Career in Geology

Geology is that branch of science that deals with the study of the earth, its
environment, history, minerals etc. Now a day, career in Geology is gaining lot more
popularity. Different branches of Geology are structural geology, mineralogy,
planetology, geomorphology, geological engineering etc. A person who studies the
composition of the earth is known as the geologist. The geologists play a significant
role in discovering and exploring the mineral wealth and natural resources of the
earth.

Geologist Job Description

Main function of the geologists is to assess the natural disasters and its effects on
environment, to find out the areas rich in under-water resources, oil, natural gas and
minerals. They can assess the suitable areas for construction of bridges, roads,
buildings and laying railway lines. The geologists can also explore the natural
resources deep in the sea. They determine the quality of soil by conducting geo-
chemical and geo-physical tests.

Career in Geology is an exciting and interesting option as there is plethora of job

opportunities in Geology all over India. The people studying geology can work as
Geologists, Meteorologists, Geographers or Oceanographers.The person having
degree in geology can pursue a career in Petrology, Paleontology, Geophysics,
Mining, Environmental Education, Research and Field Study.

As the geologists held significant role in exploring precious valuable mineral

resources, they can get good employment opportunities in public and private sectors.
Opportunities in Geology range from studying and predicting man-made and natural
disasters to exploring mineral resources.

Geology Courses:

To start a career in Geology, one should complete some Geology courses such as
M.A. or M. Sc. in Geology. Some of the institutes in India offering Geology courses
are Aligarh Muslim University, Andhra University, Annamalai University, Amravati
University, Banaras Hindu University etc.The Union Public Service Commission holds
the tests for employment of geologists in Central Government Agencies. They can
get good jobs in Geology in the Central Ground Water Board and the Geological
Survey of India, Coal India, Oil & Natural Gas Corporation, Mineral Exploration
Authority, Hindustan Zinc and many other organization offer excellent job
opportunities for the geologists. The Defense and Para-military forces also utilize the
services of geologists.
The geologists have to work on various sites. They may stay away from home for
many days, which may be depressing to a few.
 What is Geology? - What Does a Geologist Do?

Definition of Geology:

Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the
processes acting upon them. It includes the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. An important
part of geology is the study of how Earth’s materials, structures, processes and organisms have changed over
time.

What Does a Geologist Do?

Geologists work to understand the history of our planet. The better they can understand Earth’s history the
better they can foresee how events and processes of the past might influence the future. Here are some
examples:

Geologists study earth processes: Many processes such as landslides, earthquakes, floods and volcanic
eruptions can be hazardous to people. Geologists work to understand these processes well enough to avoid
building important structures where they might be damaged. If geologists can prepare maps of areas that
have flooded in the past they can prepare maps of areas that might be flooded in the future. These maps can
be used to guide the development of communities and determine where flood protection or flood insurance is
needed.

Geologists study earth materials: People use earth materials every day. They use oil that is produced
from wells, metals that are produced from mines, and water that has been drawn from streams or from
underground. Geologists conduct studies that locate rocks that contain important metals, plan the mines that
produce them and the methods used to remove the metals from the rocks. They do similar work to locate and
produce oil, natural gas and ground water.

Geologists study earth history: Today we are concerned about climate change. Many geologists are
working to learn about the past climates of earth and how they have changed across time. This information is
valuable to understand how our current climate is changing and what the results might be.

Geology as a Career:

Geology can be a very interesting and rewarding career. The minimum training required is a four-year college
degree in geology. Pre-college students who are interested in becoming geologists should take a full
curriculum of college preparatory courses, especially those in math, science, and writing. Courses related to
computers, geography and communication are also valuable.
Geologists work in a variety of settings. These include: natural resource companies, environmental consulting
companies, government agencies, non-profit organizations, and universities. Many geologists do field work at
least part of the time. Others spend their time in laboratories, classrooms or offices. All geologists prepare
reports, do calculations and use computers.

Although a bachelor's degree is required for entry level employment,

many geologists earn master's and/or doctorate degrees. The advanced degrees provide a higher level of
training, often in a geology specialty area such as paleontology, mineralogy, hydrology or volcanology.
Advanced degrees will often qualify the geologist for supervisory positions, research assignments or teaching
positions at the university level. These are some of the most sought after jobs in the field of geology.

Employment opportunities for geologists are very good. Most geology graduates with a strong academic
background and good grades have no trouble finding employment if they are willing to move to a location
where work is available.

Employment Outlook:

Over the next several years the number of geology job openings is expected to exceed the number of
students graduating from university geology programs. Starting salaries for geologists have recently ranged
from $50,000 to $100,000 per year.

How Can You Become a Geologist?

If you are a pre-college student can prepare to become a geologist by doing well in all of your courses.
Science courses are especially important but math, writing, and other disciplines are used by every geologist
during every working day.

If you are considering college or graduate school there are many universities that offer courses or programs in
geology. Visit the website of a school that offers a geology degree, get in touch with the geology department,
let them know you are interested and make arrangements to visit the campus. Don't be hesitant. Good
schools and professors want to be contacted by interested students.
Career as a Geologist

Adapted from information obtained from James Cook University School of Earth and
Environmental Sciences
Earth Science and Geology
A modern industrial society
Fun things Geologists do
Serious things Geologists do
Environmental Hazards
The Geosciences and Societal Problems
Hydrogeologists
Environmental geology
Soil Sciences
Petroleum Geologists
Economic Geology
Reasons why you should choose Geology (Earth Sciences)
Career Opportunities and Profesional Recognition
Further education and requirements
Career Trends

Earth Science and Geology

Global change is not a new idea to geoscientists; the nature of our work means we are
aware that there have been tremendous modifications to our planet. Geoscientists are
responsible for recording the creation, accretion, destruction and movements of the
continents. We also have to find out where, when, and how, mineral deposits have
formed and to locate non-renewable energy resources for the future.
We have observed and recorded changes in the diversity of life.
The planet has been kind to some lifeforms that have remained almost unchanged
for 600 million years. Other organisms, such as trilobites, graptolites and dinosaurs,
that once were incredibly successful in terms of numbers and longevity have been
eliminated from the record and are no longer represented by living forms.

In the most recent stages of earth history we have noted the movement of
continental scale glaciers across high and mid-latitudes. We have
observed sea-level fall and rise by tens of metres and traced our own development
to the dawn of the Twenty-first Century.

We now know from satellite imagery that our planet is finite.

Earth Science is the study of the materials, processes, systems and resources
which make up our planet.
Earth Scientists take a global view and are interested in the natural resources of
the earth and how and when they were formed.
Earth Scientists are concernied with the optimal use of these precious resources.
 Earth Science is of vital concern to Australia because our export income is derived
largely from the earth's natural resources such as coal, oil, or the soil on which our
agricultural productivity is based.
In addition, many of the global environmental concerns of today - resource
utilisation, and depletion , atmospheric and climate change, water pollution and
land degradation-- lie with the field of earth sciences.
Geology is the core discipline of earth science and is used in the exploration for
deposits of minerals, metals and fuels essential to our present lifestyle. Geologists
are also at the forefront of environmental earth science, resource mapping,
recycling technology, remote sensing, geochemistry, geophysics and computer
simulations.
Geoscientists have looked at the earth from space. We can now record the physical
processes that shape the planet from the tops of the highest mountains to the
depths of the deepest seas. We explore the movements of the crust, and probe to
the centre of the planet.
Earth scientists have the responsibility of finding new mineral sources vital to the
economic development of rich and poor nations.
We contribute to the protection of the planet and its resources by
our studies of the environment.
We examine the cost and location of structures built by mankind. We help to decide
sources and management of water supplies and of adequate
energy resources.
We are involved in seeing that our waste products are stored so that they pose the
smallest possible threat to ecosystems. We also contribute a vital component to the
understanding and prediction of natural hazards and
disasters, including earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts
and tidal waves.

A modern industrial society

A modern industrial society depends on natural resources and the ability to process
those resources. In turn, the discovery of earth resources requires the skills of
geoscientists.
Exploitation and management of these resources lies in the realm of business and
government.
Ultimately, the demand and disposal of products rests with individual conscience and
different levels of government.
Mineral materials, including metals, non-metals (for example,
cement, building stones, clay, sand and gravels) and fossil fuels, and the industries that
process them, involve over one third of our economy. Their importance should not be
underestimated and the cost of their use should not be forgotten.
As a nation we face many problems for which geological solutions must be sought. How
large are our non-renewable energy resources (oil, gas, coal, and uranium), and what
will it cost to find and develop them?
Is it possible to extract safely the mineral resources of our remote and unique regions?
What is our stock of metals and other earth materials
such as water, potash, and construction materials?
Certain minerals, especially salts and zeolites, have the capacity to "store" and
"release" heat - can we supply the solar industry of the future? Some "rare earth"
minerals may have great potential in super-conductivity; where are these minerals
located and can we extract them?
We have a large continental shelf - what is its resource potential?
Fun things Geologists do

 travel - air and four wheel drive mostly

 travel - around the country around the world
 camping
 play with maps
 play with various devices that make sounds when you press buttons
 hit rocks so hard they break
 keep employed
 get paid to enjoy themselves
 visit remote and unusual places
 meet all kinds of people from all walks of life

Serious things Geologists do

 search for minerals in remote areas and use a range of skills to identify minerals
deposits (gold, copper, iron, coal, oil, gas...)
 make comparisons between modern processes (eg. reefs, volcanoes,
earthquakes...) and their ancient equivalents
 produce plans and maps using high tech electronic equipment
 evaluate today's pollution problems
 assist in the rehabilitation of contaminated land
 be involved in joint ventures; industry/university, industry/government,
industry/industry, government/government, banks, investors...
 interact with other disciplines (chemistry, engineering, technology, management,
economists)
 travel throughout the world

Environmental Hazards

Environmental hazards must be evaluated in planning cities, highways and

pipelines. They also must be examined in searching for disposal sites for nuclear
and toxic chemical wastes, or in looking at landslide, volcanic and earthquake
hazards.
Geoscientists have the ability to trace the modification of the atmosphere through
historic and prehistoric time. A deep drillhole into the Antarctic ice has revealed the
changing composition of greenhouse gases through the last 160,000 years. The
warming earth scenario, predicted as a by-product of rising CO2 levels, will create
major problems because of melting
permafrost and shrinking glaciers.
What are the implications in terms of flooding, river bank instability, and
downstream silting?
What effect will a rising sea level have on coastal cities, construction, drainage and
salt marsh habitats?
These potential problems require geoscientific expertise, detailed research and
analysis together with chemists, physicists, mathematicians, biologists and
engineers.
This is barely enough to meet the present demands of industry. It will not
be enough to fulfill increased future demand that will arise because of the changing
world priorities. The mining industry has experienced an upturn in the area of
precious metals such as gold and platinum; clean energy is a vital priority, as is the
demand for construction material, increasing world population and the quest for an
improved environment will see substantial demands for groundwater geologists.
This also will be true for geoscientists trained in the evaluation of natural hazards,
in the safe disposal of hazardous wastes, in remote sensing and in all the areas of
geological engineering. Geoscientists will interact with other
scientists and with businesses and governments even more than they have in the
past. It is likely that serious environmental problems incurred through current
economic practises in the developing nations, such as desertification,
soil mismanagement and siltation, must be resolved by politicians acting on the
advice of geoscientists.
A degree in the earth sciences is essential for your input in any of these areas. You
should be aware of the vital part played by the geosciences in the health of planet
Earth, and of all its species. Your generation has the ability to choose relevant and
personally rewarding careers.

The Geosciences and Societal Problems

With the exploration of Australia, theAmericas, Africa and Asia in the last century,
earth scientists began to remark on the similarities in the opposing
coastlines. They also noted the close affinity between fossil
animal and plant species, especially in the southern hemisphere. This soon led to
speculation that the Atlantic and other oceans had opened up by the separation of
once fused continents.

From 1908 to 1915, Alfred Wegener became the pre-eminent spokesman for the
theory that the continents had drifted apart. This idea was premature and rejected
by many geoscientists for lack of an adequate mechanism.

By the early 1960's, mid-ocean ridges had been discovered and interpreted as
linear tracts where the sea floor was opening and spreading and where new crust
was formed. "Plate tectonics" emerged as a new refinement of the theory of
continental drift. The idea states that the earth's surface is divided into rigid "plates"
which move. The plates grow at mid-ocean ridges, and then converge and sink
down into the Earth's crust at trenches and in mountain belts.

Later ideas concerned "assembly-line" volcanoes, magnetic pole reversals and

changes in understanding the formation of mountains. Complementary theories
revolved around the composition and behaviour of the earth's core, its mantle and
its crust, the origin of faults and earthquakes and the development of sedimentary
basins and their mineral deposits. Other concepts involved the evolution and
distribution of animals and plants in relation to ancient
climates and to ideas of continental accretion. These have changed our theoretical
ideas of the earth.

Questions still remain unanswered but satellite images have confirmed many
recent theories. Satellites and manned flights also have revealed dramatic changes
in the environment over the past
twenty years.

Still other changes have swept through the geosciences during the last two
decades.
Beginning in the sixties, there emerged the realisation that the global supply of oil
and gas was finite. Prices were raised to protect depleting supplies.
The book, Limits to Growth, received attention because it stated that our planet
faced a major catastrophe unless alternatives for wasteful consumption of non-
renewable resources were found. Nations checked their inventories of
minerals, not only oil and gas, but also coal, uranium, and
base metals.
This led to a strong demand for geoscientists. The collapse of the Oil Producing,
Exporting Countries (O.P.E.C.) cartel, and the Iran/Iraq war, coupled with the
necessity of developing nations to service foreign debt repayments, led to a decline
in energy prices and slowed the search for new deposits in the eighties. In the
same decade, documentation of carbon dioxide increases in the global
atmosphere has increased concerns about the burning of fossil hydrocarbons.
Nevertheless, diminishing reserves, and the needs of increasing populations, will
soon cause nations to increase their exploration for future reserves.

To support a single individual in our industrialised society, about 25 tons of rocks

must be extracted and processed from the earth each year. Demands on our
resources will increase as Australia attempts to retain energy self-sufficiency and
exports fossil energy supplies overseas .

Humankind now moves more surface materials on the planet than all the natural
forces employed by rivers, marine and glacial transportation combined. We see that
such tremendous uses of energy are not without an environmental price.

Hydrogeologists

Hydrogeology, the study of the occurrence, movement, quality and quantity of

water in soils and rocks, is a rapidly expanding career option. Graduates are in
great demand.
Agricultural, industrial and residential uses require large quantities of pure,
uncontaminated water, often beyond that readily available at the surface. The
hydrogeologists' task is to find the hidden subsurface water resources, assess their
quality and decide the reservoir potential. In addition, the hydrogeologist is often
directly involved in major assessment studies concerning
water pollution, or the disposal of chemical and radioactive wastes.

Hydrogeologists get their training within the four-year geology programme. They
must have courses in mathematics, geophysics, chemistry, and engineering.
Training also may be taken through the engineering side. The engineer will take a
geology option or minor with sedimentology, stratigraphy, glacial geology and
geomorphology. Both geologists and engineers may qualify as hydrogeologists.
Familiarity with remote sensing techniques will be an asset. Many, if not most,
hydrogeologists, operate as consultants to industry or government. Research
careers are followed through advanced degrees at the masters and doctoral level.

Environmental geology

Environmental geology involves studying the interaction between the geosphere,

hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and the activities of humankind. A most
important component of environmental geology is stratigraphy; with data largely
supplied by test drilling, geophysical techniques
and geological engineering.

Environmental geologists are often involved in studies of land use and as parts of
teams, commissions or enquiries that analyse the impact on the environment
caused by development. These may relate to underground or surface
mines, the diversion of rivers or the creation of artificial lakes. They may examine
expansion of urban and industrial areas at the expense of wilderness and
agricultural zones, and the location of waste disposal sites. They work alongside
hydrogeologists, glacial geologists, engineers, biologists and
chemists. They provide geotechnical engineers with the necessary geological
framework. Such geologists are in the forefront of decision-making when nuclear
and chemical waste disposal problems are being resolved. In effect, the
environmental geologist is expected to provide information vital to decisions that
will buffer or minimize man's contact with nature.

Environmental geologists must deal not only with the surficial deposits, but also
with the bedrock underneath. Accordingly their university courses must include
stratigraphy, sedimentology, structure, geomorphology and geological
processes and models. Few universities offer a specialisation in environmental
geology. Check for geology departments with close ties to engineering programmes
on the environmental side. A four-year geology degree programme
is the normal path. Students must be prepared to take pertinent courses from
engineering, chemistry and biology, particularly those that relate to the
environment. Some universities offer course options which deal with the social
impact of environmental changes. Such options are important. Those who carry on
with graduate work usually stop at the M.Sc. or M.Eng. level, unless they are
involved in research, for which the Ph.D. is necessary.

Soil Sciences
The soil sciences are are closely connected with geology since soils represent the
uppermost covering layer. The quality and thickness of soils relate to bedrock
composition, water content, weathering processes, landforms and the living cover of
plants and animals. The importance to agriculture and forestry is obvious. Soil samples
also provide a tool for mineral exploration. An analysis for metal content may reveal
subsurface mineral enrichment. Soil research is an aspect important to environmental
geology, glacial geology, and
hydrogeology. Teams of soil scientists and geoscientists are responsible for extensive
surveys and mapping projects.
Geoscientists are thus playing a part in Australia's other resource industries -
agriculture and forestry. Agriculturalists are becoming increasingly concerned about
soil degradation, particularly due to the higher levels of fertilisers that are being
applied to maintain crop production. They are also concerned about increases in
soil salinities from expanded irrigation, and about soil erosion caused by deep
ploughing.
The world is losing topsoil at slightly less than one percent per year. This poses
serious threats to food production and also causes environmental problems of
siltation and flooding in the lower reaches of rivers. The role of geoscientists and
soil scientists will increase in these areas.

Petroleum Geologists

Crude oil and natural gas occur in sedimentary basins. They are complexes of
hydrogen and carbon, generated through the decomposition of plant and animal
remains under heat and pressure. Like coal, their ultimate origin goes back through
photosynthesis to solar energy. The source of hydrocarbons
is usually an organic rich shale from which light liquids or gases are expelled and
migrate upward or laterally.

Eventually they are trapped by an impervious layer and accumulate in a reservoir,

such as a porous sandstone or limestone. Globally, the greatest production of oil is
from the young sedimentary rocks, about 60% from those less than 60 million years
old.

It takes a considerable expertise to locate petroleum, and the petroleum geologist

must be well versed in the various branches of petroleum geology namely,
stratigraphy, sedimentology, structural geology and geophysical
techniques. We are fortunate enough to have substantial petroleum reserves. Most
of these reserves (as large as those of the Middle East). Australia has oil in the
Bass Strait, Victoria, the Northern Territory, the Timor Sea, off the Queensland
Shelf and trapped in oi shale deposits in Western Queensland as well as huge
amounts of methane trapped in Queensland's coal deposits and will require an
enormous capital investment for extraction. Petroleum reserves become available
at high cost for exploration and development.

New reserves have proved difficult and expensive to extract. Exploration costs for
oil and gas have sky-rocketed. The industry is fast moving and innovative, and will
attract many bright students in geology and petroleum engineering. Low oil prices
do not encourage the enormous capital investments needed in the near future
employment will likely be with smaller independent companies and consultants
rather than with the large multi-nationals. Predicted market prices for petroleum
through the early 1990's are low, and thus growth will be
slow, resulting in cyclic recruitment peaks and lows dictated by market conditions.
International crises, particularly those in the Middle East, often have dramatic
effects on oil prices. Such crises are difficult to predict and force governments and
petroleum companies to consider the strategic needs for supplies. Severe
curtailment of Middle East supplies will assure high prices and increased
exploration and production in Australia.

Economic Geology

Economic Geology encompasses the study of mineral deposits, exploration for new
resources, development and mining of all non-hydrocarbon ore deposits, and
environmentally-safe disposal of waste materials from mining activities. Students
with career goals in Australia's mineral resource industries should expect to study
all of the core areas of geology, including mineralogy, petrology,
geochemistry, structural geology, stratigraphy and paleontology. In addition,
specialist courses in mineral deposits geology, exploration geochemistry and
geophysics are usually taken.

Reasons why you should choose Geology (Earth Sciences)

 big starting salaries compared to most other professions(average $42,000 start-

up)
 no real top end to income - highest levels by ability and track record
 high employment rates over the long term
 world class university courses in the earth sciences - international recognition
 university courses are directly job oriented and provides the skills industry wants
 there are many niche market jobs combining geology with another skill for
example computing, remote sensing, administration, business management,
drafting skills, physics, chemistry, law, logistics...
 current downturn in mining has bottomed out, students entering geology now will
graduate on a rising market

Career Opportunities and Profesional Recognition

 A Bachelor of Science in earth sciences opens a wide range of employment

opportunities. Your knowledge of the earth's systems and processes will be
valued by industry and government bodies alike. You could find yourself in areas
as diverse as wetlands monitoring and management to mine site rehabilitation.
  Graduates with a Bachelor of Science degree in earth sciences are elgible to join
the following professional associations: Australian Institute of Geoscientists;
Environment Institute of Australia; Geological Society of Australia; The
Australiasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy

Further education and requirements

 some enlightened Australian Universities give advance standing or credit to high

school students who have taken Senior Earth Science
 Australian students entering an Australian University to study earth science must
have English and a non-vegie Mathematics or equivalent, Senior Chemistry is
recommended though not required.

Career Trends

Most graduates go into the petroleum and mining industries (about 60% and 20%,
respectively). Increasing numbers of geoscientists are likely to become more
involved with the environmental sub-professions of waste management, water,
remote sensing interpretation, construction and natural hazard
prediction. Practically all universities provide a working background for the oil and
mining industries, with special emphasis on theories, processes and models. Oil
and mining companies provide the graduate with on-the-job training
early in their career for skills geared to their specific operations. A normal career
path will see the young geoscientist spend a great deal of time mapping or working
away from urban centres. Frequently this is in remote regions or on location at
mining or drilling sites.

In industry, the new graduate will be assigned specific projects. With time and
experience responsibilites and supervisory roles increase and work will become
more diverse, both technically and geographically. Given the
expansion by many Australian companies in the developing world, it might be wise
to consider taking a second language.

New challenges facing humanity are altering the traditional role of the geosciences.
Problems which were once the exclusive realm of "pure geology" are now being
examined by teams of geoscientists who not only have
substantial training in geology, but also in physics, chemistry and biology. The
impact of the geosciences on business and social structures ensures that
geoscientists further interact in these areas. This, in turn, broadens the scope and
application of the geosciences. In future, we may be drawing many more
"external" experts into the teams working on geoscientific problems and challenges.

Hirings in geosciences have gone through high and low cycles for many years. The
future prospects are exceptionally bright well beyond the year 2000. As world
population expands and the global supply of minerals and fuels shrinks, more
geoscientists will be needed. Students enrolling in a four-year
geoscience programme should seek training in basic geological courses. These
should include economic geology, environmental geology, mapping, mineralogy,
paleontology, petrology, sedimentology, stratigraphy, and structural geology. The
fundamentals of chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics and computer science
must also be taken. Students should not
neglect mind-broadening courses in history, literature, philosophy, economics, and
languages. If you think that you might wish to work in a certain region of the world,
think about language training in advance; perhaps in fields such as
Spanish, and Portuguese for South America, and Malay,
Thai, Vietnamese, or Chinese for Southeast Asia.

During your junior and senior years consider the future.

 Do you prefer the "hard" or "soft" rock side?

 Do you want to go on in graduate studies?

 Would you like to join industry (oil, coal, gas, mining and consulting companies),
government or university?

 Do you have your mind set on a teaching career or a teaching and research
position at university?

Part-time field work may be available after the first year of university: the
experience in the field is invaluable to your studies and to your later career. Be
flexible; do not become "tunnel-visioned", preferring one area to the exclusion of
others. Though you have gained expertise in one field of geoscience, you may be
drawn into another later.

Many geoscientists find that their interests shift. Someone with a

hard-rock background may very well move into environmental or glacial geology. A
geochemist may become largely concerned with paleontological problems. A
geophysicist may become heavily involved in structural
geology. An economic geologist may become increasingly
involved with environmental matters.

One thing is certain, the geosciences are not dull! As a field geologist you may be
placed in situations that will test you in every way possible. Earth scientists are
often first hand witnesses to volcanic eruptions, to earthquakes, tidal waves and
other natural catastrophes. You will likely travel to remote parts of this continent
and overseas. Geoscientists have been to the moon, and will be involved with the
missions to Mars and beyond.

In a research capacity you will be expected to be at the forefront of world

geoscience. As a profession, earth scientists are probably the most environmentally
aware members of the scientific fraternity. Whether you look at the forces that have
shaped Earth through the view from earth satellite images, or from an isolated tent
perched on a ridge of tilted strata in Antarctica, you will appreciate humanity's place
on the planet.

The Earth Sciences are fundamental to our society; we have a long way to go and
the future has never looked so challenging nor so bright.
http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/courseinfo/GetCourses.aspx?type=course&year=2010&source=courses&v
alue=geol

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