An American National Standard

Designation: D 3299 – 00

Standard Specification for

Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin
Corrosion-Resistant Tanks1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3299; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope * C 582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced, Ther-

1.1 This specification covers cylindrical tanks fabricated by mosetting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion Resistant
filament winding for above-ground vertical installation, to Equipment3
contain aggressive chemicals at atmospheric pressure as clas- D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical
sified herein, and made of a commercial-grade polyester or Insulating Materials for Testing2
vinylester resin. Included are requirements for materials, prop- D 883 Terminology Relating to Plastics2
erties, design, construction, dimensions, tolerances, workman- D 1599 Test Method for Short-Time Hydraulic Failure Pres-
ship, and appearance. sure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings3
1.2 This specification does not cover the design of vessels D 2150 Specification for Woven Roving Glass Fabric for
intended for pressure above atmospheric, vacuum conditions, Polyester-Glass Laminates4
except as classified herein, or vessels intended for use with D 2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid
liquids heated above their flash points. Plastics by Means of a Barcol Impressor5
1.3 The values given in parentheses are provided for infor- D 2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
mation purposes only. Resins5
D 2996 Specification for Filament-Wound Reinforced Ther-
NOTE 1—Special design consideration should be given to vessels mosetting Resin Pipe3
subject to superimposed mechanical forces, such as earthquakes, wind
load, or agitation, and to vessels subject to service temperature in excess
D 2997 Specification for Centrifugally Cast “Fiberglass”
of 180°F (82°C), and to vessels with unsupported bottoms. (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe3
NOTE 2—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard. D 3892 Practice for Packaging/Packing of Plastics6
D 4024 Specification for Machine Made Fiberglass
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
Flanges3
test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This
D 5421 Specification for Contact Molded Flanges3
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems3
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
2.2 ANSI Standards:
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
B 16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Class
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
25, 125, 250, and 8007
tions prior to use.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
3.1 General—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
nologies D 883 and F 412, unless otherwise indicated.
C 581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of
3.2 filament-wound—as applied to tanks, a process in which
Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass Fiber Reinforced
the principal circumferential load-bearing reinforcement is
Structures Intended for Liquid Service2
applied by continuous filament winding.

1 3
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-20 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.
4
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Discontinued; see 1986 Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
5
Plastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
6
Current edition approved March 10, 2000. Published June 2000. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.
published as D 3299 – 74. Last previous edition D 3299 – 95ae1. 7
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

1
 D 3299
3.3 contact molding—a molding process that includes 5.1.1.4 Ultraviolet absorbers may be added to the exterior
“hand lay-up,” “spray-up,” or a combination of these manu- surface for improved weather resistance, if agreed upon be-
facturing processes. tween fabricator and purchaser.
5.1.1.5 Antimony compounds or other fire-retardant agents
4. Classification may be added to halogenated resins for improved fire resis-
4.1 Tanks meeting this specification are classified according tance, if agreed upon between fabricator and purchaser.
to type as follows, and it is the responsibility of the purchaser NOTE 6—Because the addition of fire-retardant agents may interfere
to specify the requirement for Type II tanks, the operating with visual inspection of laminate quality, they should not be used in the
pressure or vacuum levels, and the safety factor required for inner surface (7.1.1) or interior layer (7.1.2) unless their functional
external pressure. Absence of a designation of type required advantages would outweigh the loss of visual inspection.
shall imply that Type I is adequate. 5.2 Reinforcement:
4.1.1 Type I—Atmospheric pressure tanks vented directly to 5.2.1 Chopped-Strand Mat—Chopped-strand mat shall be
the atmosphere, designed for pressure no greater or lower than constructed from chopped commercial-grade E-type glass
atmospheric. strands bonded together using a binder. The strands should be
4.1.2 Type II—Atmospheric pressure tanks vented directly treated with a sizing that is chemically compatible with the
into a fume conservation system, and designed to withstand the resin system used.
specified positive and negative pressure not to exceed 14 in.
NOTE 7—The selection of the particular chopped-strand mat is depen-
(355.6 mm) of water when all tie-down lugs are properly dent upon the performance characteristics required of the finished product
secured, in accordance with the fabricator’s recommendations and upon the processing techniques to be used.
for flat-bottom tanks.
4.2 Tanks meeting this specification are classified according 5.2.2 Continuous Roving—Continuous roving shall be a
to grade as follows: commercial-grade of E-type glass fiber with a sizing that is
chemically compatible with the resin system used.
4.2.1 Grade 1—Tanks manufactured with a single generic
5.2.3 Nonwoven Biaxial or Unidirectional Fabric—These
type of thermoset resin throughout.
products shall be a commercial Grade of E-type glass fiber with
4.2.2 Grade 2—Tanks manufactured with different generic
a sizing that is chemically compatible with the resin system
types of thermoset resin in the barrier and the structural
used.
portion.
5.2.4 Woven Roving—Woven roving shall be in accordance
NOTE 3—The external corrosive environment due to spillage or corro- with Specification D 2150.
sive vapors should be considered when specifying Grade 2 tanks (see 5.2.5 Surface Mat—The reinforcement used for the inner
7.1.3.3). surface (7.1.1) shall be either a commercial-grade chemical
resistant glass surface mat or an organic-fiber surface mat. In
5. Materials and Manufacture
environments that attack glass, the use of an organic-fiber
5.1 Resin—The resin used shall be a commercial-grade, surface mat is required.
corrosion-resistant thermoset that has either been evaluated in
a laminate by test in accordance with 11.3 or that has been 6. Design Requirements
determined by previous documented service to be acceptable 6.1 Filament-Wound Laminates—The maximum allowable
for the service conditions. Where service conditions have not stress of the total laminate (that is, filament winding plus inner
been evaluated, a suitable resin also may be selected by surface (7.1.1) and interior layer (7.1.2)) shall be limited by the
agreement between fabricator and purchaser. allowable movement (strain) of the tank wall when filled with
5.1.1 The resin shall contain no pigment, dyes, colorants, or fluid.
filler, except as follows: 6.1.1 The maximum allowable hoop stress shall be deter-
5.1.1.1 A thixotropic agent that does not interfere with mined as follows:
visual inspection of laminate quality, or with the required
SH 5 ~ET ~Z!! (1)
corrosion resistance of the laminate, may be added for viscos-
ity control. where:
NOTE 4—The addition of a thixotropic agent may reduce the resistance SH = hoop stress, psi (kPa),
of many resin systems to certain corrosive chemical environments. It is the ET = hoop tensile modulus of the total laminate (see
responsibility of the fabricator, using a thixotropic agent in the resin Appendix X3), psi (kPa), and
required for 7.1.1 and 7.1.2, to ascertain its compatibility with the Z = allowable strain.
corrosive environment when this has been reported to him by the
purchaser. NOTE 8—The use of an accepted analytical technique, such as lami-
nated plate theory (LPT), for design and analysis of composite vessels
5.1.1.2 Resin pastes used to fill crevices before overlay shall may predict stresses, strains, and strength on a ply-by-ply basis, given
not be subject to the limitations of 5.1.1. some basic lamina properties.
5.1.1.3 Resin may contain pigment, dyes, or colorants when NOTE 9—Tanks for installation outdoors shall be designed for the effect
of wind loading and other environmental factors in accordance with sound
agreed upon between fabricator and purchaser.
design practice, including tank buckling analysis.
NOTE 5—The addition of pigment, dyes, or colorants may interfere with NOTE 10—Tanks with significant physical loadings other than fluid
visual inspection of laminate quality. head (such as side mounted equipment, violent agitation, unusually high

2
 D 3299
flow rates, and unsupported bottoms) shall be given special design Pa = allowable external pressure, psi (kPa), and
consideration. t = wall thickness, in. (mm) (nominal).
6.1.2 The allowable strain of the tank wall shall not exceed 6.2.2 Torispherical Heads—For torispherical heads, com-
0.0010 in./in. (mm/mm) at 70°F (21°C). pute the allowable external pressure Pa as follows:
6.1.3 Tanks shall have a longitudinal strength at least equal
Pa 5 0.36~E/F!~t/Ro!2 (5)
to that of a helically wound tank having a maximum angle of
wind of 80° (measured from the tank axis, that is, 90° is hoop where:
winding). For reference, the longitudinal tensile strength of a Ro = outside crown radius of head, in. (mm).
typical 80° helical winding is approximately 2200 psi (15 168 6.2.2.1 For torispherical heads subject to internal loading,
kPa). the knucle radius shall be externally reinforced in accordance
NOTE 11—Tanks with unsupported bottoms require special design with Fig. 1. The reinforcement thickness shall be equal to the
consideration. thickness of the head as calculated above. The thickness of a
6.1.4 The minimum required wall thickness of the filament joint overlay near the knucle radius tangent line of a dished
wound portion of the tank shall be determined as follows: head contributes to the knucle reinforcement.
6.2.3 Stiffening Rings—The required moment of inertia, Is,
PD 0.036gHD
t 5 2S 5 2 E Z or
H T
S
0.2489gHD
2 ET Z D (2) of a circumferential stiffening ring for cylindrical shells under
external pressure or internal vacuum shall not be less than that
where: determined by the following formula:
t = thickness, in. (mm),
P = pressure 0.036 H, psi (0.2489 H, kPa), Is 5 PLsDo3F/24Eh (6)
H = fluid head, in. (mm), where:
g = specific gravity of fluid, and Do = shell outside diameter, in. (mm),
D = inside diameter of tank, in. (mm). Eh = hoop tensile modulus, psi (kPa),
The thickness of the inner surface and interior layer (7.1.1 F = design factor = 5,
and 7.1.2) shall be added to this calculated thickness. Is = moment of inertia, in.4 (mm4), of stiffener and effec-
6.1.4.1 The minimum thickness of the tank shall be 0.1875 tive length of shell,
in. (4.76 mm). Ls = one-half of the distance from the centerline of the
6.2 Design for External Pressure: stiffening ring to the next line of support on one side,
6.2.1 Cylindrical Shells—For cylindrical shell, compute the plus one-half of the centerline distance to the next line
value 1.73 (Do/t)0.5. If the result is less than L/Do of the of support on the other side of the stiffening ring, both
cylinder, compute Pa as follows: measured parallel to the axis of the cylinder, in. A line
Pa 5 2.6~E/F!~Do/L!~t/Do!2.5 (3) of support is the following: (a) a stiffening ring that
meets the requirements of this paragraph; (b) a
If the result is greater than L/Do of the cylinder, compute Pa circumferential line on a head at one-third the depth
as follows: of the head from the head tangent line; (c) a cone-to-
2.6~E/F!~Do/L!~t/Do!2.5 cylinder junction, and
Pa 5 (4) P = actual external pressure, psi (kPa).
~L/Do! 2 0.45 ~t/Do!0.5

where:
Do = outside diameter, in. (mm),
E = lower of hoop tensile modulus or axial tensile modu-
lus, psi (kPa),
F = design factor = 5,
L = design length, in., of a vessel section, taken as the
largest of the following: (a) the distance between
head-tangent lines plus one-third the depth of each
formed head if there are no stiffening rings (excluding
conical heads and sections); (b) the distance between
cone-to-cylinder junctions for vessels with a cone or
conical heads if there are no stiffening rings; (c) the
greatest center-to-center distance between any two
adjacent stiffening rings; (d) the distance from the
center of the first stiffening ring to the formed head
tangent line plus one-third the depth of the formed
head (excluding conical heads and sections), all
measured parallel to the axis of the vessel; (e) the
distance from the first stiffening ring in the cylinder to
FIG. 1 Jointed Head Detail
the cone-to-cylinder junction,
Sketch A

3
 D 3299
Typical half-round stiffener sizes and dimensions for differ- ⁄ in. (4.8 mm) for 2 to 6 ft (0.6 to 1.8 m) diameter, 1⁄4 in. (6.4
3 16

ent values of Is are shown in Fig. 2. Other stiffener profiles mm) for over 6 to 12 ft (1.8 to 3.7 m) diameter, and 3⁄8 in. (9.5
meeting the required moment of inertia may be used. mm) for over 12 ft (3.7 m) diameter.
6.3 Contact Molded Laminates—Portions of the tank, such 6.3.2.1 Deflection of the flat bottom when the tank is empty,
as joints, heads, nozzles, and supports, may be fabricated by commonly known as “oil canning,” is permissible as long as
contact molding. Contact-molded laminates shall satisfy the the requirements of 6.3.2.4 are met.
minimum property requirements listed in Specification C 582, 6.3.2.2 Bottom heads may be molded integrally with the
as shown in Table 1. straight shell or may be molded separately with a straight
6.3.1 Top Head—The top head, regardless of shape, shall be flange length for subsequent joining to shell.
able to support a single 250-lbf (113.4 kg) load on a 4 by 4-in. 6.3.2.3 The radius of the bottom knuckle of a flat-bottom
(100 by 100-mm) area without damage and with a maximum tank shall be not less than 1 in. (25 mm) on tanks 4 ft (1.22 m)
deflection of 1⁄2 % of the tank diameter at the area the load is or smaller in diameter and 1.5 in. (38 mm) on tanks larger than
applied. 4 ft (1.22 m) diameter. The minimum thickness of the radiused
6.3.1.1 The minimum thickness shall be 0.1876 in. (4.76 section shall be equal to the combined thickness of the shell
mm). wall and the bottom. The reinforcement of the knuckle-radius
NOTE 12—Support of auxiliary equipment, snow load, or operation area shall taper so that it is tangent to the flat bottom, and shall
personnel may require additional reinforcement or the use of stiffener ribs, not extend beyond the tangent line onto the tank bottom, unless
sandwich construction, or other stiffening systems. Type II tanks may also methods of manufacture are used that maintain flat-bottom
require additional reinforcement. configuration, and shall extend up the vertical tank wall a
6.3.2 Bottom Head—The minimum thickness for a fully minimum of 8 in. (200 mm) on tanks up to 4 ft (1.22 m) in
supported flat-bottom head for Type I tanks shall be as follows: diameter, and 12 in. (304 mm) on tanks over 4 ft (1.22 m) in

FIG. 2 Penetrating Nozzle Installation

4
 D 3299
TABLE 1 Minimum Contact-Molded Laminate Physical PropertiesA

NOTE 1— Based on use of woven roving in thickness 1⁄4 in. (6mm) and above.
Property Thickness, in. (mm)
⁄ to 3⁄16 (3.2 to 4.8)
18 ⁄ (6.4)
14 ⁄ (7.9)
5 16 ⁄ & up (9.5 and up)
38

Ultimate tensile strength, min, psi (MPa) 9 000 (62.05) 12 000 (82.74) 13 000 (89.63) 15 000 (103.4)
Tensile modulus, psi (MPa) 1 000 000 (6895) 1 300 000 (8963) 1 400 000 (9653) 1 500 000 (10342)
Flexural strength, min, psi (MPa) 16 000 (110.3) 19 000 (131.0) 20 000 (137.9) 22 000 (151.7)
Flexural modulus of elasticity (tangent), min, psi 700 000 (4826) 800 000 (5516) 900 000 (6205) 1 000 000 (6894)
(MPa)
A
Laminates that do not meet the minimum values of Table 1 are considered acceptable, provided they are made to afford the same overall strength that would be
obtained with a laminate meeting the specified thickness.

diameter. The reinforcement shall then taper into the side wall nozzles which are commonly used at the bottom of the side shell. They do,
over an additional length of 4 in. (102 mm) (see Fig. 3). however, require foundation cut-outs of the appropriate dimensions for the
Methods of manufacture that incorporate stiffening bands as a nozzle type and size.
means of knuckle stabilization, are permissible alternatives by 6.3.2.5 The thickness of an elevated torispherical dished
agreement between purchaser and fabricator, provided the bottom, suitable for supporting the weight of the fluid head,
fabricator can document the validity of the design. shall be determined by the following equation, but shall not be
6.3.2.4 The tank bottom shall not have variations from a less than 3⁄16 in. (4.8 mm):
nominally flat plane that would prevent uniform contact of the
entire bottom surface with a properly prepared flat support
surface when the tank is filled with liquid. The bottom laminate
t5
0.885 PR 0.885 ~0.036gHR!
S 5 S or S S
0.885 ~0.2489gHR!
D (7)

surface shall be a hand-work finish, and shall have no exces- where:

sive laminate projections that would prevent uniform contact t = thickness, in. (mm),
with a properly prepared flat support surface when the tank is S = allowable tensile strength (not to exceed 1⁄10 of ultimate
filled with liquid. strength), psi (kPa) (see 11.6.1),
g = specific gravity of fluid,
NOTE 13—This requirement is not intended to exclude the use of drain

FIG. 3 Flat-Bottom Tank Corner Detail

5
 D 3299

P = pressure, psi (kPa), shell, or to join the bottom or top head to the shell, the
R = inside radius of dished head, in. (mm), and thickness of the structural joint overlay shall be determined by
H = distance from the top of the fluid to the deepest portion the following equation, but shall not be less than 3⁄16 in. (4.8
of the bottom, in. (mm). mm):
For Elliptical Bottom Head:
PD
PD 0.036gHD
t 5 2S 5
h 2Sh or
0.2489gHD
2Sh S D (10)
t 5 2S (8)
where:
For Cone Bottom: t = wall thickness, in. (mm),
PD Sh = allowable hoop tensile strength (not to exceed 1⁄10 of
t 5 2S·cos~a! (9) the ultimate hoop strength), psi (kPa),
P = pressure, psi (kPa),
where: H = fluid head, in. (mm),
a = 1⁄2 the included (apex) angle of the cone at the g = specific gravity of fluid, and
centerline of the head. ( Not greater than 30°) D = inside diameter of tank, in. (mm).
NOTE 14—An alternative method for design of an elevated torispherical 6.3.4.3 The minimum width of the structural joint overlay
dished bottom is shown in Appendix X2. for bottom-supported tanks is shown in Table 3.
6.3.2.6 The torispherical dished-bottom head shall have a 6.3.4.4 The corrosion-resistant barrier component of the
radius of curvature that is equal to or less than the inside joint shall be formed in the same manner as the inner surface
diameter of the tank straight shell, and a minimum knuckle and the interior layer (7.1.1 and 7.1.2) and the minimum
radius of at least 6 % of the diameter of the head. overlay width shall be 4 in. (100 mm). This internal overlay
6.3.3 Open-Top Tanks—The top edge of open-top tanks shall not be considered a structural element in determining
shall have a horizontal reinforcing flange or other means of joint thickness.
reinforcement sufficiently rigid to maintain the shape of the 6.3.4.5 The thickness of a joint near the bottom tangent line
tank after installation, such as stiffener ribs. The flange shall be shall not be considered to contribute to the knuckle reinforce-
in accordance with Table 2. ment of 6.3.2.3, but shall be additive thereto.
6.3.4 Joints: 6.3.5 Fittings:
6.3.4.1 The cured resin surfaces to be overlaid shall be 6.3.5.1 The more common method of fabricating nozzles is
roughened using 36 or coarser grit abrasive media and shall by contact molding both the nozzle neck and flange to the
extend beyond the lay-up area so that no reinforcement is dimensions shown in Specification D 5421 and Table 4. The
applied to an unroughened surface. Surfaces shall be clean and corrosion-resistant barrier of the nozzle shall be at least
dry before lay-up. The entire roughened area shall be coated equivalent to the inner surface and interior layer (7.1.1 and
with paraffinated resin after the joint lay-up is made. 7.1.2) and shall be fabricated from the same resin as the tank
6.3.4.2 Joints between tank-wall sections shall be over- head or shell to which it is attached.
wound to a thickness as calculated in 6.1.4, or they may be 6.3.5.2 Acceptable alternative methods to be agreed upon
overlaid by a contact-molded laminate. When contact-molded between fabricator and purchaser are the use of contact-molded
laminate joints are used to join hoop segments of the straight pipe, filament-wound pipe, in accordance with Specification

TABLE 2 Reinforcing Flange for Open-Top TanksA,B

Tank Diameter, ft (m) Flange Dimensions
Flange
L,C ft (m) 2 4 6 8 9 10 11 12 Width ThicknessD
Type
(0.610) (1.219) (1.629) (2.438) (2.743) (3.048) (3.353) (3.658) in. (mm) in. (mm)
2 (0.610) A A A C D E F G A 2 (51) ⁄
14 (5)
4 (1.212) A A A C D E F G B 2 (51) ⁄
38 (10)
6 (1.829) A A A C D E F G C 2 (51) ⁄
12 (13)
8 (2.438) A A A C D E F G D 21⁄2 (64) 3⁄8 (10)
10 (3.048) A A B C D E F G E 21⁄2 (64) 1⁄2 (13)
12 (3.658) A A B D D E F G F 3 (76) 3⁄8 (10)
14 (4.267) A A B D E F F G G 3 (76) 1⁄2 (13)
16 (4.877) A A C E E G G H H 3 (76) 5⁄8 (16)
18 (5.486) A A C E F G G H J 3 (76) 3⁄4 (19)
20 (6.096) A A D E F G H J K 3 (76) 1 (25)
24 (7.315) A B D F G H J K
30 (9.144) A B E G H H K K
36 (10.973) A B E H J K K
40 (12.192) A B E H J K
A
This table is based on handling considerations only. Significant superimposed loads, such as from wind or seismic conditions, should be considered independently.
B
Reinforcement configurations other than a flange may be used if equal or greater stiffness is provided.
C
L = maximum distance from flange to the tank bottom or to the uppermost shell stiffener when used.
D
Flange thickness shall be at least equal to local vessel thickness.

6
 D 3299
TABLE 3 Minimum Widths of Joint Overlay for Circumferential Joints

H 3 DA = 60 100 140 180 220 260 300 340 380 420 460 500
minimum
width of
outsideB
in. 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(mm) (102) (102) (127) (152) (178) (203) (229) (254) (279) (305) (330) (356)
A
where: H = distance from the top of the liquid level to the joint, ft (m) and
D = inside diameter of the tank, ft (m).
B
Axial joint overlay widths shall be twice the width shown in table.

D 2996, or centrifugally cast pipe, in accordance with Speci- numerous operating situations that could otherwise cause a positive or a
fication D 2997, joined to a suitable contact-molded (Specifi- negative pressure in a closed tank. Since overfilling a closed tank with the
cation D 5421), or filament-wound flange (Specification vent on the top can cause the tank to be over-pressured, a suitably sized
overflow, properly located, or other appropriate protection, may be
D 4024). The corrosion-resistant barrier of the contact-molded required to prevent over-pressuring the tank.
portions of such nozzles shall be equivalent to the inner surface
and interior layer (7.1.1 and 7.1.2) and shall be fabricated from 6.4.2 Type II tanks shall be designed to withstand the
the same resin as the tank head or shell to which they are specified positive or negative pressures not to exceed 14 in.
attached. (355.6 mm) of water. Special design consideration must be
6.3.5.3 Nozzles 4 in. (100 mm) and smaller shall be given to buckling of tank wall and heads, the hold-down lug
supported by a suitable gusseting technique, using plate gussets system, and top and bottom knuckle requirements. Fluid level
or conical gussets, as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. Plate gussets, in the tank is an important consideration in the analysis.
where needed, shall be evenly spaced around the nozzle and 6.4.2.1 Flat-bottom Type II tanks must have all hold-down
are to be added after complete assembly by the nozzle on the lugs properly secured to the foundation, in accordance with the
shell. Larger nozzles, subject to superimposed mechanical tank fabricator’s recommendation for the design of the lugs
forces, require special consideration. used and for the tank installation and operation.
6.3.5.4 Manways installed in top heads may be of the 6.5 Hold-Down Lugs—Hold-down lugs shall be a require-
flanged or nonflanged design, as agreed upon between the ment on all tanks for outdoor service, on all Type II tanks, and
fabricator and purchaser. on tanks subject to seismic loads or vibrations. The design
6.3.5.5 Side-shell manways shall be installed in accordance number and attachment of such lugs is the responsibility of the
with 7.3.2, 7.3.3, and Fig. 6. fabricator, based on the wind, seismic, and other loads speci-
6.3.5.6 Typical manway dimensions are shown in Table 5. fied by the purchaser.
NOTE 15—Tanks over 6 ft (1.8 m) straight-shell height may need both 6.5.1 Hold-down lugs shall be placed on the tank in such a
top- and side-shell opening manways for safety and maintenance consid- way that they do not protrude below the bottom surface of the
erations. tank.
6.4 Vents: 6.6 Lifting Lugs—Lifting lugs or other provisions for lifting
6.4.1 Vents that discharge freely into the atmosphere must tanks (see Appendix X1) shall be provided for tanks over 500
be provided in all Type I closed-top tanks. Minimum vent size lb (227 kg) in weight.
shall be sufficient to handle the flow displacement of all
combined inlet or outlet nozzles without creating any pressure 7. Laminate Construction Requirements
above atmospheric, or any vacuum condition.
7.1 Structural Tank—The laminate comprising the struc-
NOTE 16—Special vent sizing consideration should be given to the tural tank (bottom, cylindrical shell, top head) shall consist of

7
 D 3299
TABLE 4 Dimensions for Contact-Molded Flanged Nozzles (25 psi Rating)

Nozzle Inside Minimum Wall Minimum Flange Minimum Hub Minimum Hub Length
Diameter (D), in. (mm) Thickness (tn), Thickness (tf), in. Thickness (th), (h), in. (mm)
in. (mm) (mm) in. (mm)
1 (25) ⁄ (5)
3 16 12⁄ (13) 14⁄ (6) 2 (51)
11⁄2 (38) ⁄ (5)
3 16 12⁄ (13) 14⁄ (6) 2 (51)
2 (51) 3⁄16 (5) 1⁄2(13) 14⁄ (6) 2 (51)
3 (76) 3⁄16 (5) 1⁄2(13) 1⁄4 (6) 2 (51)
4 (102) 3⁄16 (5) 1⁄2(13) 1⁄4 (6) 2 (51)
6 (152) 3⁄16 (5) 1⁄2(13) 1⁄4 (6) 2 (51)
8 (203) 3⁄16 (5) 9⁄16(14) 5⁄16 (8) 21⁄2 (57)
10 (254) 3⁄16 (5) 11⁄16(17) 3⁄8 (10) 23⁄4 (70)
12 (305) 3⁄16 (5) 3⁄4(19) 3⁄8 (10) 3 (76)
14 (356) 1⁄4 (6) 13⁄16(21) 7⁄16 (11) 31⁄4 (83)
16 (406) 1⁄4 (6) 7⁄8(22) 7⁄16 (11) 31⁄2 (89)
18 (457) 1⁄4 (6) 15⁄16(24) 1⁄2 (13) 33⁄4 (95)
20 (508) 1⁄4 (6) 1 (25) 1⁄2 (13) 4 (102)
24 (610) 1⁄4 (6) 11⁄8(29) 9⁄16 (14) 41⁄2 (114)

FIG. 4 Plate-Type Gussets

a corrosion-resistant barrier comprised of an inner surface, 7.1.1 Inner Surface—The inner surface exposed to the
interior layer, and a structural layer. chemical environment shall be a resin-rich layer 0.010 to 0.020

8
 D 3299

NOTE 1—This design does not require lay-up of nozzle neck to exterior of tank wall. Nozzle may be penetrating type or flush type as illustrated.
FIG. 5 Conical Type Gussets

NOTE 1—This installation method is used only when the nozzle is being installed with an integral conical gusset which would prevent application of
an exterior laminate.
FIG. 6 Nozzle Installation and Cutout Reinforcement Location Alternative

in. (0.25 to 0.5 mm) thick, reinforced with a suitable chemical- composed of resin, reinforced only with noncontinuous glass-
resistant glass fiber surface mat or with an organic fiber surface fiber strands applied in a minimum of two plies of chopped-
mat, in accordance with 5.2.5. strand mat equivalent to a total of 3 oz/ft2 (0.92 kg/m2). As an
NOTE 17—This resin-rich inner surface will usually contain less than alternative, a minimum of two passes of chopped roving of
20 % by weight of reinforcing material. minimum length 0.5 in. (13 mm) to a maximum length of 2.0
7.1.2 Interior Layer—The inner surface layer exposed to in. (50.8 mm), shall be applied uniformly to an equivalent
the corrosive environment shall be followed with a layer weight of 3 oz/ft2 (0.92 kg/m2). Each ply of mat or pass of

9
 D 3299
TABLE 5 Typical Dimensions of Manways

NOTE 1— Bolt size equals bolt hole diameter minus 1⁄8 in. (3 mm).
NOTE 2—Gaskets shall be 1⁄8 in. thick full-face elastomeric material having a hardness of Shore A 80 6 5.
Minimum Minimum Diameter of Minimum Thickness of Minimum Manway Diameter of Bolt Number of Bolt Hole Diameter, in.
Size, in. Flange and Cover, in. Flange and Cover, in. Wall Thickness, in. Circle, in. (mm)ABC Bolts (mm)
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
Pressurized Manway—up to 15 psig
20 (508) 271⁄2 (699) 1 (25.4) 3⁄8 (9.5) 25 (635) 20 ⁄ (19)
34

22 (559) 30 (762) 1 (25.4) 3⁄8(9.5) 27 (686) 20 ⁄ (19)

34

24 (610) 32 (813) 11⁄4 (31.8) 3⁄8 (9.5) 291⁄2 (749) 20 3⁄4 (19)

Manway—Atmospheric Pressure up to 0.5 psig

20 (508) 271⁄2 (699) 3⁄8(9.5) 1⁄4(6.4) 25 (635) 20 ⁄ (12.7)
12

22 (559) 30 (762) 3⁄8 (9.5) 1⁄4 (6.4) 27 (686) 20 ⁄ (12.7)

12

24 (610) 32 (813) 3⁄8 (9.5) 1⁄4 (6.4) 291⁄2 (748) 20 1⁄2 (12.7)

A
60.06 in. (1.5 mm) (ASME/ANSI B 16.5).
B
60.03 in. (0.76 mm) center to center of adjacent bolt holes (ASME/ANSI B 16.5).
C
60.06 in. (1.5 mm) eccentricity between bolt circle and center of nozzle.

chopped roving shall be well-rolled prior to the application of surfacing mat shall be overlapped. Laps in subsequent layers
additional reinforcement. The combined thickness of the inner shall be staggered at least 2.25 in. (60 mm) from laps in the
surface and interior layer shall not be less than 0.10 in. (2.5 preceding layer.
mm). 7.1.3.3 When the outer surface of this structural layer is to
7.1.2.1 Glass content of the inner liner and the interior layer be subject to spillage or a corrosive environment, a resin-rich
combined shall be 27 6 5 % by weight when tested in layer, in accordance with 7.1.1, shall be applied over the final
accordance with 11.4. layer of reinforcement.
7.1.2.2 The degree of cure of the laminate shall be such as 7.1.3.4 Tanks used for outdoor service or subject to ultra-
to exhibit a Barcol hardness on the inner surface of at least violet exposure shall incorporate provisions to minimize ultra-
90 % of the resin manufacturer’s minimum specified hardness violet degradation. Suitable methods include use of ultraviolet
for the cured resin, when tested in accordance with 11.5 and absorbers, incorporation of pigment of sufficient opacity in the
Note 20, Note 21, and Note 22. outer surface resin-rich layer, or use of resins inherently
7.1.3 Structural Layer: resistant to ultraviolet degradation. Since pigmentation makes
7.1.3.1 Filament-Wound Structural Layer—Subsequent re- inspection difficult, it shall be added after inspection or
inforcement shall be continuous-strand roving in accordance otherwise by agreement between the purchaser and fabricator.
with 5.2.2, that is needed to satisfy the requirements of 6.1.4. 7.1.3.5 Where air-inhibited resin is exposed to air, full
The thickness of the filament-wound portion of the tank shell surface cure of the inner surface shall be obtained by coating
may be varied with tank height (tapered-wall construction), such surface with a coat of resin containing 0.2 to 0.6 %
provided these requirements are met at any height level. If paraffin wax, having a melting point between 122 and 126°F
additional longitudinal strength is required, the use of other (50 and 52°C). Other techniques such as sprayed, wrapped, or
reinforcements, such as woven fabric, nonwoven unidirectional overlaid films are also acceptable methods to attain surface
or bidirectional fabric, chopped-strand mat, or chopped cure.
strands, may be interspersed in the winding to provide addi-
7.2 Joints:
tional strength. Glass content of this filament-wound structural
layer shall be 50 to 80 % by weight. Only those constructions 7.2.1 The width of the first layer of joint overlay shall be 3
evaluated for design properties in 11.6 shall be used. in. (76 mm) minimum. Successive layers shall uniformly
7.1.3.2 Contact-Molded Structural Layer in Top and Bottom increase in width in that specified in Table 3 to form a smooth
Heads—Subsequent reinforcement shall be comprised of 1.5 contour laminate that is centered on the joint.
oz/ft2 (0.46 kg/m2) chopped-strand mat or equivalent weight 7.2.2 A highly filled resin paste shall be placed in the
of chopped roving, or shall be comprised of chopped-strand crevices between joined pieces, leaving a smooth surface for
mat or chopped roving and such additional number of alter- lay-up.
nating plies of 24 oz/yd2 (0.81 kg/m2) woven roving 18 7.2.3 The cured resin surfaces of parts to be joined shall be
oz/yd2 (0.61 kg/m2) nonwoven biaxial fabric to a thickness as roughened using 36 or coarser abrasive grit media to expose
required to meet the physical properties that are used for the glass fibers. This roughened area shall extend beyond the
design. The use of woven roving is optional. The designations lay-up areas so that no reinforcement is applied to an unpre-
of these specific weights of glass reinforcement are for pared surface. The entire roughened area shall be coated with
reference only and may be comprised of other weight combi- paraffinated resin after joint overlay is made.
nations of reinforcement materials, when agreed to between the 7.2.4 The interior overlay of a joint shall consist of a
fabricator and purchaser. Each successive ply or pass of minimum of two plies of 1.5 oz/ft2 (0.46 kg/m2) chopped-
reinforcement shall be well-rolled prior to the application of strand mat reinforcement, followed by a resin-rich layer
additional reinforcement. Where woven roving is used, reinforced with surfacing mat. This overlay shall be the
chopped-strand glass reinforcement shall be used as alternating equivalent of 7.1.1 and 7.1.2 combined, and shall be centered
and final layers. All woven roving, nonwoven fabric, and on the joint. It shall be finished in accordance with 7.1.3.5.

10
 D 3299
7.2.5 The outer structural overlay of a joint shall be centered NOTE 18—When tr is calculated to be 1⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) or less, it can be
on the joint, fabricated in accordance with 6.3.4.2, and shall be disregarded, as the strength requirements will be met by t0 (see Figs. 2
finished in accordance with 7.1.3.5. and 7).
7.3 Fittings and Accessories: 7.3.2.5 When reinforcing materials are cut to facilitate
7.3.1 The surfaces of fittings, tank accessories, and the placement around an installed nozzle, joints in successive
laminates required for their installation that are exposed to the reinforcing layers should be staggered to avoid overlapping
corrosive media, shall be constructed in accordance with 7.1.1 and (on cylindrical shell installations) shall not be placed so
and 7.1.2, except for those fitting surfaces which are made by they parallel the axis of the tank. The intent of these require-
manufacturing processes other than contact molding (see ments is to avoid orienting joints in reinforcing layers perpen-
6.3.5.2). dicular to the maximum load-bearing direction (circumferen-
7.3.1.1 The cut edges of all laminates exposed to the tial).
chemical environment shall be sealed with a laminate conform- 7.3.3 Nozzle Installation Laminates—Nozzle installation
ing to 7.1.1 and 7.1.2. Where shape, thickness, or other laminate dimensions are shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 7. Installation
restrictions preclude covering the edges with the preceding laminate placements are shown in Fig. 6. The all-interior
laminate, such cut edges and any machined flange faces shall installation laminate placement is used only when the nozzle
be at least coated with resin. In either case, the resin used shall
being installed has an integral conical gusset preventing
be that used in the equipment laminate and finished in
application of an exterior laminate.
accordance with 7.1.3.5.
7.3.3.1 Installation Laminate Thickness—The inside and
7.3.2 Nozzle and Manway Installation—Flanged nozzles
may be installed with the pipe stub flush with the inside of the outside installation thicknesses (ti and to) combined shall be at
tank shell (flush type, Fig. 4) or projecting inside the tank least as thick as the nozzle neck.
(penetrating type, Fig. 5). 7.3.3.2 Inside Installation Laminate Construction—The in-
7.3.2.1 Nozzle Projection—The installed nozzle shall main- side installation laminate shall be constructed using only
tain a minimum clearance of 3 in. (76 mm) between the back noncontinuous glass reinforcements, except that when woven
face of the flange and the exterior of the cutout opening roving is included to strengthen the laminate, it shall be
reinforcement. In addition, this clearance shall not be less than preceded and followed by a layer of 11⁄2–oz (0.458 kg/m2) mat
the shear distance required for proper installation of the nozzle and then covered with a laminate equivalent to 7.1.1 and 7.1.2.
(see 7.3.3). When the inside laminate consists only of a corrosion barrier,
7.3.2.2 Cutout Reinforcement Laminate— When a vessel the length of the laminate, hr shall be a minimum of 3 in. and
shell or head is cut in an area bearing hydrostatic pressure, P, hi shall be the lesser of 3 in. (76mm) or the nominal radius of
the cutout shall be reinforced on a circular area concentric with the nozzle.
the cutout, as shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. Acceptable patterns 7.3.3.3 Installation Laminate Lengths—The length of the
of reinforcement placement are shown in Fig. 2. outside laminate, ho, and the inside laminate, hi, shall each be
7.3.2.3 Cutout Reinforcement Diameter—The outer diam- equal to the shear length, hs, given in Table 6 based on the
eter of the cutout reinforcing laminate, dr, shall not be less than thickness of the individual laminates.
two times the nominal nozzle diameter. For nozzles less than 6 7.3.3.4 In nozzle installations where the installation overlay
in. (152 mm) in diameter, the minimum cutout reinforcement is installed before the cutout reinforcement has fully cured, that
diameter, dr, shall be the nominal nozzle size plus 6 in. (152 portion of the overlay which extends onto the tank shell may be
mm). considered to become a part of the cutout reinforcement
7.3.2.4 Cutout Reinforcement Thickness—The thickness, tr, laminate if the installation laminate length is extended to the
of the cutout reinforcement laminate for nozzles installed in required cutout reinforcement diameter, dr.
cylindrical shells or dished heads shall be determined as
7.3.3.5 Monolithic Installation—The total bond thickness,
follows:
tm, shall be the greater of either the cutout reinforcement
tr 5 PDK/2Sr (11) thickness, tr, or the outside bond thickness, to.
where: 7.3.4 Gussets—If gussets (either plate or conical) are used
K = 1.0 for nozzles 6 in. (152 mm) diameter and larger, to stiffen the installed nozzle, gusset installation laminates are
K = d/(dr− d) for nozzles less than 6 in. (152 mm) diameter, in addition to the requirements of 7.3.3. Typical plate type and
P = hydrostatic pressure at the point of nozzle installation, conical type gussets are shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. Other
psi (kPa), gusseted nozzle installations may be used as agreed upon
D = inside diameter of tank, in. (mm), between fabricator and purchaser.
Sr = allowable tensile stress (not to exceed 1⁄10 of the
ultimate strength of the cutout reinforcing laminate); 7.3.5 Location of Cutouts on the Shell—For cutouts made
see Table 1, within 6 in. (152 mm) of the knuckle radius area of a head or
d = nominal nozzle diameter, in. (mm), and within 6 in. (152 mm) of a shell-to-shell or shell-to-head joint,
dr = cutout reinforcement diameter, in. (mm). additional hole-cutout reinforcement is required, unless the
This thickness, tr, may be applied to the outer or inner surfaces, area of installation is at a point within the vessel that is not
or be divided between them as shown in Fig. 6. exposed to hydrostatic pressure.

11
 D 3299

FIG. 7 Flush Nozzle Installation

TABLE 6 Shear Bond Length (see Figs. 2 and 7)

NOTE 1— When internal overlay serves only as a corrosion barrier, the total shear length must be placed on the exterior overlay.
Inch-Pound Units
Overlay thickness, in. ⁄
14 ⁄
5 16 ⁄
38 ⁄
7 16 1⁄2 9⁄16 ⁄
58 ⁄
11 16 ⁄
34 ⁄
78 1
hA (shear length), in. 3 3 3 31⁄2 4 41⁄2 5 51⁄2 6 7 8
SI Units
Overall thickness, mm 6.4 8 9.5 11 13 14 16 17.5 19 22 25.4
h (shear length), mm 76 76 76 90 100 114 127 140 152 178 203
A
h = total shear length (ho+ hi) (Fig. 4).

TABLE 7 Standard Tank Inside Diameter

7.3.6 All nozzles and manways shall be installed in accor- in. mm
dance with Fig. 2 and Fig. 7. The interior overlay shall present 24 (610)
the same corrosion resistance to the fluid as specified in 7.1.1 30 (762)
36 (914)
and 7.1.2. 42 (1067)
48 (1219)
8. Dimensions and Tolerances 54 (1372)
60 (1524)
8.1 Standard tank diameters, based on internal measure- 66 (1676)
ments with the tank in the vertical position, are listed in Table 72 (1829)
84 (2134)
7. Tolerance on the inside diameter, including out-of- 96 (2438)
roundness, shall be 61 %. 108 (2743)
8.2 Where employed, shell taper shall be additive to the 120 (3048)
132 (3353)
figure used for the tank diameter, unless otherwise specified by 144 (3658)
the manufacturer and accepted by the purchaser. The shell taper
shall not exceed 1⁄2° per side.

12
 D 3299
8.3 Tolerance on overall tank height shall be 1⁄2 %, but shall 9. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
not exceed 61⁄2 in. (12.7 mm). 9.1 The minimum acceptable level for workmanship and
8.4 Nozzle flange faces shall be perpendicular to the axis of finish of the finished laminate shall conform to the require-
the pipe within tolerances shown in Fig. 8, and shall be flat ments specified in Section 9 of Specification C 582.
within 61⁄32 in. (0.8 mm) through 18 in. (457 mm) nozzle size
NOTE 19—A representative laminate sample may be used for determi-
and 61⁄16 in. (1.6 mm) for large nozzle sizes. Tolerances on
nation of an acceptable surface finish and acceptable level of visual
installation are shown in Fig. 8. imperfections.
8.5 The standard orientation of flanges shall provide bolt
holes straddling the normal centerlines of the tank. Bolt holes 10. Requirements
of flanges located on the tank top or bottom, shall straddle the 10.1 Degree of Cure—Degree of cure of the laminate shall
principal centerline of the vessel or lines parallel to it as shown be found by determining the Barcol hardness as indicated in
in Fig. 8. 11.5.
8.6 An alternative method of orientation of flanges on the
NOTE 20—A useful technique to check the cure of a non-molded
tank top or bottom, with the bolt holes straddling the radial
surface of a polyester resin is as follows: Rub a few drops of acetone on
centerlines, shall be by agreement between the purchaser and the laminate surface until it evaporates. If the surface becomes softened or
fabricator. tacky, it is and indication of under cure.
8.7 The location of nozzles shall be held to the tolerance NOTE 21—The use of organic reinforcing materials may reduce the
shown in Fig. 8. Barcol hardness readings without necessarily indicating undercure.

Nozzle Inside Diameter Permissible Angular Deviation, −0

Up to 10 in. (254mm) 1°
10 in. (254mm) and larger 1⁄2°

NOTE 1—Larger tolerances may be agreed upon between purchaser and fabricator for tanks over 12 ft in diameter.
FIG. 8 Nozzle Location and Orientation Tolerances

13
 D 3299
NOTE 22—Barcol hardness values may vary when tests are conducted forcements, specific gravity, design temperature, and the words
at temperatures that differ from those shown in 11.2. “Pressure-Atmospheric,” or the operating pressure and
11. Test Methods vacuum, shall be imprinted on the tank.
12.2 Additional marking requirements may be needed for
11.1 Conditioning—Condition the specimens prior to test at
compliance with local codes. It is the responsibility of the
70 to 77°F (23 6 2°C) for not less than 40 h in accordance with
purchaser/user to specify additional labeling requirements for
Procedure A of Methods D 618, for those tests when condi-
the vessel, such as liquid content, operating and safety instruc-
tioning is required, and in all cases of disagreement.
tions, and any other warnings necessitated by local codes.
11.2 Test Conditions—Conduct the test in a laboratory
temperature of 70 to 77°F (23 6 2°C), unless otherwise
13. Packaging and Package Marking
specified.
11.3 Chemical Resistance of Resin—Determine the chemi- 13.1 All packing, packaging, and marking provisions of
cal resistance of the resin in accordance with Practice C 581. Practice D 3892 shall apply to this specification.
11.4 Glass Content—Determine the glass content of the
inner liner and interior layer combined. Obtain a test sample by 14. Shipping
carefully splitting these combined areas from the structural 14.1 Since there are variations in the design of support
layer. The glass content of the separated sample shall be cradles, lifting- and hold-down lugs, and methods of shipping,
determined in accordance with Test Method D 2584. the manufacturer’s special instructions shall be followed in all
11.5 Degree of Cure—Degree of cure of the laminate shall cases.
be found by determining the Barcol hardness using Barcol 14.2 Tanks shall be mounted on cradles if shipping horizon-
Model No. GYZJ934.1. Instrument calibration and method tally, or on a suitable skid or pallet if shipping in the vertical
shall be as described in Test Method D 2583. position. The cradles or skid shall be padded and secured to the
11.6 Physical Properties: bed of the vehicle in such a manner that will prevent damage
11.6.1 Contact Molded Laminates—Where required, physi- to the tank with normal handling. The tank shall be secured to
cal properties of contact-molded laminates shall be determined the cradles or skid so that there can be no movement of the tank
in accordance with the test methods listed in Specification in relation to the skid or cradle under normal handling.
C 582. 14.3 A suitable means shall be provided at the open end of
11.6.2 Filament-Wound Laminates—Verify design stresses open-top tanks to keep the loaded tank rigid.
and moduli of elasticity of filament-wound tanks by manufac- 14.4 Tanks shall be loaded to provide at least 2 in. (51 mm)
turer’s test data based upon: clearance between the tank (including fittings) and the bulk-
11.6.2.1 Strain (that is, modulus) measurements of small- heads or bed of the vehicle.
diameter filament-wound cylinders made to the same laminate 14.5 When two or more tanks are shipped on the same
construction, helix angle, glass content, liner construction, and vehicle, sufficient clearance or padding shall be provided
resin as the full-size tank, in accordance with Test Method between tanks to prevent contact in transit.
D 1599 with restrained end closures that prevent the applica-
14.6 Upon arrival at the destination, the purchaser shall be
tion of axial tensile stress, or:
responsible for inspection for damage in transit. If damage has
11.6.2.2 Strain-gage (hoop-elongation) tests on tanks filled
occurred, a claim should be filed with the carrier by the
with water.
purchaser, and the supplier should be notified. If the damage is
NOTE 23—Practical test methods on samples cut from filament-wound not first repaired by the fabricator prior to the tank being put
specimens are not available to cover all cases of testing filament-wound into service, the purchaser accepts all future responsibility for
laminates. Other test methods for determination of hoop properties may be the effects of tank failure resulting from such damage.
used when the fabricator can verify the validity of the selected method.

12. Product Marking 15. Keywords

12.1 The tank shall be marked to identify the producer, date 15.1 above ground; atmospheric; filament wound; polyester;
of manufacture, capacity, all resins used, inner surface rein- tank; vinylester

14
 D 3299
APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. HANDLING AND INSTALLATION

X1.1 Handling X1.1.1.8 When storing the tank on the ground prior to
X1.1.1 The following normal precautions should be taken in installation, it should be placed on the shipping cradles and tied
handling the tank at the destination: down so that it cannot roll, due to wind or sloping ground.
X1.1.1.1 Proper rigging practices should be observed at all X1.2 Installation
times. Hoisting equipment operators should attach a guide line
X1.2.1 Vertical flat bottom tanks should be installed on a
to prevent tank from swinging out of control.
base provided continuous support and having sufficient
X1.1.1.2 The tank should not be dropped or allowed to
strength to support the weight of the tank full of liquid with
strike any other object. Damage caused by such action may
negligible deflection. Full support of the bottom should be
result in cracking the inner corrosion-resistant liner, as well as
obtained by one of the following:
the structural portion of the tank.
X1.2.1.1 If the surface of the pad and the bottom of the tank
X1.1.1.3 The tank should not be rolled or slid on rough are flat and have no projections from the plane surface, the tank
ground. Never set a tank upon a fitting or other protrusion that may be set on such a surface.
may be attached to the shell. X1.2.1.2 If the conditions of X1.2.1.1 cannot be met,
X1.1.1.4 In working around the tank, care should be exer- methods of support recommended by the manufacturer should
cised to prevent tools, scaffolding, or other objects from be used.
striking the tank or being dropped on, or inside the tank. X1.2.2 If the tank has a bottom drain, a hole should be
Soft-soled shoes should be worn by workmen entering the provided in the pad with sufficient clearance so that the drain
tank. Where ladders are used (inside and outside), all points of and its flange will not contact the base at any point.
contact with the tank should be cushioned to protect the surface X1.2.3 Erection of Vertical Tank:
from scratching or point loading. X1.2.3.1 Tanks should be handled with a crane, using the
X1.1.1.5 The use of a crane is recommended, both in lifting lifting lugs provided. Do not attempt to lift tank by attaching to
and positioning the tank. The clearance between the head other fittings. Prior to hoisting the top end, a suitable protection
shackle of the crane and the tank should be at least equal to the pad of material should be placed under the bottom pivot point
span between the lugs used for lifting. If this is not possible, a of tank so that as the tank rises, the strain is taken on the pad.
spreader bar must be used to approximate the same angle in The hoist wire should be connected to the top lifting lugs, and
lifting. the tank should be raised carefully, using guide ropes to
X1.1.1.6 Where tanks are not equipped with lifting lugs, it prevent sudden swinging.
is recommended that such tanks be lifted with canvas or rope X1.2.3.2 All hold-down lugs supplied should be utilized to
slings (over 1 in. (25 mm) in diameter) positioned near each secure the tank to its pad. Hold-down lugs should be grouted or
end of the tank. Tanks can be moved by positioning fork-lift shimmied to prevent excessive loads being transferred to the
trucks on either side of the tank with forks padded. tank shell.
X1.1.1.7 Under no conditions should chains or cables be X1.2.3.3 Valves, controllers, or other heavy items connected
allowed to contact a tank. Full protection must be provided to tank nozzle should be independently supported.
when using chains or cables. Do not attach lifting devices to X1.2.3.4 When agitators, mixers, or cooling/heating coils
any fitting other than lifting lugs. are to be installed, special design considerations must be used.

X2. DISHED BOTTOM

X2.1 An alternative method for calculating the thickness of

an elevated dished torispherical bottom head is as follows
PRc 0.036g HRc
tc 5 2S 5 2S S or
0.2489gHRc,
2S D (X2.1)

(refer to 6.3.4 and see Fig. X2.1):

15
 D 3299

FIG. X2.1 Thickness of Dished-Bottom Head

PRcW 0.036gHRcW
ti 5 2S 5 2S or S
0.2489g HRcW
2S D (X2.2) Rc = crown radius of dished head, in. (m),
H = fluid head, in. (mm),
W = stress intensification factor =

SD
where:
tc = head thickness in area of the crown radius, in. (mm), 1
ti = head thickness in area of the knuckle radius, in. (mm), 4 ~3 1 =Rc / ri!,
S = allowable stress, psi (kPa),
g = specific gravity of fluid, and
P = pressure, psi (kPa), ri = knuckle radius of the dished head, in. (mm).

X3. EXPRESSION OF HOOP TENSILE MODULUS OF A LAMINATE

X3.1 The hoop tensile modulus of a laminate, composed EFW = hoop modulus of filament winding,
partially of filament winding and partially of a contact molded EL = modulus of liner,
liner, is expressed by: t = total thickness,
EFW tFW ELtL tL = liner thickness, and
Er 5 t 1 t (X3.1) tFW = filament winding thickness = t − tL
This expression will give a good approximation of total
where: laminate modulus for values of EFW of 3.0–6.0 3 106 psi
Er = hoop modulus of total laminate, (20.7–41.4 kPa).

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This section identifies the location of selected changes to this test method. For the convenience of the user,
Committee D-20 has highlighted those changes that may impact the use of this test method. This section may
include descriptions of the changes or the reasons for the changes, or both.

D 3299 – 00: radius, which references new Fig. 1. Added new Fig. 1 and
(1) Revised Table 1 to include MPa. revised subsequent Fig. numbers.
(2) Corrected Eq 9 and added information to 6.3.2.5 on knuckle (3) Corrected Fig. 3.

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

16
 D 3299

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
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17