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Organic Chemistry Notes-Introduction

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds excluding carbon oxides and carbonates. Carbon forms covalent bonds with other non-metals by sharing electrons. It can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds with other carbons or single and double bonds with oxygen. Organic compounds have molecular, empirical, and structural formulas that describe the atoms present and how they are arranged. Compounds are classified by their functional groups, which influence reactivity and properties. Homologous series have the same functional group and increase in carbon atoms and molecular mass in a regular pattern.

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202 views5 pages

Organic Chemistry Notes-Introduction

Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds excluding carbon oxides and carbonates. Carbon forms covalent bonds with other non-metals by sharing electrons. It can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds with other carbons or single and double bonds with oxygen. Organic compounds have molecular, empirical, and structural formulas that describe the atoms present and how they are arranged. Compounds are classified by their functional groups, which influence reactivity and properties. Homologous series have the same functional group and increase in carbon atoms and molecular mass in a regular pattern.

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Personnumberunoo
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Organic chemistry Notes

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon other than

• the oxides of carbon e.g.CO2,CO

• carbonates

PREKNOWLEDGE OF CARBON:

1. Its atomic number is _________________________

From this we can obtain

i. Its electronic configuration _______________________

ii. Its location in the periodic table

i.e. _____________________________________

. It is a _______________________________

This means that it forms ____________________ bonds with other non metals.

In order to do this it has to _______________________________________

TYPES OF COVALENT BONDS THAT CAN BE FORM WITH CARBON

1. Types of covalent bonds with other carbon atoms:


Types of covalent No. of Example
bond electrons Dot and cross illustration Full structural formula
being
shared
Single covalent bond

Double covalent
bond
Triple covalent bond

2. Types of covalent bonds formed with oxygen:


Types of covalent bond Example
Full structural formula

Single covalent bond

Double covalent bond


• 7. It can form straight chains

• 8. It can form branched structures

• 9.It can form cyclic structures

Formulae of organic compounds can be written in four ways

1. The molecular formula –This shows the actual _______________________of each element in
one molecule of the compound

e.g. the molecular formula of butene is __________________

This shows that there are_______________ carbon atoms and ____________hydrogen atoms in a
molecule of butene

2.Empirical formula-this shows the simplest ratio of atoms of each element present in the compound.

• e.g. the empirical formula of butene is _________________________


3.Structural formula-shows how the atoms in a molecule are linked together.

• Structural formula can be classified as

i. Full structural formula-this shows how all the atoms are arranged in a molecule.

• Lines are used to represent the bonds between atoms

• e.g. the full structural formula of butene

• ii-Shortened/condensed structural formula-

• this shows only the arrangement of the carbon atoms in a molecule.

• e.g. the shortened structural formula of butene

4.General formula-this shows the simple algebraic relationship between the members of each element
in a compound.

• e.g. the general formula for alkanes is _________________where n is the number of carbon
atoms
Functional Group

Each organic compound is made up of two parts

1. The hydrocarbon part which is comprised of carbon and hydrogen atoms

2. The functional group comprising of another atom or group of atoms. Functional group is the
____________________________________________________________________________

Organic compounds are classified into family groups called ____________________________

• Some homologous series are

1. Alkanes

2. Alkenes

3. Alcohols

4. Organic/alkanoic/carboxylic acids

CHARACTERISTICS OF A HOMOLOGOUS SERIES

1. All members have the same __________________________

2. All members have the ______________________________

3.All members show similar_________________________. Reactivity decreases as the number of


carbon atoms per molecule increases

4.Physical properties show __________________________________

_______________________________________ increases

Solubility in water ___________________________

5. Each member differs in molecular formula from the next by __________________ or in relative
molecular mass by________________________

6.Members have the same name ending

Homologous series Name ending General Formula Functional Group


Alkane
Alkene
Alcohol
Organic Acid

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