Standards

Minimum
Standards for Roads
and Stormwater Design

July 2014
Version 2
 Minimum standards for civil engineering services in
townships

Schedule of amendments
No Date Section Description
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 3

1.1 purpose of these guidelines ..................................................................................................... 3

1.2 discrepancies ............................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 applicability ................................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 deviations ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 site specific conditions and future developments................................................................. 3
1.6 design approval ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.7 legal background ...................................................................................................................... 3
1.8 definitions .................................................................................................................................... 3

2. Road planning ....................................................................................................................................... 3

2.1 bibliography of relevant codes of practice, policies and guidelines ................................. 3

2.2 general ........................................................................................................................................ 4
2.3 town planning ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.4 road planning standards .......................................................................................................... 6
2.5 cross section requirements ..................................................................................................... 11
2.6 vertical clearance ................................................................................................................... 13

3. Road design ......................................................................................................................................... 13

3.1 general ...................................................................................................................................... 13

3.2 road design .............................................................................................................................. 13

4. Road verges ......................................................................................................................................... 15

4.1 general ...................................................................................................................................... 15

4.2 relevant codes of practice, policy and guidelines ............................................................. 16
4.3 verge cross section .................................................................................................................. 16
4.4 underground service reservations ......................................................................................... 16
4.5 above ground service reservations ....................................................................................... 17

5. Pedestrian and cycle ways ................................................................................................................ 18

5.1 non-motorised transport ......................................................................................................... 18

5.2 pedestrian and cycle way design ......................................................................................... 19

6. Driveways ............................................................................................................................................. 20

6.1 general ...................................................................................................................................... 20

6.2 driveway design ....................................................................................................................... 20
6.3 relevant codes of practice, policy and guidelines ............................................................. 23
6.4 design parameters................................................................................................................... 23

7. Parking .................................................................................................................................................. 24

7.1 general ...................................................................................................................................... 24

7.2 relevant codes of practice, policies and guidelines ........................................................... 24
7.3 geometric design..................................................................................................................... 24
7.4 parking areas ........................................................................................................................... 25

8. Pavement design ................................................................................................................................ 26

8.1 general ...................................................................................................................................... 26

8.2 relevant codes of practice, policy and guidelines ............................................................. 26
8.3 pavement design .................................................................................................................... 26
8.4 additional requirements for steep terrains ............................................................................ 33
9. Traffic control devices and signage ................................................................................................. 33

9.1 general ...................................................................................................................................... 33

9.2 relevant codes of practice, policy and guidelines ............................................................. 34
9.3 traffic signals design ................................................................................................................ 34

10. Stormwater design standards ............................................................................................................ 35

10.1 general ...................................................................................................................................... 35

10.2 standard reference documents, codes of practice, policies and guidelines ................. 35
10.3 stormwater design ................................................................................................................... 35
10.4 physical design criteria............................................................................................................ 38

11. Sewers ................................................................................................................................................... 51

11.1 relevant codes of practice, policy and guidelines ............................................................. 51

12. Water reticulation ................................................................................................................................ 51

12.1 relevant codes of practice, policy and guidelines ............................................................. 51

13. Ducts ..................................................................................................................................................... 51

13.1 general ...................................................................................................................................... 51

13.2 relevant codes of practice, policy, guidelines and specifications. .................................. 51
13.3 design criteria ........................................................................................................................... 52
13.4 ducting pipe materials ............................................................................................................ 52
13.5 duct marking details ................................................................................................................ 53
13.6 general ...................................................................................................................................... 53
13.7 relevant codes of practice, policy, guidelines and specifications ................................... 54
13.8 legal requirements ................................................................................................................... 54
13.9 site development plan ............................................................................................................ 54
13.10 detailed design .................................................................................................................... 54
13.11 construction, supervision and testing ................................................................................ 54
13.12 supply of water for construction purposes ........................................................................ 55
13.13 maintenance guarantee .................................................................................................... 55

14. Drawing standards and as-built requirements ................................................................................. 55

14.1 general ...................................................................................................................................... 55

14.2 symbols, line styles and colour ............................................................................................... 55
14.3 layers ......................................................................................................................................... 55
14.4 plan layouts .............................................................................................................................. 56
14.5 longitudinal sections ................................................................................................................ 56
14.6 as-built information .................................................................................................................. 56

15. Standard detail drawings ................................................................................................................... 57

15.1 list of standard drawings ......................................................................................................... 57

1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose of These Guidelines
This document has been prepared in response to the need to lay down minimum
standards for Township Developments within the City of Cape Town. A township
development is defined as the planning, design and construction (including alterations to
existing) of the roads and utility services infrastructure that is required to service a
residential or commercial or industrial urban community.
The objectives of the document are to:

a) Give guidance to where relevant specifications and guidelines can be found

b) Highlight and in some instances repeat important aspects of such relevant
documentation
c) Lay down minimum specifications relevant to the City’s needs
d) Make designers aware of the City’s adopted policies
e) Strive towards uniformity in terms of design criteria and material specifications

This document will be available to all developers and consultants as a quick guide to assist
with the design and construction of urban infrastructure. The vision is to expand the
document in future to include all services in one easily distributable and concise
document.

1.2 Discrepancies
Any discrepancies which become apparent must be referred to the Director: Roads and
Stormwater (hereinafter referred to as “D: R&S”). In such cases the more restrictive
requirements shall apply, unless otherwise approved by the D: R&S.

1.3 Applicability
These Standards are applicable to all residential, industrial and commercial township
developments in the City of Cape Town, with the exception of low-cost government
subsidised residential developments, where other standards may be used by prior written
agreement with the Director: R&S.

1.4 Deviations
Where existing infrastructure and site specific conditions require deviation from this
document such deviations must be approved by the D: R&S.

1.5 Site Specific Conditions and Future Developments

Where abnormal site conditions exist or where a development needs to service existing or
future developments the D: R&S may require a higher standard of the services to be
provided.

Special or unique design situations must be addressed on a case by case basis.

1.6 Design Approval

The approval of the design by the D: R&S in no way absolves the developer from any
responsibilities or liabilities in respect of the design.
1.7 Legal Background
1.7.1 Acts

a) Municipal Structures Act

b) National Road Traffic Act, 1996
c) Municipal Systems Act
d) National Road Traffic Act, 1996
e) Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996

1.7.2 By-Laws

a) Standard Streets By-Law

b) Streets, Public Places & Prevention of Nuisance
c) Graffiti By-Law
d) Informal Trading
e) Outdoor Advertising & Signage By-Law
f) Parking
g) Parking Areas By-Law
h) Stormwater Management By-Law
i) Zoning Schemes1

1.7.3 Ordinances

a) Roads Ordinance No 19 of 1976

1.8 Definitions
Refer to applicable document

2. Road planning
2.1 Bibliography of Relevant Codes of Practice, Policies and Guidelines
a) City of Cape Town Zoning Scheme Regulations, Fourth Draft, November 2007
b) CoCT: TR&S: Specification 01: Construction of Vehicular, Pedestrian and
Wheelchair Access Crossings and Access Ramps.
c) CoCT: Trees Policy
d) Footways Policy and Guidelines, CoCT Transport, Roads & Planning.
e) Geometric Design Manual – PAWC (1996)
f) Guideline for the Formalising of Parking Areas on Verges, Director: TR&S 2003-07-
21.
g) Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design (Published by CSIR
Building and Construction Technology, 2000, Boutek Report No. BOU/E2001
(known as “Red Book”)
h) Guidelines for the Erection of Balconies, Canopies and Columns on the Verge
(CoCT Roads & Stormwater, 2006-08-15).
i) Pedestrian and Bicycle Facility Guidelines. Department of Transport, August
2003)
j) Road Access Guidelines (Second Edition – May 2001 )

1Various Zoning Schemes are still in effect in parts of the City – refer to the City’s website in this regard. A
unified Zoning Scheme is being drafted.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 3
 k) Roundabouts: An Informational Guide, at the Turner Fairbank Highway
Research Centre website: www.tfhrc.gov/safety/00068.htm
l) TGS 1,5,9,12,14 (Transport Planning Guidelines)
m) UTG 1: Geometric Design of Urban Arterials
n) UTG 10: Guidelines for the Geometric Design of Commercial and Industrial
Local Streets.
o) UTG 5: Geometric Design of Urban Collector Roads
p) UTG 7: Geometric design of Local Residential Streets.
q) Road Traffic signs Manual (June 1999)
r) CoCT : NMT Plan
s) CoCT : Integrated Transport Plan
t) Guidelines for sliding gates – D R&S August 1995
u) Guidelines on landscaping and road reserves 2004
v) CoCT Guidelines on Fencing
w) Stormwater Documents (refer to paragraph 10.2)
x) SANS 784 - 2008
y) COLTO 1998 Edition

2.2 General
This section of the guidelines covers primarily local Class 3, 4 and 5 roads. The Directorate
of Transport Planning should be consulted for the planning and design of Class 1 and 2
roads.
Road Planning cannot be seen in isolation by the Engineering profession but must be dealt
with in close co-operation with the Town Planners.
The planning process needs to respond to the following inputs:

a) Environment
b) Community it needs to serve
c) Modes of transport
d) Public transport needs
e) Integration with public transport network
f) Recreational and community facilities

Priority should be given to the needs of transport modes in the following order of
precedence:

a) Walking
b) Cycling
c) Public transport (that includes mini-bus taxis)
d) Commercial vehicles
e) Private cars

2.3 Town Planning

2.3.1 Access to Properties

Access restrictions on properties need to be established at the planning stage and the
rules need to be incorporated in Overlay Zone regulations applicable to a particular area
or land unit.

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2.3.2 On Site Parking Requirements

The provision for on-site parking is covered in Zoning Scheme for the relevant area.
Refer to CoCT’s webpage links

CTZS_Regulations_Sept_2012.pdf

CTZS_Appendix_Sept_2012.pdf

CTZS_Table_A_Sept_2012.pdf

2.3.3 Setbacks for Garages, Carports and Security Gates

The minimum required building line setback as prescribed in the relevant Zoning Scheme
must be adhered to at all times. Any relaxation of the street building line needs to be
approved by the DR&S.

A minimum street building line of 1.5m is recommended to safeguard buildings from pipe-
bursts or services excavations within the road reserve. In addition the distance from the
road kerb line to the garage/carport will be at least 5.5m to 6.5m, depending upon the
class of road whether pedestrians need to be accommodated within the setback.

Building Line Setback for Garages and Carports needs to be correlated with zoning
scheme(s)

a) In cases where dedicated pedestrian or cycle lanes exist or where a high

volume of pedestrian traffic is expected, the minimum distance of 5.5 m shall
be measured from the back of such lanes or paths in order not to interfere with
pedestrian or bicycle movements.
b) On roads with high vehicular traffic (typical middle and higher order links) it
should be a requirement that all security gates be set back 5.5 m from the road
kerb line or pedestrian and cycle lane. Such requirements can be enforced as
part of the plans approval process for boundary walls.
2.3.4 Setbacks for Access Gates at ‘High Generator’ Driveways

The stacking space in front of access gates to developments shall be as follows, measured
from the edge of the closest lane or shoulder or footway or cycle lane as applicable:

Stacking Space in Front of Access Gates.

No. of units served Required Stacking Space
1. < 15 6m
2. 15 – 40 12m
3. > 40 Site Specific Requirements

2.3.5 Gates: general requirements

a) No part of any gate shall be installed within road reserves. Gates on a

boundary must be completely on the private side thereof.
b) Gates shall not open into road reserves, but inwards away from the road. Gates
opening towards the road must be set back so that the open gate is
completely outside the road reserve.
c) The location of gate control devices within the road reserve is not supported.
d) No part of a gate’s mechanism may be accessible from the road reserve.
Suitable protection must be in place where necessary.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 5
 Also refer to Guidelines for Sliding Gates, Director: Roads and Stormwater, 1995-08-08

Sliding Gates Guideline.pdf.

2.4 Road Planning Standards

2.4.1 Road Classification and Hierarchy

Designers should read these Minimum Standards in conjunction with Chapters 5 and 7 of
the Red Book: Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design where the emphasis
is on Movement Networks rather than the conventional hierarchical structure. Designs
should be based on the functions that each Link within a Movement Network needs to
perform to determine the appropriate road reserve widths, footway and on-street parking
provisions. Innovation should be the key principle rather than merely opting for the
minimum standard solution.

2.4.2 Design Speed

At a Road planning stage it is important to establish whether the design standards for a
given speed can be maintained within the chosen road layout. Steep terrains require
special attention from a road planning perspective.

Residential streets should also be designed such that speed control and extraneous traffic
control is inherent in the layout. “Add-on” measures such as speed humps are not
favoured).

2.4.3 Road Reserve Characteristics

The cross section of the road reserve must provide for all functions that the road is
expected to fulfil, including:

a) Safe and efficient movement of all users

b) Provision for parked vehicles
c) Provision for utility services both under and above ground
d) Street lighting
e) Landscaping
f) Traffic signs and signals
g) Street name and direction signs

In addition to the above the selected roadway and road reserve should comply with the
following:

a) The safety and convenience of pedestrians and cyclists must be ensured by

providing sufficient on or off road paths or sidewalks.
b) The roadway width must allow for vehicles to proceed safely at the operating
speed intended for the class of road.
c) The road reserve width should be sufficient to provide adequate access to
individual erven. The word “adequate” must be read in context with the mode
of transport that is expected to dominate each specific road or pedestrian
access way.
d) Widening of the roadway and road reserve may be required at strategic
locations to allow for wider heavy vehicle paths.

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 e) Widening of the verge and subsequent road reserve may be required to ensure
adequate sight distances around horizontal curves and at intersections. The use
of mirrors to ameliorate sight line problems is not allowed.
f) Appropriate verge width must be provided to enable the safe location,
construction and maintenance of required utility services e.g. electricity, water,
telecommunication, street lighting. See Section 3 on Road Verges, for more
information.

2.4.4 Parking

Provision for parking shall form an inherent part of any new development. It is important
that vehicles should not be parked within sight triangles at intersections or bends.
Designers should consider the provision of on or off street parking in conjunction with other
issues such as driveway access, waste collection etc. In developments with narrow
frontages on-street parking may be problematic and setbacks of entrances and garages
need to be considered to avoid parking back-up into the street system.

Property owners adjoining roadways should provide sufficient on-site or off street parking
as per the guidelines as set out by the Department of Transport or the City of Cape Town
Zoning Scheme Regulations, whichever is most applicable. The minimum recommended
parking requirement for single residential erven is as follows:

Recommended Minimum Parking Requirements for Single Residential Erven

Parking Spaces (includes garages
Income Group
and carports)
1. High 4
2. Medium 3
3. Low 2
4. State Subsidised 1

Also refer to the relevant Zoning Scheme in this regard.

CTZS_Regulations_Sept_2012.pdf

CTZS_Appendix_Sept_2012.pdf

CTZS_Table_A_Sept_2012.pdf

Provision for on-street parking should be considered at the following locations:

a) At Public Amenities

2.4.5 Waste Collection and Emergency Vehicles

Access for waste collection and emergency vehicles is one of the most important aspects
in the planning of any new development. Road layouts and reserve widths should be
designed to accommodate typical waste collection and emergency vehicles. Designs
should be based on the SU type vehicle as specified in Table 7.2 of the Red Book:
Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design.

Refuse vehicles generally do not enter pedestrian only routes and short dead end streets
unless these roadways are designed for such vehicles with ample provision for turning.

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 In Low Cost Housing developments large turning circles are generally not affordable. In
such cases collection points need to be provided adjacent to the roadway at the nearest
passing point. As a rule the distance from the collection point to the furthest service point
should not exceed 45 m.

A typical collection point can consist of a demarcated and surfaced or paved area
behind the road kerb, at least 1.5m wide with a length equal to the number of service
points in meters. Such collection areas should be carefully selected to avoid being too
close to or opposite residential frontages or accesses, and to ensure that sight lines for
road users are not obstructed.

Before any waste removal is contracted out, the applicant must submit a solid waste
management plan with specific reference to waste minimisation.

2.4.6 Public Transport

On designated bus routes (or potential bus routes) provision needs to be made for bus
facilities including bus stops, shelters and bus embayments. Such provisions should include
consideration for pedestrian access, driveway locations and geometric design at
intersections.

Street networks should be planned to bring everyone within a convenient walking distance
(not more than 400m) of public transport stops, especially in low cost housing areas. See
chapter 8.4 of the Road Access Guidelines for the optimal location and minimum
guidelines for bus and minibus taxi stops. Refer to Pedestrian and Bicycle Access.pdf

The minimum roadway (surfaced) width for bus routes shall be 7.4m.

Bus stops in bus bay: Dimensions should be as shown on the standard drawing. Locating
the bus stop so that the entry or exit end coincides with an intersection, a carriageway
crossing or a no parking zone, may save space.

Bus stops in the driving lane (on low order roads only): Where space is not available for a
full bus bay and the stopping time is short, a bus stop in the traffic lane may be
considered. In this case a minimum length of 12m must still be reserved and marked on the
road.

2.4.7 Intersections

Street layouts must be planned for maximum safety. The aim should be to minimize the
number of intersections required for any township development. Skewed intersections
must be avoided and in no case should the angle be less than 70°.

The provision of vehicle access close to intersections and roundabouts needs to be

carefully examined. Operational and safety considerations may warrant restrictions on
access.

Land uses that generate large volumes of traffic should have access points well away from
intersections.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 8
2.4.8 Traffic Control at Intersections

Intersections where more than 100 vehicles per hour (all movements combined) are
expected need to be analysed at design stage to establish the type of control measure to
be implemented. Roundabouts are in many cases preferred to signalised intersections
because of the inherent safety and efficiency benefits, and lower maintenance cost.

Roundabouts are also excellent traffic calming measures especially if these form part of an
overall traffic calming plan.

Three or four way stop control at busy intersections is not acceptable, and should also be
avoided at minor intersections.

2.4.9 Traffic Calming

The layout of streets must be designed in such a way that traffic calming is a natural result
and the requirement for “add-on” measures (such as speed humps) is obviated. This can
be achieved by reducing block lengths as far as possible and by avoiding unnecessary
through routes. On collector roads speed reducing measures such as roundabouts and
pedestrian crossings with median islands could form part of an inherent traffic calming
strategy.

Stop or yield control may not be used for the sole purpose of traffic calming; the warrants
for stop or yield control must be met.

2.4.10 Road Widening for Recreational Purposes (“Woonerf” Concept)

In low order and pedestrian only links in low cost housing areas, road designs should allow
for road widening at convenient locations to allow space for recreational purposes within
the road reserve. These areas can typically be in the middle of a “super block” or opposite
an entry or exit point to a Pedestrian Only Link. It typically needs to perform one or more of
the following functions:

a) Recreational purposes (children’s play area)

b) Refuse collection (wheelie bin or black bag storage space)
c) Turning space for vehicles
d) Parking space for visitors
e) Access for service and emergency vehicles
These areas should be large enough to have the necessary impact. Widening shall
not be less than 3m per road reserve side and the entire area shall be surfaced. The
widened areas may be in contrasting paving.

2.4.11 Fences

Urban streets are not provided with fences. Where these exist, they are part of the abutting
land, and should therefore not be located on the road side of the road reserve boundary.
Refer to the City’s guideline on fencing. Fencing Draft Policy Rev 6.pdf.

Fences are allowed to assist in the control of non-motorised transport movements.

2.4.12 Guardrails

Guardrails within the road reserve for the sole purpose of protecting anything other than
legitimate road users shall not be permitted. Guardrails and other measures for the

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 9
 protection of private property, if desired, must be located outside the road reserve.
Guardrails shall not be provided solely for access control purposes.

It must always be borne in mind that guardrails and other barriers next to the roadway are
in themselves hazards to traffic and should only be installed when the off road hazard is
greater than the hazard posed by the barrier.

The following guideline documents should be referenced to determine the warrants and
installation details when designing roadside barriers.

The WCG Geometric Design Manual. (Yellow Book)

South African Road Safety Manual Volume 6, Part C: Traffic Barriers

Some situations where guardrails may be required are as follows:

a) A drop-off next to the road with a slope steeper than 1:1 and height greater
than 1 m
b) Large boulders, permanent bodies of water deeper than 0,6m next to the road
and large trees close to the roadside
c) Bridge piers, abutments, balustrades and large steel sign supports
d) Highway embankment
e) At the outer edge of substandard curves, or wherever vehicles often leave the
road, and where the hazard to the vehicle occupants leaving the road is
greater than that of the guardrail

On narrow medians:

a) When installing a guardrail the following must be adhered to

b) Guardrails should not be used where it will be struck head on or at an angle less
than 45° to perpendicular. It is designed to take a glancing blow only
c) Minimum length: the minimum length of guardrail is 30m

End treatment:

a) Where possible use a flare with a bullnose end piece

b) End wings or dipped ends may only be used on the downstream end of a one
way condition where there is no danger of it being hit end on
c) The guardrail must be installed at the prescribed height
d) Anchoring section: At each end an 11,43m section of the guardrail shall have
posts spaced at 1,905 m instead of the normal 3,810m
e) Spacer blocks must not be omitted
f) Successive lengths of guardrails must be lapped so that the upstream section
overlaps the downstream section along the adjacent traffic stream.
g) The guardrail must be provided with all its bolts including the shear bolts
h) Guardrail posts must be replaced where they have become rotten or
structurally unsound.
i) Reflectors are only required where there is no street lighting
j) Interruptions in continuity should only be introduced if this is strictly necessary.
Wherever possible such interruptions shall be so designed to make it impossible
for a vehicle to hit the start of a section end-on. Where interruptions are
introduced no section should be less than 30m in length

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 10
 Do not erect guardrails one above the other. Normal guardrail poles are not strong
enough to resist the additional moment on impact and this practice is therefore not
recommended.

2.4.13 Bollards

The use of bollards to control vehicular movements is not supported.

2.4.14 Street Name Signs

Street name signs can be either on pole mounted name plates or embossed on kerbs (the
preferred option in theft risk areas). In each case the detail as shown on the standard
drawing must be used. Exceptions will only be allowed in special cases, at the discretion of
the D: R&S. Free standing street name kerbs are not favoured, but where these are
unavoidable, they should be situated against the road reserve boundary.

Street names shall comply with the City’s Street Naming, Renaming and Numbering policy.

2.5 Cross Section Requirements

Recommended minimum standards are given in the tables below for the different classes
of roadways:

2.5.1 Mixed (Higher Order) Link District (Distributor) – Class 3

Income Groups High and Medium Low

*
1. Road Reserve Width (m) 40 40
D
2. 2 x 3.4 Lanes per 2 x 3.4m Lanes per
i Roadway Width (channel
direction with 5.0m direction with 5.0
r excluded)
Median Median
e
3. 1 x 2.5 m Lanes/
c
direction / 1 x 2.5m Lanes/
t
Parking Arrangement Combination direction/Combination
Parking//Cycle Parking/Cycle Lane
p
Lane
r
o 4. Verge Width (m) 7.9 7.9
p 5. Kerb Type BK2 / BK4 BK2 / BK4
e 6. Cross fall / Camber Camber Camber
rty access is not recommended.

2.5.2 Mixed (Middle- Order) Link (Class 4 Local Distributor)

Refer to standard drawing

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 11
 Income Groups High/Medium Low
1. Road Reserve Width (m) 20 18
2. 2 x 3.7m lanes
2 x 3.7m lanes (channel
Roadway Width (channel
excluded)
excluded)
3. 2 x 2.5m
2 x 2.5m * Combination
Parking Arrangement Combination
Parking/Cycle lane
Parking/Cycle lane
4. Verge Width (m) 3.3 2.3
5. Kerb Type BK2 BK2 #
6. Cross Fall/ Camber Camber Camber
7. Minimum Erf Splay Dimensions at
* 5x5 5x5
Intersections
F
or low cost housing areas the parking/cycle lane shall be separated from the roadway by means of
a V-Channel arrangement
# For low cost housing areas with narrow frontages MK10 kerbs or CK5 combination kerb and
channel sets may be used along parking an embayment to facilitate vehicular access.

2.5.3 Mixed (Lower Order) Link (Class 5 Access Street)

Refer to standard drawings

Income Groups Medium/Low Low Low

1. Road Reserve Width (m) 12 10 8
2. 5.5m 5.5m 4.5m
Roadway Width (channel (channel (channel
excluded) excluded) excluded)
3. Parking Arrangement
4. Verge Width (m) 1.25 2.5 1.75
5. Kerb Type * MK10 / CK5 MK10 / CK5 MK10 / CK5
6. Cross Fall/ Camber Cross Fall Cross Fall Cross Fall
7. Minimum Erf Splay Dimensions at
5x5 5X5 5x5
Intersections
**Barrier kerb to be placed on radii. BK 2 or BK 4

2.5.4 Pedestrian Link / NMT Facility

Refer to standard drawing

Income Groups All

1. Road Reserve Width (m) 6
2. Roadway Width (surfaced) (m) 3.0
3. Verge Width (m) 1.4
4. Maximum Length (m) 50
5. Kerb Type CK5/E1 or E1 both sides
6. Depends on site
Cross fall (CF) / Camber(CA)
conditions

a) Limited vehicular ownership

b) Restricted vehicular access

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 12
 c) No kerbed entrance (bell mouth) from adjoining roadways - roadways and
pedestrian links to be separated by kerbs
d) To be accessible for emergency and service vehicles
e) No through traffic allowed
f) Ensure multi-directional pedestrian circulation
g) No turning area necessary
h) Allow widening for recreational purposes (Woonerf Concept)

2.5.5 Lower Order Link (Class 5 Access Street for LIC)

Refer to standard drawings.

2.6 Vertical Clearance

The vertical clearance required over all portions of the road reserve accessible to vehicles
is as stated in Geometric Design of Urban Arterial Roads Manual (UTG 1) of 1986:

"The standard minimum vertical clearance from any point in a roadway to an overhead
structure is 5.1m. If the structure is light such as a pedestrian overpass, then the vertical
clearance required is 5.5m or more. Future overlays must be taken into account when
determining clearances."

3. Road design
3.1 General
This section of the guidelines covers primarily local streets up to Class 3 roads. The Director:
Transport shall be consulted for the geometric design of higher order roads.

The Red Book: Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design, Chapter 7:
Geometric Design and Layout Planning, gives a detailed coverage of the geometric
design for roads. Other documents in the Bibliography can be referred to for items not
covered in the Red Book: Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design.

For Roundabouts reference should be made to Chapter 6 of ‘Roundabouts: An

Informational Guide’ from the Turner Fairbank Highway Research Centre, which
exhaustively covers all the basic elements of geometric design. (This reference document
will require adaptations for South African use).

3.2 Road Design

3.2.1 At Grade Intersections

The following basic criteria for intersections shall apply:

a) Intersecting roads should where possible meet at 90°. Skewed intersections

must be avoided and in no case shall the angle of intersection be less than 70°.
b) Intersections shall preferably not be positioned in or near horizontal curves of
small radii, on the inside of any horizontal curves or on or close to sharp crests.
Safe shoulder sight distance shall be the deciding criterion.
c) The maximum grade for approach legs to an intersection is 5%, for a minimum
distance of 20m from the edge of the intersection. Normally the grade of the

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 13
 major road should be carried through. A maximum grade of 3% to 4% for
intersections is recommended.
d) All turning movements shall be checked for compliance with the swept path of
the design vehicle applicable to the intersection.
e) Even where mountable kerbs are used along roads, the kerbs around
intersection corners, including 2m either end of the curve including the
transition, shall always be barrier kerbs.
f) For radii less than 10m, short kerbs shall be used. In all other cases long kerbs
must be used.
g) The minimum distance between intersections shall be as prescribed in the
Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design.

3.2.2 Curve Radii

Minimum curve radii shall preferably be as follows:

Minimum Curve Radii

Horizontal
Bellmouth inside
Road Category
Radii (m) Curve
Radii (m)
1. Mixed (higher order) Link (Class 3District Distributor) 10 - 12 350
2. Mixed (middle order) Link (Class 4, Local Distributor) 10 - 12 80
3. Mixed (lower order) Link (Class 5, Access Collector) 8 - 10 50
4. Mixed (lower order) Link (Class 5, Access Street) 6 -8 35

3.2.3 Roundabouts

Refer to standard drawing

Roundabouts shall be classified as follows:

Roundabout Types
Inscribed
Design
Design Vehicle Circle
Type or Use Speed
Red Book Table7.2 Diameter(I
(km/h)
CD)(m)
1. Mini Roundabout
Single unit truck
Mixed (middle order) Link Class 25 13 – 25
(SU)
4
2. Urban Compact
Mixed (middle order) Link Class SU and BUS 30 25 – 30
4
3. Urban Single Lane
Mixed (higher order) Link Class Semi–trailer (WB15) 35 30 – 40
3
4. Urban Double Lane
Mixed (higher order) Link Class Semi–trailer (WB15) 35 45 – 55
3

Roundabouts need to be designed for site specific and traffic conditions. In order to
create some uniformity within the City the following is prescribed: See standard drawing for
Kerb detail.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 14
 a) The kerbing used on the perimeter of roundabouts shall generally be Barrier
Kerbs (BK2 or BK4). For Mini Roundabouts on Lower Order Links the kerb type
may match the kerbing used on the major approaching road.
b) The physical layout and size of the central island will determine the amount of
deflection that is imposed on the through vehicle. A mountable apron may
have to be added to achieve the desired deflection in order to reduce
vehicular speed.
c) Barrier kerbs (BK2 or BK4) to be used for splitter islands. Where splitter islands are
small and where no pedestrian crossings are envisaged, Semi Mountable Kerbs
(MK2 or MK10) may be considered.
d) The minimum width for splitter islands at pedestrian crossing points shall be 1.8m,
set back at least one vehicle length (6.0m) from the entrance line with provision
for dropped kerbs for wheelchairs and prams. Tactile warning surfaces shall be
provided at all pedestrian crossings – see Drawings for details.
e) Central islands which vehicles are not supposed to traverse shall have semi
mountable kerbs (MK2).
f) Where an apron is required a special mountable kerb (MK11) shall separate the
apron from the circulatory roadway with a height difference of approximately
75mm.
g) Central and splitter islands shall have paved surfaces and kerbs painted matt
black and retro reflective white alternately to clearly distinguish the islands from
the roadway.

3.2.4 Minimum cross slope

A cross slope of 2.5% shall apply to all cross-fall or cambered roads.

4. Road verges
TRH 27 South African Manual for Permitting Services in Road Reserves - Version 1 0 Aug
2012.pdf

4.1 General
The verge needs to perform a number of functions including:

a) Providing space for under- and above ground services.

b) Providing space for street furniture items, such as bus shelters etc.
c) Provide for the safe movement of pedestrians, wheelchairs and cyclists where
applicable.
d) Provide for off-street parking where required.
e) Provide for adequate sight distance around curves and at intersections.
f) Provide space for landscaping approved by the Director Transport, Roads and
Stormwater.
g) Provide space for overland stormwater drainage.

The verge width should therefore be sufficient to incorporate the above functions.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 15
 In low cost housing areas where windblown sand is a problem, all verges shall be provided
with a 1.5m wide x 75mm thick (compacted thickness) gravel wearing surface on both
sides of the road.

Loose / unbound stones (of any size) on verges and islands shall not be allowed.

4.2 Relevant Codes of Practice, Policy and Guidelines

a) South African Road Traffic Signs Manual
b) Non-Motorised Transport
DoT Pedestrian & Bicycle Facility Guidelines
c) CoCT: Integrated Transport Plan
AnnexureK_IntegratedTransport_Plan_Revised.pdf

4.3 Verge Cross Section

Factors that determine the verge cross section are:

4.3.1 A cross slope of not less than 1% is required for surface drainage

4.3.2 The verge cross fall shall not exceed 17%, unless suitably designed measures (retaining
structures, landscaping, surface hardening) are taken to ensure the stability and
functionality of the verge.

4.3.3 The area between the property and the road verge shall be sufficiently higher than the
top of kerb to ensure that overland stormwater flow stays within the road prism, preferably
110 mm plus 3% of the verge width to a maximum of 150mm. In the case of a BK4 kerb it
shall be the height of kerb face minus the channel invert plus 3% of the verge width.

4.3.4 An area of approximately 1.5m wide is required immediately adjacent to kerb with a
maximum cross slope of 3% towards the kerb to allow:

(i) the safe passage of pedestrians and cyclists,

(ii) to allow wheel bin placement and
(iii) to allow driveway access without vehicles scraping.

4.4 Underground Service Reservations

4.4.1 Stormwater Drainage

Stormwater pipelines should preferably be located underneath the roadway, or in steep

terrain on the high side behind the kerb line, if possible. The minimum reserve width is the
outside diameter of the pipe plus 800mm. For pipes smaller than 600mm Ø, the minimum
reservation width is the outside diameter of the pipe plus 1000mm. For deep pipes and
poor ground conditions this may be increased.
4.4.2 Sewer Drainage

Sewer pipes should preferably be located under the centre line of the roadway, or slightly
offset on cambered roads. In steep sloping terrain sewer lines should, if possible, be
located on the high side of the road reserve, underneath the roadway, which permits
relatively short connections. The minimum reservation width is 1000mm.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 16
4.4.3 Water Mains

Water mains should be located on the high side of the road reserve to ensure that in the
event of a burst water main flooding of properties is minimized. The minimum reservation
width is 700mm, or the pipe diameter plus 600mm for pipes up to 300mm in diameter.

Water mains should preferably not be located underneath roadways or below surfaced
footways to ensure easy access for maintenance and water connections and
disconnections.

4.4.4 Electricity and Telecommunication Services

4.4.4.1. General Requirements

It is generally preferred that Electrical and Telecommunication Services be installed on
opposite sides of the road reserve, especially in the case of high voltage electrical cables.
The minimum reservation width is 1000mm for both services with a clearance from the
property boundary of 400mm for Telecommunication cables and a minimum of 500mm for
Electrical services.

Overhead Telecommunication and Electrical poles shall generally be located as close as

possible to the property boundary with a minimum clearance of 300mm.

4.4.4.2. Manholes
All telecommunication and electrical manholes, whether these are in the roadway or not,
must be designed to withstand traffic loading and they must have a chimney of at least
300mm between the manhole lid and the top of the roof slab. For the specification of
Telkom manholes refer to the Red Book. A 300mm chimney allows some flexibility should an
adjustment or widening be needed to the road levels. It also provides for at reasonable
layer works over the roof slab and minimises the likelihood of reflective cracking caused by
differential settlement. Refer to CoCT Standard 2010 Manhole Cover and Frame.pdf

4.4.5 Subsoil Drains

Subsoil drains, where required, should preferably be installed both sides of the road reserve
directly behind the kerb line.

4.4.6 Curved Road Reserves

Services along curved alignments, particularly those which need to be laid in a series of
straights (Sewer and Stormwater lines), may require additional space and the road reserve
should be widened where necessary.

4.4.7 Reinstatement of Trenches in Road Reserves

Refer to Specification for the Reinstatement of Trenches in Road reserves

COCT Trench Reinstatement Spec Rev 2 Aug 04.pdf

4.5 Above Ground Service Reservations

4.5.1 Electrical Plant and Street Lighting

Where street lighting is mounted on separate poles the minimum clear space between the
pole and roadway shall be as follows:

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 17
 Roadway clearance for Street Lighting Poles (measured from back of kerb to face of
pole)
1. Next to parking bay or
Barrier Kerb BK2 and BK4 0.8m
shoulder
2. Barrier Kerb BK2 and BK4 Next to Traffic Lane 2.0m
3. Mountable Kerb CK5 and MK10 Next to parking bay 0.8m
4. Mountable Kerb CK5 and MK10 Next to Traffic Lane 2.0m

Streetlights, power poles, substations and electrical kiosks should be placed clear of future
driveways, and preferably opposite common erf boundaries and of the shoulder site
distance triangle at intersections and T-Junctions.

4.5.2 Landscaping in Road Reserves

In township layouts where the planting of large trees along roads form part of the
development a reservation width of at least 1200mm should be allowed.

It is generally accepted that the care and maintenance of the verge surfaces be carried
out by the adjacent land owners and that no special reservation be made for the planting
of trees and shrubs. Trees and shrubs that obstruct sight lines may be removed or trimmed
by Council.

Refer to the City’s Guidelines for Designing or Approving Hard and Soft Landscaping in the
Urban Road Reserve, 2004. Guidelines Landscaping revised Jan 2005.pdf

Attention is drawn to the City’s Tree Policy (Council, 2002-11-01) which, inter alia, regulates
the planting of trees in road reserves, and provides guidance with respect to positioning of
trees in relation to utility services.

5. Pedestrian and cycle ways

5.1 Non-motorised Transport
Pedestrian and cycle facilities should form part of any new development. DoT Pedestrian
& Bicycle Facility Guidelines

Surfaced footways shall be provided along roadways where pedestrian traffic is expected
to be high, e.g. at churches, schools, public amenities, commercial areas, and along main
routes.

Appropriate pedestrian crossing points at schools, community amenities, opposite

expected pathways, at busy intersections and at places of attraction need to form part of
any development proposal. These crossings together with other measures such as
roundabouts should form part of a built-in traffic calming strategy.

A satisfactory level of service should be provided that includes users with disabilities and
those with limited mobility.

The provision of these facilities should be such that it encourages the use of these modes
of transport.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 18
5.2 Pedestrian and Cycle Way Design
5.2.1 Footway and Cycle Lane Widths

Also refer to COCT’s footways implementation policy – Version 2008-03-07. Footways Policy
and Guidelines 2008-03-17.pdf

The minimum width for surfaced pedestrian paths and cycle lanes shall be as follows:

Prescribed Footway/cycle Lane Width

Minimum Width
Road Type Usage
(m)
Anticipated Volume High Low
1. Mixed (lower order) Link Class 5 Pedestrian 2.0 1.5
2. Mixed (middle order) Link Class 4 Pedestrian 2.0 1.8
3. Mixed (middle order) Link Class 4 Pedestrian/Cyclists 3.0 2.5
4. Mixed (higher order) Link Class 3 Pedestrian 2.5 2.0
5. Mixed (higher order) Link Class 3 Pedestrian/Cyclists 3.0 2.5

5.2.2 Road Crossings

5.2.3 Designers should note the safety and operational issues that arise where pedestrians and
cycling routes cross certain types of intersections or roadways.

5.2.4 At major signalised intersections footpaths and cycle ways should preferably be combined
to one crossing point with special pedestrian and cycle phases provided for.

5.2.5 Provision must be made for pedestrian and cycle crossing points in the splitter islands at
roundabouts.

5.2.6 On-road cycling at multi-lane roundabouts should not be allowed.

5.2.7 Where a pedestrian road crossing is provided with a median island (for refuge and traffic
calming purposes), the width of the island shall be at least 2m and barrier kerbed all
round. The median island (kerbed section) shall be at least 30m long with appropriate
painted tapers and barrier lines on either side to prevent vehicles from overtaking on the
wrong side of the road.

5.2.8 Tactile Warning Surfaces (Also refer to SANS 784)

Tactile warning surfaces to accommodate blind and partially sighted persons shall be
installed at all pedestrian crossing points, splitter and median islands, and shall meet the
following requirements:

a) The tactile surface shall consist of raised truncated domes with a nominal
diameter of 23mm, a height of 5mm and a center to center spacing of 60mm.
b) The tactile surface shall contrast visually with adjoining surfaces, either light-on-
dark or dark-on-light.
c) Tactile surfaces shall be placed behind the kerb line and extend into the
pedestrian refuge area a distance of 990mm. On narrow median and splitter
islands the tactile surface shall be reduced to 660mm with a contrasting
section of normal paving surfacing in between.
d) The width of tactile surface shall have with a minimum width of 990mm
See standard drawing for details of concrete tactile slabs. Refer to drawing
R17A.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 19
6. Driveways
6.1 General
Driveways (also known as carriageway crossings) must be constructed where vehicles are
crossing over the footway or verge in order to enter private property from a road having a
non- mountable kerb, kerb and channel, or dish channel in front of the property.

In designing driveways the primary consideration must be the safety of all users, especially
pedestrians and cyclists on pathways and traffic on the road from which access is gained.

A driveway (or carriageway crossing) is an encroachment of vehicular traffic across a

pedestrian way, and not the other way around, and the design thereof should convey this
principle. Driveways with kerb arrangements which make these resemble normal road
intersections are therefore not favoured. Refer to Drawing R21.

6.2 Driveway Design

Driveways should be designed to allow vehicles to enter the site by turning at slow speed
from the traffic lane nearest to the site without intruding into other traffic lanes, especially
on higher order roads. Where two-way traffic is expected the driveway should be of
sufficient width to allow two vehicles to pass to avoid queuing on public roads. Refer to
CoCT’s Specifications for the Construction of Vehicular, Pedestrian and Wheelchair Access
Crossing and Access Ramps Carriageway Crossing Guideline & Spec Nov 2003.doc.

Driveways should be designed for the most common vehicle that will be using them. The
following table can be used as a guide:

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 20
 TYPE OF SURFACE BITUMINOUS PREMIX (ASPHALT) CLAY BRICK OR CONCRETE BLOCK
Type of crossing Carriageway Carriageway
Pedestrian Pedestrian
Duty of crossing Light Heavy Extra heavy Light Heavy Extra heavy
Flats, Warehouse, Warehouse,
Single Flats,
Pedestrian Church, Factory, Single Factory,
USAGE OF CROSSING residenti Pedestrian only Church,
only School, Loading area, residential Loading area,
al School, etc
etc Service Station Service Station
Brick stretcher on edge Brick stretcher on edge
250 x 100mm 250 x 100mm
Or 150 x 75 mm precast Or 150 x 75 mm precast
TYPE OF EDGING precast Precast
concrete (side and concrete (side and boundary
concrete concrete
boundary edging) edging)
Premix
73mm 73mm
Bricks 73mm 73mm
THICKNESS OF 30mm 30mm 40mm 50mm 80mm 80mm
Blocks 80mm (Classlo) 80mm
200mm 250mm
Concrete

SAND BED THICKNESS

Nil Nil Nil Nil 25mm 25mm 25mm 25mm
(Uncompacted)

THICKNESS OF 250mm
(G5)* 100mm
GRANULER BASE 75mm 100mm 150mm (two 125mm 75mm 75mm 200mm
(G3)*
COMPACTED layers)

OVERALL DEPTH
Premix
OF COMPACTED 175mm 175mm 200mm 300mm
Bricks 100mm 125mm 190mm 300mm
LAYERS AND OF 180mm 180mm 205mm 305mm
Blocks
EXCAVATION

0mm 150mm 150mm 200mm 0mm 150mm 150mm 200mm

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 21
 ADDITIONAL EXCAVATION
WHERE CLAYEY MATERIAL IS
ENCOUNTERED
Separated by a sand/stone
layer enclosed in a geofabric
sock
Subgrade
(mod.aashto) 93%** 93%** 93%** 95%**
Sandfill 100% 100% 100%
(mod.aashto) 95% 95% 95%
Subbase 98% 93%** 93%** 93%** 95%**
Compaction (mod.aashto) 95% 95% 95% 95% 100% 100% 100%
of pavement Base 95% 95% 95%
layers (mod.aashto) 98%
Btb layer 95% 95% 95% 95%
(rice) 92% 92%
Bituminous
premix >40mm 92% 92% 92%
(rice)

* The standard for Subbase (G5) and Base (G3) shall be in accordance with the Technical Recommendations for Highways – TRH 14.
** 100% for sand.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 22
 High volume driveways (generally all except those serving single residential properties)
shall be designed with sufficient stacking length to avoid queuing in the public street.

6.3 Relevant Codes of Practice, Policy and Guidelines

a) CoCT: TR&S: Specification 01: Construction of Vehicular, Pedestrian and
Wheelchair Access Crossings and Access Ramps.
b) City of Cape Town Zoning Scheme Regulations, Fourth Draft, November 2007.
c) UTG 5: Geometric Design of Urban Collector Roads
d) UTG 7: Geometric design of Local Residential Streets.
e) UTG 10: Guidelines for the Geometric Design of Commercial and Industrial
Local Streets.
f) Road Access Guidelines (Second Edition – May 2001)
g) National Building Regulations
h) Footways Policy and Guidelines (CoCT)

6.4 Design Parameters

Even if there is no surfaced footway the verge and driveway must still accommodate the
movement of pedestrians and perform a drainage function. Design considerations are as
follows:

a) An area of approximately 1.5m wide is required immediately adjacent to kerb

with a maximum cross slope of 3% towards the kerb to allow (i) the safe
passage of pedestrians and cyclists,(ii) to allow wheel bin placement and (iii) to
allow driveway access without vehicles scraping.
b) Ramps across drainage channels are not allowed. Where the shape of the
road leaves no alternative, a ramp may be constructed which leaves the
drainage channel open and accessible, as shown on standard drawing in this
case the alignment of the road must be carefully designed to avoid sudden
changes.
c) A cross slope of not less than 1% is required for surface drainage.
d) Surfaces must be skid resistant, even when wet.
e) The change in grade between the carriageway crossing and the road must not
exceed 17%.
f) The back of footway level is to be sufficiently higher than the top of kerb to
ensure that overland flows stay within the road reserve. (Refer to paragraph
4.3.3)
g) Distance from nearest intersection must comply with Road Access Guidelines.
h) Access restrictions on certain classes or sections of road apply.
i) Unobstructed sight lines must be maintained.
j) In determining gradients for a driveway, designers must apply the clearances of
a typical South African Vehicle to the longitudinal section in order to avoid
scraping.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 23
7. Parking
7.1 General
This section covers some basic parking layout design guidelines.

For new commercial developments parking shall be provided in terms of Chapter 19, of
the City of Cape Town Zoning Scheme Regulations.

Parking areas shall have a pavement structure for a class UD road as specified in Section 7
of this document. Areas which are also used by heavy vehicles (loading areas) shall have
a pavement structure for a class UC (Major Bus Route) road. See table 8.3.2.

7.2 Relevant Codes of Practice, Policies and Guidelines

a) City of Cape Town Zoning Scheme Regulations, Fourth Draft, November 2007.

CTZS_Regulations_Sept_2012.pdf

CTZS_Appendix_Sept_2012.pdf

CTZS_Table_A_Sept_2012.pdf

b) Parking Standards – Department of Transport

c) Land Use – Department of Transport

7.3 Geometric Design

7.3.1 Angled Parking

The recommended dimensions for angled parking layouts are indicated in the table
below. The dimensions referred to are those as given in Figure 6.3.1. [check the reference.]

Dimensions for Parking Area Layouts

Parking Width Depth Aisle Width (m)
Angle (ø) (m) (m) Ideal Acceptable Abs. Min.
1. 90° 2.5 5.0 7.5 7.0 6.5*
2. 5.4 Two
Way
60° 2.9 5.3 = =
4.4 One
Way
3. 5.2 Two
Way
45° 3.5 4.9 = =
4.2 One
Way
4. 30° 5.0 4.2 3.5 = =

The absolute minimum values given in the table should be used with caution and in limited
applications only, such as private parking areas.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 24
7.3.2 Parallel Parking

For parallel parking the dimensions as given on the standard drawing will apply. Along
highly trafficked roads the clear space between two consecutive bays shall be increased
to 1.5m.

7.4 Parking Areas

7.4.1 Parking Layout

The parking layout recommended is 90° bays with two-way movement in aisles. Angled
parking and one-way movements should generally be avoided. Parking layout must be
such that all bays can be entered or exited without difficult or potentially hazardous
manoeuvres, such as long reversing paths, or difficult manoeuvres involving kerbs, bollards,
poles and columns. To achieve this additional clear space beyond end bays may be
required to allow turning movements.

Kerbs shall be low enough to allow vehicle overhangs and easy opening of doors.

7.4.2 Safety

Car parks should be designed to provide a safe environment for its users. The design should
minimize vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-pedestrian conflicts. Careful consideration shall
be given to the placement of poles, trees, and columns. Direct access via pedestrian
paths to destinations should be provided. Adequate lighting should be provided. Vertical
clearances shall be adequate for pedestrians and cyclists.

7.4.3 Parking for Disabled Persons

Adequate parking provision, near end destinations, needs to be made for vehicles used
by disabled people. Such parking bays shall be provided with a 1.5m minimum width
access aisle between vehicles to allow easy wheelchair access between parked vehicles,
Kerbs at these aisles shall be dipped.

Parking bays for disabled persons shall be clearly marked as prescribed by the SARTSM
(R323-P).

7.4.4 Landscape Elements

Landscaping is an important element of a car park. A well-designed car park, shaded by

trees, screened by hedges, shrubs or grassed mounds provides a stark relief from the
expanses of a featureless paved area.
The following design principles should be adopted:

a) Avoid stand-alone trees planted within car park (hard) surfaces. Rather use
groups of trees in special planting areas.
b) Choose appropriate ground surfaces for open areas and around trees. These
could include mulch, natural gravel, porous paving, groundcover plants and
grass. Grassed surface areas should however not be steeper than 1:4. Loose
stone beds are not an acceptable surfacing medium.
c) Pedestrian routes need to be carefully planned, e.g. make provision for paths
through garden beds etc. Vertical clearance of at least 2,2m (2,5m preferred)
over the entire width of all pedestrian ways, and preferably over all areas
accessible to pedestrians, is required.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 25
 d) Co-ordinate surface lighting with tree planting
e) No tree or shrub planting should take place where car overhang (up to 0.8m
from kerbs) is expected.
f) Shrubs and trees shall be chosen to require minimal maintenance.
g) Incorporate paved areas to break the surface texture and to provide colour
enhancements.

Refer to “Guidelines for Designing or Approving Hard and Soft Landscaping in the Urban
Road Reserve: Requirements from Transport Roads & Stormwater”, Director: Roads
&Stormwater, January 2005. Guidelines Landscaping revised Jan 2005.pdf

Attention is drawn to the City’s Tree Policy (Council, 2002-11-01) which, inter alia, regulates
the planting of trees in road reserves, and provides guidance with respect to positioning of
trees in relation to utility services. Tree Policy July 2002 -1.pdf.

8. Pavement design
8.1 General
Pavement design is a process of selecting appropriate pavement and surfacing layers to
ensure that the pavement will carry the traffic for the structural design period, at an
acceptable service level without any major structural distress.

Designers should base their design on a life cycle strategy comprising of high initial
standards followed by very low or minimal maintenance needs over the analysis period.

In areas where mole or mole-rat activity is evident, and where open, unhardened space
along a road is going to be a permanent or semi-permanent feature, the installation of
mole barriers will be required to protect the road pavement layers. Materials used for mole
barriers must be environmentally acceptable. Mole barriers shall be placed in such a way
that there is no gap between these and the road pavement structure.

In areas where a high water table exists, especially during the rainy season, sufficient
subsurface drainage must be provided to protect the pavement layers against ingress of
water.

8.2 Relevant Codes of Practice, Policy and Guidelines

a) Red Book – Guidelines for Human Settlement, Planning and Design.
b) TRH 4 – Structural Design of Flexible Pavements for Inter-urban and Rural Roads.
c) TRH 14 – Guidelines for Road Construction Materials
d) SABS 1200 M:1996 – Roads (general)
e) SABS 1200 ME:1981 – Subbase
f) SABS 1200 MF:1981 – Base
g) SABS 1200 MFL:1996 – Base (Light Pavement Structures)
h) SABS 1200 MH:1996 – Asphalt Base and Surfacing
i) SABS 1200 MJ:1984 – Segmented Paving
j) COLTO 1998 Edition

8.3 Pavement Design

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 26
8.3.1 Level of Service

The level of service should be related to the function of the street. A higher order, or more
important road, should have a higher level of service. Its physical properties and standards
should be higher with a reduced risk of failure. Therefore it is inevitable that every road
pavement has to be designed according to conditions applicable.

For all formal roads within the City of Cape Town a basic minimum level of service (LOS) of
5 as per Table 8.2 of the Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design is required,
unless such roadways forms part of interim measures where only rudimentary services are
provided. Formal roadways with open lined storm water channels are generally not
acceptable because of the windblown sand problems.

8.3.2 Minimum Pavement Design Guidelines

Where possible, designers must base their design on the estimated equivalent E80s over
the design period. A minimum catalogue standard as given in Table 7.3.2 at the end of this
section shall apply for categories UB, UC and UD roads as defined in chapter 8 of the
Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design Table 8.1.

The structural design periods for all road categories shall be 20 years.

As a guideline pavement layers shall comply with the following minimum standard:

Minimum Standard for Pavement Layers.

Road Category Surfacing Pavement Layers
150mm G2 Basecourse / 80
mm BTB
40mm medium
UB (District Distributor) 150mm C4 Cemented
1. continuously graded
Class 3 Subbase
Asphalt
150mm G7 Subgrade
150mm G9 Subgrade
150mm G3 Basecourse /
80mm BTB
40mm medium
UC (Major bus route) 150mm C4 Cemented
2. continuously graded
Class 4 Subbase / 225mm G3
Asphalt
150mm G7 Subgrade
150mm G9 Subgrade
150mm G4 Basecourse /
80mm BTB
UC (Minor bus route) 40mm fine continuously 150mm G5 Subbase / 150
3.
Class 4 graded Asphalt mm G3
150mm G7 Subgrade
150mm G9 Subgrade
UD (Access Street) 150mm G4 Basecourse
4. 30mm Pavement mix
Class 5 150mm G7 Subgrade
80mm Interlocking 150mm C4 Cemented
UD (Access Street)
5. Concrete Paver or 73 Subbase
Class 5
mm Clay Paver 150mm G7 Subgrade
UD (Access Street) 100mm C3 Subbase
6. 140mm Concrete
Class 5 In-situ G9

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 27
 Pedestrian Only Links
125mm G4 Basecourse
7. Class 5 30mm Pavement Mix
150mm G7 Subgrade

Sidewalks and Cycle 100mm G5 Basecourse

8. 30mm Pavement Mix
Ways 150mm G7 Subgrade
30mm medium
150mm C4 Cemented
continuously graded
9. Parking areas Subbase
Asphalt/ 80mm
150mm G7 Subgrade
interlocking pavers
Parking areas: 100mm C3 Subbase
10. 200mm concrete
Loading areas In-situ G9

8.3.3 Subgrade bearing capacity

The bearing capacity and quality of the in situ subgrade or fill material is very important in
the selection of the appropriate pavement layers. Designers should conduct a proper soil
survey to determine the in situ CBR within the material depth specified in Table15 of TRH 4.
The classification of the subgrade material shall be based on the soaked California
Bearing Ratio (CBR) at 93% of Mod. AASHTO max. density (100% for sand).

8.3.4 Compaction Densities and Material Specifications

Pavement layers and material shall comply with the following:

Pavement Material Specifications

Min
M
Material CBR at Min Grading
Layer Class ax
Type Spec Compaction SABS-1200M
PI
Density
G2 Crushed 80 6 85% BRD Tbl 8,
G3 stone 80 6 98% Mod Column 2
G4 Crushed 80 6 AASHTO Tbl 8,
1. Basecourse
stone 98% Mod Column 3
Crushed AASHTO Tbl 8,
stone Column 4
Crushed 95% Mod None
2. Subbase G5 45 6
stone AASHTO specified
93% Mod
Selected In-situ or None
AASHTO or
3. layer (upper G7 Imported 15 12 specified
100% for
300mm) sand
sand
Surfaced Crushed 45 6 95% Mod None
Stone AASHTO specified
Un-
surfaced Natural 45 6 95% Mod
Subbase for
4. Gravel or AASHTO None
sidewalks
Crushed specified
Stone
wearing
course

8.3.4.1. Crushed rubble shall only be used in cases where the consistency of the material can be

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 28
 guaranteed and with special approval from the D: R&S. It shall further only be used in
subbase or fill applications.

8.3.5 Surfacing Specifications and Densities

Bituminous surface treatments in the form of chip and spray, slurry or Cape Seals are not
acceptable. All surfacing shall be in the form of continuous graded, hot asphalt, spread
with a self-propelled mechanical spreader (paver). Special permission must be obtained
from the Director Transport, Roads and Stormwater to use Warm Mix Asphalt.
Surfacing layers shall comply with the following:

Premix Surfacing Specifications

Min
Road Category Surfacing Compactio Grading
n Strength
40mm medium
COLTO Table
1. UB (District Distributor) continuously graded 93% Rice
4202/7
Asphalt
40mm medium SABS 1200MH
2. UC (Major bus route) continuously graded 93% Rice Table 2
Asphalt Column 6
40mm medium SABS 1200MH
93%
3. UC (Minor bus route) continuously graded Table 2
Marshall
Asphalt Column 6
SABS 1200MH
30mm Pavement mix 93%
4. UD (Access Street) Table 2
(Residential Mix) Marshall
Column 6
80mm Concrete Pavers/
5. UD (Access Street) 73mm Clay pavers / 35MPa
Concrete Slab
SABS 1200MH
30mm Pavement mix 95%
6. Pedestrian Only Links Table 2
(Residential Mix) Marshall
Column 7
SABS 1200MH
Sidewalks and Cycle 30mm Pavement mix 95%
7. Table 2
Ways (Residential Mix) Marshall
Column 7

Modified bituminous binders shall be used on steep roads with high incident of turning
movements, where there is a strong possibility of deformation e.g. braking zones,
acceleration / deceleration zones. Such asphalt shall comply with UTG2.

8.3.6 Compaction Equipment

Pavement layer compaction during construction has a major effect on the structural
bearing capacity of the pavement. The higher the construction density of a layer, the
higher the strength and resistance to deformation.

Designers should therefore not only specify the minimum compaction rates but also the
type of plant to be used for the different material types. For the compaction of base, sub-
base and subgrade (sand) layers a 9 ton vibratory roller should be regarded as the
minimum requirement.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 29
 Please note that static rolling compaction will be required when working in closed
proximity to sensitive services. Such static rolling compaction shall be designed.

8.3.7 Labour Intensive Construction

Relevant Codes of Practice, Policy and Guidelines

a) Guidelines for the implementation of labour-intensive infrastructure projects

under the Expanded Public Works Programme – Second Edition July 2005.

On projects where labour intensive methods are specified, a critical review of the
specifications for road pavement layers needs to be made. All road construction activities
cannot be labour intensive.
The activities that can be labour-based are the following:

a) Spreading, levelling of a Macadam layer

b) Excavation up to 1.5m in depth, in material suitable for hand excavation
c) Spreading of homogeneous or coarse graded materials
d) Kerb laying and ancillary works
e) Paving of sidewalks, walkways and road surfaces (Paving of roadways in
asphalt must be undertaken using an asphalt finishing paver)
f) Placing of concrete on road surfaces
g) AOT

The construction methods chosen should result in the same standard as specified in
COLTO. For labour intensive projects, segmented concrete block pavements, concrete
pavements (JCP) or the use of Waterbound Macadam as a base layer for granular
pavements is recommended.

8.3.8 Selected Layers

Designs for all categories of roads should assume that all subgrades are brought to at least
equal (G7) support standard. Subgrade conditions that are below a G7 standard shall be
treated as per Table 22 of TRH 4, or be replaced with suitable material.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 30
 Catalogue Specification for Pavements
Pavement E80's / Lane JCP
Road Category Granular Bases Macadam Bases Block Pavements
Class (mil) (Concrete)
UA UB UC UD

ES0.003 <0.003 30mm AC 30mm AC 80mm/73mm S-A 140mm JCP

150mm G4 150mm WM2 20mm SND 100mm C3
150mm G7 150mm G7 100mm G5 G9 In-situ
150mm G7

ES0.01 0.003 - 0.01 30mm AC 30mm AC 80mm/73mm S-A 140mm JCP

150mm G4 150mm WM2 20mm SND 100mm C3
150mm G7 150mm G7 125mm G5 G9 In-situ
150mm G7

ES0.03 0.01 - 0.03 30mm AC 30mm AC 80mm/73mm S-A 150mm JCP

150mm G4 150mm WM2 20mm SND 100mm C3
150mm G7 150mm G7 150mm G5 G9 In-situ
150mm G7

ES0.1 0.03 - 0.10 30mm AC 30mm AC 80mm/73mm S-A 150mm JCP

150mm G4 150mm WM2 20mm SND 150mm C2
100mm G5 100mm G5 150mm G4 G9 In-situ
150mm G7 150mm G7 150mm G7

ES0.3 0.10 - 0.30 30mm AC 30mm AC 80mm/73mm S-A 160mm JCP

150mm G4 150mm WM2 20mm SND 150 C2
125mm G5 100mm G5 150mm G4 G9 In-situ
150mm G7 150mm G7 150mm G7

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 31
 Catalogue Specification for Pavements
Pavement E80's / Lane JCP
Road Category Granular Bases Macadam Bases Block Pavements
Class (mil) (Concrete)
UA UB UC UD

ES1 0.30 - 1.0 30mm AC 30mm AC 80mm/73mm S-A

150mm G4 150mm WM2 20mm SND
150mm G5 150mm G5 150mm C4
150mm G7 150mm G7 150mm G7

ES3 1.0 - 3.0 40mm AC 40mm AC

150mm G3 150mm WM1
150mm C4 150mm C4
150mm G7 150mm G7

ES10 3.0 - 10.0 40mm AC 40mm AC

As Per TRH 4 150mm WM1
As Per TRH 4 125mm C4
As Per TRH 4 125mm C4
150mm G7

Sidewalks and Cycle Ways 20mm AC 80mm/73mm S-A

100mm G5 20mm SND
150mm G7 75mm G5
150mm G7

Pedestrian Only Links 25mm AC 60mm/73mm S-A

125mm G4 20mm SND
150mm G7 100mm G5
150mm G7

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 32
8.4 Additional Requirements for Steep Terrains
8.4.1 General

The following additional requirements apply to all roads steeper than 1:8 (12,5%), unless
otherwise specified.

a) Portions of private driveways which fall within a public road reserve must also
comply
b) The length of steep road sections shall be kept as short as possible. It is
advisable to have a reasonably level section of road at most every 50m
c) The stability of abutting slopes, walls and fences must be ensured
d) Utility services must be adequately protected, and access thereto ensured,
in consultation with the relevant service authority or service owner

8.4.2 Minimum Standards

a) Steepest longitudinal grade: 27%

b) Minimum width as specified hereinbefore
c) Approach to intersection: Maximum longitudinal grade 5% over a length of
at least 10m (5m for a private driveway)
d) Maximum cross fall 5%

8.4.3 Pavements for Steep Gradients

a) The pavement structure must be constructible on steep slopes

b) The maximum gradient at which asphalt surfacing can be placed is 14%. All
roadways with steeper gradients shall therefore have Block or Concrete
pavements, with support beams at regular intervals
c) Surface roughness must be adequate in wet conditions over the full
expected life of the road

8.4.4 Pedestrian facilities on steep terrain

a) Where road width is less than 5m, or where there is a risk involved in
pedestrians using the roadway, a separate footway shall be provided
b) Maximum longitudinal slope for a footway is 15%. For steeper sections steps
must be provided, which must conform to the following
c) Minimum width of steps: 1,5m
d) Maximum no of steps between landings: 12
e) Landings must be at least 1 m long
f) Maximum rise per step is 170mm
g) Minimum step depth is 250mm
h) Step rise and step depth shall be uniform for each section between landings

9. Traffic control devices and signage

9.1 General
For all forms of traffic control devices reference should be made to latest edition of the
South Africa Development Community Road Traffic Signs Manual (SADC-RTSM).

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 33
 For detailed design and construction of traffic signals reference needs to be made to
the specifications as laid down in the CMA Specification for Traffic Signals.

Traffic control devices shall comply in all respects with the requirements of the National
Road Traffic Act 1996 (Act No. 93 of 1996) and the National Road Traffic Regulations
2000, promulgated in terms of the Act. It is therefore important that professionals with
experience and knowledge of the subject undertake the design, installation and
operation of traffic signals and signage.

9.2 Relevant Codes of Practice, Policy and Guidelines

1. SARTSM and SADC-RTSM Manuals
Volume 1: Uniform Traffic Control Devices (SADC-RTSM)
Detailing signing policies and design principles together with
specific information on the meaning and application of all traffic
control devices
Volume 2: Traffic Control Device Applications (SARTSM)
This volume covers the use of sets of signs, markings and signals for
specific applications
Volume 3: Traffic Signal Design (SARTSM)
Detailing in depth, requirements for the selection and installation of
traffic signals and their methods of control
Volume 4: Traffic Signs Design (SADC-RTSM)
Dimensional details for all road traffic signs and sign face
components
2. The CMA Specification for Traffic Signals

9.3 Traffic Signals Design

With each proposal for traffic signals the following is required:

a) A scaled drawing (1:250) of the intersection or junction with the road layout,
lanes and road markings
b) Ducting and draw box layout for underground cabling
c) Positions of controllers
d) The number, type and layout of signal faces and pole positions
e) The number, type and location of pedestrian and cyclist facilities, including
the position of push buttons
i. The phasing, time plans and offset settings
ii. The layout of loop detectors
iii. The proposed date of implementation

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 34
10. Stormwater design standards
10.1 General
Designers shall base their design on a sustainable stormwater management system and
all factors that will impact on the future operation and maintenance of the system must
be considered. Maintenance requirements shall be kept to an absolute minimum.

For a more detailed approach to Stormwater Management reference needs to be

made to the guidelines as set out below.

The Stormwater drainage design is to be based on the concept of Minor and Major
systems as prescribed in the Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design.

10.2 Standard Reference Documents, Codes of Practice, Policies and

Guidelines
a) Floodplain Management Guidelines – City of Cape Town document,
September 2003 – Transport Roads & Stormwater Directorate.
b) Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guidelines for New
Developments – City of Cape Town document – July 2002 – Transport Roads
& Stormwater Directorate.
c) Floodplain and River Corridor Management Policy, Version 2.1, May 2009
d) Management of Urban Stormwater Impacts Policy, Version 1.1, May 2009
e) Requirements of a Local Stormwater Management Plan, Draft 3, Feb 2006
f) Requirements of a Stormwater Impact Assessment, Draft 2, Feb 2006
g) Stormwater Management on Slopes Adjacent to Natural Areas, Version 1.0 ,
November 2003
h) Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guidelines for New
Developments, Version 1.0, July 2002
i) City of Cape Town Rainfall Intensity – Duration – Frequency Curves, Updated
2011.
j) City of Cape Town: Servitudes for non–pressure sewer &stormwater systems
October 2006.
k) TRH 15 – Subsurface Drainage for Roads.
l) Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design – (Red Book).
m) Guideline for the Provision of Engineering Services in Residential Townships
(Blue book).
n) CoCT Minimum Standards for Civil Engineering Services in Townships Draft
2013-02-05
o) SANRAL Road Drainage Manual
p) SANS 1200 DB : 1989 – Earthworks (Pipe Trenches)
q) SANS 1200 GA : 1982 – Concrete (Small Works)
r) SANS 1200 GE : 1984 - Precast Concrete (Structural)
s) SANS 1200 LB : 1983 – Bedding (Pipes)
t) SANS 1200 LE : 1982 - Stormwater Drainage

10.3 Stormwater Design

10.3.1 General Design Principles:

The following elements must be incorporated in stormwater drainage design:

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 35
 a) The main stormwater routes should be located along natural drainage
routes.
b) Major systems shall be free draining and local low points in roads will
generally not be allowed.
c) Runoff from adjoining properties must be adequately accommodated. This
includes runoff from upstream properties, where applicable.
d) During major storm events (greater than 1:2 year in the case of residential
areas), the traffic function of residential and lower order roads is interrupted
and the full Stormwater carrying capacity of the roads can be utilised. The
maximum allowable inundation of Mixed (Higher order) and class 4 Local
Distributors above road crown during 1:50 year storm events is 150mm.
e) Where localised low points are unavoidable and where provision has be
made for emergency overland escape routes, the number of catchpits and
conduit size shall be increased to accommodate a 1:10 year return storm.
Where such overland escape routes are not possible, the intakes and/or
catchpits and conduit system serving the area shall be capable of
accommodating at least a 1:50 year storm. Overland and pipe routes shall
be accommodated in a servitude registered in the name of the City of
Cape Town and provide for adequate access to enable maintenance
activities to be carried out.
f) Debris and pollutant removal facilities (SUDS) shall be designed and
constructed to protect downstream facilities and infrastructure.
g) Appropriate measures shall be put in place to minimise scour and erosion.
h) Stormwater discharge shall not be concentrated on any downstream
property, except where such concentration of flow occurred previously, or if
the flow is discharged via a servitude, in favour of the upstream property.
i) The post development runoff shall not exceed the pre development runoff.
Stormwater storage facilities will need to be designed to restrict the runoff
from developments where the post-development runoff exceeds that of the
pre- development. Refer to the Management of Urban Stormwater Impacts
Policy document.
j) Due consideration is to be taken at design stage of all future maintenance
requirements and activities.
k) All materials used in the works shall, where such mark has been awarded for
a specific type of material, bear the SANS Mark. The manufacturer must be
in a position to furnish the current valid SABS Mark Permit for such materials.
Where materials are proposed for incorporation in the works that do not
bear the SANS Mark prior approval shall be obtained for the use of such
materials from the City’s Project Manager.
l) For any proposed developments, designers will take into consideration the
existing and any future development plans. The Local Catchment Manager
must be consulted in this regard.

10.3.2 The Minor System

The minor system provides for the convenience of the community by rapidly removing
runoff caused by storms of relatively frequent recurrence intervals (2 to 5 years) from the
drainage area, mainly via an underground pipe network. The system includes catchpits,
manholes, road-edge channels and open channels.

The applicable minor system design storm return period varies according to land use.
The return periods to be applied are as listed in the table below.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 36
 Design Storm Recurrence Interval per Development Type
Design storm recurrence
Development
interval (years)
1. Residential 2
2. General commercial & industrial 5
3. Public buildings 5
4. High value CBD 5 to 10

10.3.3 The Major System

The flood plan management system for all new townships will be designed to safely
contain floods up to the 1:20 year flood without the flooding of properties, i.e. within the
road reserve boundaries. Conditions shall also be checked for the 1:100 year event to
assess the risk of floor levels being inundated. Floor levels are to be 300mm (minimum)
above the 1:100 flood levels. (Consultants to calculate the theoretical energy levels)

The major system is the trunk system that receives stormwater discharge from the minor
system. It also functions as the emergency system that operates during overflow from, or
failure of the minor system. The system includes watercourses, large conduits, roads,
stormwater attenuation facilities (ponds), drainage servitudes and flood plains. Public
open spaces, sports fields and parking areas, can also be utilised to form part of the
major system.

The major system fulfils a flood control function only during major, infrequent storm
events. During such events, temporary disruption of many normal activities within the
catchment will occur, owing to the intensity and magnitude of the event. The loss of
convenience is tolerable, if no inundation of private property occurs and the disruption
is restricted to the following:

a) Residential and lower order roads

b) Recreational areas and public open space
c) Parking areas
d) The minor underground pipe system shall be assumed to be flowing full
during a major storm event. The effect/ramifications of blockages occurring
in the minor system must be checked at design stage.

10.3.4 Rainfall and Modelling Criteria

Rainfall gauging stations are operated by the City and the location of these and other
gauging stations are listed in Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guidelines
for New Developments. The City has developed IDF curves for the stations listed based
on the data collected and these are available from the Transport, Roads and
Stormwater Directorate. The IDF curves were updated in 2011 with additional curves
being determined for Atlantis, Hout Bay, Goodwood Greens, Noordhoek, Potsdam,
Simons Town and Vergelegen.

Stormwater design shall be based on the IDF (intensity-duration-frequency) figures

obtained from rainfall monitoring stations. It is noted that precipitation in the city
environs is greatly influenced by wind direction, elevation of the catchment and
proximity to geophysical features. Either the Thessen Diagram is to be used to determine
which rainfall monitoring station data set should be utilised, or data shall be used from

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 37
 the rainfall monitoring station most suitably located in relation to catchment area under
consideration.

For the calculation of Stormwater runoff and storage capacities reference should be
made to Stormwater Management Planning and Design Guidelines for New
Developments (Annexure E – page 74 to77),which documents the recommended
techniques and modelling tools in detail.

10.4 Physical Design Criteria

The physical criteria and requirements for the various stormwater design elements are
set out in the sections below.

10.4.1 Stormwater Pipes and Box Culverts (Underground Conduits)

Stormwater Conduit Design Criteria

1. Mannings coefficient of friction (n) 0.012
Minimum diameter – catchpit
2. 300 mm (nominal dia.)
connections
3. Minimum Diameter – Main lines 375 mm (nominal dia.)
Reinforced concrete (Bearing
4. Pipe / culvert material
SANS mark)
Spigot and socket (including
5. Pipe joint type
rubber ring)
Generally 100D (Loading
conditions for each application
6. Pipe class: (all diameters) to be confirmed, particularly
construction loadings on the
smaller diameter pipes)
Generally 100S (Loading
7. Culvert Class conditions for each application
to be confirmed)
8. Bedding type Class B (SANS 1200 LB)
1.70m, North or East from road
9. Position in road reserve centre line

10. Minimum slope: Connections 1:60 (1.67 %)

375mm dia. 1:360 (0.28 %)
450mm dia. and larger Minimum velocity criteria applies
11. Minimum velocity (80% full flow) 0.9 m/s
Maximum velocity
12. (Without checking for hydraulic 3.5 m/s
jump)
Maximum velocity (Checking for 5.0 m/s (Minimum pipe class
13.
hydraulic jump) 100D)
375mm to 450mm dia pipes
steeper than 1:6 (16.67%)
14. Anchor blocks
450mm dia and larger pipes
steeper than 1:8 (12.50%)

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 38
 15. Minimum cover (road intersections) 1000mm
16. Minimum cover (general) 750mm
Maximum distance between
17. 90m
manholes

a) Underground conduits are to be laid within the road reserve or in public

open spaces. Where crossing private property is unavoidable, the conduit
must be protected by a servitude, in favour of the City.
b) Generally, structures are not permitted within half the pipe diameter or
culvert width, plus working area (generally 300mm) plus depth to invert,
measured from the centreline of the pipe. However, each case must be
assessed to allow for equipment and machinery requirements.
c) Stormwater pipes are generally to be laid shallower than sewers.
d) Free flowing junctions (i.e. 45º junctions) should be detailed where possible
and 90º junctions avoided. Connections from catchpits to the main line are
to be as close to 60º to the road centreline as possible.
e) Only reinforced concrete with rubber ring seals are permitted. Interlocking
joint (ogee) pipes shall not be used in any application.
f) Where cutting of pipes is required, the pipe is to be cleanly cut, with any
exposed reinforcing being adequately treated and protected against
corrosion.
g) Box culverts are to have V-shaped inverts to accommodate low flows.
h) The vertical clearance between Stormwater conduits and other services is to
be a minimum of 150mm.
i) Steeper gradients shall be used at the head of the system, where full flow is
not yet achieved.
j) In sandy areas consideration should be given to increasing the coefficient of
friction (n) in calculations to compensate for the partial siltation of the of the
underground conduits.
k) Where underground conduits enter rivers, canals or ponds:

i. the invert must be above normal wet season water level

ii. the soffit must be above the water level achieved during minor storm.
iii. the discharge points shall be provided with adequate erosion protection
measures such as rock filled gabion mattresses and stilling basins

Anchor blocks in 20MPa concrete are to be provided on steep slopes as follows:

Anchor Block Spacing

Grade (%) Spacing for 2,44m pipe lengths
1. Over 50% every joint
2. 30% to 50% alternate joints
3. 20% to 30% every fourth joint
4. 10% to 20% every eighth joint

a) Spacing for intermediate grades can be interpolated.

b) Refer to the Standard Stormwater Details for Anchor block requirements.
c) Box culverts are to have dished inverts to accommodate low flows.
d) Where the box culvert height is less than 1,2m, Width to Height (W:H) ratio is
not to exceed 2:1.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 39
 e) The minimum height of box culvert shall be 600mm.

10.4.2 Catchpits

The maximum flow capacity of the road cross-section at the particular gradient is to be
used to determine the required positions of catchpits.

Street capacity and kerb flow interceptions are to be based on the charts developed
by Zwamborn, Wessels, Lotter and Grobler as published in the Road Drainage Manual,
SANRAL. Reference can also be made to the charts developed by Forbes and
Rooseboom. Designers are to provide calculations on request.

The percentage flow bypassing a catchpit shall not exceed 20%.

Catchpits with double kerb inlet - gully grid are preferred. The use of gully grid type
entry only is limited to instances where double flat channels are required.

Where gully grids are utilised, grids with the slots are in the same direction as the
channel flow are preferred. In instances where the grid slots are at right angles to the
flow (e.g cycle lanes), due to the tendency of the upstream grid to block with debris, a
longer chamber with additional grid and frame should be installed to ensure the same
intake capacity, i.e instead of the usual two grids, three grids should be installed.

Gully grid inlets and frame, shall be manufactured from ferrous materials or polymer
concrete. For ferrous materials the grid is to be fixed to the frame by means of stainless
steel (304) bullet hinges. The frame and grid shall be able to withstand the loading
requirements of SANS 50124, capable of bearing a test load of 250kN.

At trapped low areas, the number of catchpits is to be increased to manage the

trapped flows adequately. Where trapped low areas occur on high order roads,
additional catchpits should also be provided above the low area, to limit the area of
flooding due to blockage of those catchpits serving the trapped low.

Length of channel flow until the first catchpit will not exceed 120m.

Distance between catchpits shall not exceed 90m, unless hydraulic calculations
indicate that alternative distances can be accommodated.

Careful consideration should be given to the placing and spacing of catchpits in low
cost housing areas as the catchpits are frequently used for rubbish and sewerage
disposal.

Catchpits are to be located to prevent surface flows across roads and intersections.
Particular attention is to be taken in placing inlets where the road cross falls roll over.

Catchpits may not be positioned on intersection radii due to wheel and tyre damage.

The location of vehicular entrances, (carriageway crossing) are to be taken into

account when positioning catchpits.

Catchpit to catchpit connections are not permitted.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 40
 Combination catchpit/manholes are not permitted.

Catchpit connection lengths may not exceed 15m.

Kerb inlet openings are to be 100mm in height.

Inlet kerbs are to be of same profile and height as adjoining kerbs.

Catchpits should not be less than 750mm in depth and may not exceed 1000mm in
depth.

A chamfer to the opening around the connection pipe socket shall be provided to
improve the hydraulic efficiency and prevent debris from snagging.

In windblown sandy areas catchpits shall not be benched, but the floor shall be at the
same level as the outlet invert.

Skew catchpits shall be used where the road gradient exceeds 8% and must be offset
to the road centreline by 600.

In areas with a high incidence of litter and debris, a horizontal Y16 galvanised trash bar
is to be installed across the kerb inlet opening, to prevent the ingress of bottles and
cans.

Alternatively, kerb inlet screens may be installed as a debris barrier. Only screens with
vertical bars are permitted, and no horizontal bars may be used in conjunction with the
vertical bars across the opening.

In locations where kerb inlet screens have been installed, the number of kerb inlet
openings is to be doubled.

Trash bar/screen installations are not advisable in trapped low spots or in high
vegetation areas.

Bricks used in the construction of catchpits to comply with the specifications for
masonry units. Refer to paragraph 10.4.10.

10.4.3 Manholes

Manholes will be provided at all horizontal and vertical changes in direction, and at all
pipe junctions.

Junction boxes are not permitted.

At manholes where there is a change in conduit size on the main line, the conduits are
to be aligned crown to crown.

In areas with flat grades the designer is to check for head-loss in the manhole, where
upstream and downstream conduits are the same size.
Downstream conduits may not be of smaller size than those upstream although a
change of grade may indicate this hydraulically. This requirement is to prevent large
objects conveyed in the upstream conduit blocking the conduit downstream.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 41
 Maximum spacing between manholes is not to exceed 90m.

Maximum chimney height is to be 400mm.

Manhole access shafts to be located in such a manner as to permit free access for
bucket machine cleaning cables and equipment.

Widening must be provided on outside curves of benching to accommodate bucket

cleaning.

Bricks used in the construction of manholes are to comply with the specifications for
masonry units. Refer to paragraph 10.4.1.

Where the manhole depth is greater than 1,0m but less than 1,8m, the cover and frame
are to be placed directly onto the reducer slab i.e. No access shaft is required.

Avoid large drops (greater than 1.0m) from incoming lateral pipes to limit erosion of the
manhole floor.

The standard manhole cover and frame is to be the Cape Town Standard 2010
Manhole Cover and Frame as indicated in the Standard Stormwater Details.

In road carriageways, hard shoulders, parking areas and pedestrian areas, Cast Iron or
Ductile Iron manhole covers and frames should be initially installed, followed by polymer
products in the event of theft.

10.4.4 Subsurface Drains

Subsurface drainage is required to ensure that pavement and subgrade layers are well-
drained at the material depth as defined in TRH 4, but to at least 800mm below the
road surface.

Subsurface drainage systems shall be installed in all areas where a high water table can
be expected in the wet season.

Subsurface drains shall generally to be installed along a road on the upstream side of
the road reserve to form a cut-off drain, directly behind the kerb line.

Subsurface drains shall have dual filter mediums that consist of a combination of
granular and synthetic materials.

In areas of high clay content, geo-textile is to be omitted and the stone surround to be
as detailed on typical Standard Stormwater Detail, for Subsurface Drains.

All Subsurface drains shall be provided with piped systems that are connected by
means of manholes. The pipes shall have a stone bedding and geotextile blanket with
the perforations or holes in the pipe being laid according to the manufacturer’s
guidelines.

The geo-textile indicated in the Standard Stormwater Detail for Subsurface Drains is a
general purpose type.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 42
 Designers are to ensure that the geofabric specified, is suitable for use in the specific in-
situ soil conditions.

Sub-surface Drain Design Criteria

1. Minimum internal manhole diameter 1000mm
2. Maximum manhole spacing 60m
3. Maximum depth 1000mm where practical
4. Drainage medium 19mm stone complying with SABS
1083
or particular grading as specified
5. Synthetic filter (general purpose) Geo-textile Grade A2
6. Minimum drainage pipe diameter 100mm
7. Pipe type HDPE Double Walled slotted pipe
(with smooth internal surface)
*Note: Sausage or fin type subsurface drains are not permitted.

Open Stormwater Channels

Open Stormwater channels are generally not accepted in areas where windblown
sand and debris are prevalent. Where unavoidable, the following minimum standards
will apply:

Open Stormwater Channel Design Criteria

Criteria Unlined Lined
1. Minimum longitudinal slope 1:200 (0.50 %) 1:400 (0.25 %)
2. Maximum flow velocity 1.0m/s 2.5m/s
3. Maximum side slopes Varies depending
1: 5 on material. * see
note
* Note: Acceptable linings include: grouted stone pitching, concrete, rock filled gabion
mattresses, concrete blocks (flexible) etc.

The low flow area of the channel must be lined to facilitate cleaning operations, unless
the channel has the dual role of a treatment facility.

10.4.5 Stormwater Ponds

The number of stormwater ponds must be kept to a minimum to reduce maintenance

requirements. Numerous small ponds must be avoided.

Where possible, stormwater ponds are to be designed as dual purpose facilities, i.e. for
parking or recreational areas.

Subsurface drains are to be installed to allow efficient drainage of the ponds.

Grassed ponds shall have an irrigation system installed.

Maintenance requirements are to be taken into account at design stage and could
include measures such as lined low flow channels, etc.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 43
 Dry stormwater ponds are preferred. Where this is not possible, the following additional
conditions apply:

a) Wet ponds are only permissible where the water depth can be sustained at
a minimum depth of 1.2 m throughout the dry season.
b) Adequate warning signs and safety measures such as fencing are to be
provided around wet ponds to protect the public from drowning.

Stormwater Pond Design Criteria

1. Minimum invert slope 1 : 250 ( 0.40%) lined
1 : 50 ( 2,00%) unlined
2. Minimum outlet diameter 375mm* see note
3. Minimum backdrop at outlet structure to allow
subsoil drainage(Invert level below pond 800mm
bottom)
4. Maximum embankment slope (grassed) 1: 5 (20%)
*Note: Special outlet design may be required to limit flow, in order to meet
downstream system constraints.

10.4.6 Flood Escape Routes

Trapped low point must be avoided through good layout and planning practice.
Where trapped low points are unavoidable the flood escape routes shall be
accommodated through one of the following systems:

a) Public open spaces provided along drainage routes.

b) Underground drainage is to allow for the 1:50 year storm event.
c) Registered servitudes for escape routes over private properties - no structures
or boundary walls shall be erected within such servitudes. This option is not
recommended and should only be used in exceptional circumstances.

10.4.7 Road Drainage Considerations

Runoff from side roads must be controlled. In cases where the side street length
exceeds 80m, the runoff must be collected on the side road before the intersection to
avoid overrun onto intersection.

Grid inlet type gullies may only be used in the following circumstances:

a) Unsurfaced roads
b) Where double flat channels are used
i. Unsurfaced roads are to be provided with lined side drains when the flow
velocity exceeds 1.0m/s.
ii. Energy dissipation measures are required when flow velocities in roadside
channels exceed 2.5m/s.
iii. Roads with steep gradients that terminate downhill in a T-junction must be
avoided.
iv. Double flat channels/ dish drains may not be constructed across the
intersections of roadways.
v. On dual carriageway roads a paved raised median island is preferred.
Where this requirement cannot be met, the unpaved median island shall

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 44
 be provided with effective subsoil drainage systems to prevent water from
entering the adjacent pavement layers.

10.4.8 General Development Considerations

Erven, where the impervious area exceeds 600m², shall be served by an underground
connection (min 300mm dia).

The drainage of “backyards” serving attached houses/structures is to be taken into

account at design stage, preferably by the installation of an underground system.

Private developments with stormwater pond/treatment facilities must have a servitude,

registered over such facilities in favour of the City.

Access for river cleaning equipment is to be considered at design stage, for

developments in the vicinity of river corridors.

Where developments are to be handed over to the City, on completion of

construction, all Stormwater conduits (including connections) are to be inspected by
means of a CCTV inspection camera and a report submitted to the local District office
together with a copy of the recorded footage (Ms Windows Media Player compatible).
The report is to be in WRc (UK) format. Any faults found during the camera inspection
are to be made good to the City’s approval prior the acceptance of the development.

Interceptor traps are to be provided at taxi ranks to facilitate the removal of oil and
other pollutants resulting from the washing down of vehicles.

10.4.9 Specification for Masonry Units (Bricks)

Burnt Clay Masonry Units (to SANS 227:2007)

Underground Infrastructure (Manholes, catchpits, etc.)

a) Class: NFXE (Engineering unit)

b) Solid (un-perforated)
c) Nominal compressive strength: 21MPa,
d) Dimensions: Imperial 222 X 106 X 73,
e) Limits for cold water absorption: Not more than 12%
f) Efflorescence: special grade

Surface Infrastructure (wingwalls, headwalls, etc.)

a) Class: FBXE (Engineering unit)

b) Solid (un-perforated)
c) Nominal compressive strength: 21MPa
d) Dimensions: Imperial 222 X 106 X 73
e) Limits for cold water absorption: Not more than 12%
f) Colour and Texture: Uniform
g) Efflorescence: special grade

Concrete Masonry Units (to SANS 1215:2008)

Surface Infrastructure (wingwalls, headwalls, etc.)

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 45
 a) Solid (un-perforated) (structural and load bearing)
b) Nominal compressive strength: 21MPa
c) Dimensions: Imperial 222 X 106 X 73
d) Colour: ‘Cement grey’
e) Texture: Plain face
f) Ave drying shrinkage: 0.06% (Normal shrinkage unit)

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 46
 Annexure A

Development check-list

N/
Item Check
a
General design principles
1 Main stormwater routes located along natural drainage routes
2 Localised low points to be avoided
3 Runoff from adjoining properties must be accommodated in the design
4 Up to 1:20 year storm events to be contained within road reserve
Where localised low points are unavoidable provision shall be made for
5 emergency overland escapes routes. Alternatively, Pipe system to
accommodation at least a 1:50 year storm
6 Post development runoff shall not exceed the pre development runoff
7 Material to bear the SANS mark (where applicable)
Design storm return period per development type
Development Return period (years)
8 Residential 2
9 General Commercial & Industrial 5
10 Public Buildings 5
11 High Value CBD 5 TO 10
Stormwater conduit design criteria
Mannings Coefficient of friction
12 0.012
(n)
Minimum diameter
13 300mm (nominal dia)
(Connections)
14 Minimum diameter (Main Lines) 375mm (nominal dia)
Reinforced concrete (Bearing SANS
15 Pipe/culvert material
mark)
Spigot and socket with rubber ring
16 Pipe joint type
seals
Generally 100D (Loading conditions
17 Pipe class (all diameters)
for each application to be confirmed
Connections 1:60 (1.67%)
375mm dia 1:360 (0.28%)
18 Minimum Slope
450mm dia. and Minimum velocity
larger criteria applies
19 Minimum 80% full flow velocity 0.9m/s
Maximum velocity (Without
20 3.5m/s
checking for hydraulic jump)
Maximum velocity( Checking for
21 5.0 m/s (Min pipe class 100D)
hydraulic jump)
375mm to 450mm dia pipes steeper
22 Anchor blocks than 1:6 (16.67%)
450mm dia and larger pipes steeper

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 47
 than 1:8 (12.50 %)
Minimum cover (road
23 1000mm
intersections)
24 Minimum cover (general) 750mm
Maximum distance between
25 90m
manholes
Generally100S (Loading conditions for
26 Culvert Class
each application to be confirmed)
27 Bedding Type Class B (SANS 1200 LB)

N/
ITEM CHECK
A
STORMWATER CONDUIT DESIGN CRITERIA (continued)
28 Position in road reserve 1.70m, North or East from road centre line
Pipe / culvert systems are to be laid within the road reserve or in public
29
open spaces
30 Avoid 90 degree junctions
Vertical clearance between Stormwater conduits and other services :
31
150mm minimum
32 Box culverts are to have dished inverts
33 Box culverts, Width to Height (W:H) ratio not to exceed 2:1
34 Minimum box culvert height to be 600mm
Catchpits
35 Percentage flow bypassing a catchpit shall not exceed 20%
36 Double kerb inlet – gully grid are preferred.
37 Length of channel flow until the first catchpit will not exceed 120m
38 Distance between catchpits ,: maximum 90m
Catchpits are to be located to prevent surface flows across roads and
39
intersections
40 Catchpits may not be positioned on intersections radii
41 Catchpit to catchpit connections are not permitted
42 Combination catchpit/manholes are not permitted
43 Catchpit connection lengths may not exceed 15m
44 Kerb inlet openings are 100mm in height
Catchpit not to be less than 750mm and may not exceed 1000mm in
45
depth
Windblown sandy areas catchpits shall not be benched. Floor to be at
46
same level as the outlet invert
47 Catchpits served by gully grids , only in exceptional circumstances
Areas with a high incidence of litter and debris, horizontal Y16 galvanised
48
trash bar to be installed across opening
Kerb inlet screens can be used as an alternative to 48 above.- Only
49
screens with vertical bars are permitted
In locations with trash bars or screens, kerb inlet openings are to be
50
doubled
51 Trash bar/screen installations are to be avoided in trapped low spots or

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 48
 high vegetation area
Manholes
Manholes will be provided at horizontal and vertical changes in direction
52
plus at all pipe junctions and end points
53 Junction boxes are not permitted
54 Conduits to be aligned crown to crown
55 Downstream conduits may not be of smaller size than those upstream
56 Maximum spacing between manholes : 90m
57 Maximum chimney height : 400mm
Manhole depth is greater than 1,0m but less than 1,8m, cover and frame
58
to be placed directly onto reducer slab

N/
ITEM CHECK
A
Subsurface drains
Minimum internal manhole
59 1000mm
diameter
Maximum manhole
60 60m
spacing
61 Maximum Depth 1000mm where practical
Drainage medium 19mm stone complying with SABS 1083 or
62
(General purpose) particular grading as specific
Synthetic filter(general
63 Geo-textile Grade A2
purpose)
Minimum drainage pipe
64 100mm
diameter
HDPE double walled slotted pipe( with
65 Pipe Type
smooth internal surface)
66 Sausage or fin type subsurface drains are not permitted
Open stormwater channels
Unlined Lined
67 Minimum longitudinal slope 1:200 (0.50%) 1:400 (0.25%)
68 Maximum flow velocity 1.0m/s 2.5m/s
Maximum side slopes Varies depending on
69 1:5
material
Acceptable linings: grouted stone pitching, concrete, rock filled gabion
70
mattresses, concrete blocks (flexible) etc.
Low flow area of the channel must be lined to facilitate cleaning
71
operations
Stormwater ponds
72 Numerous small ponds must be avoided
73 Must serve dual purpose, where possible
74 Subsurface drains are to be installed
75 Grassed ponds to have an irrigation system
Dry ponds are preferred, wet ponds only permissible where water depth
76 can be sustained at minimum depth of 1.2m throughout dry season

77 Minimum invert slope Unlined Lined

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 49
 N/
ITEM CHECK
A
1:50 (2%) 1:250 (0.40%)
375mm(Special outlet design may be
78 Minimum outlet diameter required to limit flow, in order to meet
downstream system constraints)
Minimum backdrop at outlet
structure to allow for
79 800mm
subsurface drainage( Invert
level below pond bottom)
Maximum embankments
80 1:5 (20%)
slope(grassed)
Flood escape routes
81 Flood escape routes to be provided at all trapped low areas
General developments considerations
Where impervious area exceeds 600m² shall be served with underground
82
connection (min 300mm dia.)
Drainage of “backyards” serving attached houses/structures to be taken
83
into consideration.
Private developments with pond/treatment facilities: servitude registered
84
over such facilities in favour of the City.
85 Access for river cleaning equipment
Stormwater conduits ( including Connections) are to be inspected by
86
means of CCTV prior to taking over the development
Oil/grease interceptor traps, to be provided at taxi ranks to facilitate the
87
removal of oil and other pollutants.
Masonry bricks
Burnt Clay Masonry Units (to SANS 227:2007)

Underground Infrastructure (Manholes, catchpits, etc)

Class: NFXE (Engineering Unit), Solid (un-perforated), Nominal compressive
strength : 21MPa,
Dimensions: Imperial 222 x 106 x 73, Limits for cold water absorption: Not
more that 12% Efflorescence; special grade
89

Surface Infrastrucure (wingwalls, headwalls, etc)

Class: FBXE (Engineering unit), Solid (un-perforated), ), Nominal
compressive strength : 21Mpa,
Dimensions: Imperial 222 x 106 x 73, Limits for cold water absorption: Not
more that 12%
Colour and Texture : Uniform, Efflorescence: special grade
Concrete Masonry Units (to SANS 1215:2008)

Surface Infrastructure ONLY (wingwalls) headwalls

Solid (un-perforated) (structural and load bearing), Nominal compressive
90
strengths: 21 Mpa
Dimensions: Imperial 222 x 106 x 73, Clour. ‘Cement grey’, Texture; Plain
face
Ave drying shrinkage : 0.06% (Normal shrinkage Unit)

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 50
 N/
ITEM CHECK
A
Certified that plans had been examined in accordance with the checklist above:

PROJECT TITLE:
Official Consultant Date Official Date Consultant
Checked by

Signed by

11. Sewers
11.1 Relevant Codes of Practice, Policy and Guidelines
Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design (Red Book)
Service Guidelines and Standards – CoCT document – October 2010 Version 3.0

12. Water reticulation

12.1 Relevant Codes of Practice, Policy and Guidelines
a) Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design (Chapter 9).
b) CoCT document – Service Guidelines and Standards – October 2010 version
3.0

13. Ducts
13.1 General
Refer to drawings R24 A, B, C, D, and R25

Engineering drawings for proposed roadways shall make provision for ducts for the
various services in order to prevent roadways from being dug up in future for the laying
of cables etc.

At design stage the service providers shall be contacted and their needs for ducts for
future cables or other services shall be obtained from them in writing.

13.2 Relevant Codes of Practice, Policy, Guidelines and Specifications.

a) SABS 1200

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 51
13.3 Design Criteria
Ducting Design Criteria
1. Duct to extend beyond kerb line (minimum distance) 1.0m
High voltage
1000mm
cables
2. Minimum depth below finished road Medium voltage
800mm
surface cables
Low voltage
600mm
cables
3. Minimum trench width 600mm
4. Minimum side clearance (between trench wall and duct) 200mm
5. Minimum horizontal clearance between adjacent ducts 150mm
6. Minimum vertical clearance between ducts 100mm

13.3.1 Draw wires (nylon rope) to be installed in all ducting, with a 2m free length at each end.

13.3.2 Duct ends shall be sealed at end with uPVC end caps.

13.3.3 Ducting for Traffic Signals shall be provided with Cable Inspection Chamber at duct
ends as per detailed drawing R24.

13.4 Ducting Pipe Materials

Ducting Pipe Materials
Pipe
Service Provider Diameter Specification
(mm Ø)
HDPE Class 16, type 5 complying with
1. Telecommunication 110 SABS 533 using compression fittings
and joints.
Electrical: Low
2. 110
Voltage uPVC Class 400 KPa complying with
Electrical: High SANS 1601 using spigot and socket
3. 160
Voltage rubber ring joints.
4. Traffic Signals 110
uPVC Class 34 heavy duty complying
5. Irrigation (parks) 110 with SABS 791 using spigot and socket
rubber ring joints

Pipes for electrical ducts must be encased in 10MPa concrete.

All pipe ends shall have all sharp edges and irregularities removed prior to installation.
Pipe ducts are to be arranged as shown on drawings R23A, R23B, R23C, R23D, R23E and
R23F. The maximum allowed deviation in any direction is 30 mm. Before the installation
of end caps, all pipes shall be checked for obstructions, which shall be removed by
using a “pig”.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 52
13.5 Duct Marking Details
Electrical duct crossings shall have danger tape installed on top of the concrete duct
section just below the pavement structure of a road.

Services Type Lettering Colour Specifications

Ducts
1. Telkom T Green Cut lettering on kerb
2. Electrical E Red face with grinder, 75mm
3. Traffic R Yellow high x 5mm thick
P Black Precast recessed kerbs
4. Parks (Irrigation)
are preferred
Watermains
V Blue Blue cover for chamber.
1. Valve Cut V on kerb face
(75mm x 75mm)
H Yellow Yellow cover for
chamber.
2. Fire hydrant
Paint one kerb (1000mm)
yellow
House connections
Cut single groove on
kerb face with grinder
75mm high x 5mm thick
and install 75mm x
1. Sewer Brown 150mm x 1 000mm
concrete edging stone
protruding 100mm above
finished ground level at
connection point
Cut single groove on
2. Water Blue kerb face with grinder,
75mm high x 5 mm thick
Cut single groove on
3. Electrical Red kerb face with grinder,
75mm high x 5 mm thick

13.6 General
Designers’ and Developers’ attention is drawn to the City’s requirement in terms of
private developments.

These requirements shall apply in all cases where changes, alterations, new or additions
to infrastructure and services that need to be taken over by the City at completion of
the works.

This section gives only a brief summary of the requirements.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 53
13.7 Relevant Codes of Practice, Policy, Guidelines and Specifications
a) Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design (Red Book)
b) Standard Conditions for the Construction or Alteration of Transport, Roads
and Stormwater Infra-structure by Private Developers
c) SABS 1200
d) SARTSM and SADC-RTSM Manuals

13.8 Legal Requirements

a) The Developer is responsible for ensuring compliance with applicable
legislation including City of Cape Town by-laws. Certain activities may be
subject to permit approvals by national and provincial government
departments.

13.9 Site Development Plan

A fully detailed Site Development Plan (conceptual design) to an acceptable scale
must be submitted to the relevant Director for approval prior to the submission of a
detail design. This is to allow for the setting of further requirements, specifications and
conditions relating to Transport, Roads, Stormwater, Sewer and Water infrastructure
which must be considered in the detail design. Attention must be given to the existing,
planned and potential development in the vicinity of the development.

13.10 Detailed Design

The detailed design must be in accordance with the requirements of this document.

The design must be carried out and certified by an Engineering Professional registered
with the Engineering Council of South Africa in terms of the Engineering Professionals
Act, 46 of 2000 with competence in the relevant field.

13.11 Construction, Supervision and Testing

13.11.1 No construction work may commence before an approval of the detailed design (in
writing) is obtained from the D:R&S.

13.11.2 No work may commence without wayleaves from the various Departments for
Stormwater, Sewer, Water, Electricity and Telecommunication services. The Developer’s
contractor must acquaint himself with the exact position of all underground services
before commencing any excavation work.

13.11.3 The D: R&S must be informed in writing not less than 5 working days before construction
is due to commence.

13.11.4 The standard of workmanship and the materials used shall be in accordance with SABS
1200. The City may however specify amendments to SABS 1200.

13.11.5 Adequate supervision by a Registered Professional Engineer must be provided for the
full duration of the works. In this regard a proposal for site supervision must be submitted
to the D:R&S for approval before construction work commences. The proposal shall
include the name (or names where a team is required) of the individuals proposed, their
CVs and the time that they will devote to site supervision on the project. Failure to
adhere to the approved proposal may jeopardise clearance for separate registration
of the properties. The Registered Professional Engineer may have no direct financial

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 54
 interest in the development, other than payment of standard professional fees for the
work performed.

13.11.6 The necessary testing as prescribed in SABS 1200 shall be carried out and the results
thereof shall be made available to the D: R&S.

13.12 Supply of Water for Construction Purposes

The Developer shall note that water for construction purposes shall be obtained via
metered standpipes. The use of erf or house leadings for the supply of construction
water shall not be permitted.

13.13 Maintenance Guarantee

The developer shall furnish Council with a bank guarantee equal to 5% of the agreed
estimated value of the roads and infrastructure to be constructed. The guarantee shall
be to the satisfaction of the D:R&S and valid for the 12 month maintenance period,
which shall commence from the date of the certificate of completion.

14. Drawing standards and as-built requirements

14.1 General
Designers’ and Developers’ attention is drawn to the City’s requirement in terms of
drawing standards and as-built requirements.

14.2 Symbols, Line Styles and Colour

Drawings supplied by consultants for Civil Engineering Services shall have the same
symbols, line types and colours set out on drawing R2-1782.

14.3 Layers
Drawings shall be produced in the following layers:

Drawing Layers
1. Layer Includes
2. Roads Kerb lines, road edge lines, V-channels
3. Sidewalks Edging stone lines
4. Stormwater Manholes, catchpits, pipelines
5. Subsoil drainage Manholes, pipelines
6. Sewer Manholes, pipelines
7. Water Valves, hydrants, pipelines
8. Irrigation Valves, sprinkles, pipelines
Surface boxes, electrical poles, light poles,
9. Electrical
cables, overhead lines
Surface boxes, poles, manholes, cables,
10. Telecommunication
overhead lines
11. Cadastral All erf lines, road reserves, erf numbers.

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 55
14.4 Plan Layouts
Plan layouts shall include the following information:

a) Survey information, contour layout of existing surfaces

b) All existing service and cadastral information
c) Manhole numbers, cover levels and invert levels of all branches
d) Co-ordinate list of all members
e) Pipe diameters, classes and slopes
f) Finished road surface contours of all intersections
g) Grid positions (y, x) at regular intervals
h) Legend for Services
i) North point
j) Locality plan with sufficient information to uniquely identify the location

14.5 Longitudinal Sections

Longitudinal sections of all underground services and roads to be constructed shall be
provided, and shall include the following information:

a) Existing ground profile

b) Depth and position of existing services to be indicated
c) Manhole numbers
d) Pipe diameters, length and slope
e) Stake values and final centre line road levels at regular intervals and at
vertical and horizontal curve details.

14.6 As-Built Information

As-built information supplied by the developer’s engineering consultants at the
completion of a project shall be in the following 2 formats:

14.6.1 As Built Plans

a) Three (3) sets of as built services layout plans (to a scale not smaller than
1:500) including longitudinal sections printed on A0 or A1 paper size be
provided.
b) All drawings must be referenced in WGS84 coordinate system.

14.6.2 Electronic As Built Data

a) An electronically produced ASCII file in LYXZ format supplied by an

independent surveyor (post construction survey) of the centre points of all
surface boxes (manholes, catchpits, valves, fire hydrants etc.), and kerb
face positions at beginning and end points of all curves and changes in
direction be provided as part of As Built information. Drawings must be
adapted where the difference between Design and As Built exceeds the
tolerance of 50mm in XY position and 10mm in Z (height).
b) An ASCII or ACCESS (dbf file) in LYXZ-format of the cover and invert levels of
sewer and stormwater manholes, catchpits, hydrants and valves. The project
name, company name and contact details must appear on the data set.
c) As-Built drawings: electronic Allycad.drg format is preferred, or alternatively
AutoCad.dxf (version 2000 or older). Grid positions to be indicated on all
drawings. [is this really the preferred format?]

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 56
 d) All attribute data, i.e. pipe sizes, materials, slopes, cover, lengths and invert
levels, clearly indicated on the layout drawings, positioned at the entity.
e) Drawings produced in different layers for each service.

15. Standard detail drawings

15.1 List of Standard Drawings

Date of Drawing
Description
Drawing Number
Roads
Precast Concrete Kerb, Channel and Edging Details R1A
Precast Concrete Kerb, Channel and Edging Details R1B
Precast Concrete Kerb, Channel and Edging Details R1C
Typical IRT Cross Section, R2A
Typical IRT Cross Section R2B
Typical Cross Section (Preferred), 18m Road Reserve of R3A
Mixed Middle-Order Link (Class 4 Local Distributor ) –
Typical Cross Section, 18m Road Reserve of Mixed R3B
Middle-Order Link (Class 4, Local Distributor )
Typical Cross Section, (Preferred) 12m Road Reserve of R4A
Mixed Lower-Order Link (Class 5, Access Street)
Typical Cross Section, (Preferred) 12m Road Reserve of R4B
Mixed Lower-Order Link (Class 5, Access Street)
Typical Cross Section, 10m Road reserve of Mixed R5
Lower-Order Link (Class 5, Access Street)
Typical Cross Section, 8m Road reserve of Mixed R6
Lower-Order Link (Class 5, Access Street)
Typical Cross Section - Labour Intensive Construction, R7A
18m Road Reserve of Mixed Middle-Order Link (Class 4,
Local Distributor)
Typical Cross Section - Labour Intensive Construction, R7B
10m Road Reserve of Mixed Lower-Order Link (Class 5,
Access Street)
Typical Cross Section – Labour Intensive Construction R8A
6m Road Reserve of Pedestrian Only Link
Typical Cross Section – Labour Intensive Construction, 6 R8B
m Road Reserve of Pedestrian Only Link
Typical Cross Section , 6m Road Reserve of Pedestrian R9
Only Link
Details of curve Widening on Class 5 Road Reserves R10
Typical Roundabout (Urban Compact) at Middle and R11
Lower Order Link Roads
Section of Typical Urban Compact Roundabout R12
Typical Mini Roundabout at Middle & Lower Order Link R13
Roads
Section of Typical Mini Roundabout R14
Typical Raised Pedestrian Crossing R15

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 57
 Date of Drawing
Description
Drawing Number
Typical Speed Hump R16
Typical Pedestrian Crossing for Disabled Persons R17A
Typical Pedestrian Crossing for Disabled Persons and R17B
the Blind
Typical Taxi and Bus Embayment R18
Parallel Parking Bays R19
Road Name Kerb Details R20
105mm Streetname Plate Specification and Detail R21
Precast Concrete Bollard R22
Survey Mark R23
Specification for Installation of Duct Sections R24A
Specification for Installation of Duct Sections R24B
Specification for Installation of Duct Sections R24C
Specification for Installation of Duct Sections R24D
Cable Inspection Chamber R25
Council Handrailing R26A
Standard for Channel Section Fence R26B
Guardrails R27A
Guardrail Details R27B
Guardrail Detail with Posts in Concrete Side Drain or R27C
Paved areas.
Cabel Fence Detail R28
Typical Mole Barrier Installation Detail R29
Typical Raised Intersection R30
Ground Mounted Signs – Braced Support Detail R31
Stormwater
Subsurface drains SW1
Manhole for subsurface drainage SW2
Stormwater manhole for pipes up to ø600mm SW3
Stormwater manhole – section for ø675mm pipes and SW4A
larger
Stormwater manhole – plan for ø675 pipes and larger SW4B
Stormwater manhole for pipes ø675and larger SW4C
benching options
Sweep manhole for dia 750ø and larger SW5A
Sweep manhole for dia 750ø and larger SW5B
Double Kerb Inlet – Gully Grid Catchpit SW6
Catchpits on Steep Slopes (Gradients greater than 8%) SW7
Double gully grid catchpit SW8
Typical stormwater headwall SW9
Box culvert inlet and outlet details SW10A
Reinforcement for wingwalls and floor slabs of box SW10B
culverts
Standard 2010 Manhole Cover and Frame SW11A
Standard 2010 Manhole Cover and Frame SW11B
Standard 2010 Manhole Cover and Frame SW11C

MinimumStandardsRoads&Stormwater.doc 58
 Date of Drawing
Description
Drawing Number
Gully grid and Frame Detail SW12
Light Duty stormwater non-return Flap SW13
Anchor Blocks for Pipes on Steep Slopes SW14
Oil/Petrol intercepting trap SW15
Water
Valve Chamber W1
Hydrant Chamber W2
Typical Water Connection W3
Typical Water Meter Chamber (Based on Sensus W4A
Meitwin & WPVD Meters)
Typical Water Meter Chamber (Based on Sensus W4B
Meitwin & WPVD Meters)
DRAWING STANDARDS
Legend and pen thickness for the various municipal R2-1782
utility services

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