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Design of Footing As Per Is 456-2000

Design of Footing as Per is 456-2000

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Aref Malkawi
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776 views28 pages

Design of Footing As Per Is 456-2000

Design of Footing as Per is 456-2000

Uploaded by

Aref Malkawi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Design of Footings by §.Praveenkumar Assistant:Professor DepartmentrofiCivil Engineering PSG! Gollegé: of Téchnology Coimbatore Introduction > The ultimate support for any structure is provided by the underlying earth or soil material and, therefore, the stability of the structure depends anit. > Since soil is usually much weaker than other common materials of construction, such as steel and concrete, a greater area or volume of soil is necessarily involved in order to satisfactorily carry a given loading. > Thus, in order to impart the loads carried by structural members of steel or concrete to sail, a load transfer device is necessary. > The structural foundation serves the purpose of such a device. > A foundation is supposed to transmit the structural loading to the supporting soil in such a way that the soil is not overstressed and that serious settlements of the structure are not caused. ° > The type of foundation utilized is closely related to the properties of the supporting soil, since the performance of the foundation is based on that of the soil, in addition to its own. > Thus, it is important to recognize that it is the soil-foundation system that provides support for the structure; the components of this system should nat be viewed separately. > The foundation is an element that is built and installed, while the sail is the natural earth material which exists at the site. General types of foundations The various types of structural foundations may be grouped into two broad categories |) Shallow foundations 2) Deep foundations. “Nn + D,depth) l ¢#——— b+} (width) D, b Deep foundation Foundation-shallow or deep (Terzaghi) Further classification of shallow foundations and deep foundations is as follows: Shallow Foundations Footings Rafts (Mats) Spread Strap Combined footing (Cantilever) footings footings Continuous Isolated Rectangular Trapezoidal (strip or wallly (individual) footings footings ‘Square Circular Rectangular Deep Foundations Deep footings Piles Piers Caissons (continuous or isolated) (Wells) Spread footings a “- Column —Wall ~ wall Column Pedestal comer Joist Footing Footing Footing Section __ Section _ Section Conereté pad Plan (a) Continuous (b) Isolated —_(c) Isolated footing (4) Monolithic —_(e) Grillage footing footing with pedestal footing Common types of spread footings Spread footing foundation is basically a pad used to “spread out” loads from walls or columns over a sufficiently large ares of foundation sul Strap Footings ‘Section ~ section 1 Section 1 sta Svap 1 sap (or: ‘] J L T t ‘ar or wo oa sirep strap D0 ‘o ‘o Common arrangement of strap beams in strap footinas A'strap footing’ comprises two or more footings connected by a beam called ‘strap’. This is alsa called a ‘cantilever footing’ or ‘pump-handle foundation’ Combined footings Aq rv A a Section Section Plan (a) Rectangular combined footing (b) Trapezoidal combined footing Combined footings Acombined footing supports two ar mare columns ina raw when the areas required for individual footings are such that they come very near each other. Ratt Foundations A raft or mat foundation is a large footing, usually supporting walls as well as several columns in two or more rows. This is adopted when individual column footings would tend to be too close or tend to overlap; further, this is considered suitable = when differential settlements arising out of footings on weak soils are to be minimized. wall Column — walt oe a 4 Wally aa | | | | Section Plan Raft (Mat) foundation (Flat slab type) ® Deep ia Teel] Box Plan Compressed ar Lupo 350 «Nm ‘Working chamber (@) Box (noating) caisson 10 (a) Pie-ype (0) Box type (©) Pneumavic ‘open caisson open caisson caisson ‘Types of caissons (After Teng, 1976) wee Weak 7 — Strata [sce >b D, strong | | stratum t var Hard stratum eb Pile foundation Deep footing Pier foundation IS 456 Provisions for Design of Footings Design Loads for Foundation Design LLoads for determination of size of foundation 1, Dead + imposed loads 1.0 DL + 1.0 LL 2. Dead + wind or earthquake loads 1.0 DL + 1.0 WL 3. Dead + imposed + wind (or earthquake) 1.0 DL + 0.8 LL + 0.8 WL (EL) 2. Loads for limit state design of foundation (a) 1.5 (DL + LL) (b) 1.2 (DL + LL + WL) (c) 1.5 (DL + WL) (d) 0.9 DL + 1.5 WL In multi-storeyed buildings, one should also consider the allowable reduction in live load for residential and office buildings. Reduction of LL on Columns and Foundations (IS 875 Part 2) No. of floors/roofs supported by column Per cent reduction of load on all floors 1 0 2 10 3 20 4 30 5-10 40 Above 10 50 Note: No reduction for GF to basement and no deduction for dead loads are allowed. Design Centrally loaded Isolated footings The major steps in the design of column footing square or rectangular can be summarized as follows. Step-l- Determine the plan area from the allowable nearing capacity and service loads from the column, assuming a reasonable (10% of loading) as weight for the footing. Step-2- Taking the factored dead and live loads, determine the ultimate soil reaction for the factored design load. Step-3+ Determine the depth for one-way shear, assuming a design shear strength value t, Theoretically, this value depends on the percentage of steel in slab. However, for preliminary design, a value of t, =0.35 N/mm corresponding to 0.25% steel may be assumed. Step-4- Determine the Depth from bending Considerations. Step-5- Check the depth adopted for safety against punching shear. If it is not sufficient increase the depth so that the footing is sate in punching shear. Step-G- Choose the largest depth required considering steps 3, 4, and 5 and provide the necessary cover. Step-7- Calculate the reinforcement required in the X and Y directions from the bending moment considerations. The steel provided at the section for maximum moment should not be less than the minimum specitied for slabs. Step-8- Check the Development length required and choose the proper diameter of bars. Step-9- Detail the steel as specified in IS. Step-I0-Provide the necessary cover to reinforcement and find the total depth of footing required. Step-ll- Verify the design by charts a Wall Footings > Wall footings are continuous strip footings under masonry walls. > In ordinary low rise buildings, we use masonry walls to carry the superstructure loads to the ground. > The types of foundations generally used in them are the following: = Simple plain concrete continuous strip wall footing = Reinforced concrete continuous strip wall footing = Reinforced concrete continuous T or U beam wall foundations( when the beam is upstanding, it is called a T-beam and when it is down standing, it is called a U-Beam) © o Types of wall footings: (a) Plain concrete footing under a straight wall; (b) Plain concrete footing under a stepped wall; (c) Reinforced concrete slab footing; (d) R.C. T-beam footing; (e) R.C. U-beam footing; and (f) Vierendeel frame footing which acts as a girder when supported at the end on rigid supports like a pile or pier. Design of Isolated Footings with Vertical Loads and Moments There are many instances where foundations are subjected to vertical loads W and moments M. We have to distinguish between the following three cases. Case I: Foundation is always acted on by W and M, where the moment M is due to the eccentricity of vertical loads and these loads always act on the structure and the foundation is always under W and M. (In this case, we design for uniform pressure by providing eccentricity in the foundation.) Case 2: ‘The moment M is large and acts only temporarily. This happens, for example, in the case of large wind loads acting always in one direction. This is also the case with a cantilever retaining wall foundation subjected to a large value of M due to earth pressure. Case 3: Where the moment can reverse itself as happens when the wind can blow from any direction. Case | W Lo 3 qe ey, 12k ang 2B avd 2B 6 where M acts in the direction of length L. TOT] : WY, , 66 aE [+] e=MP @ Case 1: Planning of fooing with vical lad and constant moment (@) Footing with load and moment, ()Etfect of W and M,(c) lacing column wih eccenticy e opposing eft of M, tus producing unorm ground pressure If e is more than L/6, q will be negative and, as the foundation cannot take negative pressure, the pressure will readjust itself so that it is not greater than L/6. If eccentricity is L/6 towards one end, then the base pressure will be zero at the other end. Case 2 Let e, = MIW, ey = eccentricity we adopt on the opposite side. Atend 1, At end 2, M oN 2 eM 4 * SS (a) /}-———! =, ———— 6,2 0/2= LIB M=0 ‘- ow ———— nn) Ww i ee Case 2: Planning isolated footing for a column subjected to vertical load ‘and varying moment (varying from 0 to M) acting in one direction only 0 produce allowable ground pressures, (a) W and M acting on foundation. Make L = 3e, and place column with 3/2 on opposite side of (b)Ground pressure with M = 0, (6) Resultant ground pressure with moment equal to maximum moment M. (Provide area of foundation for 2W) Therefore, e; = 2e2, or we adopt e, = e,/2. As e should not be + L/6 for no tension, we adopt a length of footing L = 6, or 3e, Thus, we adopt a length of footing 3 times the value M/W of eccentricity and place the column with an eccentricity L/6, There will be no tension in the base with M and without M. (Note: In the next case when the wind can blow in the opposite direction as well, we will set L = 6¢,,) The necessary width B is found as follows: From Eqs. and putting e) = L/6, we obtain (Glee BL 6)\BL) BL We plan the footing in such a way that B = 2W/Lq. Procedure for Planning Layout of Footings W with and Varying M Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4: Step 5: Step 6: Step 7: Step 8: Step 9: Calculate the area of the footing for twice the load. Aa=2 orp q Calculate ¢; = M/W and adopt L,, the length of the footing as 3 times this eccentricity. Find also the breadth B = A/L. Place the column load with an eccentricity Find factored loads for design. Check for the maximum ground pressure. Find the depth of the footing for one-way shear for conditions of only W acting. Repeat check for the depth for one-way shear for W and M acting. Check for punching shear. Find the maximum bending moment for longitudinal steel. Check the depth for adequacy in bending. Determine longitudinal steel required. Step 10: Check the size of the rod selected for anchorage. Steps 11 and 12: Show the procedure of determining transverse steel. There are two methods in this procedure. Method 1: Proceed as in rectangular footing and place steel as specified in IS 456 for rectangular footings. a Case 3: Planning isolated footing with vertical load and varying moment which ‘can actin the reverse direction also, (a) and (0) Layout with L = 6e. Place column at centre of footing, (c) Ground pressure due to vertical load only, (@) and (e) Ground pressure due to varying moments in reverse directions \solated column footing with central vertical load W and moment M due to wind loading acting in any direction. (a) Resolution of diagonal load into two loads in X-Y directions, (b) Ground pressure due to moments, (c) Maximum pressure ‘due to diagonal wind load, In a structure such as a water tank built on top of a single column the wind can blow in any direction. Thus, we design the foundation for winds in the X- and Y-axis. If we adopt a square footing, the wind acting along its diagonal direction will be critical Therefore, we proceed as follows: As shown in Figure assume the effect of a diagonal wind on the ground pressure to be due to the wind acting both in X- and ¥-directions simultaneously. Thus, Qmax = V2 (wind acting on the X- or ¥-direction) We combine this load with dead and live loads to check that the pressures are not exceeded. We proceed as follows. Step 1: Find the three cases of characteristic load combinations of service loads and four cases for limit state. Step 2: Find the base area required. A square foundation of liberal size is preferred. The side of the square should exceed 6 times the eccentricity ¢; due to M, and the column is pieced at the centre so that the ground pressure is always positive in whichever direction the wind blows. (In case 2, it was 3 times e; and, in the present case, as the wind can blow in opposite side also, it should be 6 times ¢;.) Step 3: Check for safety for maximum ground pressure. The effect of wind load can be considered as V2 x wind in one direction, Step 4: Take the four cases of factored loads and find the maximum pressures for limit state design for each case. Step 5: Select the maximum pressure for design. Step 6: Find the depth for one-way shear. Step 7: Check the above depth for punching shear. Step 8: Find the steel for bending in the X- and ¥-directions. Step 9: Check the diameter of steel chosen to satisfy bond. Step 10: Check against diagonal wind. 23 Combined Footings for Two Columns > The term combined footings is usually used for one footing which is designed to carry the loads of two separate columns. > When three or more column loads in one line are supported on one long single footing, it is called a column strip footing. > Rafts and mats support many columns located both in x and y —aXes. Types of combined footings > In general, we can have the following three types of combined footings. = Combined slab footing with a continuous slab bond. = Combined longitudinal beam and slab footing with continuous slab base and as longitudinal strap or spine beam to the ends of the slab connecting the two columns. = Combined transverse beam and slab footing with continuous slab base and separate transverse beam under columns. Five types of two-column combined footings, (a) Rectangular slab type, (b) Rectangular beam and slab type, (c) Trapezoidal slab type, (d) Trapezoidal beam and slab type, (e) Transverse beam and slab type, (f) Transverse distribution of column load on slab footing (CS—Column strip of width equal to column size + 0.75d on either side). i t 1 [sap (a) (b) Two-column combined footings: (a) Load on inner column larger than on the outer, (b) Load on inner column smaller than on the outer, (c) Individual footing excavation overlap. (©) or Thank You !!

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