Easiest Way To Select The
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Picture. Using This Tools, By Placing The Mouse Pointer At The Top Left Corner Of The Picture, Click And Drag To
The Bottom Right Side Of The Picture. The Portion Inside The Box Is The Selected Area Of The Drawing.
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Eraser / Color Eraser - If Used With Left Mouse Button, It Is An Eraser Or It is Used With Right Mouse Button, It Is A
Color Eraser ( Used To Erase Only A Particular Color In Drawing ). The Size Of Eraser Can Be Changed And Any
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Background Color Can Be Selected.

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Paint Can - It Is Used To Fill Any Enclosed Area With The Foreground Color. An Enclosed Area Can Be Defined By
Any Kind of Curve In The Drawing Area. With This Tools, Select The Colour With Which The Area Must Be Filled
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And Click Inside The Area.

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Pick Color - It Is Used To Select A Particular Colour, Which Is Used In The Picture.
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Magnifier - This Tools Is Used To Zoom In To A Particular Part Of The Picture. After Selecting This Tool, The Mouse
Pointer Displays A Rectangular Outline, Position This Rectangular Outline Over The Area To Be Magnified And
Click. Paint Displays The Area At 400% Magnification. Different Magnification Levels Can Also Be Selected From
The Tool Options Area At The Bottom Of The Tool Box. When The Pictures Is Magnified T Restore It to Normal Select
The Normal, Select The Magnifier Tool And Click Anywhere In The Drawing Area.

Pencil - The Pencil Work Much Like The Brush For Freehand Art, Except That It Only Paints Lines One Pixel Wide. It
Is The Convenient Way To Draw Fine Freehand Lines. To Draw Straight Vertical, Horizontal Of Diagonal Lines,
While Drawing, Hold The Shift Key.

Brush - It Is The Basic Painting Tool. It Works Like A Pen Of Brush. This Tool Can Be Used to Create A Freehand Art.
Using This Tool, Selecting Any Color, To Draw The Freehand Design, Click And Drag Inside The Drawing Area. The
Size And Shope Of Brush Can Be Changed By Selecting The Required Size And Shape Of Brush From Tools Options

Page No. (35)

 Computer Fundamental

Area In The Bottom Of The Tool Box.

Airbrush - It Works Like A Spray Can, Spraying A Mist Of Paint Whenever Needed. Different Spray Sizes Can Be
Selected Form The Bottom Of The Tool Box.
Select The Desired Color And Click And Drag In The Drawing Area In The Place, Where The Colour Must Be
Sprayed.

Text - This Tools Is Used To Type The Text Inside The Picture. Before Typing The Text Define A Rectangular Frame
For The Text. The Size And Position of The Frame And Its Colour Can Be Changed Ay Any Time Until The Text Is
Finalized By Clicking Outside The Frame. The Text can Be Written in Two Styles. That Is , Transparent And opaque. In
Transparent Style, Only Text Is Included In The Frame And Only The Characters Entered In The Frame Will Be
Included In The Picture. In Opaque Style the Text Will Appear In A Solid Rectangular Background That Covers Up
Whatever Us There In The Picture To Choose The Text Color, Click To The Color Box And To Select The Color For
The Background, Right Click On The Color In The Color Box. Select The Text Tool Box And choose The Icon Fo
Opaque Or Transparent Text. Draw The Text Frame And Type The Text Using The Font Size And Styles Or The Text
Using The Text Toolbar. The text Can Also Be Bold, Italic Or Underline. To Change The Size Of Form, Drag The
Handles And To Move The Frame, Drag The Frame Outline ( Not The Handle ) To A Different Place. Click Outside
The Text Frame To Finalize The Text Entry.

Line - Line Toll Is Used To Draw Straight Lines. The Width Of Line Can Be Selected Color Can Be Changed And To
Draw The Line, Click And Drug In The Drawing Area. It Will Draw The Straight Lines . To Draw The Lines In Angles
Of 45 Degree, 90degree, 135 Degree Etc.,Hold Shift Key While Drawing The Line.

Curve - It Is Used To Draw The Curves. To Draw The Curves, Select The Foreground Color, Select The line Size From

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The Tool Options Area At The Button Of The Tool Box Draw A Straight Line By Click And Drag, Move The mouse

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Pointer To One Side Of The Line Drag The Mouse Pointer Away Form The Line ( Left, Right, Top Or Bottom ).
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If The Curve Already Looks Right, Finish It By Clicking In The End Point ( End Position Of The Line Draw ). To Make
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Some Modification Still, Drag Form Any Side Of TheMouse Again. It Will Draw A Curve.
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Be Drawn HALLOW BOXES WITH BORDERS ONLY( used to draw the simple rectangles or boxes ) FILLED
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BORDERS BOXERS (used to draw the box with a solid color interior and a surrounding border. The solid interior
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appears in the currently selected background color and the border appears with the foreground color ) and solid boxes
without borders ( used to draw a solid rectangle with currently selected background color ) to draw a box place the
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mouse pointer at the left side of the box click and drag till the button right corner of the box ( hold shift key to draw
perfect squares)
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Polygon - it is used to create an endless variety of polygon shapes. To draw a polygon, draw a line and click at different
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position . to end the polygon, double click at the last point.

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Ellipse - it is used to draw the circle or ellipse. The rules regarding the fill and border colors of boxes apply to ellipses
also. To draw a circle, hold the shift key when drawing the ellipse.
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Rounded box - it work like the regular box tool it creates boxes with rounded corners, rather than crisp right angles.

Moving / copying selected area

A part of the picture can be moved to any other part of the picture. To move a part of picture, select the portion of picture
using pick tool of scissors tool. Place the mouse pointer inside the selected area and drag the mouse pointer to a new
position and release the mouse button. To remove the selection marks, click outside the selection area to copy the
selected area ctrl key why dragging the picture after selecting a portion of it.

Sweeping the selected area

Sweeping is a method area of getting multiple copes of the dedected portion of picture in the place where themouse
pointer is dragged. To sweep the selected area of the picture while dragging the picture from inside the selected portion
of picture, hold shift key.

The selection area of a picture can be cut copies to the clipboard. To cut the selected portion of picture and to place it
into the clipboard select Edit, Cut (^x) and to copy the selection portion to the clipboard select Edit, copy ( ^c) to
paste the contents of clipboard to any picture, select Edit, paste (^v) .
Page No. (36)
 Computer Fundamental

Calculator

T he calcutator is used to perform simple or complex calculations.There are two type of calculations - standard and
scientific.

To start calculator select,

Start ® program ® accessories®
calculator
Executable file name is CALC.EXE.
Location : c:\window\calc.exe.

Using the calculator

Ø Clear the calculator's display by pressing ESC or clicking on C button.
Ø Enter the number by typing through keyboard or clicking on the numbers through the mouse.
Ø If any mistake is done while typing any number, press the backspace key or click in back button
Ø To clear the calculator and to start calculator again, click in C button.
Ø To clear only the current by preserving the previous result, click on CK button.
Ø Click on the operators( +,-,%,*,sqrt)etc. and type other numbers.
Ø To get the answer, press Enter or click on = button.

USING THE MEMORY KEYS

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when the calculator's memory contents a value, an M appears in the small area just above the MC button. If no value is

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in the memory, this area is empty.

Button Function
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Ms stores the displayed number in memory

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Mr recalls the memory value and displayed it to in.

Use in calculators
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M+ adds the current display value to the exiting

Memory value
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Mc clear the memory value be resetting it to 0.

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Inserting the result to any document

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To insert the result in the calculator's display to any document, first copy the calculator's Displayed result to clipboard
by selecting edit copy or by pressing ^C open the document, in which the result is to be included and edit paste or press
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^V. 575, click on * ( multiplication )button enter the percentage 14 and click on % ( percent) button.
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Copying the calculators from documents

The calculator does not keep the calculations for reference or reuse. Therefore, the calculations cannot be brought to the
documents there is a facility to type the calculations is note pad or any word processor and bring it to the calculator and
perform the calculation and get the result of it. Type in the equation in notepad E.g .2*4-3+12. block the equation and
copy it to the clipboard by selecting Edit copy or by pressing ^C. open the calculator and clear. The calculator by
clicking on C button the calculation, click on =button.

Computing the square root

To find the square root of a number, type the number and click on SQRT button.
The square root of the number will be immediately displayed and clicking on = button is not necessary

computing percentages
To calculate 14 percent of 2575, type the number 2575, click on * ( multiplication )button enter the percentage 14 and
on % ( percent) button.

Page No. (37)

 Computer Fundamental

Character Map & Control Panel

C haracter map is used to select some special characters such as foreign characters or currency symbols and
characters from some specialized fonts such is a special application, which is not having a menu bar.

To start character map, select, Start programs accessories character map

Executable file name is CHARMAP.EXE.

Location:c:\window\charmap.exe
The character map displays 224 characters in the selected font ( default font is wingdings).

To select any symbol, first select the font. The characters available in that font will be displayed in the character map. To
view any character clearly, click and hold on that character. The size of character map window is fixed, that means the
size cannot be changed or maximized.

To select any character, double click on the character or click on the character and click on select button. The characters
selected will be displayed in the characters to copy box on the characters, click on the copy button to copy the selected
characters to the clipboard (memory).

Control Panel
To open control panel, select,

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Start ® Setting® Control Panel.
The executable file name of is CONTROL. EXE. it
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Display Properties
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T he pattern and wallpaper used for the desktop background is controlled from the background tab. Selected pattern
and wallpaper will be displayed in the preview box.
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Desktop pattern is the design displayed on the desktop. Any desktop pattern can be selected from the name of patterns
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displayed in pattern list under tab background (like bricks, buttons, cargo net etc., but default is none). Select a name of
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pattern, its sample will be displayed in the preview portion. If the pattern is required to be applied to desktop, click on
apply button.
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To make the changes in the pattern, select any pattern and click on Edit Pattern... The existing pattern will be displayed
for editing.
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Screen Saver Properties :

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Screen savers can prevent a static image being displayed constantly on the screen i.e. if the user has started windows but
is not using the computer then the screen savers either make the screen blank or display some moving images. The
screen saver starts automatically, if the computer is idle for specified number of minutes (can be from 1 to 60). The
screen saver files will have the extension. SCR. To select a screen saver, select screen savers from desktop in control
panel.

The Available Screen Savers are :

Blank Screen : to make the screen blank
Curves and colors : to display the curves in different colors
Flying through space : to display the multiple starts (dots) Flying windows
: to display multiple windows logos
Mystify our mind : to display multiple polygon lines
Scrolling marquee : to display any text massage

Page No. (38)

 Computer Fundamental

Mouse Properties

M ouse properties is used to change the primary mouse button (left or right), time gap needed to double click,
selected mouse pointers for different operations mouse tracking speed, display the mouse or not etc. Mouse
properties dialog box will be displayed containing 4 tabs. They are buttons, pointers, motion and general.

Button Configuration :
The default mouse button configuration is right handed mouse, i.e. the left button will be the default button for clicking,
double clicking and dragging. To use the mouse with left hand, selected left handed and select apply. When the button
configuration is set to left handed, for clicking, double clicking and dragging the right mouse button must be used. To use
the mouse with right hand (default) select right handed and click on apply.

Double Click Speed :

Specifying the double click speed can on configure the time required to double click. By default, double click speed is
medium. The user can increase double click speed by moving the pointer toward fast and decrease it by moving the
pointer to words slow. Select apply to accept the configuration. To test, whether the double click is working perfectly or
not, double click in the test area. Some mark will be displayed when double clicked on test area once and double clicking
on the same will remove the mark.

Mouse Pointers :
The pointers tab allows the user to change the appearance of the mouse pointer when performing different works.
Different mouse pointers can be selected from this windows and also from browse button.

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The mouse pointer movement can be traced by the name trail (useful in LCD screens). To specify the mouse trail, click
on the check box of show pointer trail. If the pointer trail is present, whether to have a long trail or short trail can be
specified. it
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Selecting the Mouse :

The general tab allows the user to select the specific mouse or pointing device in use. Change options in this dialog
allows the user to select a mouse model from the list or a new mouse driver can be installed by clicking on have click.
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Keyboard Properties & Calender

T he language to use when typing the text, the speed at which the cursor has to blink, the speed at which the
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characters to be repeated etc. can be specified in the keyboard properties.

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In order to repeat the characters faster, to repeat delay is kept at short. The repeat delay as short to begin repeating the
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characters faster. The time gap can be identified only between the first and second keystroke of the character repeated.
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Specifying long will take a long time to repeat a character.

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To test the repeat rate, type the text by clicking and holding a key in the test area.
The speed at which the cursor has blink can be specified in cursor blink rate.

Additional languages
By default, typing the text is done in American English language. To type in any other language, such a language must
be installed through the language tab in key board properties dialog.

To add a language, click o n Add button. A last of language that can be added will be displayed. Click on the required
language and click on OK.

To display the language indicator on taskbar ( near the time indicator ), select enable indicator on taskbar check box.
When typing the text any language can be selected by clicking on the language indicator in the taskbar.

To switch between the language using the keyboard specify which key combination to be used ( left alt + shift or ctrl +
shift) in the language tab.
Page No. (39)
 Computer Fundamental
Currency format
By clicking on the tab of the regional setting properties dialog the currency dialog is displayed the following options are
available.

The currency symbol, by clicking on position of currency symbol number of decimal placed etc. can be set by the
currency tab the default currency symbol is dollar sign ($) types to specify Indian currency format.

Position of currency symbol is used to specify the at which the currency symbol must be displayed. Usually in front of
the number.

Negative number format is used to define how the negative number will be displayed. Default is with in the
parentheses.

Decimal symbol is to define the decimal separator default is period.

No. of digits after decimal is used to determine how many digits are to be displayed after the decimal point. Usually 2.

Digits grouping symbol is to specify the thousand, million separator. Default is comma (,).

Number of digits in group is used to determines how many digits determine a number group. Default is 3.

6.6.3 time format

The time tab of the regional setting properties dialog will display the following option:
Time sample display how the time will be displayed in the current format.

Time style determines how the time will be formatted. Select a style from the drop down list.

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Time separator determines which symbol is used to separate the hour, minutes and seconds. Default is color(:)

Am symbol sets the default for the morning symbol. Default is am.
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Pm symbol sets the default for the afternoon symbol. Default is pm.

Time will be displayed in the taskbar using the format.

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Date format
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The date dialog displays the following options:

Calender type displays the type of existing calenders. The default is Gregorian calendar with US English setting.
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Changing the calendar type will affect the naming and calculation of days, months and years. To change it , the country
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and language must be changed.

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Short date sample displays an example of the current style. E.g. mm/dd/yy
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Date separator lists the symbols that can be used to separate date mount and year E.g. /.
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Long date sample displays an example of long date style.

Long date style lists the formats available for displaying a formal date notation.

Printing
The files created in MS paint, note pad etc. can be printed through ms window printing through all ms window 95
application or higher version is similar and easier. But printing cannot be done until the printer, which is used for
printing the file, is installed properly and its names must be added in the printer's list.

Adding a printer

To add a printer, selected start> setting> printers.The printers window will be displayed with the icon add printer and
already added printers if any.

Double click on the printer icon. A message will be displayed to install a printer read the message and click on next> if
there is a network connection for the computer the following dialog box will be displayed on the screen.

Page No. (40)

 Computer Fundamental

Entertainment Tools & Task Schedule

Entertainment Tools
The Entertainment tools, such as media player, CD player, sound recorder etc. allow you to play audio, video, or
animation files and to control the setting for multimedia hardware devices. To hear sound when you use Media Player,
you must have a sound card, installed on you PC.

Playing and Recording Sound Files You can play a sound file by using the sound recorder or media player and also
CD player for playing audio and video CDs.

To open the Sound Recorder, click Start, and then highlight Programs, highlight Accessories, choose Entertainment,
click Sound Recorder. The Sound Recorder window appears as shown in Figure 3.15.

To Play a Sound File, do this:

1. Click File menu and choose Open… Or press CTRL+O keys together. The Open dialog box appears.
2. In this dialog box, open the folder (containing the sound file) you want to play, then click Open command
button.
3. Click the Play button in the sound recorder window to play the sound (See Figure 3.15).

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4. Click the Stop button to stop playing the sound.

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If you want to rewind sound file from end to beginning, then click Seek to Start button. To move from beginning to
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end, click Seek to End button.
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Playing Sound Files with Media Player To Open the Media Player, click Start, and then highlight Programs, highlight
Accessories, choose Entertainment, click Windows Media Player. The Window Media Player appears as
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shown in figure 3.16.

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To play s sound File, do this:

1. Click file menu and choose Open… Or press ctrl+o keys together. The Open dialog box appears.
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2. In this dialog box, click the Browse… Button. Choose the file you want to play in file of type: box and then,
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click Open to open the file.

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3. Click the play button in the lower left corner to play the sound.
4. Click the stop button to stop playing the sound.
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5. If you want to move sound file from end to beginning, then you have to click skip forward button.
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6. If you want to move sound file from beginning to end, then you have to click skip forward button.
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Games

Windows provides the following games:

(a). free Cell: The objective of Free Cell is to move all the cards to the home cells using the free cells as
placeholders. To win, you make four stacks of cards on the home cells, one for each suit, stacked in order of rank, from
lowest (ace) to highest (king) (See Figure 3.17). you can read the help file for move information about the game.

(b). Minesweeper: The objective of Minesweeper is to fine add the mines as quickly as possible without uncovering
any of them. (See figure 3.18).

(c). Solitaire: The objective of solitaire is to use all the cards in the deck to build up the four suit stacks in ascending
order, beginning with the aces (See figure 3.19).

Page No. (41)

 Computer Fundamental

Vocabulary

1.Microsoft Word 33.paste

2.word processing 34.spell check
3.hardware 35.change
4.software 36.ignore
5.operating system 37.ignore all
6.laptop 38. Microsoft PowerPoint
7.desktop 39.slide
8.PC 40.text box
9.Mac 41.animation
10.mouse 42.clipart
11.monitor 43.CD-R
12.Central Processing Unit 44.CD-RW
13.USB drive 45.DVD-R
14.headset 46.DVD-RW
15.icon Related Vocabulary
16.start menu

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17.drive 1.skimming
18.file 2.scanning
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19.folder 3.main idea
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20.document 4.business letter
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21.minimize 5.memo
22.maximize 6.poster
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23.Microsoft Windows 7.flyer

24.delete 8.advertisement
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25.backspace 9.story
26.enter 10.essay
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27.font 11.poem
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28.bold 12.report
29.italic 13.schedule
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30.align right 14.assignment

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31.copy 15.envelope
32.cut mailing label
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Computer Basics and Word ProcessingPre-Test

1.What is this? ________________________________

2.What is this? ________________________________

Page No. (42)

 Computer Fundamental

3.What is this? _________________________________

4.Circle the key that moves the cursor one space.

5.Circle the key that moves the cursor down to the next line.

6.Circle three keys that make capital or uppercase letters.

Page No. (43)

 Computer Fundamental

7.What is a program?__________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

8.What is a file?_______________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

9.What is Microsoft Word?_______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

10. Draw a line from the word to the correct definition:

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A.Cursor 1. a portable computer that you can

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carry with you
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B.Microsoft Word 2. the parts of a computer that you can
touch
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3. the line, arrow, or other symbol that

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C.Hardware
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you control by moving the mouse

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4. the most important program in your

D.Software computer. This program is like the
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“manager” of all of the other

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programs.
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5. a tool for checking your spelling and

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E.Operating System
grammar when you use Microsoft
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Word
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F.Laptop 6. a word processing program that you

can use to type, save, and print
documents

Spell Check 7. a n o t h e r wo rd fo r p ro g ra m s ,
instructions in the computer that help
it do different tasks

Page No. (44)

 Computer Fundamental

STUDENT DICTIONARY
Computer Basics and Word Processing

1.APPLICATION : Another word for a pr

ogram or software.

2. BOLD: A font style that makes letters

and words darker.

These words are bold.

These words are not.

3. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT or

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CPU: Where all of the information you

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put into the computer is stored.
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4. CLICKING:Pointing to something
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on the screen and then pushing the

button on the mouse is called
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clicking.
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5. CURSOR: The line or arrow that you

control by moving the mouse.

Page No. (45)

 Computer Fundamental

6. DESKTOP: The screen you see first

when your computer turns on. This
screen has many icons.

7. DIALOGUE BOX:A window that

opens and asks you questions.

8. DISK DRIVE:The place where you

put your floppy disk so that you can
save files on it.

9. DISKS: One way to save your work,

like recording on a video tape.
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10. DOCUMENT:Anything you create in

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Microsoft Word is called a document.

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11. FILE:A piece of computer

information such as a document or part
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of a computer program.
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Page No. (46)

 Computer Fundamental

12. FOLDER:Like a file folder in a filing

cabinet, a file is where documents
(letters, spreadsheets, etc.) are kept.

13. FONT:The way letters and words

look.

14. FORMAT:Changing the way that

text looks on the page.
THIS isformatted.
This is not formatted.

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15. HARDWARE: All the parts of the ut
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computer that you can touch: the
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monitor, CPU, printer, mouse, and

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keyboard.
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16. HARD DRIVE: The place inside

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your computer where programs and files

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are stored.
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17. HEADSET: Earphones and a

microphone that you wear on your head.

Page No. (47)

 Computer Fundamental

18. ICON:Symbols or pictures that you

can click on to perform an action. Each
program has its own icon.

19. ITALICS:A font style that slants

words to the right.

20. KEYBOARD:Like a typewriter, it's

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where you type and enter numbers. It is

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one way to tell the computer what you
want it to do.

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21. LAPTOP: A portable computer that

you can carry with you.
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22. Mac or MACINTOSH: A computer

that is made to use the Macintosh
operating system. There are two basic
kinds of computers: PCs and Macs.

23. MENU BAR:The words at the top of

the screen. Click on these words and
you see menus of other things you can
do.

Page No. (49)

 Computer Fundamental

24. MENU:A list of other things you can

do. You see a menu when you click on
one of the words on the Menu Bar.

25. MICROSOFT: A software company

owned by Bill Gates.

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26. MICROSOFT POWERPOINT: A
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software program for making
presentations that you can show to
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others.
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27. MICROSOFT WINDOWS: An

operating system made by the
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Microsoft company.
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28. MICROSOFT WORD:A word-

processing program for typing letters,
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resumes, school papers and more.

29. MINIMIZE: To move a window to

the bottom of the screen without closing
the window.

30. MAXIMIZE: To expand a window

to the full size of the screen.

Page No. (50)

 Computer Fundamental

31. MONITOR: Your computer's

screen

32. MOUSE:The tool you can use tell

the computer what to do. For example
you can open programs and files by
clicking or double clicking.

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33. OPEN: A command on the File ut
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Menu that brings files onto the screen
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so that you can see them.

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34. OPERATING SYSTEM: The most

important program in your computer.
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This program is like the “manager” of all

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of the other programs.

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35. PC = PERSONAL COMPUTER: A

computer that is made to use the
Windows operating system. There are
two basic kinds of computers: PCs and
Macs.

Page No. (51)

 Computer Fundamental

36. SCREEN SAVER: A design on the

screen that turns on if you don't use your
computer for a few minutes.

37. SOFTWARE: Another word for

programs, instructions in the computer
that help it do different tasks.

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38. SPELL CHECK: When you're
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using Microsoft Word, you can click on
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this button to look for spelling and

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grammar mistakes.
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39. TOOL BARS: The bars across the

top of the screen that have icons you
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click on to do different things.

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40. USB DRIVE: A disk that you can

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save information on. Also called a flash

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drive, jump drive,or thumb drive.

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41. WORD PROCESSING: Typing

documents on a computer. Word
processing also allows you to format,
save, and edit your writing.

Page No. (52)

Computer Fundamental

TERMS WITH A KEY FACTOR

Term Category

Backup Software

CD Hardware

Computer Hardware

Delete Technical

DVD Hardware

E-mail Internet

File Software

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Folder Software

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Hardware Hardware
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Internet Internet
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Keyboard Hardware
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Laptop Hardware
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Mouse Hardware
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Multimedia Technical
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Printer Hardware
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Software Software
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Web Page Internet

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Website Internet

Windows Software

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