LTE-Advanced

October 2011
Bong Youl (Brian) Cho, 조 봉 열
brian.cho@nsn.com
 Contents
• Beyond R8 LTE Standardization
• LTE-Advanced Technologies
• SON

• Long Term HSPA Evolution (LTHE)

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Beyond R8 LTE Standardization

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 Release of 3GPP specifications
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

GSM/GPRS/EDGE enhancements

Release 99 W-CDMA

Release 4 1.28Mcps TDD

Release 5 HSDPA, IMS

Release 6 HSUPA, MBMS, IMS+

Release 7 HSPA+ (MIMO, HOM etc.)

ITU-R M.1457
IMT-2000 Recommendations
Release 8 LTE, SAE
Small LTE/SAE
Release 9 enhancements

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Release 10 LTE-Advanced
 Definition
• What is IMT-Advanced?
– A family of radio access technologies fulfilling IMT-Advanced requirements
– Relates to 4G as IMT-2000 relates to 3G
– IMT spectrum will be available to both IMT-2000 and IMT-Advanced
• What is LTE-Advanced?
– Formal name: Advanced E-UTRA /Advanced E-UTRAN
– Evolution from 3GPP LTE specifications, not a revolution
 Comparable potential of 3GPP LTE with target requirements of IMT-advanced
 Fast and efficient correspondence against the timeline of WP5D’s specification and
commercialization for IMT-advanced
 Cost-efficient support for backward and forward compatibility between LTE and
LTE-A
 Natural evolution of LTE (LTE release 10 & beyond)

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 General Requirements for LTE-Adv
• LTE-Advanced is an evolution of LTE
• LTE-Advanced shall meet or exceed IMT-Advanced requirements within the
ITU-R time plan
• Extended LTE-Advanced targets are adopted
• LTE-Advanced will be deployed as an evolution of LTE R8 and on new bands.
• LTE-Advanced shall be backwards compatible with LTE R8 in the sense that
– an LTE Release 8 terminal can work in an LTE-Advanced NW
– an LTE-Advanced terminal can work in an LTE Release 8 NW

LTE-Advanced
targets
Performance

IMT-Advanced requirements
System

and time plan

Rel. 8 LTE
Time

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 System Performance Requirements
• Comparison b/w IMT-Advanced and LTE-Advanced

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 System Performance Requirements
• Average Spectral Efficiency (SE) and Edge Spectral Efficiency for LTE
Case-1
 40~60% improvement of average spectrum efficiency over LTE Rel-8

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 Release 9
• Enhanced Home NodeB / eNodeB
• Support for IMS Emergency Calls over LTE
• LCS for LTE and EPS
• MBMS support in EPS
• Enhanced Dual-Layer transmission for LTE
• SON

• Deleted - Support of WiMAX - LTE Mobility

• Deleted - Support of WiMAX - UMTS Mobility

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 Release 10
• Network Improvements for Machine-Type Communications
• Carrier Aggregation for LTE
• Enhanced Downlink Multiple Antenna Transmission for LTE
• Uplink Multiple Antenna Transmission for LTE
• Relays for LTE
• Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Control (ICIC) for non-
Carrier Aggregation (CA) based deployments of
heterogeneous networks for LTE
• LTE Self Optimizing Networks (SON) enhancements
• Further enhancements to MBMS for LTE
• Minimization of Drive Tests for E-UTRAN and UTRAN
• HNB and HeNB Mobility Enhancements
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 Release 11
• Network-Based Positioning Support in LTE

• Study on System Enhancements for Energy Efficiency

• Study on Coordinated Multi-Point operation for LTE

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LTE-Advanced Technologies

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 LTE-Advanced
The advanced toolbox for making more out of LTE
TD-LTE
LTE-Advanced
More Enhance More
Band- users LTE bandwidth
width LTE macro
network
HSPA+ More HSPA+ performance
Higher
intensive
usage
+ data rates
LTE Enable
CDMA/EVDO
efficient use
of small cells Enhanced
At more
locations LTE coverage
GSM HSPA+
GSM

LTE Advanced evolution

Subscribers reached
• Macro + small cell topology
Intial LTE rollout Straight-forward evolution • Aggregated bands
• LTE on initial bands • Additional bands (paired, unpaired)• Advanced antenna
• Macro topology • Refarming schemes

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The LTE-Advanced toolbox for delivering more
data efficiently to wide areas and hotspots
Enhance macro network performance Heterogeneous
Networks
Enables focused
Capacity and cell edge performance capacity enancement
enhancements by active with small cells by
interference cancelation interference
Relaying coordination

Peak data rate scaling with

antenna paths for urban grid Coordinated Multipoint Enables focused
and small cells coverage extensions
with small cells by self-
backhaul

Peak data rate and MIMO

throughput scaling
8x MIMO 4x

with aggregated
bandwidth
Carrier Aggregation
up to 100 MHz

Enable efficient use of small cells

100 MHz
Carrier1 Carrier2 Carrier3 … Carrier5

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 HetNet
• Consist of deployments where low power nodes are placed throughout a macro-
cell layout
• The interference characteristics in a heterogeneous deployment can be
significantly different than in a homogeneous deployment
• Mainly, two different heterogeneous scenarios are under consideration
– Macro-Femto (CSG: Closed Subscriber Group) case
– Macro-Pico case

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TDM eICIC Principle Almost blank, or
MBSFN sub-frame
- combined macro+pico+HeNB case Sub-frame with
normal transmission
Pico-nodes can schedule UEs with
larger RE, if not interfered from non-
allowed CSG HeNB(s)

Macro-layer

Pico-UEs
with larger
RE, close to
CSG
HeNB(s)
Pico-layer are
schedulable

HeNB-layer
Macro-eNBs and Pico-eNBs can schedule also users
TTA LTE/MIMO Standards/Technology Training that are close to non-allowed CSG HeNB(s), but not
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 Coordination between two cell layers

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 Relay
• Relay
– as a tool to improve e.g. the coverage of high data rates, group mobility,
temporary network deployment, the cell-edge throughput and/or to provide
coverage in new areas
• Rel-10 relay deployment scenario
– Stationary relay
– Single hop relay
– No Inter relay handover

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 Relay Types
• Type 1 Relay
– It control cells, each of which appears to a UE as a separate cell distinct from donor cell
 Has unique physical-layer cell identity (defined in Rel.8)
 Shall transmit its own synchronization, reference symbols, ..
– The same RRM mechanisms as normal eNB
– No difference in accessing cells controlled by a relay and cells controlled by a “normal”
eNB from a UE perspective
– Shall appear as a Rel.8 eNB to Rel.8 UE
• Type 2 Relay
– It does not have a separate Physical Cell ID
– It is transparent to Rel-8 UEs;
 A Rel-8 UE should not be aware of the presence of a type 2 relay node
– At least part of the RRM is controlled by the eNB to which the donor cell belongs
– It can transmit PDSCH
– At least, it does not transmit CRS and PDCCH
– L2 relay, smart repeaters, decode-and-forward relays
– Not included in Rel.10
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 Type 1 vs. Type 2
Coverage extension perspective Throughput enhancement perspective

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 CoMP Transmission in Downlink
 CoMP transmission schemes in downlink
• Joint processing (JP)
 Joint transmission (JT): Downlink physical shared channel (PDSCH) is transmitted
from multiple cells with precoding using DM-RS among coordinated cells
 Dynamic cell selection: PDSCH is transmitted from one cell, which is dynamically
selected
• Coordinated scheduling/beamforming (CS/CB)
PDSCH is transmitted only from one cell site, and scheduling/beamforming is coordinated among cells
 CSI feedback (FB)
• Explicit CSI FB (direct channel FB) is investigated to conduct precise precoding, as well as implicit CSI FB (precoding
matrix index FB) based on Rel. 8 LTE
 Tradeoff between gain and FB signaling overhead

Coherent combining or
dynamic cell selection

Joint transmission/dynamic cell selection Coordinated scheduling/beamforming

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CoMP Operations – JP, CS/CB

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CoMP Reception in Uplink
 CoMP reception scheme in uplink
• Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) is received at multiple cells
• Scheduling is coordinated among the cells
 Improve especially cell-edge user throughput
• Note that CoMP reception in uplink is implementation matter and does
not require any change to radio interface

Receiver signal processing

at central eNB (e.g., MRC, MMSEC)

Multipoint reception

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Multi-cell Joint Operations
a b
• Normal cellular unicast communications
b • Inter-cell interference!

a a
• Soft handover
b • Reduced inter-cell interference but with SE
loss

a a
• MBSFN
a • No inter-cell interference w/o SE loss,
but only for multicast communcations

a b
• COMP – JP
• Reduced inter-cell interference w/o SE loss,
but requires significant X2 bandwidth

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DL MIMO Trend

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SVD MIMO as a closed-loop MIMO

• In CL-SU-MIMO, SVD-MIMO is the optimum

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 MIMO Channel Decomposition

1 ~
w1

x y
~
~x V VH  ~
w
U UH y
n min
nmin

Channel
Pre-processing Post-processing

With number of transmitting antenna=nt and receiving antenna=nr,

y  Hx  w
x  C nt , y  C nr , w ~ Ν (0, N 0 I nr )

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Channel Diagonalization

~
yU y
H

 U (Hx  w )
H

 U H (UDV H x  w )
 U H (UDV H V~x  w)
 D~
x  UHw
~
y  D~ ~
xw

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 Spatial Diversity
• Benefits of Spatial Diversity
– Array gain
– Diversity gain and decreased error rate
– Increased data rate
– Increased coverage or reduced transmit power
• Receive Diversity
– Selection combining, Equal gain combining, and Maximal radio combining (MRC)
• Transmit Diversity
– Open-loop transmit diversity: e.g., Alamouti coding
– Closed-loop transmit diversity: e.g., Linear precoding
y = G(HFx + n)
where x is the transmited symbol vector, y is the received symbol vector with M x 1,
G is the post-coder matrix with M x Nr, H is the channel matrix with Nr x Nt, F is the
precoder matrix with Nt x M
For the diversity precoding, M = 1, and the SNR maximizing precoder F and
postcoder G are the right- and left- singular vectors of H corresponding to its
singular value, max.

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 Beamforming
• DOA (Direction-Of-Arrival)-based Beamforming
– Physically directed
– Incoming signals to a receiver may consist of desired energy and interference energy.
– From the acquired DOAs, a beamformer extracts a weighting vector for the antenna
elements and uses it to transmit or receive the desired signal of a specific user while
suppressing the undesired interference signals.
– Often called null-steering beamformer
– Viable only in LOS environments or in environments with limited local scattering
around the transmitter
• Eigen Beamforming
– Mathematically directed
– Eigen beamforming exploits CSI of each antenna element to find array weights that
satisfy a desired criterion, such as SNR maximization or MSE minimization.
– Eigen beamforming is conceptually nearly identical to the linear diversity precoding,
the only difference being that the eigen beamforming takes interfering signals into
account.
– More viable in realistic wireless broadband environments, which are expected to have
significant local scattering

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3GPP Release 8 LTE DL transmission modes
Two approaches to multi-antenna transmission

CQI MIMO Beamforming

PMI
Rank CQI

SRS
CRS
DRS

MCS
PMI
Rank
MCS

PDSCH Channel estimation based PDSCH Channel estimation based on

on common reference signal (CRS) dedicated reference signal (DRS)
Closed loop, codebook precoding (#4) Open loop, non-codebook precoding (#7)
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3GPP Release 9 LTE DL transmission modes
Enhanced beamforming: dual-layer beamforming (#8)

With cross polar antennas in mind CMCC have

CQI been eager to extend Rel8 Beamforming to
support two streams.
PMI
Spatial multiplexing supported
Rank
- Up to 2 layers per user (SU-MIMO)
SRS - Up to 4 layer in total (MU-MIMO)
DRS
CRS based PMI and rank reporting supported
for beamforming
MCS - Similar feedback schemes as for Rel-8 SU-
MIMO
Rank (tx-mode 4)
- TxD CQI also supported
- One CRS per polarization via sector beam
PDSCH Channel estimation virtualization (as in Rel-9)
based on DRS

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Multi-Antenna Technology Summary
• Diversity
– Same data on all the pipes
 Increased coverage and link quality
– But, the all pipes can be combined to make a kind-of beamforming
• MIMO
– Different data streams on different pipes (mode 4)
 Increased spectral efficiency (increased overall throughput)
 Power is split among the data streams
• Beamforming
– Data stream on only the strongest pipe (mode 7)
 Use all the power on the strongest pipe (i.e., the most efficient pipe)
 Increased coverage and signal SNR
– Not any more focusing on the strongest pipe in transmission mode 8 in R9

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 Enhanced Multi-antenna Techniques in DL
 Extension up to 8-stream transmission
• Rel. 8 LTE supports up to 4-stream transmission, LTE-Advanced supports up to 8-stream
transmission
 Satisfy the requirement for peak spectrum efficiency, i.e., 30 bps/Hz
 Specify additional reference signals (RS)
• Two RSs are specified in addition to Rel. 8 common RS (CRS)
- Channel state information RS (CSI-RS)
- UE-specific demodulation RS (DM-RS)
 UE-specific DM-RS, which is precoded, makes it possible to apply non-codebook-based
precoding
 UE-specific DM-RS will enable application of enhanced multi-user beamforming such as
zero forcing (ZF) for, e.g., 4-by-2 MIMO

CSI feedback

Max. 8 streams

Higher-order MIMO Enhanced

up to 8 streams MU-MIMO

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Enhanced Multi-antenna Techniques in UL
 Introduction of single user (SU)-MIMO up to 4-stream transmission
• Whereas Rel. 8 LTE does not support SU-MIMO, LTE-Advanced supports up to 4-stream
transmission
 Satisfy the requirement for peak spectrum efficiency, i.e., 15 bps/Hz
 Signal detection scheme with affinity to DFT-Spread OFDM for SU-MIMO
• Turbo serial interference canceller (SIC) is assumed to be used for eNB receivers to
achieve higher throughput performance for DFT-Spread OFDM
 Improve user throughput, while maintaining single-carrier based signal transmission

Max. 4 streams

SU-MIMO up to 4 streams

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Carrier aggregation
More dynamic spectrum usage for better user experience
Peak data rate addition Resource allocation gain 1 Gbps and beyond
Example:

spectrum assets peak data rate 20MHz 300Mbps

on Cat.4 device
20MHz 300Mbps

150 Mbps With CA 20MHz 300Mbps 1.5Gbps

20MHz in 2.6GHz band 225 20MHz 300Mbps

Mbps
20MHz 300Mbps
75 Mbps

10MHz in 800MHz band

• Ultrafast resource allocation • Will be specified in 3GPP

by scheduler instead of Rel.11 or later
• enables competitive peak handover
data rates on non- • Most operators have
contiguous spectrum • Users dynamically get the significantly less spectrum
best resources of for LTE
• Mitigates the challenge of aggregated carrier
fragmented spectrum • Even HD streaming services
• Higher average data rates demand less than 20Mbps

Relevant scenarios in near future (3GPP Rel.10)

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Carrier Aggregation
 Wider bandwidth transmission using carrier aggregation
• Entire system bandwidth up to, e.g., 100 MHz, comprises multiple basic frequency blocks
called component carriers (CCs)
 Satisfy requirements for peak data rate
• Each CC is backward compatible with Rel. 8 LTE
 Maintain backward compatibility with Rel. 8 LTE
• Carrier aggregation supports both contiguous and non-contiguous spectrums, and
asymmetric bandwidth for FDD
 Achieve flexible spectrum usage
System bandwidth, CC, e.g., 20 MHz
e.g., 100 MHz

Frequency
UE capabilities
• 100-MHz case
• 40-MHz case
• 20-MHz case
(Rel. 8 LTE)

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 Carrier and Spectrum Aggregation
Two types of aggregation

• Contiguous carrier aggregation in a same frequency band

– Maybe difficult to find out frequency bands where maximum of 200MHz (FDD)
can be allocated in contiguous manner
• Non-contiguous carrier aggregation in different frequency band
– Possibility for wider total bandwidth without correspondingly wider contiguous
spectrum
– Feasibility, complexity and cost analysis should be done in RAN4 WG

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SON

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 Why SON?

• 기지국 수의 증가  설치 및 운용 비용 증가
• Performance optimization  빈번한 re-configuration 필요

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 500
How many parameters it
takes to have one base
station configured?

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 Over
64,000,000
How many parameters it
takes to run a 3G
network?

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Nokia Siemens Networks’ SON Suite is built on our
detailed understanding of how networks operate

Nokia Siemens Networks SON Suite

Plug and Play
Self Open
configuration Automated Neighbor Relations
northbound interfaces

Minimization of Drive Tests

Mobile LTE SON
Core SON

Power saving

Self Load balancing

optimization
Interference optimization Other vendor
network

Mobility robustness

Cell outage detection & 2G/3G SON

Self compensation
healing Self healing / alarm
management

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PCI management

Automatic assignment of PCI parameter values

• “collision-free”: the Phy_ID is unique in the

area that the cell covers, no two cells
overlap with identical Physical Cell IDs
 neighbors need to be known

ID A ID A

• “confusion-free”: a cell shall not have

neighboring cells with identical Phy_ID 14 500
 neighbors of the neighbors 23 412
66 234
ID A ID B ID A 1 322
98
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PRACH management

Automatic assignment of PRACH settings

• Auto-configuration of parameter settings for

• PRACH cyclic shift
• PRACH configuration index
• PRACH frequency offset
• PRACH Root sequence
• Considers dependencies and consistencies
• Based on network configuration data / UE behavior / cell load
/ operator policy

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3GPP UE Based ANR

Goal: retrieve Global Cell ID from new discovered neighbor cell

0. UE Measurement Configuration
when UE enters RRC_CONNECTED eNB-B
eNB-A
1. Measure the signal ( Phy_ID=3) IP@B
IP@A
2. RRC measurement
report (Phy_ID=3)

3. Report request
to report GID for Phy_ID=3
4. Read GID (“B10”) from BCCH
5. Report
GID=“B10”

Phy-ID: physical cell ID

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GID: Cell Global ID
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Minimization of drive tests (MDT)

Detailed trace data collection allows detailed analysis

Trace Data collected also includes

NetAct S-GW MME
• Timing Advance information
• Measurement information provided
by periodic UE-measurements
• UE Radio Link Failure Report
(works only with Rel. 9 UEs)
Usable for e.g.
• Interference matrix (interference
map)
• Location analysis on radio link Normal trace data
+ Periodic UE measurements
failures (RLF)  input for cell and + Timing Advance
coverage optimization + UE RLF Report
+ UE logged data

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SON - Mobility Robustness (MRO)
Increased network performance by automatic adaptations

• Optimizing the Intra-LTE (Intra-frequency) radio network HO-configuration

for robustness of mobility procedures
• MRO fine tunes based on long-running evaluation of KPIs / specific detections
in eNBs / influenced by operator policies
• Prevents too early HO, too late HO, and HO to wrong cell

Optimizer/Configurator

PM-history MRO MRO

-SF -SF
NetAct
Height Measuremantdata
Measurement data

CM PM CM PM

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Performance Measurements
MRO Enhancement in Release 10

The use case is to enable detection and to provide tools for possible
correction of following problems:

• Connection failures in inter-RAT environment:

o Priority 1: at HOs from LTE to UMTS/GSM
o Priority 2: at HOs from UMTS/GSM to LTE
• Obtaining UE measurements in case of unsuccessful re-establishment
after connection failure
• Ping-pongs in idle mode (inter-RAT and intra-LTE environment)
• Ping-pongs in active mode (inter-RAT)
• HO to wrong cell (in intra-LTE environment) that does not cause
connection failure (e.g. short stay problem)

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Cell outage compensation (COC)
Compensate the gap in network coverage
- due non availability of cells / eNBs
Cell/sector outage Cell/sector outage compensation

Flexi Multiradio BTS

SON entity

• Calculate modified radio network configuration for neighbor eNBs

• Based on radio planning, data is available in NetAct
• RET (Remote Electronic Tilt) changes
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Summary

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LTE-Advanced Improvements

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Long Term HSPA Evolution

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Long Term HSPA Evolution (beyond 3GPP Rel-10):
Designed to offer 672 Mbps
Present New features Future Long Term
HSPA
Evolution
Carrier Aggregation
using similar
8 x 5 MHz technology as
LTE-
MIMO
Advanced:
4x MIMO 2x 3GPP • Carrier
Release aggregation
HSPA/HSPA+ 11+ • MIMO
Multipoint Systems Long Term • Multipoint
HSPA Systems
Evolution
HSPA+LTE
aggregation
HSPA +
LTE

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 Thank you !
www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com
Nokia Siemens Networks
20F, Meritz Tower, 825-2
Yeoksam-Dong, Kangnam-Gu
Seoul 135-080, Korea

Bong Youl (Brian) Cho

RAN Solutions Manager, Ph. D.
brian.cho@nsn.com
Mobile 010-4309-4129

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