MEEN 3110 Thermodynamics II

Chapter 7 Exergy Analysis

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 Learning Outcomes
►Demonstrate understanding of key
concepts related to exergy analysis,
including the exergy reference environment,
the dead state, exergy transfer, and exergy
destruction.
►Evaluate exergy at a state and exergy
change between two states, using
appropriate property data.

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 Learning Outcomes, cont.
►Apply exergy balances to closed systems
and to control volumes at steady state.
►Define and evaluate exergetic
efficiencies.

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 Exergy Analysis
►Exergy analysis contributes to the goal of
making more effective use of nonrenewable
energy resources: natural gas, coal, and oil, by
determining the locations, types, and true
magnitudes of waste and loss in systems fueled
by such resources.
►Exergy analysis is also relevant for designing
more effective thermal systems of all types,
guiding efforts to reduce inefficiencies in such
systems, and evaluating system economics.

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Introducing Exergy with a
Thought Experiment

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Conceptualizing Exergy

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 Exergy Definition

Exergy is the maximum theoretical work obtainable

from a system as that system comes into
equilibrium with the environment (passes to the
dead state)

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 Conceptualizing Exergy

Energy vs. Exergy

Energy is conserved, Exergy is not 8
Example 1:Calculating Exergy-Conceptually

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 Defining Exergy
►Using energy and entropy balances, the following
expression is obtained for the exergy, E, of a system at a
specified state,
(Eq. 7.1)

where U, V, S, KE, and PE denote, respectively, internal

energy, volume, entropy, kinetic energy, and potential energy
of the system at the specified state. U0, V0, and S0 denote
internal energy, volume, and entropy, respectively, of the
system when at the dead state. At the dead state, the kinetic
and potential energy of the system are each zero.
►Once the environment is specified, a value can be
assigned to exergy in terms of property values for the
system only, so exergy can be regarded as a property of
the system. Exergy is an extensive property.
 Defining Exergy
►Expressing Eq. 7.1 on a unit mass basis, the
specific exergy is

(Eq. 7.2)
Example 2: Calculating Exergy

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Calculating Exergy

T = 280 K
p = 1 bar
V = 15 m/s
z = 0.5 km

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Example 3 Calculating Exergy

T = 280 K
p = 1 bar
= 15 m/s
z = 0.5 km

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 Example 3 Calculating Exergy

T = 280 K
Ideal Gas Model
p = 1 bar
= 15 m/s
z = 0.5 km

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 Defining Exergy

►Using Eq. 7.1, the change in exergy between two

states is

(Eq. 7.3)
Determining phase (sat. liquid, superheated vapor, mixture)

• “Both tables give the same information. The only

difference is that in Table [A–2] properties are listed
under temperature and in Table [A–3] under pressure.”

• “Therefore, it is more convenient to use Table [A–2]

when temperature is given and Table [A–3] when
pressure is given.”

Cengel, Boles pg. 127

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Determining phase (sat. liquid, superheated vapor, mixture)

Pg. 109
(8th Ed.)

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For part b, determine how high the concrete slab
would have to be raised to have the same exergy
change

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 Introducing the
Closed System Exergy Balance

►The exergy balance for a closed system is

developed by combining the closed system energy
and entropy balances. The result is

(Eq. 7.4a)
 Introducing the
Closed System Exergy Balance
►The first two terms on the right side account for
exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer and
work, respectively:

(Eq. 7.5)

where Tb is the temperature on the boundary where heat

transfer occurs,

(Eq. 7.6)
 Introducing the
Closed System Exergy Balance
►The third term on the right accounts for the
destruction of exergy due to irreversibilities within
the system:
(Eq. 7.7)

In accord with the interpretation of the entropy

production term of the entropy balance

= 0 (no irreversibilities present within the system)

Ed: > 0 (irreversibilities present within the system)
< 0 (impossible)
 Introducing the
Closed System Exergy Balance

►There are two ways for evaluating the exergy

destruction:
1)Solve the exergy balance for exergy
destruction when all other terms are known.
2)Apply Eq. 7.7 when the entropy production
is known from an entropy balance.
Exergy Rate Balance for Closed Systems
►On a time rate basis, the closed system exergy
rate balance is:

(Eq. 7.10)

►At steady state, Eq. 7.10 reduces to give

(Eq. 7.11a)
Example7.2 Exergy Balance for Closed system

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 Exergy Rate Balance for Closed Systems
Example: A cylindrical rod insulated on its lateral
surface is in contact at one end with a wall at T1 = 600 K.
The other end, at T2 = 310 K, is exposed to the
atmosphere, which is at T0 = 300 K. At steady state,
energy is conducted by heat transfer through the rod at
a rate of 100 kW. Determine, in kW, (a) the rates of
exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer into and out
of the rod, (b) the rate of exergy destruction within the
rod, and (c) an accounting of the exergy entering the
rod.
Insulation T2 = 310 K
T1 = 600 K
∙ ∙
Q = 100 kW Q = 100 kW
T0 = 300 K
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Insulation
 Exergy Rate Balance for Closed Systems
(a) The rates of exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer
into and out of the rod are, respectively
 T0    300 K 

E q1 = 1 − Q = 1 − (100 kW ) = 50 kW
 T1   600 K 
 T0    300 K 

E q 2 = 1 − Q = 1 − (100 kW ) = 3 kW
 T2   310 K 
(b) Applying the exergy rate balance, Eq. 7.11a
0 = E q1 − E q 2 − W − E d

E d = E q1 − E q 2 = 50 kW − 3 kW = 47 kW
The irreversibility in this case is spontaneous heat transfer
within the rod from the high-temperature end to the low-
temperature end.
Exergy Rate Balance for Closed Systems
(c) While the rates of heat transfer are the same at
each end of the rod, the rates of exergy transfer at
the ends are much different. The exergy transfer
rates provide truer measures of thermodynamic
value than the heat transfer rate. The
thermodynamic value of a heat transfer depends
on the temperature at which it occurs.
►The magnitude of the exergy transfer rate at the high-
temperature end signals an opportunity for doing
something useful.
►The smaller exergy transfer rate at the low-
temperature end indicates much reduced usefulness,
but still an opportunity.
Exergy Rate Balance for Closed Systems
► An exergy accounting for the rod reads:
Rate of exergy in: 50 kW
Disposition of the Exergy:
►Rate of exergy out: 3 kW (6%)
►Rate of exergy destruction: 47 kW (94%)

►In principle the exergy transferred from the rod can be

used for some purpose. Accordingly, it is accounted for
here as exergy transfer out of the rod. However, as this
exergy is not used in the surroundings, it is more
appropriately charged as an exergy loss for the rod.
►The exergy transferred from the rod is fully destroyed in
the surroundings owing to heat transfer irreversibility there.
In the end, all of the exergy entering the rod is destroyed,
thereby missing a seeming opportunity.