12L702 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

ASSSIGNMENT II [SOURCE CODING]

1. Discuss why PCM with regenerative repeaters is considered the best option for long-haul signal
transmission requiring the use of a large number of repeaters.
2. In case compaunding is used, how will you modify the block diagram of the PCM transmitter and
receiver?
3. What is meant by slope over load distortion of granular noise in a DM system? How can it be
avoided?
4. Compute the SNR for PCM & DM system for given 8 no of bits in a codeword. Comment on the
result.
5. Why is it necessary to use a higher sampling rate for DM than that for PCM?
6. Why is predictor used in DPCM?
7. Compare the performance of PCM, DPCM, DM & ADM
8. What is the necessity of non uniform quantization?
9. Why do you think the predictor input in DPCM s/m uses quantized values of the previous
samples rather than the original previous samples? In other words if the transmitter predictor
uses previous input samples prediction what would be the problem encountered at the receiver
of why this problem arises? Give only the reasoning
10. What are the benefits of reducing the amount of redundant information between adjacent
samples in DPCM s/m?

1. Figure 1 shows a PCM wave in which the amplitude levels of +1 volt and -1 volt are used to
represent binary symbols 1 and 0, respectively. The code-word used consists of three bits. Find
the sampled version of an analog signal from which this PCM wave is derived.

Dr.SUBHA RANI
PROFESSOR & HEAD,DEPT.OF ECE,
PSGCT,CBE
 12L702 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
ASSSIGNMENT II [SOURCE CODING]
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 18TH AUGUST 2017

Figure 1
2. A PCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by a 7-bit binary encoder. The bit rate of the
system is equal to 50 X 106 bits per second.
a. What is the maximum message bandwidth for which the system operates satisfactorily?
b. Determine the output signal to quantizing noise ratio when a full-load sinusoidal modulating
wave of frequency 1 MHz is applied to the output.

3. The ramp signal x(t) = at is applied to a delta modulator that operates with a sampling period T s
and step size Δ= 2δ.
a. Show that slope-overload distortion occurs if δ < aT s
b. Sketch the modulator output for the following three valus of step size
i. δ= 0.75 a Ts
ii. δ= a Ts
iii. δ= 1.25 a Ts
4. Consider a speech signal with maximum frequency of 3.4 KHz and maximum amplitude of 1 volt.
This speech signal is applied to a delta modulator whose bit rate is set at 20kilobits per second.
Discuss the choice of an appropriate step size for the modulator.

5. Fifty voice signals each having maximum frequency 3.4 KHz are sampled following Nyquist
sampling rule and then time division multiplexed. What will be the minimum channel
bandwidth?

6. A 7 –bit PCM system employing uniform quantization has an overall signaling rate of 9.6 k bits/s.
Calculate the signal –to-quantization noise ratio that would result when its input is a sine wave
with peak amplitude equal to 10V. What is the theoretical maximum frequency that the system
can handle?

7. The sinusoidal signal voltage 20 sin 6280t is sampled at t = 0.30 s and thereafter at a rate of
5 KHz. The samples are then quantized into eight levels and coded into binary digits. Find the
rms quantization noise. Sketch the original voltage waveform and below it scale the output of
the sampler and the quantizer.

8. A signal having a bandwidth equal to 3.5 KHz is sampled, quantized and coded by a PCM system.
The coded signal is then transmitted over a transmission channel that supports a transmission
rate of 50 * 103 bits/second. Determine the maximum signal-to-noise ratio that can be obtained
by this system. The input signal has a peak-to-peak value of 4 volts and an RMS value of 0.2 volt.

9. A DM transmitter with a fixed step of 0.5 V, is given a sinusoidal message signal. If the sampling
frequency is twenty times the nyquist rate, determine

Dr.SUBHA RANI
PROFESSOR & HEAD,DEPT.OF ECE,
PSGCT,CBE
 12L702 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
ASSSIGNMENT II [SOURCE CODING]
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 18TH AUGUST 2017
(i) the maximum permissible amplitude of the message signal, if slope overload is to be
avoided

(ii) Determine the maximum destination SNR under the above condition

10. A compact disc (CD) records audio signals digitally by using PCM. Assume the audio signal
bandwidth to be 15 KHz.

(a) What is the nyquist rate?

(b) If the nyquist samples are quantized into L=65, 536 levels and then binary coded,
determine the number of binary digits required to encode a sample.

(c) Determine the number of binary digits per second (bit/s) required to encode the
audio signal.

(d) For practical reasons discussed in the text, signals are sampled at a rate well
above the nyquist rate. Practical CDs use 44,100 samples per second.

If L=65,536, determine the number of bits per second required to encode the
signal, and the minimum bandwidth required to transmit the encoded signal.

11. Five telemetry signals, each of bandwidth 1 KHz , are to be transmitted simultaneously by binary
PCM. The maximum tolerable error in sample amplitudes is 0.2% of the peak signal amplitude.
The signals must be sampled at least 20% above the nyquist rate. Framing and synchronizing
requires an additional 0.5% extra bits. Determine the minimum possible data rate (bits per
second) that must be transmitted, and the minimum bandwidth required to transmit this signal.

12. For a PCM signal, determine L if the compression parameter µ=100 and the minimum SNR
required is 45 dB. Determine the output SNR with this value of L. Remember that L must be a
power of 2, that is, L=2n for a binary PCM.

13. A signal band-limited to 1MHz is sampled at a rate 50% higher than the nyquist rate and
quantized into 256 levels using a µ-law quantizer with µ =255.

(a) Determine the signal-to-quantization-noise ratio.

Dr.SUBHA RANI
PROFESSOR & HEAD,DEPT.OF ECE,
PSGCT,CBE
 12L702 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
ASSSIGNMENT II [SOURCE CODING]
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 18TH AUGUST 2017
(b) The SNR (the received signal quality) found in part (a) was unsatisfactory. It must be
increased at least by 10 dB. Would you be able to obtain the desired SNR without
increasing the transmission bandwidth if it was found that a sampling rate 20% above
the nyquist rate is adequate? If so, explain how. What is the maximum SNR that can be
realized in this way?

14. The output SNR of a 10-bit PCM (n=10) was found to be 30 dB. The desired SNR is 42 dB. It was
decided to increase the SNR to the desired value by increasing the number of quantization levels
L. Find the fractional increase in the transmission bandwidth required for this increase in L.

15. In a single-integration DM system, the voice signal is sampled at a rate of 64KHz. The maximum
signal amplitude Amax=1.

(a) Determine the minimum value of the step size δ to avoid slope overload.

(b) Determine the granular-noise power N0 if the voice signal bandwidth is 3.5 KHz.

(c) Assuming that the voice signal is sinusoidal , determine S 0 and the SNR.

(d) Assuming that the voice signal amplitude is uniformly distributed in the range (-1,1),
determine S0 and the SNR.

(e) Determine the minimum transmission bandwidth.

REFERENCES:

1. Lathi B P "Modern Digital and Analog communication Systems", Oxford University Press, 2010.
2. P.Ramakrishna Rao “Digital Communication”
3. Bernard Sklar & Pabitra Kumar ray “ Digital Communications Fundamentals and Applications”
4. Simon Haykin “Digital Communications”
5. K.sam Shanmugam “Digtal and analog Communication Systems”

Dr.SUBHA RANI
PROFESSOR & HEAD,DEPT.OF ECE,
PSGCT,CBE