ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY

QUESTION BANK
Physics-1 (BS-PH201)

Department of Engineering Science & Humanities

Discipline: ECE, EE, AEIE
2019 (2nd Sem)

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 PART – A (MCQ)

Choose the correct answer from the following:

1. A particle moving on the surface of a sphere (of radius „𝑎‟) having the constraint equation 𝑟 ≫ 𝑎, is
a) a holonomic constraint b) a rheonomic constraint
c) a non-holonomic constraint d) a scleronomic constraint
2. Motion of gas molecules in a spherical container constitute a
a) holonomic and rheonomic constraint b)non-holonomic and non-rheonomic constraint
c) holonomic and scleronomic constraint d) non-holonomic and scleronomic constraint
3.. The type of constrain of a rigid body is
a) Rheonomic and Holonomic b) Rheonomic and Non-holonomic
c) Scleronomic and Holonomic d) Scleronomic and Non-holonomic
4. When a particle moves along a curve , the involve constrain is
(a) Scleronomic (b) bilateral (c) dissipative (iv) holonomic
5. Constraint involving rolling without sliding
(a) holonomic (b) rheonomic (c) non-holonomic (d) conservative
6. Degrees of freedom of a system of 𝑁 particles having 𝐾 constraints is
a) 3𝑁 b) 3𝑁 + 𝐾 c) 3𝑁 − 𝐾 d) 2𝑁 − 𝐾
7. A Particle constrained to move on the surface of a sphere has degrees of freedom equal to
a) 3 b) 2 c) 1 d) 0
8. For a simple pendulum of constant length, the degrees of freedom will be
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
9. Degrees of freedom of a hydrogen molecule are equal to
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
10. Total angular momentum of a system is conserved, if
(a) total torque acting on the system is zero (b) total force acting is zero
(c) Total torque is of finite value (d) Total force has a net value

11. Value of ∇ ∙ 𝑟 is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
12. Value of ∇ × 𝑟 is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) −1
13. If ∇ ∙ 𝐹 = 0, then
a) 𝐹 = ∇ × A b) 𝐹 = ∇𝜙 c) 𝐹 = ∇ ∙ A d) 𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
14. If ∇ × 𝐹 = 0, then
a) 𝐹 = ∇ × A b) 𝐹 = ∇𝜙 c) 𝐹 = ∇ ∙ A d) 𝐹 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
15. If A and B are irrotational then A × B is
a) cylindrical b) irrotational c) rotational d) solenoidal
16. If 𝐹 be conservative force field, then

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(a) 𝐹 = 0 (b) 𝐹 ∙ 𝐹 = 0 (c)∇ × 𝐹 = 0 (d)∇ ∙ 𝐹 = 0
17. For a particle executing S.H.M the phase difference between displacement and velocity is
𝜋 𝜋
(a) 2 (b) π (c) 0 (d) 4

18. A particle executes SHM with a frequency f. The frequency with which the K.E oscilates is
(a) 0 (b) f (c) 2f (d) f/2
19. The potential energy of a particle executing SHM is equal to its kinetic energy when the
displacement of the particle is
𝑎 𝑎
(a) ±a (b)± √2 (c) ± 2 (d) ±𝑎√2

20. The motion of a particle is given by 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜔𝑡). The motion of the particle is
simple harmonic with amplitude
(𝐴+𝐵) (𝐴+𝐵)
(a) (A+B) (b) (c) √𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 (d) (𝐴−𝐵)
2

21. For critical damping the motion is

(a) Oscillatory (b) non-oscillatory (c) periodic (d) circular
22. For weak/light damping the motion is
(a) Oscillatory (b) non-oscillatory (c) periodic (d) circular
23. Example of weakly damped harmonic oscillator is
(a) Dead-beat galvanometer (b) Tangent galvanometer
(c) Ballistic galvanometer (d) discharge of a charged capacitor through a resistance
24 An external force 𝐹 = 𝐹0 𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡 is applied to a slightly damped oscillator of natural frequency 𝜔0 ,
then in the steady state it vibrates with a frequency
(a) 𝜔0 (b) ω (c) (𝜔0 − 𝜔) (d) 𝜔02 − 𝜔 2

25. Wave front at an infinite distance in free space due to point source of light is
a) spherical b) plane c) cylindrical d) irregular
26. Two sources are said to be coherent when the waves produced by them are of same
a) wavelength b) wavelength and same phase
c) wavelength and constant phase difference d) amplitude and constant phase difference
27. In Fraunhofer diffraction, the distance of the source and that of the screen is
a) both are finite b) first one is finite and second one is infinite
c) both are infinite d) first one is infinite and second one is finite
28. In Fraunhofer diffraction, the wave front is
a) cylindrical b) spherical c) plane d) circular
29. Intensity of the principal maxima in grating spectrum is proportional to
a) 𝑁 −1 b) 𝑁 c) 𝑁 2 d) 𝑁 −2
30. The resolving power of a grating having 𝑁 no. of lines exposed, in 𝑛-th order is
𝑁 𝑛
a) 𝑛 b) 𝑁 c) 𝑛 + 𝑁 d) 𝑛𝑁

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31. When a white light is incident on a plane diffracting grating the central maxima will be
(a) dark (b) yellow (c) black (d) white

32. Polarization conclusively proves that light waves are

(a) longitudinal (b) progressive (c) stationary (d) transverse

33. Light is polarized by Nicol prism due to

a) refraction b) reflection c) scattering d) double refraction
34. The velocities of e-ray and o-ray are same in the direction of
(a) screw axis (b) optic axis (c) normal to the optic axis (d) axis of rotation
35. Nicol prism can be used as
a) a polarizer only b) an analyzer only c) a polarizer and an analyzer d) a spectrum analyzer
36. For Laser action to occur, the medium used must have at least
. a) 2 energy levels b) 4 energy levels c) 3 energy levels d) one energy level
With insertion of a dielectric, the capacity of a capacitor
a) increases b) decreases c) does not change d) get zero
37. Dielectric materials are essentially
a) insulating material b) conducting material c) magnetic materials d) semiconductor
38. The relation between electric susceptibility and relative permittivity (dielectric constant) is
a) 𝜒𝑒 = 𝜖𝑟 𝜖0 b) 𝜒𝑒 = 𝜖𝑟 + 1 c) 𝜒𝑒 = 𝜖𝑟 − 1 d) 𝜒𝑒 = 𝜖𝑟
39.. Electric susceptibility of vacuum is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 1 d) 1
40. If 𝑃 represents polarization vector then 𝛻 ∙ 𝑃 = −𝜌, where𝜌 is the density of
a) free charge b) bound charge
c) sum of free and bound charge d) free charge at the boundary
41. The relation between 𝐷 , 𝐸 and 𝑃 is
1
a) 𝐷 = 𝜖0 𝐸 + 𝑃 b) 𝐷 = 𝐸 + 𝜖𝑃 c) 𝐷 = 𝜖0 𝐸 + 𝑃 d) 𝐷 = 𝜖 𝐸+𝑃
0

42. The electric dipole moment of an atom or molecule per unit polarizing electric field is called
a) polarization b) polarizability c) susceptibility d) permittivity
43. Electronic polarizability is related with radius of the atom by
a) 𝛼𝑒 ∝ 𝑅 3 b) 𝛼𝑒 ∝ 𝑅 2 c) 𝛼𝑒 ∝ 𝑅 d) 𝛼𝑒 ∝ 𝑅 0
44. Ionic polarizability is
a) independent of temperature b) directly proportional to temperature
c) depends on square of temperature d) inversely proportional to temperature
45. In comparison to the conduction current, the displacement current through an ideal capacitor in
a single loop circuit, is (a) less b) same c) more d) negligible
46. In comparison to the conduction current, the displacement current through a conductor, is
a) less b) equal c) more d) negligible
47. Displacement current arises due to

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 a) positive charge only b) negative charge only
c) time varying electric field d) magnetic monopole
48. The displacement current density J𝐷 is given by
𝜕𝐸 𝜕𝐷 𝜕𝐷 −𝜕𝐷
a) J𝐷 = b) J𝐷 = c) J𝐷 = 𝜖0 d) J𝐷 =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

49. Displacement current can flow through

a) capacitor b) inductor c) resistor d) diode
50. Maxwell‟s electromagnetic theory leads to unification of
a) electricity and magnetism b) electricity and optics
c) magnetism and optics d) electricity, magnetism and optics
51. Maxwell‟s electromagnetic wave equation in terms of 𝐵 is
𝜕2𝐵
a) 𝛻 2 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝜖0 𝜕𝑡 2 b) 𝛻 × 𝐵 = 𝜇0 J𝐶 + 𝐷
𝜕2𝐵
c) 𝛻 2 𝐵 = c 𝜕𝑡 2 d) 𝛻 × 𝐵 = 0
52. The velocity of a plane electromagnetic wave in free space is
1 1
a) 𝜇0 𝜖0 b) 𝜇0 𝜖0 c) 𝜇 d)
0 𝜖0 𝜇 0 𝜖0

53. Rayleigh-Jeans law explains the experimental results of blackbody radiation in

a) all wavelength regions b) only the higher wavelength regions
c) only the lower wavelength regions d) none of the regions
54. The Planck‟s oscillators can radiate or absorb energy during transitions in
1
a) continuous amount b) only quantas of h c) only quanta of h d) any amount
2
55. The Compton wavelength of the scattering particle is given by -
h hc h h2
a) c  2
b) c  c) c  d) c 
m0 c m0 m0 c m0 c
56. The de-Broglie‟s wavelength of a material particle is
h p 2h
a)   b)   c)   d)   hp
p h p
57. The magnitude of momentum carried by a photon of frequency  is -
h  h c
a) b) c) d)
c hc c h
58. The de-Broglie wavelength for a moving electron subjected to a potential difference of V is
1.226 1.226 122.6 122.6
a) Å b) nm c) Å d) nm
V V V V
59. If a proton and electron have same de-Broglie wavelength, then the energy of electron is
a) exactly half to that of proton b) greater than that of proton
c) equal to that of proton d) smaller than that of proton
60. The Davission-Germer experiment verifies

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 a) particle nature of photons b) wave nature of electrons
c) Heisenberg‟s principle d) the wave nature of photons.
61. The velocity with which the energy of a wave is transported through a medium is
a) phase velocity b) critical velocity c) light velocity d) group velocity
62. The group velocity corresponding to a wave packet is
d  dk 2
a) v g  b) v g  c) v g  d) v g 
dk k d k
63. In free space, for de Broglie waves -
a) v p  v g b) v p  v g c) v p  v g d) v p  2v g
64. The phase velocity vp of de Broglie wave is connected to the particle velocity v by the relation
c2 c2
a) v p  b) v p  c) vpc = v2 d) vp2 = cv
v 2v
65 .If E=uncertainty in the energy and t= uncertainty of the time measurement, then
h h h h
(a) Et  (b) Et  (c) Et  (d) Et 
2 2 2 4
66. If the position of a particle is measured precisely and accurately, the uncertainty in the
measurement of momentum at the same instant becomes
a) 1 b)  c) 0 d) independent of x
67. The wave function 𝛹 of a moving particle for all values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 must be
a) finite b) infinite c) zero d) multi-valued
68. The probability density of a moving particle with wave function 𝛹 is
2 +∞
a) 𝛹 b) 𝛹𝛹 ∗ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 c) −∞
𝛹𝛹 ∗ 𝑑𝑉 d) 𝛹𝛹 ∗
69. If 𝛹(𝑥, 𝑡) is a normalized wave function we must have
a) 𝛹𝛹 ∗ 𝑑𝑥 = 1 b) 𝛹𝛹 ∗ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 c) 𝛹𝛹 ∗ 𝑑𝑥 = −1 d) 𝛹𝛹 ∗ 𝑑𝑥 = ∞
70. The momentum operator in one dimension is
𝜕 ℏ 𝜕 ℏ 𝜕 𝜕
a) 𝑝𝑥 ≡ 𝑖ℏ 𝜕𝑥 b) 𝑝𝑥 ≡ − 𝑖 𝜕𝑥 c) 𝑝𝑥 ≡ d) 𝑝𝑥 ≡ ℏ 𝜕𝑥
𝑖 𝜕𝑥
71. When the Hamiltonian operator will operate on a wave function 𝛹 𝑟 then the eigen value is
a) P.E b) K.E c) Total energy d) rest mass energy
72. The ground state energy of an electron moving in one dimensional infinitely deep potential well
is
𝑛 2 ℏ2 𝑛 2 ℏ2 𝑛 2 ℏ2 𝑛 2 ℏ2
a) 2𝑚 𝐿2 b) 4𝑚 𝐿2 c) 8𝑚 𝐿2 d) 16𝑚 𝐿2
73. The solution of Schrodinger‟s wave equation is
a) 𝐴 cos 𝑥 b) 𝐴 sin 𝑥 c) 𝐴 tan 𝑥 d) 𝐴𝑒 −𝑥
𝜕2
74. Eigen value of the function sin 𝑥 for the operator 𝜕𝑥 2 is
a) −1 b) 1 c) 0 d) 2
75. The expectation value 𝑥 for a one dimensional potential box of length 𝐿 is,
a) 𝐿 4 b) 𝐿 3 c) 𝐿 2 d) 0
𝜕
76. The value of 𝑥, 𝜕𝑥 is

a) −1 b) −2 c) 0 d) 1
77. What is the value of 𝑥 , 𝑝𝑥 ?

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 a) – 𝑖ℏ b) ℏ c) 𝑖ℏ d) −ℏ
78. What is the value of 𝑝𝑥 , 𝑝𝑦 ?
a) 0 b) ±𝑖ℏ c) 1 d) −1
th
79. The energy of one dimensional LQHO in the n quantum state is
1 1 3
a. 𝑛 + 2 ℏ𝜔 (b). nℏ𝜔 (c). ℏ𝜔 (d). ℏ𝜔
2 2
80. In the ground state the energy of a 1-dim LQHO is
1 3
a. ∞ (b). ℏ𝜔 (c). ℏ𝜔 (d). 0
2 2
81. The energy of a 1-dim LQHO is
a. discrete and equispaced b. continuous
(c) partly discrete and partly continuous d. discrete but not equispaced
82. The probability of finding a LQHO in the classical limit −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎 is
a. 17% b. 20% c. 83% d. 100%
2
83. The normalization constant 𝑁 of the ground state of a LQHO 𝜓 𝑥 = 𝑁𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 2
is
1 1 1
𝑚𝜔 2 𝑚𝜔 3 𝑚𝜔 4 𝑚𝜔
a. b. c. d.
𝜋ℏ 𝜋ℏ 𝜋ℏ 𝜋ℏ

84. The electron in a hydrogen atom moves in a potential which is regarded as

a. asymmetric b. spherically symmetric c. coulombian d. none of these
85. B+++ is
a. a hydrogenic atom b. an ionized atom
c. a non-hydrogenic atom d. a neutral atom
86. Total number of energy levels (or, degeneracy) for the nth state of the hydrogen atom is
a. 𝑛+1 b. 𝑛3 c. 𝑛2 d. 𝑛2 + 1
ℏ2
87. For hydrogen atom, the state for 𝑛 = 1, 𝑙 = 0, 𝑚 = 0 is given by 𝑎0 = 𝜇 𝑒 2
−𝑟 −𝑟 −𝑟 3 −𝑟
1 1 𝜋
a. 𝑒𝑎0 b. 3𝑒 0
𝑎 c. 3𝑒 0
𝑎 d. 𝜋𝑎02 𝑒 𝑎 0
3
√𝜋𝑎 02 𝑎 02
𝜋𝑎 02

88. For a spherically symmetric potential the radial part of the Schrodinger‟s equation is given by
𝑑2𝑅 2 𝑑𝑅 𝑟 2𝜇
+𝑟 + ℏ2 𝐸 − 𝑉 𝑟 − 𝐹 𝑟 𝑅 𝑟 = 0. The function 𝐹 𝑟 is
𝑑𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
−𝑙 𝑙+1 ℏ2 𝑙 𝑙+1 ℏ2
a. b. c. −𝑙 𝑙 + 1 ℏ2 d. 𝑙 𝑙 + 1 ℏ2
2𝜇 𝑟 2 2𝜇 𝑟 2
89. A coin and a six-faced dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability that the coin shows tell
and the dice shows 5 is
a) 1 12 b) 1 8 c) 7 12 d) 5 6
90. The number of microstates for 𝑛 particles distributed in 𝑘 number of cells obeying M-B
statistics is
a) 𝑛 + 𝑘 b) 𝑛 𝐶𝑘 c) 𝑘 𝑛 d) 𝑛𝑘
91. The number of possible arrangement of two fermions in 3 cells is

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 a) 9 b) 6 c) 3 d) 1
92. If 𝑛𝑖 is the number of identical and indistinguishable particles in the 𝑖 − 𝑡𝑕 energy state with
degeneracy 𝑔𝑖 the classical statistics can be applied if
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
a) 𝑔𝑖 = 1 b) 𝑔𝑖 ≪ 1 c) 𝑔𝑖 ≫ 1 d) 𝑔 𝑖 = 0
𝑖 𝑖 𝑖 𝑖

93. F-D statistics deals with very large number of

a) indistinguishable particles b) nano size particles
c) distinguishable particles d) all subatomic particles
94. Photons are (a) waves b) fermions c) bosons d) protons
95. F-D statistic is applicable for
a) ideal gas b) photon c) 2𝐻𝑒 4 atom d) electron
96. Fermions are
a) heavy ions b) particles of zero or integral spin value
c) classical particle d) particles of half-integral spin value
97. F.D distribution approaches to M-B distribution at
a) low temperature and high pressure b) low temperature and low particle mass
c) high temperature and high particle mass d) high density and low energy range
98. Average energy 𝐸 of electron in a metal at 𝑇 = 0𝐾 is
3 3
a) 𝐸𝐹 b) 𝐸𝐹 2 c) 𝐸𝐹 d) 𝐸𝐹
5 2

99. Planck‟s radiation law for blackbody radiation can be derived from
a) B-E statistics b) F-D statistics c) M-B statistics d) A-B statistics
100. M-B statistics is applicable for
a) particles with zero rest mass b) indistinguishable particles
c) spin half particles d) distinguishable particles
101. The maximum energy state that can be occupied by an electron at 𝑇 = 0𝐾 is called
a) Chemical potential energy b) zero point energy
c) ionization energy d) Fermi energy

PART-B [Short Answer Type: Questions of marks 5]

Mechanics:

1. Define rigid bodies. Describe the general plane motion of a rigid body.
2. Find the conditions in the conservation of linear momentum and angular momentum for particles
motion.
3.(a) What is meant by moment of inertia of a system of particles about a line or axis? (b) State and
explain the (i) Parallel Axis Theorem (ii) Perpendicular Axes Theorem on moment of inertia.
4. Find the kinetic energy and angular momentum of a rigid body about a fixed axis.
5. (a) Why is the Frames of Reference required to study the motion of particles in space and time.
(b) Explain the uses of inertial and non-inertial frames of reference in Newtonian mechanics.

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6. Is the Earth an inertial frame of reference? Justify your answer.
7. What is meant by constraints on the motion of a body? Write equations of constraints in case of
constant distances between points of a perfectly rigid body.

8. (a) Define sceleronomous constrains and rheonomous constraints. Give example of each type.
(b) Distinguish between holonomic constraints and nonholonomic constraints? Explain with
examples.
9. What are degrees of freedom of a mechanical system? How does it relate with constraints?
10. Find the unit outward drawn normal to the surface (x-1)2+y2+(z+2)2=9 at the point (3,1,-4).
1
11. Find  if (a) =ln|r| (b) 𝜙 = 𝑟

12. Show that the vector 𝐴 = 3𝑦 4 𝑧 2 𝑖 + 4𝑥 3 𝑧 2 𝑗 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑘 is solenoidal.

13. (a) If A and B are irrotational, prove that A×B is solenoidal. (b) If 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 3 𝑧 2 ,
find 𝛻𝜙 at the point 1, −2,1
14. Find constants 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, if 𝐹 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑏𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑗 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 + 2𝑧 𝑘 is
irrotational.
15. If 𝛻𝜙 = 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑧 3 𝑗 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 2 𝑘 , find 𝜙 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 if 𝜙 1, −2,2 = 4.
16. A block on an inclined plane just begins to slip if the inclination of the plane is 50o.(a) Find the
coefficient of static friction. (b) If the block has a mass of 2 Kg, what is the actual frictional force
just before it begins to slip?
17. A grindstone has a moment of inertia of 1.6x10-3 kg.m2. If a constant torque applied, it reaches an
angular velocity of 1200 rpm. In 15 sec. Assuming it started from rest, find (a) angular
acceleration (b) the torque applied.
18. The moment of inertia of a solid sphere about an axis passing through it centre is 2/5 MR2. Find
the same about an axis tangent to the sphere.
19. Two identical solid spheres of mass M and radius R are joined together, and the combination is
rotated about an axis tangent to one sphere and perpendicular to the line connecting them. What
is the rotational inertia of the combination?
20. Mention the shortcomings of Newtonian mechanics?
21. Determine the degrees of freedom of the following:
(a) The bob of a simple pendulum oscillating in a plane
(b) A rigid body rotating in space about a fixed axis.
(c) Two particles connected by a rigid rod moving freely in plane
22. A particle of mass m executes simple harmonic motion (SHM). Find the equation of motion of the
particle from the conservation of energy.

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23. A cubical block of side L cm and density d is floating in water of density ρ where ρ>d. The block
is slightly depressed and released. Show that it will execute simple harmonic motion. Determine
the frequency of oscillation.
24. 5kg mercury executes SHM in a U-tube of inner radius 1.0 cm about its equilibrium position (x =
0). Find the effective spring constant and time period of its motion. Ignore frictional force and
surface tension. Density of mercury is 13.6 gm/cc.
25. (a) Obtain the differential equation of motion of damped harmonic oscillator. (b) Write the solution
under weak damping and show that the nature of motion is oscillatory. (c) Show that the ratio of
successive amplitude on either side of equilibrium is constant.
26. (a)What do you understand by „logarithmic decrement‟, „relaxation time‟, „quality factor‟ of a
weakly damped harmonic oscillator? What are the relationships between them?
27. D istinguish between the heavy damping and critical damping with the help of displacement-time
graph. Give practical example of each type.
28. A massless spring suspended from a rigid support, carries a mass 100g at its lower end. The system
oscillates with a frequency of 10Hz and the amplitude of the damped oscillations reduces to half of
it undamped value in one minute. Calculate (i) the resistive force constants (ii) the relaxation time
(iii) the quality factor (iii) the force constant of the spring.
29. Write down the differential equation for forced vibration and explain each of the terms appearing
in the equation. What is the solution in the steady state.
30. (a) What is amplitude resonance in a forced oscillation Draw the resonance curves for various
damping factor. Find the resonant frequency.(b) Mention the differences between amplitude
resonance and velocity resonance.

Optics : (Interference and diffraction of light)

1. Define the following terms: (i) Wavefront (ii) Monochromatic light (iii) Coherent light source (iv)
Interference fringes (v) Fringe width.
2. Write the expression of intensity due to interference in Young‟s double slit experiment. From this
find the condition of constructive and destructive interference.
3. State and explain the conditions for obtaining stable interference pattern of light.
4. In Young‟s experiment the slit separation is 0 ∙ 6 𝑚𝑚. If the wavelength of light used is 6000 Å and the
distance between the slits & the screen is 50 𝑐𝑚. Calculate the fringe width. ,Ans. 0 ∙ 5 𝑚𝑚]
5. How does diffraction differ from interference? What are the differences between Fraunhofer
diffraction and Fresnel diffraction?
6. Write the expression of intensity due to single slit. Find the positions of diffraction minima and
maxima in terms of angle of diffraction. Draw the variation of intensity with angle of diffraction.

Page 10 of 23
7. Write the expression for intensity due to double slit Fraunhofer diffraction. Find the positions of
various intensity minima and maxima.. Draw the intensity distribution graphically.
8. (a) Explain Missing orders in double slit pattern.(b) In a double slit diffraction experiment if the
slit width is 2 𝑚𝑚 and the separation between the slits is 4 𝑚𝑚 then find the missing orders.
9. (a) Write the expression for intensity due to N- slits Fraunhofer diffraction.(b) Explain the „Absent
Spectra‟.(c) Why is the spectra formed due to grating for white light.
10. A parallel beam of light (wavelength 5000 Å) falls normally on a plane transmission grating
having 10000 lines per cm. Find the angle of diffraction for maximum intensity in first order.
11. A monochromatic light of wavelength 5000 Å incidents normally on a plane transmission
grating of 2 𝑐𝑚 width. The second order spectrum is formed at an angle of diffraction 30°. What is the
total number of lines in the grating? [Ans. 10000]
12. How many orders of spectrum is visible with sodium light of wavelength 5890 Å by a plane
transmission grating with 1000 lines per cm? [Ans. 16]
13. A plane transmission grating at normal incidence gives a green line 𝜆1 = 5400 Å in a
certain spectral order superposed on a violet line 𝜆2 = 4500 Å of the next higher order. If the angle
of diffraction is 30°, obtain the number of lines per cm of the grating. [Ans. 1852 per cm]
14. (a) State the Rayleigh‟s criterion of resolving power of an optical instrument? (b) Write the
expression of resolving power to distinguish two spectral lines having wavelengths 𝜆 and 𝜆 + 𝑑𝜆.
15. A grating of width 5 𝑐𝑚 with 6000 lines per cm is used to just resolve wavelength separation
0 ∙ 22 Å. Calculate the mean wavelength. [Ans. 6600 Å]
16. What is minimum number of lines of a grating required to resolve sodium D-lines
5890 Å & 5896 Å in the 3rd order? Ans. 328]
Polarization of light
1. State and explain Brewster‟s law of polarization indicating clearly the nature of polarization of the
reflected and refracted waves. Show that the reflected and refracted components are mutually
perpendicular.
2. A ray of light is incident on the surface of a glass plate of refractive index 1 ∙ 55. Calculate the angle of
incidence for which the reflected light is completely plane-polarized? What is the corresponding angle of
refraction?
3. What is Brewster‟s angle? What is the value of this angle for glass of refractive index1.5 immersed in water
of refractive index 1.33?
4. The critical angle of glass with respect to air is 41. Find the Brewster‟s angle?
5.State Malus law of polarization. Prove that the maximum transmission through polarizer is half of
the maximum even if the polarizer is ideal.

Page 11 of 23
6. Un-polarized light is incident on two polarizing sheets placed on top of the other. What must be the angle
1
between the characteristic directions of sheets if the intensity of the transmitted light is 3 of the intensity of

the incident beam?

7.Suppose you have two crossed Polaroids. A thin Polaroid is placed between them and made to rotate at a rate
of ω about their common central axis. An unpolarised light of intensity I0 is incident on the first polaroid.
Show that the intensity of the transmitted light is given by I = I0(1-cos4ωt)/16
8. What is birefringence or double refraction? What are ordinary rays and extraordinary rays?
9. What are the differences between positive crystal and negative crystals? Give one example for each.
10. What are retardation plates? Find the thickness of half-wave plate and quarter-wave plate.
11. The refractive indices of calcite for ordinary and extra-ordinary rays are 1 ∙ 65 and 1 ∙ 48 respectively for
wavelength 5890 Å. Calculate the thickness of the calcite crystal which will convert plane polarized light
into circularly polarized light. [Ans. 0 ∙ 87𝜇𝑚]
12. Find the state of polarization when the x and y component of the electric field are given by
(i) 𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧 and 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧 (ii)
𝐸
𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧 and 𝐸𝑦 = √20 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑘𝑧 + 𝜋 (iii)
𝜋 𝜋
𝐸𝑥 = 𝐸0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡 + 3 and 𝐸𝑦 = 𝐸0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝑧 − 𝜔𝑡 − 6

LASER
1. State the characteristic properties of a laser that differ from those of ordinary light.
2. What are Einstein‟s A and B coefficients? Obtain a relation between Einstein‟s A and B coefficient.
3. (a) Why is optical pumping not generally employed in case of a gas LASER?
(b) Calculate the ratio of stimulated emission to the spontaneous emission at a temperature 300K
for sodium D-lines (λ=5890Ǻ).
4. Illustrate spontaneous emission and stimulated emission. Describe in brief why stimulated emission
generates highly intense coherent beam?
1
5. A relative population (Boltzman ratio) of 𝑒 is representative of the ratio of populations in two energy

states at room tempearature (T=27˚C). Determine the wavelength of the radiation emitted at the
temperature?
6.What is the role of optical resonators in LASER? What is the relation of the length of the resonator
with the frequency of the laser beam?
7. What is population inversion? State the different methods of achieving population inversion?
Electromagnetism and Dielectric and Magnetic properties of Materials:
1. Write Maxwell‟s equations in differential and integral forms explaining symbols.
2. Explain the idea of displacement current. Distinguish between conduction current and
displacement current.

Page 12 of 23
3. Write down Maxwell‟s equations for free space and static field.
4. . Write down the Maxwell‟s equations for good conductors and dielectric materials.
5. . What is polarization of dielectric? What are polar and non-polar dielectric materials?
6. Define polarization vector. Write its dimension and SI unit. Write expression of polarization
charge densities in terms of polarization vector.
7. Write the relation between displacement vector, electric field and polarization vector. Then show
that 𝐷 = 𝜖𝐸 . Find the modified Gauss‟s law for dielectric.
8. What are the different kinds of polarization? Discuss the reason of their occurrence
9. Write the relationship between dielectric constant and refractive index.
10. Derive the relation between polarizability and electric susceptibility. Form this express relative
permittivity in terms of polarizability.
11. a) CO2 is a di-atomic gas but still non-polar. Explain with diagram.
b) Explain that atoms with spherically symmetric charge distribution will always have zero
inherent dipole moment.
12. . What does one men by linear, homogeneous and isotropic dielectric medium?
13. Show that for a dielectric material the polarization is equal to the surface density of polarization
charges
14. Explain with diagram why the electric field inside a dielectric gets weaken compared to the
applied field.
15. Calculate the dimension of (a) electric field, (b) electric displacement, (c) permittivity, (d)
dielectric constant, (e) dipole moment, (f) polarization, (g) polarizability and (h) susceptibility.
16. . What is dielectric breakdown? Write its significance.
17. Distinguish between dia, para and ferromagnetic material.
18. Establish the relation B = µoM + µo H.
19. . What do you mean by hysteresis effect? Derive an expression for it. What does the area of
hysteresis curve signify?
20. . Discuss what kind of material can be a good electromagnet and good permanent magnet. Why?
21. .(a) Discuss about the information that can be obtain by studying the hysteresis curve of a
ferromagnetic material. (b) Define with example hard and soft magnetic material. What are their
applications?
22. . Suppose a iron sample is demagnetizing continuously, what will be the nature of B-H curve?
Quantum Mechanics
1. Obtain Rayleigh-Jeans law and Wien‟s law from Planck‟s law.
2. Explain why Planck‟s quantum theory is different from classical concept. Write Planck‟s radiation
formula in terms of wavelength. Draw the Eλ vs. λ of blackbody radiation.

Page 13 of 23
3. Why is the unmodified line appear in Compton scattering. Write the expression for Compton shift.
4. A beam of gamma radiation of wavelength 2.4 x10-12m is incident on a foil of aluminium. Find
the Compton shift for the scattering angle 900.
5. Explain why the Compton shift of wavelength is independent of scattering materials? Photon of
energy 1.02 MeV undergoes Compton scattering through 1800. Calculate the energy of the
scattered photon.
6. State de-Broglie‟s postulate on the wave like property of particles. State clearly why a moving
body corresponds to a „wave packet‟ or „wave group‟? Find the de-Broglie wavelength of a 1.0mg
grain of sand blown by the wind at a speed of 20m/s.
7. Obtain the wave velocity (phase velocity) vp of de Broglie wave in terms of particle velocity v.
8. The life time of an excited state of an atom is about 10-8 sec. Calculate the minimum uncertainty
in the determination of the energy of the excited state.
2
9. Show that the angular frequency  of the de Broglie waves is  
h 1  vc 2
2

10. State the basic postulates of quantum mechanics.

11. . A particle of mass m is confined by infinite potentials within 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝐿. (a) Write the
Schrödinger‟s equation to describe the motion of the particle. (b) Solve the equation to find out
the normalized eigen functions.
12. If the wave function, 𝛹 𝑥 , of a quantum mechanical particle is given by,
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝛹 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin for 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿
𝐿

=0 otherwise
i) Determine the value of 𝑥 where the probability of finding the particle is maximum.
ii) Show that the eigen functions corresponding to two different eigen values are orthogonal.
13. Find the time independent Schrödinger‟s equation using the method of separation of variables.
14. Explain quantum mechanical operator, eigen functions and eigen values.
ℏ 𝑑
15. Find the eigen function and eigen value of momentum operator 𝑝𝑥 = .
𝑖 𝑑𝑥

16.(a) Given that for a particle in a rigid box (spanning from 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑥 = 𝑎) the eigen functions are
𝑛𝜋𝑥
given by, 𝛹𝑛 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin . What are the energy eigen values in this state?
𝐿

b) Considering an electron is confined between two rigid walls 0 ∙ 30 𝑛𝑚 apart. Find the energy
levels for the states 𝑛 = 1, 2, & 3.
17. a) Show that 𝛹 = 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 where 𝐴 and 𝐵 are constants, is a solution to the Schrödinger‟s equation
for 𝐸 = 0 energy level of a particle in a box.
(b) Show that the probability of finding a particle with this wave function is zero.

Page 14 of 23
 c) Show that 𝛹𝑛 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝛹 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑖𝜔𝑡 is a wave function of a stationary state.
18. a) Write down a Schrödinger‟s wave equation for a particle of mass m in a rectangular box with
infinitely rigid walls with edges 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐. What are the boundary conditions? (b) What conditions
are responsible for the quantization of energy of the particle?
c) Write the state function of a particle in a three dimensional rectangular box.
d) Prove that the lowest state of a free particle in a cubical box is not degenerate. What is the
degeneracy of the (1,1,2) state?
19. a) Calculate the normalization constant and the probability density for a wave function given by,
𝜍 2𝑥2
− +𝑖𝑘𝑥
𝛹 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒 2 at 𝑥 = 0.
1 3
20. Find the probability of a particle lying in the region 𝑏 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 , where

𝛹 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑏𝑥 for 0 < 𝑥 < ∞

𝛹 𝑥 =0 for −∞ < 𝑥 < 0.
21. A system has two energy eigen states 0 and 30 . 𝛹1 and 𝛹2 are the corresponding normalized
wave functions. At any instant the system is in the superposed state
1
𝛹 = 𝐶1 𝛹1 + 𝐶2 𝛹2 and 𝐶1 = .
√2

Find the value of 𝐶2 if 𝛹 is normalized. ii) What is the probability that an energy measurement would
yield a value of 30 ?
22. The wave function of a particle in one dimensional box of length 𝐿, is
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝛹 𝑥 = sin . Find 𝑥 and 𝑥 2 .
𝐿 𝐿

23. a) If 𝑝 denotes momentum, then find 𝑝 as well as 𝑝2 in the ground state of the system
mentioned in the previous problem.
𝜕 𝜕
24. Prove that 𝜕𝑥 , 𝜕𝑡 are not commutative.

25. The wave function of a moving particle is given by,

𝑖𝐸𝑡
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝐿 𝐿
𝛹 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin 𝑒− ℏ for − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ + 2
𝐿

= 0 elsewhere.

Find 𝑝𝑥 , 𝑝𝑥2 and 𝑝𝑥 2 − 𝑝𝑥2 . Find the expectation value of 𝑥 for the wave function given
by, 𝛹 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑏𝑥 .
𝑟
1 −
26. A ground state wave function is given by, 𝛹100 = 𝑒 𝑎 Show that the expectation value of
𝜋𝑎 3
−𝑒 2
the potential is 𝑉 = .
4𝜋𝜖 0 𝑎

𝜕
27. Show that 𝑥 = 𝑖ℏ 𝜕𝑝 and 𝑝 = 𝑝 is consistent with the commutation relation 𝑥, 𝑝 = 𝑖ℏ.

Page 15 of 23
28. What is a bound state? Give four examples of bound states.
29. (a) Distinguish between a classical and quantum harmonic oscillator. (b) Write the time
independent Schrodinger‟s equation for a LQHO. (Here Linear Quantum Harmonic Oscillator)
30. (a) Write the expression of the normalized wave function of a LQHO in the nth state. (b). Write the
complete expression of the normalized wave functions of the first three states and hence draw the
wave functions of these states.
2 𝑚𝜔
31. The ground state of a LQHO is given by 𝜓 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝛼𝑥 2
, where 𝛼 = . The LQHO is
ℏ

oscillating within the classical limit −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎.

i. Calculate the normalization constant 𝐴.
ii. Find the expression of the probability density and hence calculate the probability of
finding the particle at 𝑥 = 0 and at 𝑥 = ±𝑎.
iii. Calculate the energy eigenvalue.
iv. Calculate the expectation value of the energy 𝐸.
v. Calculate the expectation values 𝑥 , 𝑥 2 and 𝑝𝑥 ..
vi. Find the relation between 𝑎 and 𝛼.
vii. Draw the classical probability density and quantum mechanical probability density.
viii. Show that the probability of finding the LQHO outside the bounded region −𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑎 is
only 17%.
1
ix. Show that the ratio of the probability of finding the particle at 𝑥 = 0 and at 𝑥 = 𝑎 is 𝑒 .

32. A particle of mass 1 mg is attached to a spring of spring constant 10−3 N/m. Calculate it‟s zero
point energy and classical value of amplitude of zero point vibration.
2 𝑑2𝜓 2𝑚
33. The function 𝜓 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑒 −𝑏𝑥 satisfies the Schrodinger‟s equation + 𝐸−
𝑑𝑥 2 ℏ2
1
𝑚𝜔2 𝑥 2 𝜓 𝑥 = 0. Determine the value of 𝑏 and calculate the corresponding energy
2

eigenvalue.
34. (i) What do you mean by a spherically symmetric potential.
(ii) Write down the Hamiltonian for the hydrogen atom.
(iii) Write the time independent Schrodinger equations for the hydrogen atom in the reduced
mass coordinates.
(iv) Write the differential equation describing the radial 𝑅 part of the Schrodinger equation.
(v) Write the differential equation describing the polar part 𝛩 of the Schrodinger equation.
(vi) Write the differential equation describing the azimuthal part 𝛷 of the Schrodinger
equation.
(vii) Solve the azimuthal equation and find the normalization constant.

Page 16 of 23
 (viii) Write the expressions of the normalized solution of the polar equation for 𝑛 = 1, and 𝑛 =
2.
(ix) Discuss about the degeneracy of the hydrogen atom. Draw a figure of degeneracy for
𝑛 = 1,2,3.
(x) Draw the radial wave functions of the states i) 𝑛 = 1, 𝑙 = 0 ii) 𝑛 = 1, 𝑙 = 0 and iii)
𝑛 = 1, 𝑙 = 1.
(xi) If 𝜇 is the reduced mass of the electron and proton in a hydrogen atom, the ground state or
−𝑟
1 ℏ2
the 1𝑠 state of the atom is given by 𝛹1,0,0 = 𝑒 𝑎 0 where 𝑎0 = 𝜇 𝑒 2
3
𝜋𝑎 02

(a) Find the radial probability function 𝑃 𝑟 . Draw 𝑃 𝑟 vs 𝑟.

(b) Verify that the wave function is normalized.
(c) Show that the most probable distance of the electron from the nucleus is equal to the
Bohr‟s radius 𝑎0 .
(d) Show that the average distance of the electron from the nucleus is 1.5𝑎0 .
(e)Find the expectation value of the potential energy of the electron.
1
(f) Find the average value of of the 1𝑠 electron.
𝑟

∞ ∞
𝑛!
Hint: Use the standard integrals i) 𝑒 −𝑡𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ii) 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 = 𝛤 𝑛
0 𝑡 𝑛 +1 0
1
𝛤 𝑛 + 1 = 𝑛𝛤 𝑛 , Γ = √𝜋
2
Statistical Mechanics
1. Name the statistics followed by each of the following particles: neutrino, alpha particle, muon,
photon, neutron, pi-meson and phonon.
2. Write the basic assumptions in deriving the (M.B (ii) B.E and (iii) F.D statistics. How does the
distribution function differ in the three cases?
3. A gas has 2 distinguishable identical particles in 𝑘 − 𝑡𝑕 energy level in which there are 3
separate quantum states. Find the possible number of microstates.
4. Define phase space, microstate and macro-state with suitable example.
5. Sketch the Fermi distribution function for 𝑇 = 0 and 𝑇 > 0𝐾 and explain what is meant by
Fermi energy? What is the occupation probability at 𝐸 = 𝐸𝐹 ? Calculate how the degeneracy
function 𝑔 𝐸 depends on 𝐸 for a Fermionic gas. Express the Fermi energy level in a metal in
terms of free electron density.

Page 17 of 23
6. a) A system has non-degenerate single-particle states with 0,1,2,3 energy units. Three particles
are to be distributed in these states such that the total energy of the system is 3 units. Find the
number of microstates if the particles obey (i) MB statistics (ii) BE statistics (iii) FD statistics.
b) Consider two particle system each of which can exist in a states 1 , 2 , 3 . What are the
possible states, if the particles are (i) bosons and (ii) fermions?

PART - C (Conceptual Questions)

Mechanics
1. As shown in fig. a uniform solid sphere rolls on a horizontal surface at 20m/s. It then rolls up the
inclined plane. If friction losses are negligible, find the height (h) where the ball stops.

2. The force acting on a moving particle is 𝐹 = 𝑓(𝑟)𝑟. Prove that the angular momentum of the
particle is conserved.
3. Determine the degrees of freedom of (i) dumb-bell moving in space (ii) three particles connected
by rigid rods moving in space
4. Find the directional derivative of 𝜙 = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑥𝑧 2 at (1, −2, −1) in the direction of the vector
2𝑖 − 𝑗 − 2𝑘.
5. Find the angle between the surfaces 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 9 and 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 3 at the point
(2, −1, 2).
6. Show that ∇ ∙ 𝑣 = 0 and ∇ × 𝑣 = 2𝜔, where the angular velocity 𝜔 and the linear velocity 𝑣, are
related by 𝑣 = 𝜔 × 𝑟.
7. Show that ∇2 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 = 𝑟 −2
8. State Stokes‟ theorem and Gauss‟s Divergence theorem. Using them show that ∇ ∙ ∇ × 𝐴 = 0.

9. Using Gauss‟ theorem prove 𝑆

𝑟 ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = 3𝑉, where 𝑉 is volume bounded by surface 𝑆.

10. Prove that, 𝑆

𝐴 ∙ 𝑛𝑑𝑆 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑉, where 𝑆 is any closed surface enclosing a volume 𝑉 and

𝐴 = 𝑎𝑥𝑖 + 𝑏𝑦𝑗 + 𝑐𝑧𝑘 .

11. Find the work done in moving a body from (1, −2,1) to (3,1,4) in a force field 𝐹 =
2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑧 3 𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑗 + 3𝑥𝑧 2 𝑘 .
12. Verify Stokes‟ theorem for 𝐹 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 + 𝑥𝑦𝑗, for the area bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑎,
in the 𝑋𝑌 plane.
13. Show that for a body executing S.H.M., the acceleration leads the velocity by π/2 and
displacement by π.
14. A simple harmonic oscillator is characterized by 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos⁡
(ωt). Find out the displacement at
which its kinetic energy is equal to its potential energy.

Page 18 of 23
15. A hollow sphere is filled with water, used as pendulum bob. If water trickles out slowly through
the hole made at the bottom, how will the time period be affected?
16. (a) An oscillatory motion of a body is represented by 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑡 . Show that the motion is simple
harmonic. (b) The displacement of a moving particle at any time is given by 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos⁡
(𝜔𝑡) +
𝑏 sin⁡
(𝜔𝑡). Show that the motion is simple harmonic.
17. Show that for weak damping the logarithm of the ratio of successive amplitudes on either side of
the equilibrium position is constant.
18. State the physical significance of quality factor (Q-value) of a forced oscillator. Show the
variation of average power dissipated by the oscillator with the driving force frequency and
indicate the bandwidth.
19. How does resonance take place when an inductor(L), a capacitor(C) and a resistor (R) are
connected in series along with an ac voltage. Find the resonant frequency.

OPTICS
1. Why two independent sources of light of same wavelength can not produce interference pattern?
2. If the intensity ratio of two interfering waves is , show that in the interference pattern
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛 2√𝛼
= 1+𝛼 .
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 +𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑛

3. Laser light (630 nm) incident on a pair of slits produces an interference pattern in which the bright
fringes are separated by 8.3 mm. A second light produces an interference pattern in which the
bright fringes are separated by 7.6 mm. What is the wavelength of this second light? [Ans. 577 nm]
4. (a) Explain that diffraction pattern can be observed clearly when the slit width is of the order of
wavelength of light. (b) Explain the occurrence of missing orders in the case of double slit
diffraction pattern.
5. A diffraction grating having 7000 lines per cm is illuminated normally red light from a He-Ne
laser. If its 2nd order spectral line is at 62.4˚, what is the wavelength of red laser light?
6. A diffraction grating used at normal incidence gives a line (5400Ǻ) in certain order
superimposed on another line (4050Ǻ) of the next higher order. If the angle of diffractionis 30˚.,
how many lines/cm are there on the grating?
7. “Light waves can be polarized but sound waves cannot.”- why?
8. A black dot is marked on a white piece of paper. It is then viewed through a calcite crystal from
the top. (a) How many images are expected to be seen and why?
9. Two polarizers are at crossed position (angle between the polarizing planes is 90˚), a third
polarizer with angle θ with the first one is placed between them. An unpolarized light of intensity
I is incident on the first one and passes through all three polarizers. Find the intensity of light that
comes out.

Page 19 of 23
10. A plane polarized light is incident on a quartz plate cut with faces parallel to the axis. Find the
least thickness for which O-ray and E-ray will combine to form plane polarized light. Given,
n0=1.542 and ne= 1.553 and = 5000A0.
11. How can you convert a L.H. circular polarized light into a R.H circular polarized light.
12. Explain the concept of negative temperature in connection with the operation of a laser.
13. Show that population inversion is impossible by direct pumping in a 2-level system.
14. Explain that a typical laser system can be treated as an oscillator. Find the threshold condition for
laser oscillation.

Electromagnetism and Dielectric and Magnetic properties of Materials

1. State the significances of Maxwell‟s four electromagnetic field equations.
2. Derive the Maxwell‟s modification of ampere‟s law
3. An ac voltage is connected across an ideal parallel plate capacitor. Prove that the displacement
current at the capacitor is equal to the conduction current through the wire.
5. Prove that E = sin (y-t)k and B = sin (y-t)i constitute a possible electromagnetic field.
6. Calculate the induced dipole moment per unit volume of helium gas placed in an electric field of
6×105 V/m. the polarisability of helium is 2.33×10-41 F m2 and the density of helium is 20.6×1025
molecules/m3. [2.88×10-9 C/m2]
7. Calculate the total dipole moment of a water molecule assuming that all the ten electrons in the
molecule circulate symmetrically about the oxygen atom. Given that OH distance is 0.96×10 -10 m
and that the angle between two OH bonds is 1040 [1.89×10-38 C-m]
8. Discuss the local field in solid dielectric.
9. Discuss the characteristics of displacement current.
10. Starting from Maxwell‟s last two equations derive first two Maxwell‟s equations.
11. Show that equation of continuity is contained in Maxwell‟s equations.
12. Starting from Maxwell‟s equations derive Coulomb‟s law.
13. Define the following (with unit where applicable): Magnetic moment, Magnetization, Magnetic
susceptibility, relative permeability, Magnetic induction, Magnetic field, magnetic flux
14. What do you mean by hysteresis loss? Derive an expression for it. What does the area of hysteresis
curve signify?

Quantum Mechanics
1. Classical theory could not explain blackbody radiation. Critically comment on the statement.

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2. (a) If the sun emits maximum energy at wavelength 4753Ǻ, calculate the temperature of its
surface. Given Wien‟s constant b=0.288 cm˚C. (b) What is the wavelength of the maximum intensity
of radiation radiated from a source at temperature 3000˚C?
3. Justify that an electron can be treated more as a wave than a particle.
4. Critically comment about the origin of Heisenberg`s uncertainty principle.
5. Calculate the frequency of the photon produced when an electron of 20 keV is brought to rest in
one collision with a heavy nucleus. Show that momentum of the electron is not conserved.
6. (a) If the maximum energy imparted to an electron in Compton scattering is 45 keV, what is the
wavelength of the incident photon? (b) Show that free electron at rest cannot absorb a photon.
Hence Compton scattering must occur with free electrons.
7. (a) An X-ray photon is found to have doubled its wavelength on being scattered by 90˚. Find the
energy and wavelength of incident photon. (b) An x-ray photon of wavelength 0.1Ǻ is reflected at
an angle of 90˚ with its original direction after collision with an electron at rest. Find the energy it
loses on collision.

8. i) If 𝜓1 (𝑥) and 𝜓2 (𝑥) are both the eigen function of the Hamiltonian 𝐻 with the eigen values
E1 and E2 respectively, then prove that the superposed state 𝜓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝜓1 𝑥 + 𝑏𝜓2 (𝑥) with eigen
value E, is also an eigen state of the same Hamiltonian if 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 = 𝐸.

2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
ii) A free quantum mechanical particle is represented by the wave function 𝑥 = sin .
𝐿 𝐿
Find the, energy eigen value and the momentum eigen value of the particle using corresponding
operators.

2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
9. Show that wave functions given by 𝜓 𝑥 = sin are orthonormal.
𝐿 𝐿

10. For a particle trapped in a one dimensional box of length 𝐿, the energy eigen function is given by
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝜓 𝑥 = sin for 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐿. Show that, this is not an eigen function of momentum operator.
𝐿 𝐿
Find the momentum eigen functions for the trapped particle. Also find the momentum eigen values.

11. i) For a particle trapped in a three dimensional box of sides L, if it is in the ground state
𝑛𝑥 = 𝑛𝑦 = 𝑛𝑧 = 1, (a) Find the probability that the particle will be found in the volume defined
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
by 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 4. (b) Do the same for 2 instead of 4.

ii) A linear combination of two wave functions for the same system is also a valid wave
πx 2πx
function. Find the normalization constant 𝐵 for the combination Ψ𝑛 𝑥 = 𝐵 sin + sin
𝐿 𝐿

of the wave functions for the 𝑛 = 1 and 𝑛 = 2 states of a particle in a box 𝐿 wide.

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 𝑑2
12. An eigen function of the operator 𝑑𝑥 2 is sin 𝑛𝑥 , where 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, … Find the corresponding

eigen values.
ℏ
13. Show that the expectation values 𝑝𝑥 and 𝑥𝑝 are related by: 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑥𝑝 = 𝑖 . For a particle

trapped in a one dimensional box of length 𝐿, find the expectation value: x 2 and 𝑥 . Also find

∆𝑥 = x2 − 𝑥 2 for 𝑛 = 1.
14. Show that for large quantum numbers the classical probability and quantum mechanical probability
of a LHO become identical.
1
15. Suppose the state function of a LQHO is given by 𝜓 𝑥 = 𝜓0 𝑥 + 𝜓1 𝑥 where 𝜓0 𝑥 and
√2

𝜓1 𝑥 are the ground state and the first excited state of the LQHO.
i. Find the expectation value of energy of the LQHO.
ii. Calculate the probability of finding the LQHO in ground state.
16. Evaluate the probability that the electron in the 1𝑠 state of a hydrogen atom will be found at a
distance greater than 2𝑎0 .
17. How much more likely is a 1𝑠 electron in a hydrogen atom to be at a distance 𝑎0 from the nucleus
𝑎0
than at the distance .
2

18. Calculate the ground state electron energy 𝐸1 .

Statistical Mechanics
1. A box contains 4 black and 5 white balls. Find the probability that on two successive draws, the
balls drawn are both black.
2. In a box there are 10 cut up alphabets cards with letters 3A‟s, 4C‟s, and 3T‟s. If the cards be
drawn one after another and placed on the table in that order, then find the probability that the
word “CAT” will appear.
3. Explain Occupation Index. Explain degenerate, non-degenerate and strongly degenerate states in
the context of occupation index.
4. The molecules of a gas have two states of internal energy with statistical weights 𝑔1 and 𝑔2 and
energies 0 and 𝜀 respectively. Calculate the contribution of these states to the total internal energy.
5. Prove that for a system at 𝑇 > 0𝐾, obeying Fermi-Dirac statistics, the probability that a particle
state of energy ∆𝜀 above Fermi level is occupied is equal to the probability that a state of energy
∆𝜀 below is empty. Also prove that the lower the temperature, the steeper the distribution curve at
𝜀 = 𝜀𝐹 .
3 2 −𝑚 𝑐 2
𝑚
6. From the Maxwell‟s distribution law, 𝑑𝑛𝑐 = 4𝜋𝑛 𝑒 2𝑘𝑇 𝑐 2 𝑑𝑐. Find the fraction of
2𝜋𝑘𝑇

molecules within energy range 𝜀 and 𝜀 + 𝑑𝜀. 4 [6min.]

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7. Can the classical statistics be applied to a system of - a) 1023 molecules of the hydrogen gas
occupying a volume 20𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 at NTP, b) electrons in metals at room temperature (electron density
~ 1029 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚3 )?

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