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Transformer Design Notes

1. OUTPUT EQUATION

It gives the relationship between electrical rating and physical dimensions

of the machines.

Let
V1 = Primary voltage say LV
V2 = Secondary voltage say HV
I1 = Primary current
I2 = Secondary current
N1= Primary no of turns
N2= Secondary no of turns
a1 = Sectional area of LV conductors (m2)
I
= 1
δ
a1 = Sectional area of HV conductors (m2)
I
= 2
δ
δ = Permissible current density (A/m2)
Q = Rating in KVA
We place first half of LV on one limb and rest half of LV on other limb to reduce leakage flux.
So arrangement is LV insulation then half LV turns then HV insulation and then half HV turns.

(1.1) For 1-phase core type transformer

Rating is given by
Q = V1 I 1 × 10 −3 KVA
= (4.44 fφm N1 )I1 × 10−3 KVA ( V1 = 4.44 fφ m N1 )
= (4.44 fAi Bm N 1 )I 1 × 10 −3 KVA -----------(1) ( φ m = Ai Bm )
Where
f = frequency
φm = Maximum flux in the core
Ai = Sectional area of core H L L H Window H L L H
Bm = Maximum flux density in the core V V VV V V VV

Window Space Factor

Actual Cu Section Area of Windings in Window

Kw =
Window Area ( Aw ) 1-phase core type transformer with
a N + a2 N 2 concentric windings
= 1 1
Aw
( I / δ ) N1 + ( I 2 / δ ) N 2
= 1 ( a1 = I /1 δ & a2 = I / 2 δ )
Aw
I N +I N
= 1 1 2 2
δAw
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2 I1 N1
= ( For Ideal Transformer I1 N1 = I 2 N 2 )
δAw
So
 δK w Aw 
 N1 I1 =  − − − − − − − − − − − − − (2)
 2 
Put equation value of N1I1 form equation (2) to equation (1)

δ K w Aw
Q = 4.44 f A i Bm × 10− 3 KVA
2
Q = 2.22 f A i Bm δ K w Aw × 10 −3 KVA − − − − − − − − − (3) Window

(1.2) For 1- phase shell type transformer

LV LV
Window Space Factor HV HV
a1 N1 + a2 N 2 LV LV
Kw =
Aw
HV HV
( I / δ ) N1 + ( I 2 / δ ) N 2
= 1 ( a1 = I /1 δ & a2 = I / 2 δ ) LV LV
Aw
I N +I N
= 1 1 2 2
δAw 1-phase shell type transformer with
2I N sandwich windings
= 1 1 ( For Ideal Transformer I1 N1 = I 2 N 2 )
δAw
So
δK w Aw
N1I1 = − − − − − − − − − − − − − ( 4)
2
Put equation value of N1I1 form equation (4) to equation (1)
δ K w Aw
Q = 4.44 f A i Bm × 10− 3 KVA
2
Q = 2.22 f A i Bm δ K w Aw × 10 −3 KVA − − − − − − − − − (5)
Note it is same as for 1-phase core type transformer i.e. equ (3) Window

(1.3) For 3-phase core type transformer

H L L H H L L H H L L H
V V VV V V VV V V VV

3-phase core type transformer with

Rating is given by concentric windings
Q = 3× V1I1 × 10−3 KVA
= 3 × (4.44 fφm N1 )I1 × 10 KVA
−3
( V1 = 4.44 fφ m N1 )
= 3 × (4.44 fAi Bm N1 )I1 × 10 −3
KVA -----------(6) ( φ m = Ai Bm )
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Window Space Factor

Actual Cu Section Area of Windings in Window

Kw =
Window Area ( Aw )

2(a1 N1 + a2 N 2 )
=
Aw
2 × [( I1 / δ ) N1 + ( I 2 / δ ) N 2 ]
= ( a1 = I /1 δ & a2 = I / 2 δ )
Aw
2( I1 N1 + I 2 N 2 )
=
δAw
2 × 2 I1 N1
= ( For Ideal Transformer I1 N1 = I 2 N 2 )
δAw Window
So
δ K w Aw
N1I1 = − − − − − − − − − − − − − (7 )
4
Put equation value of N1I1 form equation (7) to equation (6)

δ K w Aw
Q = 3 × 4.44 f A i Bm × 10− 3 KVA
4
Q = 3.33 f A i Bm δ K w Aw × 10 −3 KVA − − − − − (8)

(1.4) For 3- phase shell type transformer

Window Space Factor

a1 N1 + a2 N 2
Kw =
Aw
( I / δ ) N1 + ( I 2 / δ ) N 2
= 1 ( a1 = I /1 δ & a2 = I / 2 δ )
Aw 3-phase shell type transformer with
I N +I N sandwich windings
= 1 1 2 2
δAw
2I N
= 1 1 ( For Ideal Transformer I1 N1 = I 2 N 2 )
δAw
So
δK w Aw
N1I1 = − − − − − − − − − − − − − (9)
2
Put equation value of N1I1 form equation (9) to equation (6)
δ K w Aw
Q = 3 × 4.44 f A i Bm × 10 − 3 KVA
2
Q = 6.66 f A i Bm δ K w Aw × 10 −3 KVA − − − − − − − − − (10)
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2. CHOICE OF MAGNETIC LOADING (Bm)

(1) Normal Si-Steel 0.9 to 1.1 T

(0.35 mm thickness, 1.5%—3.5% Si)

(2) HRGO 1.2 to 1.4 T

(Hot Rolled Grain Oriented Si Steel)

(3) CRGO 1.4 to 1.7 T

(Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Si Steel)
(0.14---0.28 mm thickness)

3. CHOICE OF ELECTRIC LOADING (δ )

This depends upon cooling method employed

(1) Natural Cooling: 1.5---2.3 A/mm2

AN Air Natural cooling
ON Oil Natural cooling
OFN Oil Forced circulated with Natural air cooling

(2) Forced Cooling : 2.2---4.0 A/mm2

AB Air Blast cooling
OB Oil Blast cooling
OFB Oil Forced circulated with air Blast cooling

(3) Water Cooling: 5.0 ---6.0 A/mm2

OW Oil immersed with circulated Water cooling
OFW Oil Forced with circulated Water cooling

4. CORE CONSTRUCTION:

(a) U-I type (b) E-I type

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45o

(e) Mitred Core Construction (Latest)

5. EMF PER TURN:

We know
V1 = 4.44 fφm N1 − − − − − − − − − − − − − (1)
V1
So EMF / Turn Et = = 4.44 fφm − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)
N1
and

Q = V1 I 1 × 10 −3 KVA (Note: Take Q as per phase rating in KVA)

= (4.44 fφm N1 )I1 × 10−3 KVA
= Et N1 I1 × 10 −3 KVA − − − − − − − (3)
In the design, the ration of total magnetic loading and electric loading may be kept constant
Magnetic loading = φm
Electric loading = N1 I1
φm φm
So = cons tan t ( say " r" ) ⇒ N1 I1 = put in eqution (3)
N1 I1 r
φm
Q = Et × 10− 3 KVA
r
Et
Or Q = Et × 10− 3 KVA using equation (2)
4.44 f r
Et = (4.44 f r × 10−3 ) × Q
2

Or Et = K t Q Volts / Turn

Where K t = 4.44 f r × 10 −3 is a constant and values are

Kt = 0.6 to 0.7 for 3-phase core type power transformer
Kt = 0.45 for 3-phase core type distribution transformer
Kt = 1.3 for 3-phase shell type transformer
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Kt = 0.75 to 0.85 for 1-phase core type transformer
Kt = 1.0 to 1.2 for 1-phase shell type transformer

6. ESTIMATION OF CORE X-SECTIONAL AREA Ai

We know
Et = K t Q − − − − − − − − − − (1)
Et = 4.44 f φm
Or Et = 4.44 f Ai Bm − − − − − − − − − − (2)
Et
So Ai = − − − − − − − − − − (3)
4.44 f Bm

Now the core may be following types

d d/√2

1-Step 2-Step 3-Step Core 4-Step Core

Or Square- Core Or Cruciform- Core

K= 0.45 0.56 0.60 0.625

d = Diameter of circumscribe circle

For Square core

d d
Gross Area = × = 0.5 d 2
2 2
Let stacking factor
K i = 0.9
Actual Iron Area
Ai = 0.9 × 0.5d 2
= 0.45 d 2 (0.45 for square core and take ‘K’ as a general case)
= Kd 2

So Ai = K d 2
Ai a
Or d=
K b
Graphical method to calculate dimensions of the core
Consider 2 step core

90o
θ= , n = No of Steps
n +1 Ө
i.e n = 2 b a
So a = dCosθ
o
90
θ= = 30o b = dSinθ
2 +1

2-Step
Or Cruciform- Core
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Percentage fill
Gross Area of Stepped core Kd 2 K i
= =
Area of circumcircle πd 2
4
2
0.625d / 0.9
= for 4 Step core
Π 2
(d )
4
= 0.885 or 88.5%
No of steps 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 11
% Fill 63.7% 79.2% 84.9% 88.5% 90.8% 92.3% 93.4% 94.8% 95.8%

7. ESTIMATION OF MAIN DIMENSIONS

Consider a 3-phase core type transformer

W

hy

L H
Ww=
(D-d)

d D

We know output equation 3-phase core type transformer

Q = 3.33 f A i Bm δ K w Aw × 10 −3 KVA
So, Window area
Q
Aw = m2
3.33 f A i Bm δ K w × 10 −3

where Kw =Window space factor

8
Kw = for upto 10 KVA
30 + HigherKV
10
Kw = for upto 200 KVA
30 + HigherKV
12
Kw = for upto 1000 KVA
30 + HigherKV
For higher rating Kw = 0.15 to 0.20

Assume some suitable range for

D = (1.7 to 2) d
Width of the window Ww = D-d
Height of the window
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Aw
L= (L × Ww = Aw )
width of window(Ww )
L
Generally = 2 to 4
Ww

Yoke area Ay is generally taken 10% to 15% higher then core section area (Ai), it is to reduce the iron loss in
the yoke section. But if we increase the core section area (Ai) more copper will be needed in the windings
and so more cost through we are reducing the iron loss in the core. Further length of the winding will
increase resulting higher resistance so more cu loss.
Ay = (1.10 to 1.15) Ai a
Depth of yoke Dy = a
Height of the yoke hy = Ay/Dy b

Width of the core

W = 2*D + d
Height of the core
H = L + 2*hy
b a

Flux density in yoke

Ai
By = Bm 2-Step
Ay Or Cruciform- Core

8. ESTIMATION OF CORE LOSS AND CORE LOSS COMPONET OF NO LOAD CURRENT

IC

Volume of iron in core = 3*L*Ai m3

Weight of iron in core = density * volume
= ρi * 3*L*Ai Kg
ρi = density of iron (kg/m3)
=7600 Kg/m3 for normal Iron/steel
= 6500 Kg/m3 for M-4 steel
From the graph we can find out specific iron loss, pi (Watt/Kg ) corresponding to flux density Bm in core.

So
Iron loss in core =pi* ρi * 3*L*Ai Watt
Similarly
Iron loss in yoke = py* ρi * 2*W*Ay Watt
Where py = specific iron loss corresponding to flux density By in yoke

Total Iron loss Pi =Iron loss in core + Iron loss in yoke

Core loss component of no load current

Ic = Core loss per phase/ Primary Voltage
P
Ic = i
3V1
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9. ESTIMATION OF MAGNETIZING CURRENT OF NO LOAD CURRENT Im:

Find out magnetizing force H (atcore, at/m) corresponding to flux density Bm in the core and atyoke
corresponding to flux density in the yoke from B-H curve
(Bm ⇒ atcore / m, Bc ⇒ at yoke / m )
So
MMF required for the core = 3*L*atcore
MMF required for the yoke = 2*W*atyoke

We account 5% at for joints etc

So total MMF required = 1.05[MMF for core + MMF for yoke]

Peak value of the magnetizing current

Total MMF required
I m , peak =
3N1
RMS value of the magnetizing current
I m , peak
I m , RMS =
2
Total MMF required
I m , RMS =
3 2 N1

10. ESTITMATION OF NO LOAD CURRENT AND PHASOR DIAGRAM:

No load current Io V1=-E1

Io = Ic + Im
2 2
Io
Ic
No load power factor
Ic Ф0
Cosφo =
Io

Im
The no load current should not exceed 5% of the full the load current.

E2
No load phasor diagram
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11. ESTIMATION OF NO OF TURNS ON LV AND HV WINDING
V
Primary no of turns N1 = 1
Et
V
Secondary no of turns N2 = 2
Et

12. ESTIMATION OF SECTIONAL AREA OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY WINDINGS

Q × 10−3
Primary current I1 =
3V1
Q × 10−3 N
Secondary current I2 = OR 1 I1
3V2 N2
I1
Sectional area of primary winding a1 =
δ
I2
Sectional area of secondary winging a2 =
δ
Where δ is current the density.
Now we can use round conductors or strip conductors for this see the IS codes and ICC (Indian Cable
Company) table.

13. DETERMINATION OF R1 & R2 AND CU LOSSES:

Let Lmt = Length of mean turn

Resistance of primary winding
L N ( m)
R1, dc , 75 o = 0.021 × 10− 6 mt 1 2
a1 (m )
R1, ac , 75 o = (1.15 to 1.20) R1, dc , 75 o
Resistance of secondary winding
Lmt N 2 (m)
R2, dc , 75 o = 0.021 × 10− 6
a2 ( m 2 )
R2, ac , 75 o = (1.15 to 1.20) R2, dc , 75 o
Copper loss in primary winding = 3I12 R1 Watt
Copper loss in secondary winding = 3I R22
2 Watt
Total copper loss = 3I R1 + 3I R2
1
2 2
2

= 3I ( R1 + R )
1
2
2
'

= 3I R p
1
2

R01 = R p = R1 + R2'
Where
= Total resis tan ce referred to primary side
Note: On No load, there is magnetic field around connecting leads etc which causes additional stray losses
in the transformer tanks and other metallic parts. These losses may be taken as 7% to 10% of total cu losses.
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14. DETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY:

Output Power
Efficiency η=
Input Power

Output Power
η=
Output Power + Losses
Output Power
η= × 100 %
Output Power + Iron Loss + Cu loss

15. ESTIMATION OF LEAKAGE REACTANCE:

Assumptions
1. Consider permeability of iron as infinity that is MMF is needed only for leakage flux path in the
window.
2. The leakage flux lines are parallel to the axis of the core.

Consider an elementary cylinder of leakage flux lines of thickness dx at a distance x as shown in following
figure.

MMF at distance x
a b2
NI b1
Mx = 1 1 x
b1 dx
Permeance of this elementary cylinder Lc x
A
= µo
L
L dx
= µo mt (Lc =Length of winding)
Lc
 1 L 1
 S = & Permeance = 
 µo A S
Leakage flux lines associated with elementary cylinder N1I1=N2I2
dφx = M x × Permeance
NI L dx
= 1 1 x × µo mt
b1 Lc
Flux linkage due to this leakage flux x
dψ x = No of truns with which it is associated × dφ x MMF Distribution
NI NI L dx
= 1 1 × 1 1 x × µo mt
b1 b1 Lc
2
L x
= µo N12 mt I1   dx
Lc  b1 
Flux linkages (or associated) with primary winding
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2
x
b1
Lmt L b 
ψ 1' = µ o N 12 I 1 ∫   dx = µo N12 mt I1  1 
Lc 0  b1  Lc  3 
Flux linkages (or associated) with the space ‘a’ between primary and secondary windings
L
ψ o = µ o N 12 mt I 1 a
Lc
We consider half of this flux linkage with primary and rest half with the secondary winding. So total flux
linkages with primary winding
ψo
ψ 1 = ψ 1' +
2
L b a
ψ 1 = µ o N 12 mt I 1  1 + 
Lc  3 2 
Similarly total flux linkages with secondary winding
ψo
ψ 2 = ψ 2' +
2
L b a
ψ 2 = µ o N 22 mt I 2  2 + 
Lc  3 2 
Primary & Secondary leakage inductance
ψ L b a
L1 = 1 = µ o N 12 mt  1 + 
I1 Lc  3 2 
ψ2 Lmt  b2 a 
L2 = = µ o N 22
 + 
I2 Lc  3 2 
Primary & Secondary leakage reactance
L b a
X 1 = 2ΠfL1 = 2Πfµo N12 mt  1 + 
Lc  3 2 
Lmt  b2 a 
X 2 = 2ΠfL2 = 2Πfµo N 22  + 
Lc  3 2 
Total Leakage reactance referred to primary side
L  b + b2 
X 01= X P = X 1 + X 2' = 2Πfµ o N 12 mt  1 + a
Lc  3 
Total Leakage reactance referred to secondary side
L  b + b2 
X 02 = X S = X 1' + X 2 = 2Πfµ o N 22 mt  1 + a
Lc  3 
It must be 5% to 8% or maximum 10%
Note:- How to control XP?
If increasing the window height (L), Lc will increase and following will decrease b1,
b2 & Lmt and so we can reduce the value of XP.

16. CALCULATION OF VOLTAGE REGULATION OF TRANSFORMER:

I 2 Ro 2Cosφ2 ± I 2 X o 2 Sinφ2
V .R. = × 100
E2
R Cosφ2 X Sinφ2
= o2 × 100 ± o 2 × 100
E2 / I 2 E2 / I 2
= % Ro 2Cosφ2 ± % X o 2 Sinφ2
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17. TRANSFORMER TANK DESIGN:

Width of the transformer (Tank)

Wt=2D + De + 2b
Where De= External diameter of HV winding
b = Clearance width wise between HV and tank
Depth of transformer (Tank)
lt= De + 2a
Where a= Clearance depth wise between HV and tank
Height of transformer (Tank)
Ht= H + h
Where h=h1 + h2= Clearance height wise of top and bottom

hy

L H
Ww
(D-d)

D D
a

lt
De

b a b

Wt

h1
W

Ht
H
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Tank of a 3-Phase transformer

18. CALCULATION OF TEMPERATURE RISE:

Surface area of 4 vertical side of the tank (Heat is considered to be dissipated from 4 vertical sides of the
tank)

St= 2(Wt + lt) Ht m2 (Excluding area of top and bottom of tank)

Let
θ = Temp rise of oil (35o C to 50o C)
12.5St θ =Total full load losses ( Iron loss + Cu loss)
Total full load losses
So temp rise in o C θ=
12.5 St
If the temp rise so calculated exceeds the limiting value, the suitable no of cooling tubes or radiators must be
provided

19. CALCULATION OF NO OF COOLING TUBES: Specific Heat dissipation

6 Watt/m2-0C by Radiation
Let xSt= Surface area of all cooling tubes 6.5 Watt/m2-0C by Convection
Then
Losses to be dissipated by the transformer walls and cooling tube
= Total losses
(12.5 St + 8.5 xSt )θ = Total losses
6 W-Raditon+6.5 W=12.5 Convection 6.5*1.35 W ≈ 8.5 ( ≈ 35% more) Convection only

So from above equation we can find out total surface are of cooling tubes (xSt)
Normally we use 5 cm diameter tubes and keep them 7.5 cm apart
At= Surface area of one cooling tube
= πd tube ltube , mean
Hence
xS
No of cooling tubes = t
At

7.5 Cm
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20. WEIGHT OF TRANFORMER:

Let

Wi = Weight of Iron in core and yoke (core volume* density + yoke volume* density) Kg
Wc= Weight of copper in winding (volume* density) Kg
(density of cu = 8900 Kg/m3)
Weight of Oil
= Volume of oil * 880 Kg
Add 20% of (Wi+Wc) for fittings, tank etc.
Total weight is equal to weight of above all parts.