TEST 22

SECTION A: LISTENING (50pts)

Part 1: You will hear a journalist talking about things that inspire both her and others. For
question 1-8, complete the sentences with a word or short phrase.
1. The journalist is particularly impressed with the ____________________ of the musician she speaks.
2. Her reply to the musician is that _______________________ inspired her to be a journalist.
3. The interview with a _________________________ was one of the first the journalist conducted after
qualifying.
4. The designer used __________________________ as inspiration for a women’s wear collection.
5. Jessica states that observing ____________________ made her want to take up ballet.
6. While going to work, the architect would create _________________ that would inspire him.
7. The architect used his ________________________ to create his most recent museum.
8. Tommy said that __________________________ is the top influence for the words of his songs.

Part 2: You will hear five short extracts in which different people talk about how they handle
debt. While you listen, you must complete both tasks
Task 1:
For question 1-5, choose from the list A-H how each speaker got into debt.
A. A matter of life or death
B. Letting friends use your card
C. Extravagant lifestyle
D. Negligent behavior
E. Something that crept us slowly
F. Fraudulent use
G. Peer pressure
H. Poor role models

1. Speaker 1: _________ 2.Speaker 2 ___________ 3. Speaker 3 _______

4. Speaker 4: __________ 5. Speaker 5: __________

Task 2: For question 6-10, choose from the list A-H how each speaker feels about debt.
A. Uncontrollable matter
B. Nagging remember
C. Debilitating burden
D. Something we live with
E. Overblown worry
F. The bank’s responsibility
G. Unfair circumstance
H. A matter for the courts

1. Speaker 1: _________ 2.Speaker 2 ___________ 3. Speaker 3 _______

4. Speaker 4: __________ 5. Speaker 5: __________
Your answer
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Part 3: You will hear part of a discussion between two research assistants, Mike Garner and
Annabelle Huckabee, who are talking about relationships people have online and in real life. For
questions 1-5, choose the answer (a, b, c or d) which best fits according to what you hear.
1. What point is made about Dunbar's number?
A. The number can predict the number of online friends a person will have.
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B. Dunbar's number has no connection whatsoever to the number of online friends a person has.
C. While thus far unproven, it could apply to the number of online friends a person can have.
D. More understanding of Dunbar’s number is needed for the research study.
2. Annabelle was surprised to learn that ________
A. a person could have upwards of 120 online friends.
B. the more meaningful friendships exist online, rather than in real life.
C. removing barriers to making friends results in making a great number of friends.
D. the brain limits the number of friends people can I have.
3. What view is stated about human contact?
A. It is the single most important factor in making friends.
B. A lack of it results in fewer friends, real or online.
C. An online friendship can only be so meaningful without it.
D. It could discourage a friend from being too revealing.
4. As to why people make friends online, Mike and Annabelle differ regarding _________.
A. the motivating force behind it.
B. people's end goals.
C. the quality of friendships found.
D. the satisfaction they receive.
5. What conclusion do both researchers arrive at concerning online usage?
A. We must better learn how to unlock its potential.
B. Learning our limits is the key to mastering it.
C. Its negative aspects will always challenge us.
D. People must focus more on real life and avoid the online one.
Your answer
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Part 4: Listen to a piece of news about iPhone X. For questions 1-7, complete the piece of news
with the missing words. Write your answers in the numbered spaces provided.
Apple released its much-anticipated iPhone X on Tuesday, and company heads (1) ____________________ as
the “future of the smartphone.”
But what does it actually mean to be “the future” of smartphones?
Following rumors, leaks and (2) _________________________, Apple definitively confirmed these major
features in the iPhone X: facial recognition, augmented reality, wireless charging and an edge-to-edge screen
with no home button.
Those features may (3) _________________________ to some, but past smartphones have already included
them.
Back in 2014, Amazon's Fire Phone tinkered around with augmented (4) ________________________, while
apps like Snapchat and Pokémon Go brought AR into (5) _________________________. Earlier this year,
Samsung also beat Apple to the punch with its own edge-to-edge "infinity displays" and facial recognition
capabilities in the Galaxy Note 8 and S8 smartphones.
But the technology has been far from perfect: Samsung itself admits its facial recognition isn't as secure as a
(6) __________________________, iris scanner or even pass code. Back in March, some users were able
to fool the Galaxy S8 with a photo of a face.
It's unclear how well the feature will work on the iPhone X, but even Apple VP Craig Federighi had some
trouble with it.
Customers can decide for themselves if the iPhone X truly is the "future of the smartphone," but they'll have to
wait until November and (7) __________________________ $1,000 for it.

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SECTION B: VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE (50 pts)
I. Fill the gaps in the following sentences with the correct answer A, B, C or D. Write the answers
in the corresponding numbered boxes below. (20 pts)
1. We were ______ all morning waiting for the phone to ring.
A. on the house B. on the breadline C. on tenterhooks D. on the cards
2. She was expelled for ______ her classmates to rebel against their teachers.
A. ingraining B. instilling C. inciting D. instigating
3. The project has progressed in ______ and starts due to a constant change in funding.
A. sits B. bits C. fits D. wits
4. The slums are, in general, considered to be a ______ of social evils.
A. hotbed B. cradle C. bowl D. token
5. After the earthquake, the entrance hall was turned into a _________ casualty ward.
A. mainstay B. piecework C. wayside D. makeshift
6. A car becomes a ______ weapon in the hands of a reckless driver.
A. fatal B. lethal C. mortal D. venal
7. Fatigued with her long-continued efforts, and panting for breath, Mary felt herself completely ______ for
any further exertion.
A. impaired B. injured C. incapacitated D. hampered
8. The combination of anger and guilt successfully drove a ______ between me and the rest of the world.
A. ledge B. beam C. plank D. wedge
9. He's of no fixed ______ and we found him on the streets.
A. residence B. abode C. home D. domicile
10. The guest speaker had to ______ his speech when time ran out.
A. restrain B. contemplate C. suppress D. curtail
11. The Trump’s administration is taking a firm ______ on illegal immigration.
A. base B. stand C. ground D. step
12. I know I shouldn't have spoken to Suzanne like that, but I was absolutely ______.
A. livid B. boiled C. riven D. pressed
13. He moved slowly, like a tired man ______ cold water.
A. warding off B. cramming into C. wading through D. swotting for
14. It is essential that the quality of the carpet is identified, ______ ensuring that we replace like with like.
A. henceforth B. thereby C. whereby D. wherefore
15. If anyone's in ______ for promotion, I should think it's Helen.
A. nomination B. track C. review D. line
16. The smoke ___________ from the burning building could be seen for miles.
A. sweeping B. billowing C. radiating D. bulging
17. She was a successful lawyer and had clients beating a ______ to her door.
A. path B. bush C. pup D. drum
18. He knew that the head chef was stealing from the kitchen, but it was no skin off his______ so he
just kept his mouth shut.
A. palm B. nose C. cheek D. skull
19. This new washing powder is really ______ on stains!
A. strong B. rough C. tough D. hard
20. Robert made a(n) ______ in the store when they refused to refund him for the broken television.
A. act B. drama C. row D. scene

Answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

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II. There are TEN mistakes in the passage below. Find, UNDERLINE and write the corrections in
the corresponding lines in the box provided. (10 pts)

WHAT WILL ART LOOK LIKE IN 20 YEARS? Answers

The future may be uncertain, and some things are undeniable: 0. and  but
climate change, shifting demographics and geopolitics. The only __________  __________
guarantee is that there will be change, both wonderful and __________  __________
terrible. It’s worth considering what artists will respond to these __________  __________
changes, as well as which purpose art serves, now and in the __________  __________
future. __________  __________

Reports suggest that by 2040 the impacts of human-caused __________  __________

climate change will be inescapable, making them the big issue at __________  __________
the centre of art and life in 20 years time. Artists in the future will __________  __________
wrestle with the possibilities of the post-human and post- __________  __________
Anthropocene – artificial intelligence, human colonies in outer __________  __________
space and potential doom. __________  __________

The identity politics see in art around the #MeToo and Black Lives __________  __________
Matter movements will grow as environmentalism, border politics __________  __________
and migration come even more sharply into focus. Art will become __________  __________
increasingly diverse and might not ‘look like art’ like we expect. In __________  __________
the future, once we’ve become weary of our lives to be visible __________  __________
online for all to see and our privacy has been anything but lost, __________  __________
anonymity may be more desirable than fame. Instead of __________  __________
thousands, or millions, of likes and followers, we will be starved __________  __________
for authenticity and connection. Art could, in turn, become more __________  __________
collective and experiential than individual. __________  __________

III. Complete each sentence with ONE suitable word. Write the answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes below. (10 pts)

1. Keep your ________ on. It’s an accident and the insurance is going to pay for the damage.
2. Some frogs have a powerful poison on their backs that helps keep predators at ________.
3. Her parents were worried ________ when she didn't come home all night.
4. Lily was fired from the company last year, but she had the last ________ when she was hired by their main
rival at twice the salary.
5. It’s five miles as the ________ flies from here to the village, but it’s a lot further by road.
6. Major government policies cannot be decided on a ________; they have to be carefully and rationally
thought through.
7. We'll have to work against the ________ to finish our presentation in time for the convention as there isn’t
much time left.
8. When the lights went out, she was scared out of her ________.
9. I just took it as ________ that anyone who applied for the course would have the necessary qualifications.
10. We had a terrible quarrel five years ago but that’s all water under the ________.

Answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

IV. Complete each of the following sentences. Use the word given in CAPITALS to form a word
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that fits in the space of the passage. Write the answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
below. (10 pts)
1. There were stories of __________ explorers losing their lives on their expeditions to faraway lands.
TREPIDATION
2. The investigation ____________ evidence of a large-scale illegal trade in wild birds. COVER
3. His economic predictions are based on some ____________ assumptions. ERROR
4. The company blamed its disappointing performance on a ____________ business plan. GUIDE
5. The team suffered a serious ____________ when the goalkeeper went off injured. SET
6. The ____________ of these toys soon wore off and the children became bored with them. NOVEL
7. He wasn't happy at the school and said he was ____________ because of his colour. VICTIM
8. Yoga postures emphasize ____________ of the spine and help condition the back. LONG
9. We have all had the ____________ experience of something going wrong when demonstrating how to new
device works. NERVE
10. Critics have ____________ the new theater to a supermarket. LIKE

Answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

SECTION C: READING COMPREHENSION (55 pts)

I. Choose the word that best fits each space to complete the text. Write the answers in the
corresponding numbered boxes below. (15 pts)
COMPLETE KNOWLEDGE IN SCIENCE
The idea of complete knowledge is a tempting pie in the (1) ______. Although it appears in some
commentators’ minds as the obvious goals of science. It is a concept completely absent from contemporary
scientific writing. It is, however, the hallmark of many varieties of pseudo-science, (2) ______ it pervaded
countless ancient myths and legends about the origin and nature of the world. These stories left nothing out;
they had an answer for everything. They aimed to (3) ______ the insecurity of ignorance and provided a
complete interlinked picture of the world in which human beings played a meaningful role. They removed the
worrying idea of the unknown. If you were at the (4) ______ of the wind and rain, it helped to personify those
unpredictable (5) ______ as the character (6) ______ of a storm god.
1. A. air B. clouds C. moon D. sky
2. A. just as B. just so C. even if D. even so
3. A. rid B. outlaw C. disassociate D. banish
4. A. power B. mercy C. force D. chance
5. A. elements B. aspects C. features D. factors
6. A. forms B. traits C. ways D. types
THE BRIDGE
Our group (7) ______ silent at the base of a narrow steel ladder that rose vertically through the maze of
girders at the south-east end of Australia's Sydney Harbour Bridge. We needn't have worried about the first
part of the climb. Up to this (8) ______ our guided tour had been little more than a stroll but now our task was
to face the ladder. It must have been at least fifty feet high. There were handrails and our safety belts would
be tethered to a cable to (9) ______ a fall but the water couldn't have been less than 250 feet below us and
the (10) ______ of climbing was daunting.

What lay at the top was stepping out on to the exposed upper arch of the bridge, with blue sky all round and
the water almost 262 feet below. We ought to have found this out before (11) ______ on what now seemed a
singularly (12) ______ mission! My own acrophobia was extreme, but, on this sparkling morning, I saw no
option but to climb to the summit of one of the world's best-loved icons - a miracle of engineering recognized
by people everywhere.

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As I climbed the tension (13) ______ out of me; I was driven by an exhilarating feeling of conquest. At the
top, I dropped my (14) ______ to the vast pool of the harbor below. It might just as well have been a mill
pond from this height. We stood on a small viewing deck in the warm sunshine, (15) ______ with excitement
and arms raised as our guide took a celebratory photograph.

7. A. fell B. came C. rendered D. dropped

8. A position B. period C. point D. place
9. A. hold B. halt C. reduce D. break
10. A. perspective B. proposal C. prospect D. probability
11. A. embarking B. embracing C. dispatching D. dispersing
12. A. negligent B. reckless C. careless D unthinking
13. A. exuded B. drained C. leaked D. came
14. A. glare B. glimpse C. gaze D. glance
15. A. flushed B. burned C. drenched D. flamed

Answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

II. Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Write the answers in
the corresponding numbered boxes below. (10 pts)
MUSIC AND THE MIND
Making music appears to be one of the fundamental activities of mankind, as characteristically human as
drawing and painting. The survival of Paleolithic cave-paintings bears (1) ____________ to the antiquity of this
form of art, and some of these paintings depict people dancing. Flutes (2) ____________ of bone found in
these caves suggest that they danced (3) ____________ some form of music. But because music
(4) ____________ only survives when the invention of a system of notation has made a written record
possible, or else when a living member of a culture recreates the sounds and rhythms which have been handed
down to him by his forbears, we have no information about prehistoric music. We are (5)
____________ accustomed to regarding drawing and painting as integral parts of the life of early man, but
less inclined (6) ____________ think of music in the same way.

When biologists consider complex human activities such as the arts, they (7) ____________ to assume that
their compelling qualities are derivations of basic drives. If any given activity can be seen to aid survival or
facilitate adaptation to the environment, or to be derived from behaviour (8) ____________ does so. It 'makes
sense' in biological terms. But what use is music? Music can certainly be regarded as a form of communication,
(9) ____________ what it communicates is not obvious. Music is not usually representational; it does not
sharpen our perception of the external world or generally imitate it. (10) ____________ is music propositional;
it does not put forward theories about the world or convey information.

Answers:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

III. Read the text below and choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according
to the text. Write the answers in the corresponding numbered boxes below. (6 pts)
CROWD CONTROL
A. Perhaps the most obvious explanation for why we help others in emergencies is that we know them. So-
called 'affiliation theorists' such as Andrew Mawson, a Professor of Public Health at Jackson State
University, say that panic is rare because we are typically in the company of friends or family when
disaster strikes. The presence of familiar others soothes us and counteracts our 'fight or flight' instincts.

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B. Jonathan Sime's study of the 1973 fire at the Summerland leisure centre on the Isle of Man provides
poignant support for this view. He showed that many people might have escaped but for the fact that
they chose to stay in family groups, going at the pace of the slowest - a pace that was too slow for
survival in some cases. Sime argues that people die in emergencies not because they are competing but
because they care for one another. But the notion of affiliation cannot be the whole story. In
emergencies such as the London terrorist bombings, people were among strangers but were nonetheless
orderly, cooperative and even self-sacrificing. Sociologists who study disasters have shown that in an
emergency, individuals remain committed to the same rules of conduct that govern everyday behaviour.

C. A case in point is the fire at the Beverly Hills Supper Club near Cincinnati in 1977. As the fire spread
through the building, the opportunities for exit became more and more restricted. In the end, 165 people
lost their lives but there was no mass panic. The 630 witness statements given to the police provide rich
insight into how people behaved. Certainly there was evidence of affiliation. People moved in family or
friendship groups, and if one died, the others were likely to die as well. But as a number of researchers -
particularly sociologist Norris Johnson of the University of Cincinnati - have shown, social norms were
observed. The staff continued to look after the customers, with waiters attending to the safety of those
at their assigned tables. The customers observed normal courtesies, such as allowing the elderly to go
first. As the seriousness of the situation became more evident, there was an increase in competitive
behaviours. But Johnson reports that even at the most urgent stages of the evacuation, social bonds
remained largely intact; people picked one another up when they fell, for example.

D. The conclusion: continuity exists between everyday behaviours and emergencies. Regardless of whether
people think of themselves as individuals or as part of a community, they observe social norms. Human
beings do not forget themselves, their values or their obligations to others both close and distant. They
do not turn into savages desperate to escape. Disasters bring out the best - not the beast - in people. If
models of crowd behaviours are to be more psychologically accurate and hence more useful at predicting
how people will behave in an emergency, they must include dynamic 'group membership' variables. The
shared social identity of any group can be the basis for an efficient and orderly evacuation, rather than a
source of pathological 'panic'.

E. For example, the social solidarity of the thirty-three Chilean miners trapped half a mile underground in
2010 played an essential role in maintaining their physical and mental health as they awaited rescue. The
miners organized their own chapel services and a 'buddy system' of three-person teams, and they began
eating each meal only after rations for everyone had been painstakingly lowered through a hole. A miner
who had taken a nursing course monitored the group's health and administered tests and vaccinations.
The miners aided rescue efforts by preparing a map of their surroundings and clearing rocks.

F. Evidence suggests that the single biggest killer in emergencies is lack of information - for example, when
people do not evacuate promptly because they do not realize the danger. Live public address systems are
more effective than sirens and alarms for providing credible information about the nature and the
location of the danger. In places where there is a danger of overcrowding, video monitoring can provide
early warning signals.

G. Emergency planners should encourage collectivity, not fear of it. Disasters tend to bring people together,
but other social forces often divide people. Even the language that is used to address groups in public
spaces may make a difference. Addressing people instead as members of a group - 'passengers' or
'citizens', for example - may help prevent them from competing with one another in a rush for the exits.

H. Emergency planners need to consider ordinary people their best asset rather than their worst nightmare.

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 Instead of undermining people's natural tendency to organize and help one another, authorities can
facilitate it by providing practical information - such as exit routes that are clearly marked with arrows
and reflective paint. When ordinary people are asked to take increased responsibility for their own
survival and well-being, they can do extraordinary things.

1. What is suggested about the reactions of people in emergencies?

A. People are less likely to panic if they are with complete strangers.
B. Being with people we know helps speed up our reactions to danger.
C. People are more determined to escape if they are with family and friends.
D. Our concern for the welfare of others often puts our own lives in danger.
2. The writer compares the notion of affiliation with
A. the attitude of terrorist bombers.
B. the everyday behaviour of ordinary people.
C. the conduct of people towards others they do not know.
D. the change in people's attitudes in an emergency.
3. According to research, how did people behave after the fire broke out?
A. In their desire to escape, they blocked access to many of the emergency exits.
B. They acted more or less as they would have done in a normal situation.
C. Their competitive attitude prevented them from helping those in need.
D. They showed more concern for family and friends than for strangers.
4. What conclusion does the writer draw about people's behaviour in emergencies?
A. People are more likely to reject social norms if they are on their own.
B. People who share a social identity are more hampered in their ability to escape.
C. Identifying with a group in an emergency can be extremely beneficial.
D. It is difficult to predict exactly how a crowd will behave in an emergency.
5. According to the writer, what was exemplary about the case of the miners?
A. Their like-mindedness in a critical situation
B. Their sticking to their usual routine
C. Their determination to be rescued
D. Their emphasis on health care
6. What is the writer suggesting happens in an emergency?
A. People respond effectively when they hear sirens and alarms.
B. Issuing adequate information increases the chances of survival.
C. Live public address systems are less effective than they seem.
D. Public warnings prevent danger zones becoming overcrowded
Answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

IV. Read the text below and choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according
to the text. Write the answers in the corresponding numbered boxes below. (12 pts)

(1). The craft of perfumery has an ancient and global heritage. The art flourished in Ancient Rome, where the
emperors were said to bathe in scent. After the fall of Rome, much of the knowledge was lost, but
survived in Islamic civilizations in the Middle Ages. Arab and Persian pharmacists developed essential oils
from the aromatic plants of the Indian peninsula. They developed the processes of distillation and
suspension in alcohol, which allowed for smaller amounts of raw materials to be used than in the ancient
process, by which flower petals were soaked in warm oil. This knowledge was carried back to European
monasteries during the Crusades.

(2). At first, the use of fragrances was primarily associated with healing. Aromatic alcoholic waters were
ingested as well as used externally. Fragrances were used to purify the air, both for spiritual and health
purposes. During the Black Death, the bubonic plague was thought to have resulted from a
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 bad odour which could be averted by inhaling pleasant fragrances such as cinnamon . The
Black Death led to an aversion to using water for washing, and so perfume was commonly used as a
cleaning agent.

(3). Later on, the craft of perfume re-entered Europe, and was centred in Venice, chiefly because it was an
important trade route and a centre for glass-making. Having such materials at hand was essential for the
distillation process. In the late seventeenth century, trade soared in France, when Louis XIV brought in
policies of protectionism and patronage which stimulated the purchase of luxury goods. Here, perfumery
was the preserve of glove-makers. The link arose since the tanning of leather required putrid
substances. Consequently, the gloves were scented before they were sold and worn. A glove and
perfume makers’ guild had existed here since 1190. Entering it required 7 years of formal training under
a master perfumer.

(4). The trade in perfume flourished during the reign of Louis XV, as the master glove-and-perfume makers,
particularly those trading in Paris, received patronage from the royal court, where it is said that a
different perfume was used each week. The perfumers diversified into other cosmetics including soaps,
powders, white face paints and hair dyes. They were not the sole sellers of beauty products. Mercers,
spicers, vinegar-makers and wig-makers were all cashing in on the popularity of perfumed products.
Even simple shopkeepers were coming up with their own concoctions to sell.

(5). During the eighteenth century, more modern, capitalist perfume industry began to emerge, particularly in
Britain where there was a flourishing consumer society. In France, the revolution initially disrupted the
perfume trade due to its association with aristocracy, however, it regained momentum later [8] as a
wider range of markets were sought both in the domestic and overseas markets. The guild system was
abolished in 1791, allowing new high-end perfumery shops to open in Paris.

(6). Perfume became less associated with health in 1810 with a Napoleonic ordinance which required
perfumers to declare the ingredients of all products for internal consumption. Unwilling to divulge their
secrets, traders concentrated on products for external use. Napoleon affected the industry in other ways
too. With French ports blockaded by the British during the Napoleonic wars, the London perfumers were
able to dominate the markets for some time [9].

(7). One of the significant changes in the nineteenth century was the idea of branding. Until then, trademarks
had had little significance in the perfumery where goods were consumed locally, although they had a
long history in other industries [10]. One of the pioneers in this field was Rimmel who was nationalized
as a British citizen in 1857. He took advantage of the spread of railroads to reach customers in wider
markets. To do this, he built a brand which conveyed prestige and quality, and were worth paying a
premium for. He recognised the role of design in enhancing the value of his products, hiring a French
lithographer to create the labels for his perfume bottles.

(8). Luxury fragrances were strongly associated with the affluent and prestigious cities of London and Paris.
Perfumers elsewhere tended to supply cheaper products and knock-offs of the London and Paris brands.
The United States perfume industry, which developed around the docks in New York where French oils
were being imported, began in this way. Many American firms were founded by immigrants, such as
William Colgate, who arrived in 1806. At this time, Colgate was chiefly known as a perfumery. Its
Cashmere Bouquet brand had 625 perfume varieties in the early 20th century.

1. The purpose of the text is to

A. compare the perfumes from different countries
B. describe the history of perfume making
C. describe the problems faced by perfumers
D. explain the different uses of perfume over time
2. Which of the following is NOT true about perfume making in Islamic countries?
A. They created perfume by soaking flower petals in oil.
B. They dominated perfume making after the fall of the Roman Empire.
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 C. They took raw materials for their perfumes from India.
D. They created a technique which required fewer plant materials.

3. Why does the writer include this sentence in paragraph 2?

During the Black Death, the bubonic plague was thought to have resulted from a bad odour which
could be averted by inhaling pleasant fragrances such as cinnamon.
A. To explain why washing was not popular during the Black Death
B. To show how improper use of perfume caused widespread disease
C. To illustrate how perfumes used to be ingested to treat disease
D. To give an example of how fragrances were used for health purposes
4. Why did the perfume industry develop in Paris?
A. Because it was an important trade route
B. Because of the rise in the glove-making industry
C. Because of the introduction of new trade laws
D. Because of a new fashion in scented gloves
5. What does “putrid” in paragraph 3 mean?
A. Bad-smelling B. Rare C. Prestigious D. Numerous
6. Which of the following people most influenced the decline of perfumes as medicine?
A. Louis XIV B. Louis XV C. Rimmel D. Napoleon
7. In paragraph 4, it is implied that
A. Master glove and perfume makers created a new perfume each week.
B. Mercers, spicers and other traders began to call themselves masters.
C. The Royal Court only bought perfume from masters.
D. Cosmetics were still only popular within the Royal Courts.
8. How did the French Revolution affect the Parisian perfume industry?
A. The industry declined then rose again.
B. The industry collapsed and took a long time to recover.
C. The industry was greatly boosted.
D. The industry lost most of its overseas customers.
9. London came to lead the perfume industry because
A. the French Revolution meant that there were fewer customers in France.
B. Napoleon’s new laws affected the profitability of perfume-making.
C. the production of perfume ceased during the Napoleonic wars.
D. the French were unable to export perfumes for a period of time.
10. Which of the following is NOT true of Rimmel?
A. He was one of the first people to utilise trademarks.
B. He created attractive packaging for his products.
C. His products were more expensive than other brands.
D. He transported his goods to potential customers by train.
11. What is implied about the New York perfume industry?
A. It was the fastest-growing perfume industry in the world at that time.
B. It was primarily developed by immigrants arriving from France.
C. It copied luxury fragrances and sold them cheaply.
D. There was a wider range of fragrances available here than elsewhere.
12. Which city is being described in this sentence?
‘The perfume industry developed here because the city produced materials and equipment
necessary for perfume production’.
A. Paris B. London C. Venice D. New York
Answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

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V. Read the text below and answer the questions. Write the answers in the corresponding
numbered boxes below. (12 pts)
LIFE WITHOUT DEATH
by Duncan Turner
Until recently, the thought that there might ever be a cure for ageing seemed preposterous. Growing older and
more decrepit appeared to be an inevitable and necessary part of being human. Over the last decade,
however, scientists have begun to see ageing differently. Some now believe that the average life expectancy
may soon be pushed up to 160 years; others think that it may be extended to 200 or 300 years. A handful
even wonder whether we might one day live for a millennium or more.

Behind this new excitement is the theory that the primary cause of ageing lies in highly reactive molecules
called free radicals, left behind by the oxygen we breathe. Free radicals react with the molecules in our bodies,
damaging DNA, proteins and other cell tissues, and are known to be implicated in diseases as diverse as
cataracts, cancer and Alzheimer's. The body does its best to protect itself against free radicals by producing its
own chemicals to prevent ageing, such as vitamins E and C, but it is always fighting a losing battle.

A year ago Gordon Lithgow of the University of Manchester discovered a way to help combat free radicals.
Using one of these anti-ageing chemicals, he managed to increase the lifespan of one species of earthworm by
50 per cent. Despite cautionary words from the scientists, many welcomed this as the first step towards a drug
which would extend life. Research involving the mutation of genes has also thrown up fascinating results: after
identifying two of the genes that appear to control how long the earthworm lives, similar genes were found in
organisms as various as fruit-flies, mice and human beings. When one considers the vast evolutionary
distances that separate these species, it suggests that we may have discovered a key to how ageing is
regulated throughout the entire animal kingdom.

In June last year a small American company called Eukarion sought permission to carry out the first trials of an
anti-ageing drug, SCS, on human beings. Although it will initially be used to treat diseases associated with old
age, Eukarion said, that 'if the effect of treating diseases of old age is to extend life, everyone's going to be
happy.'

Some scientists, however, are quick to discourage extravagant speculation. 'There is no evidence whatsoever
that swallowing any chemical would have an effect on mammals', says Rich Miller of the University of Michigan.
'And those people who claim it might need to go out and do some experimenting'. Some research, moreover,
has produced alarming results. As well as controlling ageing, these, genes also partly control the hormones
which regulate growth. The upshot of this is that although the lives of mutant mice can be extended by up to
80 per cent, they remain smaller than normal.

Quite apart from these sorts of horrors, the ethical implications of extending human lifespan are likely to worry
many people. Even if the falling birthrates reported in the world's developed nations were to be repeated
throughout the world, would this be sufficient to compensate for massively extended life expectancy, and
would we be willing to see the demographic balance of our society change out of all recognition? David Gems,
the head of the Centre for Research into Ageing at University College, London, is enthusiastic about the
opportunities opened up by extended life, but even he observes, 'If people live much longer, the proportion of
children would, of course, be very small. It strikes me that it might feel rather claustrophobic: all those middle-
aged people and very few children or young people.'

The philosopher John Polkinghorne emphasises that any discussion of the merits of life-extending therapies
must take into account the quality of the life that is lived: 'One would not wish to prolong life beyond the point
it had ceased to be creative and fulfilling and meaningful,' he says. 'Presumably, there would have to come a
point at which life ceased to be creative and became just repetition. Clearly, there are only so many rounds of
golf one would want to play.'

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But Polkinghorne, a member of the Human Genetics Commission, also observes that so far our experience of
extended life expectancy has not resulted in world-weariness. Throughout the last century, life expectancy rose
consistently, thanks to improved diet, better hygiene, continuous medical innovation and the provision of free
or subsidised healthcare. In 1952 the Queen sent out 225 telegrams to people on their 100th birthday; in 1996
she sent out 5218. 'Consider also, the lives of our Roman and Anglo-Saxon ancestors' he says. By and large,
the doubling of human lifespan we have seen since then has not been a bad thing. Life has not become
frustrating and boring. For example, we now live to see our children's children, and this is good.'

Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the text? Write:
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer.
NO if the statement contradicts what the writer thinks.
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to know what the writer's point of view is.

1. Research into extending life involves both new drugs and changes to genes. ________
2. Scientific experiments have not succeeded in making any animals live longer. ________
3. Most people in the future will decide not to have children. ________
4. Life expectancy has improved partly because people eat better. ________

Questions 4-8
Look at the following names of people or organisations and the list of opinions (A-F).
Match each name with the opinion which the person or organisation expressed.
NB There are more opinions than names, so you will not use them all.

A. Increases in longevity may cause unwelcome changes in society.

B. People will live longer but become tired of life.
C. Past experience shows that people do not lose interest in life as a result of living longer.
D. There is no scientific proof that any drug can prolong human life expectancy.
E. One medicine we are developing may have a welcome benefit apart from its original purpose.
F. Using drugs to treat the diseases of old age is only the beginning.

5. Eukarion : ________
6. Rich Miller : ________
7. David Gems : ________
8. John Polkinghorne : ________

Question 9
Which TWO of the following are characteristics of free radicals? Choose TWO letters A-E.
A. They are a partial cause of certain diseases.
B. They escape into the atmosphere when we breathe.
C. They are present in two vitamins.
D. They harm our body chemistry.
E. They are produced by our bodies.

Questions 10-12
Complete the following summary of the scientific progress towards extending life expectancy,
using the words from the text. Choose ONE WORD only for each answer.
In one experiment using anti-ageing chemicals, the life of (10) ____________ was extended by half. Genes
like the ones which control the ageing process in these animals have also been found in other species.
Unfortunately, however, experiments on (11) ____________ have been less successful: while they live longer,
the (12) ____________ controlling their growth are also affected with the result that they grow less.

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Answers
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

VI. You are going to read an article about extreme sports. Read each section A-E of the article
quickly choose suitable sentence.

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