CHAPTER 4 Modified on :25 June 1999

Overhead Lines Problems e.mail : C.Indulkar@ieee.org

with Solutions
Problems Topics
4.1 Nominal -T - ABCD constants
4.2 Overhead line-Basic Parameters and surge impedance
4.3 Overhead lines - Potential distribution across a string of insulators-Example 1
4.4 Overhead lines -Performance using nominal -PI circuit
4.5 ABCD parameter of cascaded networks
4.6 Overhead lines- Capacitance and Charging current
4.7 Overhead lines -Performance using short-line representation-Example 1
4.8 Short line -Required Q at the receiving end to maintain Vs=Vr
4.9 Overhead lines - Potential distribution across a string of insulators-Example 2
4.10 Overhead lines -Performance using short-line representation-Example 2
4.11 Overhead lines-Performance of parallel feeders from ABCD parameters
4.12 Overhead line:Earthing -Peterson coil
4.13 Overhead line-Corona
4.14 Overhead lines-Performance using nominal T representation
4.15 Overhead lines - Potential distribution across a string of insulators-Example 3
4.16 Overhead lines - Receiving end power circle diagram
4.17 Overhead lines -Plot of receiving end voltage against power

WEBSITE takes you to the start page after you have read this Chapter.
Start page has links to other Chapters.

Prob.4.1 Nominal-T-ABCD constants

Determine the ABCD constants for the nominal T circuit of a transmission line for which
R= 10 ohms, X= 20 ohms, and Y = 400 microsiemens for each phase.

Solution: R 10 ohms
X 20 ohms
Y 0.0004 S
Z = R+jX N.B. Bold letters indicate complex numbers
YZ=-jYR+YX
Y*R 0.004
Y*X -0.008
A= 1+(YZ/2)
ReA=1+(Y*X)/2 0.996
ImA=-YR/2 -0.002
A= 1+(YZ/2) .996-j.002 Answer

B=Z(1+YZ/2)=Z(ReA+jImA)=(R+jX)*(ReA+jImA)

ReB=R*ReA-X*ImA 10
ImB=X*ReA+R*ImA 19.9

B= 9.94+j20.08 ohms Answer

C=Y j.0004 S Answer

Top of page
Prob.4.2 Overhead line-Basic Parameters and surge impedance
A single-circuit three-phase 60 Hz transmission line consists of three conductors 1,2,3
each of diameter .635 cm. The spacings between the conductors are D12=D13=5 m and D23
= 8 m. Find the inductive and capacitive reactance of the line per km per phase.Determine
also the surge impedance of the line , and the phase shift in radians per m.

Solution: f 60 Hz
m0 =4*3.14*1E-07= 0.00000126
D12 5 m
D13 5 m
D23 8 m

Deq = cube root of (D12*D23*D31) 5.848 m

d 0.00635 m
r =d/2 0.00318 m
Deq 5.848

XL per m = f m0 ln(Deq/r)
0.000567 ohm/m
0.567 ohm/km Answer
L per m 1.503711E-06 H/m

e0 8.846426E-12 F/m
C per m = 2 pe0 / ln(Deq/r)
7.389134E-12 F/m

Xc per m =1/(2*3.14*f*C)
359166276 ohm/m
359166.3 ohm/km Answer

Zo surge impedance =sqrt(L/C)=sqrt(XL*Xc)

451.113 ohms Answer
w =2*3.14*f
b phase shift, rad/m= = w sqrt(L*C)
0.000001256 rad/m Answer

Top of page

Prob.4.3 Overhead lines - Potential distribution across a string of insulators-Example 1

Figure below shows a string of suspension insulators.

E1
mC
C 1 E2
mC
C 2 E
mC E3
3
C mC E4

m = 5. The voltage between the line conductor and earth is 76 kV. Find
(i) the potential difference across each unit, and
(ii) the string efficiency.

Solution: Writing KCL equations at nodes 1, 2 and3:

 mCE2 = mCE1 + E1 Eq.1
mCE3 = CE1 +CE2+mCE2 Eq.2
mCE4 = CE1 +CE2 +CE3 +mCE3 Eq.3
Also;
E = E1 +E2 +E3 +E4 Eq.4
m 5
E 76 kV
Rewriting eqs.1-3 :
E2 = E1(1+(1/m)) e1.5
E3 =E1(1+(3/m)+(1/(m*m))) eq.6
E4 =E1(1+(6/n)+(5/(m*m))+(1/(m*m*m)) eq.7
From Eq.4
E =E1(4+(10/m)+6/(m*m)+1/(m*m*m))
or,
E1 =E/(4+(10/m)+6/(m*m)+1/(m*m*m))
E1 12.164 kV Answer
Using eqs.5-7:
E2 = E1*(1+(1/m))
14.597 kV Answer
E3 =E1*(1+(3/m)+(1/(m*m)))
19.949 kV Answer
E4 =E1*(1+(6/n)+(5/(m*m))+(1/(m*m*m))
29.291 kV Answer

Top of Page

Prob.4.4 Overhead lines -Performance using nominal -PI circuit

A single-circuit 60 Hz 3-phase transmission line has the following parameters:
R = 0.3 ohm /km
L = 2.1 mH/km
C =0.014 microfarad/km
If this line is 75 km long and delivers 40 MW at 132 kV and 80 % pf lagging, determine the
sending -end voltage, current, power, and power factor. Compute the efficiency of
transmission, characteristic impedance, wavelength , and velocity of propagation. Use nominal
p circuit.
Solution: l line length 75 km
R 0.3 ohm/km
L 0.0021 H/km
C 0.000000014 F/km
R' =R*l 22.5 ohms
L' =L*l 0.1575 H
C' =C*l 0.00000105 F
f frequency 60 Hz
w =2*p*f 376.8 rad/s
Xl =w*L' 59.346 ohms
w*C' 0.000396 S
Re Z 22.5 ohms
Im Z 59.346 ohms
Im Y 0.000396 S
P power 40000.000 kW
Vr L-L 132 kV
pf power factor 0.8 lag
Ir =P/(sqrt(3)*Vr*pf)
218.693284 A
Re Ir =Ir*pf
174.95462703 A
Im Ir =Ir*SIN(ACOS(pf))
131.21597027 A
 For nominal p:
Vs=((ZY/2)+1)Vr+ Z.Ir
Vr phase value 76210.235533 Volts
Re Vs =Vr -(Vr*ImZ*ImY/2)+ReZ*ReIr+ImZ*ImIr
87039.16273 Volts
Im Vs =(Vr*ReZ*ImY/2)+ImZ*ReIr-ReZ*ImIr
7769.7059123 Volts
Vs phase value 87385.262937
Vs (L-L) 151355.64467 Volts Answer
Theta= angleVs 5.1010771267 deg
Is= (Vs Y/2)+(Vr.Y/2)+Ir

Re Is =-(ImVs*ImY/2)+ReIr
173.4176238 A
Im Is =(ReVs*ImY/2)+(Vr*ImY/2)-ImIr
-98.92197431 A
Is 199.64776294 A
Phi= angle(Is) -29.70150304 deg.
pf power factor = COS((-Phi*3.14/180)+(Theta*3.14/180))
0.8212992233
Ps sending end power =sqrt(3)*Vs*Is*pf
42985809.526 W
42986 kW Answer
Efficiency =(P/Ps)*100
93.053552319 % Answer
g propagation constant =sqrt(ZY)= a+j b = A cos(B) + j Asin (B)
Where
A =sqrt(sqrt(ReZ*ReZ*ImY*ImY+ImZ*ImZ*ImY*ImY))
0.1584629699
B =(1/2)*ATAN((-ReZ/ImZ))
-0.181194396 rad
a =Re g =ACOS(B)
0.1558687978
b =Im g =A*SIN(B)
-0.028555747 rad
l =2*p l/b
3023.3119553 km Answer
velocity =f* l 181398.71732 km/s Answer

Zo =sqrt(Z/Y)= Acos(B) + jA Sin (B)

where
A =Sqrt(sqrt(ReZ*ReZ+ImZ*ImZ)/(ImY*ImY))
400.52312696
B =.5*atan( (-ReZ/ImZ))
-0.181194396
Re Zo 393.96622649
Im Zo -72.17608755
Zo 400.52312696 ohms Answer
angle of Zo -10.38693989 deg

Top of Page

Prob.4.5 ABCD parameter of cascaded networks

Find the ABCD parameters of a network resulting when a resistance of 10 ohms is
connected in series at the sending end of the network whose parameters are as follows:
A1=1 0deg;B1 = 40 90deg ohms;C1 = .003 90deg ,siemens
 D1 = .9 0deg

Solution: The resistance of 10 ohms has the following parameters:

A2= D2= 1 ,B2 = 10 ohms; C2=0

The overall parameters of the cascaded networks are:

Ao =A1A2+B2C1
=1+j400 Answer
Bo =A2B1+B2D1
9+j40 ohms Answer
Co A1C2+C1D2
j.003 siemens Answer
D0 B1C2+D1D2
0.9 Answer

Top of Page

Prob.4.6 Overhead lines- Capacitance and Charging current

A 3-phase transmission line 30km long has its conductors of .5 cm diameter spaced at the
of an equilateral triangle of 120 cm side. The line is fed from a star-connected transformer
(within neutral point earthen) at 33 kV (L-L) and 50 Hz. find the charging current.

Solution: eo 8.841921E-12 F/m

d spacing 1.2 m
r radius 0.0025 m
C Capacitance
C =2*3.1416* e o/(ln(d/r)
8.99862E-12 F/m
l Length 30 km
C Total 0.00000027 F
f 50 Hz
V per phase 19052.567767 Volts
I charging current =V*2*3.14*f*C
1.615 A Answer

Top of Page

Prob.4.7 Overhead lines -Performance using short-line representation-Example 1

In the following figure,

G1 T1 Line T2

Load
Vs=17 kV(L-L) Vr

A load of 50 MW at 0.8 pf lagging exists. The internal no-load voltage of the generator is held
at 17 kV(line).Determine the voltage at the load busbar. The load may be represented by a
constant impedance.
T1: 50 MVA,11/132kV,X=10%
T2: 50 MVA,132/33kV,X=12%
Line reactance =100 ohms

Solution: Base MVA chosen 100 MVA

kVbase 132 kV
Zb =kVbase*kVbase/Base MV 174.24 ohms
Line X 100 ohms
Line X pu 0.5739210285 pu
 T1:
MVArating 50 MVA
Xpu on rating 0.1 pu
Xpu on common base = BaseMVA*Xpu on rating/MVA rating
0.2 pu

T2:
MVArating 50 MVA
Xpu on rating 0.12 pu
Xpu on common base = BaseMVA*Xpu on rating/MVA rating
0.24 pu
Vs 17 kV
kVbase generator side 11 kV
Vs pu =Vs/kVbase 1.5454545455

Equivalent circuit:

Vs=1.545/d
Vrpu Load
R+jX
j.2 j.575 j.24

Ipu
P, Q

Ppu = Vrpu*Vrpu/Rpu
Qpu =Vrpu*Vrpu/Xpu
Cos( f) 0.8
Q = P*tan f
P 50 MW
Q =E325*TAN(ACOS(f))
37.5 MVAr
Ppu =P/BaseMVA 0.5
Qpu 0.375
Rpu 0
=2 Vrpu
Xpu 0
1/Qpu 2.6666666667
Xpu 2.67 Vrpu
Total reactance from source to load 1.0139210285

Ipu=1.545 d = Vrpu
sqrt(Rpu*Rpu +(Xpu+1.0139)*(Xpu+1.0139)) sqrt(Rpu*Rpu + Xpu*Xpu)

Simplifying this expression, we get a quadratic equation:

11.13 Vrpu*Vrpu*Vrpu*Vrpu-21.14 Vrpu*Vrpu+1.03=0
Its solution is

Vrpu=1.36 pu= 44.88 kV Answer

Top of Page
Prob.4.8 Short line -Required Q at the receiving end to maintain Vs=Vr
A 3-phase transmission line supplies 600 MW to aload of .98 pf lagging. The line reactance
is 21.83 ohms/phase.
Determine the reactive power required at the receiving end if the voltage at both sending and
receiveing ends is to be maintained at 275 kV(L-L).
Solution: I =Vs-Vr/jX
Qr= Im (Vr*I conjugate)=Im( (Vr VsConjugat-Vr*Vr)/(-jX)

=Im (( Vr 0 Vs -d -Vr*Vr)/(-jX)
=(VrVsCosd-Vr*Vr)/X
Vr per phase 158.77139805 kV
Vs per phase 158.77139805 kV
X per phase 21.83 ohms

Pr per phase 200 MW

Sind =Pr*X/(Vs*Vr)
0.1731965327
d 0.1740743314 rad.
Qr -17.45152323 MVAr
pf 0.98 lag
f =Acos(pf)
0.2003348423 rad.
Qload =Pr*tanf
40.611732127 MVar
Required Q =Qload-Qr
58.06325536 Mvar/phase
3-phase Required Q= 174.18976608 MVAr Answer

Top of Page

Prob.4.9 Overhead lines - Potential distribution across a string of insulators-Example 2

Determine the voltage distribution and the string efficiency of a three-unit suspension
insulator if the capacitance of the link-pins to earth and to the line is 15% and 5% of the self
-capacitance of each unit.

Solution:

E3
C
.15C 1 E2
C 0.05C
.15C 2
C E1 0.05C

Writing KCl at Node 1:

E2C=E3*C+E1*.15C-(E1+E2)*.05C
Writing KCL at Node 2:
E1*C=E2*C+(E2+E3)*.15C-E1*.05C
Rewriting the two equations:
E1*.1C-E2*1.05C+E3*C=0 eq.1
E1*.05C-E2*1.15C-E3*.15C=0 eq.2
E1 +E2+E3=100,say eq.3
We have to solve the following matrix equation:
1, 1 , 1 E1 100
.1,-1.05,1 E2 = 0
0.05,-1.15,-.15 E3 0

This matrix equation is of the form;

 I1 Y11 Y12 Y13 E1
0= Y21 Y22 Y23 E2
0 Y31 Y32 Y33 E3
We partition the matrix as above , and let the partitioned submatrices be

A = Y11 Y12 B= Y13

Y21 Y22 Y23

C= Y31 Y32 D=Y22

A= 1 1 B= 1
0.05 1.05 -1.15

C= 1.05 -1.15 D= -0.15

Calculate
BC = Y13Y31 Y13Y32
Y23Y31 Y23Y32

BC/D = Y13Y31/Y33 Y13Y32/Y33

Y23Y31/Y33 Y23Y32/Y33

A-BC/D = Y11-Y13Y31/Y33 Y12-Y13Y32/Y33

Y21-Y23Y31/Y33 Y22-Y23Y32/Y33

= 8 -6.667
-8 9.867

determinant = 25.6

A-BC/D Inverse = 0.3854 0.260

0.3125 0.313

E1 = A-BC/D Inverse I1
E2 0

= A-BC/D Inverse 100

0

= 38.54 V Answer
31.25 V Answer

E3 = -Y31/Y33,-Y32/Y33 E1
E2

=-Y31*E1/Y33-Y32*E2/Y33
30.21 V Answer
Check:
E1+E2+E3= 100 V

Top of Page

Prob.4.10 Overhead lines -Performance using short-line representation-Example 2

A short line has a series reactance of 16 ohms/phase. The input to the line is 20
MW/phase and 16 MVAr lagging /phase. If Vr= (100 + j0) kV/phase, calculate Vs and Is

Solution: P = Vs*Vr*Sin d/X

Q= (Vs*Vs/X)- Vs*Vr*Cos d/X
 Rewrite these equations as ;

Sind = P*X/(Vs*Vr) eq. 1

Cosd= (Vs*Vs/X-Q)*(X/(Vs*Vr)) eq.2
Square and add Eqs. 1 & 2:
We get the following quadratic equation in Vs*Vs:

Vs*Vs*Vs*Vs+b Vs*Vs+c=0, where

b=-2QX-Vr*Vr
c = P*P*X*X+Q*Q*X*X
Here
P 20 MW
Q 16 MVAr
Vr 100 kV
X 16 ohms
b=-2QX-Vr*Vr -10512
c=P*P*X*X+Q*Q*X*X 167936
Vs*Vs 10496
Vs 102.4499878 kV

Sind=P*X/(Vs*Vr) 0.0312347524
Cos d= 0.9995122348
Re Vs=Vs*Cos d 102.40001626 kV/ph Answer
Im Vs=Vs*Sin d 3.2 kV/ph

I =(VsCosd +j Vs sind -Vr)/jX

Re I = Vs *Sin d/X 0.2 kA Answer
Im I =-Vs *Cos d+Vr -0.150001016 kA Answer
I mag 0.2500006097 kA Answer

Top of Page

Prob.4.11 Overhead linOverhead lines-Performance of parallel feeders from ABCD parameters

Two parallel feeders have the following constants:
Constants Feeder I Feeder II
A= D 0.816 4.35 deg 0.871 2.5deg
B 227.2 72.3 deg 196 73deg
C 15.7*1E-04 91.4 deg 12.94*1E-04 92.35deg

Calculate the sending end voltage of the system when the receiving end is on open circuit,
and the receiving end voltage is 132 kV(L-L)

Solution: A =(A1B2+A2B1)/(B1+B2)
A1 mag 0.816
A1 angle 0.076 rad
A2 mag 0.871
A2 angle 0.044 rad
B1 mag 227.200
B1 angle 1.261 rad
B2 mag 196.000
B2 angle 1.273 rad
Re A1 0.8136517488
ImA1 0.0618613909
Re A2 0.8701718412
ImA2 0.037973238
Re B1 69.214760398
ImB1 216.40045504
Re B2 57.425908686
 ImB2 187.39867932
A =(ReA1+jImA1)(ReB2+jImB2)+(Re A2+JImA2)(ReB1+jImB1)
(ReB1+jImB1)+(ReB2+jImB2)

=ReA1ReB2-ImA1ImB2+Re2ReB1-ImA2ImB1+j(ImA1ReB2+ReA1ImB2+ReB1ImA2+ReA2ImB1)
ReB1+ReB2+j(ImB2+ImB1)

=N/D, say

ReN 87.143257577
ImN 346.96360071
ReD 126.64066908
ImD 403.79913437
Re A = (ReN*ReD +ImN*ImD)/(ReD*ReD+ImD*ImD)
0.8439227864
Im A = =ImN*ReD-ReN*ImD)/(ReD*ReD+ImD*ImD)
0.0488651091
A mag 0.8453363048
Vr = 132 kV
Vs = Amag.Vr 111.58439223 kV Answer

Top of Page

Prob.4.12 Overhead line:Earthing -Peterson coil

A 230 kV ,3-phase 50 Hz 200 km transmission line has a capacitance to earth of .02
microfarad/km/phase. Calculate the inductance and kVA ratin of the Peterson coil used
earthing the above system.

Solution: f 50 Hz
l 200 km
C' per km 0.00000002 F
C Total 0.000004 F
w 314 rad/s
L =1/(3*w*wC) 0.8451999405 Hz Answer
Vph 132.94797688 kV
I =Vph/wL 0.5009479769 kA
Rating =Vph*I*1000 66600.020047 kVA Answer

Top of page

Prob.4.13 Overhead line-Corona

A 3-phase overhead line consists of stranded copper conductors, spaced 3.66 m in
in equilateral formation. The diameter of each conductor is .94 cm. For disruptive critical
voltage, the surface factor is .9, and irregularity factor is .95;while for "local" and "general"
visual corona voltages , the surface factors are .7 and .8 respectively. If the ambient
temperature is 26.67 deg.C, and the barometric pressure is 74.2 cm of mercury, calculate
(a) the voltage at which corona begins
(b)the voltage for "local" corona
(c) the voltage for "general" corona
 The dielectric strength for air is 21.1 kV(rms) per cm at N. T. P

Solution: (a)
The voltage at which corona loss begins is called "disruptive critical voltage', Eo
Eo=21.1 m d r (1 + .3/sqrt(d r))ln (d/r) kV(rms)

d =3.92 b/(273+T)
b 74.2 cm
T 26.67 deg.C
d =3.92 b/(273+T) 0.9706
md surface factor for disruptiv 0.9
mi Irregularity factor 0.95
m #VALUE! 0.855
d spacing 366 cm
r radius 0.47 cm

Eo=21.1 m d r (1 + .3/sqrt(d r))ln (d/r) kV(rms)

79.128 kV(rms to earth)
136.89 kV(L-L) Answer
(b)
When the voltage is increased beyond Eo, corona begins to appear first in patches , which
is called local corona, and the voltage at which this phenomenon takes place is called Ev,
Visual Critical Corona.. If the voltage is increased still further , increased corona appears
along the whole conductor quite uniformly. The voltage at which this 'general' corona takes
place is Ev'

md surface factor for local 0.7

mi Irregularity factor 0.95
m #VALUE! 0.665

Ev=21.1 m d r (1 + .3/sqrt(d r))ln (d/r) kV(rms)

61.544 kV rms to earth
106.472 kV(L-L) Answer

md surface factor for "general 0.8

mi Irregularity factor 0.95
m = md*mi 0.76

Ev'=21.1 m d r (1 + .3/sqrt(d r))ln (d/r) kV(rms)

70.336 kV rms to earth
121.682 kV(L-L) Answer

Top of page

Prob.4.14 Overhead lines-Performance using nominal T representation

A balanced load of 50 MW at .8 power factor lagging is supplied at 132 kV, 50 Hz by
means of a transmission line. The series impedance of a single conductor is (20+ j 50 )
ohms, and the total phase-neutral admittance is 300 microsiemens. Using the nominal T
approximation , calculate the sending end voltage. If the load is removed and the sending
end voltage remains constant find the percentage rise in voltage at the receiving end.

Solution:
R 20 ohms
Xl 50 ohms
Y 0.0003 S
f frequency 50 Hz
w =2*p*f 376.8 rad/s
Re Z 20 ohms
Im Z 50 ohms
 Im Y 0.000 S
A= 1+ ZY/2
ReA =1+(ImZ*ImY)/2 0.993
ImA =-ReZ*ImY/2 0.003
B= Z*(1+ZY/4)
Re (1+ZY/4)
=1+(ImZ*ImY)/4 0.996
Im(1+ZY/4)
=-ReZ*ImY/4 0.0015
ReB 19.85
ImB 50

P power 50000000 W
Vr per phase 76210 Volts
pf 0.8 lag

Ir =P/(3*V*pf) 273.37 A
Re Ir 218.69 A
Im Ir -164.02 A
Vs = A*Vr+B*Ir Vr :Reference
ReVs = ReA*Vr+ReB*ReIr-ImB*ImIr
79472.80 Volts
ImVs = ImA*Vr+ReB*ImIr+ReIr*ImB
7873.05 Volts
Vsmag 79861.82 Volts
138324.66 Volts(L-L) Answer
Load removed, Vs = A*Vr
Vrmag = Vsmag/Amag 139369.30 Volts(L-L) Answer

Regulation=((Vr no load-Vr load)/Vr load)*100

5.71 % Answer

Top of page

Prob.4.15 Overhead lines - Potential distribution across a string of insulators-Example 3

A post type insulator consists of three pin insulators fixed one above another and used to
support a bus bar of a 115 kv 3-phase system,as shown below:

E3
C1
C2 1 E2
C1 E
C2 2
C1 E1
 If the voltage across the top pin insulator is twice that of the voltage across the bottom
insulator, determine the voltage across the middle insulator.

Solution:

Writing KCl at Node 1:

E2C1=E3*C1+(E1+E2)*C2
Writing KCL at Node 2:
E1*C1=E2*C1-E1*C2
Rewriting the two equations:
E1*C2+E2*(C2-C1)+E3*C1=0 eq.1
E1*(C1+C2)-E2*C1=0 eq.2
E1 +E2+E3=E,say eq.3
We have to solve the following matrix equation:

1, 1 , 1 E1 E
C1+C2,-C1,0 E2 = 0
C2,(C2-C1),C1 E3 0

Given that E3=2*E1

Therefore,
3E1+E2=E Eq.1
(C1+C2)E1-C1*E2=0 Eq.2
(C2+2*C1)*E1+(C2-C1)*E2=0 Eq.3
Let C1/C2= k, then

3E1+E2=E Eq.1
(k+1)E1-kE2=0 Eq.2
(1+2*k)E1+(1-k)*E2=0 Eq.3
Eliminate E1 from eq.1 & eq.2and obtain
(k+1)*(E-E2)/3-kE2=0 Eq.4
Eliminate E1 from eq.1 & eq.3and obtain
(1+2k)(E-E2)/3+(1-k)E2=0 Eq.5
Eliminate k from eqs.4& 5, and obtain the quadratic:
3E2*E2-EE2+E*E=0 Eq.6
E (L-L) 115 kV
E phase value 66.395311914 kV
Solving the quadratic Eq.6 , we get
E2=(3E-sqrt(5*E*E))/2= 25.360752457 kV Answer

Top of page

Prob.4.16 Overhead lines - Receiving end power circle diagram

A 50 Hz 3-phase transmission line is 175 km long .It has line constants A= .936 0.95deg
and B = 141.1 76.25 deg (ohms). It delivers 40 MW at 220 kV with 90 % pf lagging.
Construct a receiving end power circle diagram for this line. Locate the point corresponding
the load and locate the centre of circles for various values of Vs if Vr = 220 kV
Draw the circle passing through the load point. From the measured radius of the latter
circle ,determine Vs.

Solution: Amag 0.936

Vr L-L 220.0000 kV
Bmag 141.1 ohms
Amag*Vr*Vr/Bmag 321.0659107 MVA
a angle of A 0.95 deg
 b angle of B 76.25 deg
a angle of A 0.0165722222 rad
b angle of B 1.3301388889 rad
Centre (x, y ) of circle:
x =-AVR*Vr*COS(b-a)/b -81.67991901 MW
y =-AVR*Vr*SIN(b-a)/b -310.50 MVAr
pf 0.9 lag
pf angle 25.855040167 deg

Centre of circles is at -81.8 MW ,-311 MVAr

construct load line through origin at ACOS (.9)= 25.9 deg.
Draw vertical line at 40 MW. Load point is at intersection
of this line and load line in the first quadrant

Use scale of 1 cm =25 MVA

Q MVAr Load line

25.9 deg
P, MW

Centre of Circles

Radius of circle through the load point is 14.08 cm which is equivalent to 14.08*25=
352 MVA

Vs*VR/B= 352
Therefore Vs 225.76 kV Answer

Top of page

Prob.4.17 Overhead lines -Plot of receiving end voltage against power

A load is supplied through a 275 kV link of total reactance 50 ohms from an infinite busbar
at 275 kV. Plot the receiving end voltage against power for a constant load pf of .95 lagging.

Solution:
Vs=275 kV jX Vr -d
Load pf .95 lag

P = Vs*Vr* Sin (d)/X

Q= (Vs*Vr*Cos (d)-Vs*Vs)/X
Eliminate d from the above two equations and obtain
aVr*Vr*Vr+bVr*Vr+c=0 where
a 1 1
b =2QX-Vs*Vs
c = P*P*X*X + Q*Q*X*X

m P per phase X pf Q=-Ptan(Acos(pf))

Vs per ph b c a

0 0 50 0.95 0 158.7713981 -25208.36 0 1

 1 33.3333333 50 0.95 10.956136839 158.7713981 -24112.74 3077870 1
2 66.6666667 50 0.95 21.912273679 158.7713981 -23017.13 12311480 1
3 100 50 0.95 32.868410518 158.7713981 -21921.52 27700831 1
4 133.333333 50 0.95 43.824547357 158.7713981 -20825.9 49245922 1
5 166.666667 50 0.95 54.780684196 158.7713981 -19730.29 76946753 1
6 200 50 0.95 65.736821036 158.7713981 -18634.67 1.11E+08 1
7 233.333333 50 0.95 76.692957875 158.7713981 -17539.06 1.51E+08 1
8 266.666667 50 0.95 87.649094714 158.7713981 -16443.45 1.97E+08 1
9 300 50 0.95 98.605231554 158.7713981 -15347.83 2.49E+08 1
10 333.333333 50 0.95 109.56136839 158.7713981 -14252.22 3.08E+08 1
11 366.666667 50 0.95 120.51750523 158.7713981 -13156.61 3.72E+08 1
12 400 50 0.95 131.47364207 158.7713981 -12061 4.43E+08 1
13 433.333333 50 0.95 142.42977891 158.7713981 -10965.38 5.2E+08 1
14 466.666667 50 0.95 153.38591575 158.7713981 -9869.765 6.03E+08 1
15 500 50 0.95 164.34205259 158.7713981 -8774.152 6.93E+08 1
16 533.333333 50 0.95 175.29818943 158.7713981 -7678.538 7.88E+08 1
17 566.666667 50 0.95 186.25432627 158.7713981 -6582.924 8.9E+08 1
18 600 50 0.95 197.21046311 158.7713981 -5487.311 9.97E+08 1
19 633.333333 50 0.95 208.16659995 158.7713981 -4391.697 1.11E+09 1
20 666.666667 50 0.95 219.12273679 158.7713981 -3296.083 1.23E+09 1
21 700 50 0.95 230.07887363 158.7713981 2100 319.470054
22 733.333333 50 0.95 241.03501046 158.7713981 -1104.856 1.49E+09 1

V versus P curve
300
200
Vr in kV

100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
P in MW

Vr*Vr Vr(L-L)

25208.35684 274.6745
23984.41524 267.9234
22469.20257 259.3223
20575.19405 248.1522
18106.04067 232.7865
14378.93612 207.4481
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502
 #REF! #REF!
1 1

Top of page