The Fibonacci Sequence Some Important Kinds of Mathematical Statements

Sequence – an ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may have repeated A. Universal Statement
values. The arrangement of these terms is set by a definite rule. Says that a certain property is true for all elements in a set.
Fibonacci Sequence – formed by adding the preceding two numbers. Ratios of Ex. All positive numbers are greater than zero.
two Fibonacci numbers approximate the Golden Ratio, which is considered as the B. Conditional Statement
most aesthetically pleasing proportion. Says that if one thing is true then some other thing also has to be true.
Ex. If Fn is divisible by 21, the Fn is divisible by 3.
Mathematics helps organize patterns and regularities in the world. C. Existential Statement
Mathematics helps predict the behavior of nature and phenomena in the world, Given a property that may or may not be true, an Existential Statement
as well as helps human exert control over occurrence in the world for the says that there is at least one thing for which the property is true.
advancement of our civilization. Ex. There is a prime number that is even.

VARIABLES D. Universal Conditional Statement

- Thought of as mathematical “John Doe” Statement that is both universal and conditional.
- As a placeholder when you want to talk about something but either Ex. For all animals t, if t is a dog, then t is a mammal.
o You imagine that it has one or more values but you don’t
They can be rewritten in ways that make them appear to be purely
know what they are, or
universal or purely conditional.
o You want whatever you say about it to be equally true for all
elements in a given set, and so you don’t want to be For example, the previous statement can be rewritten in a way that
restricted to considering only a particular, concrete value for makes its conditional more explicit but its universal nature implicit:
it. If t is a dog, then t is a mammal.
Or: IF an animal is a dog, then the animal is mammal.
Illustration:
Is there a number with the following property: doubling it and adding 3 The statement can also be expressed so as to make its universal nature
gives the same result as squaring it? explicit and its conditional nature implicit:
For all dogs t, t is a mammal.
Q: Is there a number ___ with the property that 2•___ + 3 = ___2 ? Or: All dogs are mammals.

Writing Sentences Using Variables E. Universal Existential Statements

A statement that is universal because its first part says that a certain
Use variables to rewrite the following sentences more formally. property is true for all objects of a given type, and it is existential because its
a. Are there numbers with the property that the sum of their squares second part asserts the existence of something.
equals the square of their sum?
b. Are there numbers whose squares are smaller than the numbers Ex. Every real number has an additive inverse.
themselves?
c. Given any two real numbers, there is a real number in between.
F. Existential Universal Statements
A statement that is existential because its first part asserts that a certain Ordered Pairs
object exists and is universal because its second part says that the object satisfies th altbr means that l tb h b
a certain property for all things of a certain kind.
Ex. There is a positive integer that is less than or equal to every positive Cartesian Product
integer. Given sets A and B, the Cartesian Product of A and B, denoted A x B and
Some positive integer is less than or equal to every positive integer. read “A cross B”, is the set of all ordered pairs (a,b), where a is in A and b is in B.
Or: There is a positive integer m that is less than or equal to every Symbolically:
positive integer. th tb h
Or: There is a positive integer m such that every positive integer
is greater than or equal to m. Challenge:
Or: There is a positive integer m with the property that for all Let thtl tb th . Find t t tb t
positive integers n, m ≤ n.

Challenge: Rewrite the given statements. The Language of Relations and Functions
1. There is a real number whose product with every number leaves Relation
the number unchanged. Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B is a subset of . Given
2. For all equations E, if E is quadratic then E has at most two real an ordered pair a tǡr in , x is related to y by R, written ǡ, if and only if
solutions. a tǡr is in . The set A is called the domain of and the set B is called its co-
domain.
The Language of Sets Notation: ǡ means that a tǡr
Set – a collection of elements
Axiom of Extension – says that a set is completely determined by what its Functions
elements are and by the order in which they might
be listed. Definition: A function from a set to a set is a relation with domain
Set-Roster Notation and co-domain that satisfies the following two properties:
Set-Builder Notation 1. For every element in , there is an element ǡ in such that tǡ
t
Subsets 2. For all elements in and ǡ and in ,
If A and B are sets, then A is called a subset of B, written , if and only if tǡ and t t thenǡ .
if, every element of A is also an element of B.
Note: i. Every element of is the first of an ordered pair of .
Proper Subset ii. No two distinct ordered pairs in have the same first element.
A is a proper subset of B if, and only if, every element of B is in B but
there is at least one element of B that is not in A.
 Use the data in the table and
Length of Period of
Functions and Relations on Finite Sets inductive reasoning to answer each of Pendulum Pendulum
Let tht㔹 tb ht㔹t and define relations t t tb from the following questions.
1 1
as follows: For all tǡ t 4 2
a tǡr means that ǡ a. If a pendulum has a length of 64 9 3 units
‴ǡ
a tǡr means that is an integer what is its period? 16 4
t t 㔹th ta㔹t r b. If the length of the pendulum is 25 5
a. Draw arrow diagrams for t t tb t quadrupled, what happens to its 36 6
b. Determine whether any of the three relations are functions. period?

Notation Counterexamples
If and are sets and is a function from to , then given any A statement is a true statement provided that it is true in all cases. If you
element in , the unique element in that is related to by is denoted a r can find one case for which a statement is not true, called a counterexample,
which is read t then the statement is a false statement.

Some Examples of Functions Examples:

A. The Squaring Function from is defined by the formula a. h b. h c. h㔹
for all real number . a r
B. The Successor Function from is defined by the formula B. Deductive Reasoning is the process of reaching a conclusion by applying a
t t h. a t t hr general assumption, procedures, or principles.
C. The Constant Function from is defined by the formula
for all rational numbers . a r Example: Use deductive reasoning to establish a conjecture
note: iff for all t Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product,
divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
Ex. Define and by the following formulas:
for all
Logic Puzzles
Each of four neighbors, Sean, Maria, Sarah, and Brian, has a different
Chapter 3: Problem Solving
occupation (doctor, banker, teacher, or chef). From the following clues,
determine the occupation of each neighbor.
A. Inductive Reasoning is the process of reaching a general conclusion by 1. Maria gets home from work after the banker but before the chef.
examining specific examples. 2. Sarah, who is the last to get home from work, is not the doctor.
3. The chef and Sarah leave for work at the same time.
Ex. 2, 5,10, 17, 26, ___ 4. The banker lives next door to Brian.
Consider the following procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the
number by 9, add 15 to the product, divide the sum by 3,
and subtract 5.
Problem Solving with Patterns Challenge:
t
Difference Table shows the difference between successive terms of the sequence. 1. Compute the first five terms of the sequence using the formula t .
t h
2. Determine the nth term formula for the number of square tiles in the nth
Example: 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, … figure.
1, 14, 51, 124, 245, 426, …

Challenge: a. 1, 7, 17, 31, 49, 71, …

b. 9, 4, 3, 12, 37, 84, …

Solve the puzzles.

2x 64x 3
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5
8+ 9+ 2
Problem-Solving Strategies
10
3+
9 7 12
Polya’s Four-Step Problem-Solving Strategy
1
15 1. Understand the problem.
2. Devise a plan.
3. Carry out the plan
4. Review the solution.
Finding an nth-term formula for a sequence
1. Consider the formula t t ‴t . Understand the Problem
Determine the first five terms of the sequence.  Can you restate the problem in your own words?
2. Assume the pattern shown by the squared tiles in the following  Can you determine what is known about these types of problems?
figures continues.  Is there ,missing information that, if known, would allow to solve the problem?
 Is there extraneous information that is not needed to solve the problem?
 What is the goal?
Devise a Plan
 Make a list of the known information.
 Make a list of the known information that is needed.
 Draw a diagram.
a1 a2 a3 a4  Make an organized list that shows all the possibilities.
 Make a table or a chart.
a. What is the nth-term formula for the number of tiles in the nth  Work backwards.
figure of the sequence?  Try to solve a similar but simpler problem.
b. How many tiles are in the 10th figure of the sequence?  Look for a pattern.
c. Which figure will consist of exactly 332 tiles?  Write an equation. If necessary, define what each variable represents.
 Perform an experiment.
 Guess at a solution and then check your result.
Carry Out the Plan The list has no duplicates and the list considers all possibilities, so it is
 Work carefully. safe to say that there are six different orders in which a baseball team can win
 Keep an accurate and neat record of all your attempts. exactly two out of four games.
 Realize that some of your initial plans will not work and that you may have to
devise another plan or modify your existing plan.
Challenges:
Review the Solution
1. A true-false test contains five questions. In how many ways can a
 Ensure that the solution is consistent with the facts of the problem.
student answer the questions if the student answers two of the questions with
 Interpret the solution in the context of the problem.
“false” and the other three with “true”?
 Ask yourself whether there are generalizations of the solutions that could
apply to other problem. 2. There are 12 teams in the PBA. If each team play each of the other
teams exactly two times, how many games will be played?
Example: 3. How many different direct routes are there from point A to Point B in
A baseball team won two out of their last four games. In how many different the figure below?
orders could they have two wins and two losses in four games?

Solution

Understand the Problem

There are many different orders. The team may have lost two straight
games and won the last two (LLWW).

Devise a Plan
Make an organized list of all the possible orders. An organized list is a list
that is produced using a system that ensures that each of the different orders will
be listed once and only once.
Carry Out the Plan
Each entry in the list must contain two Ws and two Ls. We will use a
strategy that makes sure each order is considered, with no duplications. One
such strategy is to always write a W unless doing so will produce too many Ws or
a duplicate of one of the previous orders. If it is not possible to write a W, then
and only then do we write an L. This strategy produces the six different orders
below.
1. W W L L
2. W L W L
3. W L L W
4. L W W L
5. L W L W
6. L L W W
Review the Solution