DILLA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER

ENGINEERING

STREAM (POWER)
INTERNSHIP REPORT

CAMPANY: ETHIOPIAN ELECTRIC POWER GERBEGURACHA

SUBSTATION

PREPARED BY: BETHELHEM SHIFERAW

IDENTIFICATION NO: 0395/15

ADVISOR: ZEBENE GIRMA

Submission date: 17/02/2020 G.C

Dilla Ethiopia

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

Declaration
I hereby declare that report on GERBE GURACHA SUBSTATION is an authentic record of
my original work, it has not been presented for a degree in this or any other universities and
all sources of materials used for the report have been fully acknowledged.

Name of intern: Signature Date

BETHELHEMSHIFERAW ` _______________ _____________

This report has been submitted with my approval as a university advisor.

Advisor’s Name Signature Date

ZEBENE GIRMA ____________ ______________

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

ACKONOWLEDGMENT
First of all, I would like to thanks GOD for giving me the strength to start and finalize my report.
Second, I would like to thank all workers (team leaders and operators) of EEP that assisted me by
providing all the relevant information and reading material during my stay in the company. Next, I
would like to thank Mr. ZEBENE GIRMA my advisor for his guidance and valuable comment on my
report and W/R TESFA TEGEGNE my company supervisor for her valuable suggestions, gentle
supervisions and encouragement throughout my internship and her constructive comment for this
internship report. In addition, I would like to express my great thanks to all company workers who
helped me during the internship period. Finally, my great gratitude to goes my family for their
financial support in every material needed for me and for their encouragement at any time.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

EXCUTIVE SUMMARRY
This report is intended to give brief explanations of the internship from the beginning to the end. This
includes the brief history of my hosting company, EEP, its mission and vision, its products, customers
and its overall organizational structure. The principles of electrical energy generation, particularly
hydroelectric energy, transmission to the substation, and distribution to the end customer is well
addressed and included in this paper. The input to the substation and output from the substation, its
internal structure and working principles of each device, maintenance, and protection relays are
presented in clear manner. This paper finally recommends on the area of operation principle,
distribution system, distribution transformers, and power fluctuation and transmission network safety.
In general, this report briefly illustrates the main points of internship experiences that I gained in
different forms (writing, tables, figures……etc.).

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

Table of Contents
Declaration .............................................................................................................................................. ii
ACKONOWLEDGMENT ........................................................................................................................... iii
EXCUTIVE SUMMARRY ........................................................................................................................... iv
LIST 0F FIGURE ...................................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................. viii
CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................................... - 1 -
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... - 1 -
1.1 Background of Gerbe Guracha Substation and Eep.................................................................. - 1 -
1.2 Brief historyof EEP..................................................................................................................... - 1 -
1.3 Vision, Mission, Value and Principle of EEP .............................................................................. - 2 -
1.3.1 Vision of EEP........................................................................................................................... - 2 -
1.3.2 Mission of EEP .................................................................................................................... - 3 -
1.3.3 Values and principles of EEP .............................................................................................. - 3 -
1.4 Objectives of EEP ...................................................................................................................... - 3 -
1.5 Services and products of EEP .................................................................................................... - 4 -
1.6 Overall Organization and Work Flow of the Substation ........................................................... - 5 -
1.7 Main Customers (End Users)..................................................................................................... - 6 -
1.8 Production Process of the Company......................................................................................... - 7 -
2.1 Objectives of the Internship...................................................................................................... - 8 -
2.1.1 General Objectives ............................................................................................................. - 8 -
2.1.2 Specific Objectives ............................................................................................................. - 8 -
2.2 Work Flow and Operation of Grebe Guracha Substation ......................................................... - 8 -
2.3 How I Did Get into the Company .............................................................................................. - 9 -
2.4 The Activities and Tasks I Have Been Observed in the Substation ........................................... - 9 -
2.5 The Section of the Organization That I Have Been Working..................................................... - 9 -
2.6 Overall System Components and Operations of Substation .................................................. - 10 -
2.7 Working Experience ................................................................................................................ - 10 -
2.7.1 Substation ........................................................................................................................ - 10 -
2.7.2 Transformer ..................................................................................................................... - 14 -
2.7.3 Autotransformer ............................................................................................................ - 14 -
2. 7.4 Power Transformer ......................................................................................................... - 15 -
2.7.5 Instrument Transformer .................................................................................................. - 18 -
2.7.6 Circuit Breaker.................................................................................................................. - 21 -
2.7.7 Lightning (Surge) Arrester ................................................................................................ - 25 -
2.7.8 Isolator (Disconnect) ........................................................................................................ - 28 -

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

2.7.9 Bus bar ............................................................................................................................. - 29 -

2.7.10 DC Batteries and Battery Charger .................................................................................. - 30 -
2.8SUBSTATION EARTHING SYSTEM ............................................................................................. - 32 -
2.9 CONTROL ROOM ..................................................................................................................... - 32 -
2.10 Conductors/ Cables ............................................................................................................... - 34 -
2.11 My Performance at the Company ......................................................................................... - 35 -
2.12 Challenges I Faced While Performing My Work Task ........................................................... - 36 -
3.1 In Terms of Improving Practical Skill ....................................................................................... - 37 -
3.2 Improving theoretical knowledge ........................................................................................... - 37 -
3.3 Improving Interpersonal Communication Skills ...................................................................... - 37 -
3.4 Improving team playing skill ................................................................................................... - 37 -
3.5 Improving Leadership Skills..................................................................................................... - 38 -
3.6. Understanding about Work Ethics Related Issues ................................................................. - 38 -
3.7 Entrepreneurship Skills ........................................................................................................... - 38 -
CHAPTER FOUR ................................................................................................................................. - 40 -
4. Automatic Cable Stripper .............................................................................................................. - 40 -
4.1. Abstract .................................................................................................................................. - 40 -
4.2. Problem statement ................................................................................................................ - 40 -
4.3. Objectives of the Project........................................................................................................ - 41 -
4.3.1. General Objective ........................................................................................................... - 41 -
4.3.2. Specific Objectives .......................................................................................................... - 41 -
4.4. Feasibility of the Project ........................................................................................................ - 41 -
4.5. Brief Description of the Components of the Machine ........................................................... - 42 -
4.6. Detail Specification the Equipment ....................................................................................... - 42 -
4.7. Working Principle ................................................................................................................... - 45 -
4.8. Detailed Design and calculation............................................................................................. - 45 -
4.9. Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................... - 49 -
CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................................... - 50 -
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ...................................................................................... - 50 -
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... - 50 -
4.2 Recommendation.................................................................................................................... - 50 -
References ........................................................................................................................................ - 52 -

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

LIST 0F FIGURE
Figure 1.1 Re organization of EEP ....................................................................................................... - 2 -
Figure 1.2 Overall Organizations and Work Flow of the Substation ................................................... - 6 -
Figure 2.1 transmission line .............................................................................................................. - 10 -
Figure 2.2 gerbe guracha main incoming and outgoing line ............................................................ - 11 -
Figure 2.3 the brief layouts ............................................................................................................... - 13 -
Figure 2.4 autotransformer............................................................................................................... - 14 -
Figure 2.5 power transformer ........................................................................................................... - 15 -
Figure 2.6 current transformer ......................................................................................................... - 18 -
Figure 2.7 current transformer ......................................................................................................... - 20 -
figure 2.8 circuit breaker................................................................................................................... - 22 -
Figure 2.9 controlling path of circuit breaker .................................................................................. - 24 -
Figure 2.10 lightning arrestor ........................................................................................................... - 26 -
Figure 2.11 isolator ........................................................................................................................... - 28 -
Figure 2.12 bus bar ........................................................................................................................... - 29 -
Figure 2.13 DC Batteries and Battery charger .................................................................................. - 31 -
Figure 4-1: Automatic cable stripe.................................................................................................... - 45 -
Figure 4-2: Stripping blade ................................................................................................................ - 46 -
Figure 4-3: Main shaft ....................................................................................................................... - 47 -

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

LIST OF ACRONYMS
EME Electro mechanical engineering

EEP Ethiopian electric power

EEU Ethiopian electric utility

EEPCO Ethiopian electric power corporation

MV Medium voltage

LV Low voltage

HV high voltage

AC Alternative current

DC Direct current

KVA Kilovolt Ampere

SF6 Sulphur-hexafluoride

MVA Mega volt ampere

CB Circuit breaker

VCB Vacuum circuit breaker

ACB Air circuit breaker

SA Surge arrester

CT Current transformer

VT Voltage transformer

PT Power transformer

KV kilo volt

EMF Electro motive force

ON Oil natural

OF Oil forced

AN Air natural

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 CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Gerbe Guracha Substation and Eep

Gerbe Guracha substation is one of substation of the Ethiopian electric power built in 2009
EC. This substation is found in oromia region which far from 155km from AddisAbaba. It
has two incoming sources. These are 400KV from debremarkos but the 2nd sululita line is
not energize still now. And it distributes 33 KV to:

 Fitche
 Gebreguracha
 Guatsion

The substation had been playing an important role in distributing electric power with
sustainable manner for specified sites.

The Ethiopian Electric Power (EEP) is a government owned utility responsible for the
generation, transmission, distribution and sales service of electric energy throughout
Ethiopia. It was named in 2007 after serving about a decade in the name of the Ethiopian
Electric power corporation (EEPCO), which was established in 1997. It is the sole power
utility in Ethiopia and is responsible to provide good quality electrical energy in an economic,
reliable and safe way to its customers.

1.2 Brief history of EEP

The Electric power was introduced to Ethiopia in the late 19th century, during the regime of
Emperor Menelik II. In 1898 GC Emperor Menelik II brought the first diesel generator in
order to light the palace. After 14 years in 1912 GC the first hydro power plant was
constructed on Akaki River in order to supply power to small factories that had been
established in Addis Ababa. Consequently, the power supply that had been limited to small
factories and the palace was extended to public places and major roads in the vicinity of the
palace. After Italian invasion, on the year 1955 GC, in light of its function its name was
changed to” Ethiopian Electric light and Power”. Soon after its establishment, the supervision
and management of the organization was vested in the Board of Directors appointed by the

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government. After eight months of its establishment, the Ethiopian Electric light and power
was transformed to the “Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority” The Authority
continued to increase the scope of its operation in order to accommodate new changes in
socio economic development of the country. In this regard, one of the major changes in the
economic sector was the transformation of the centralized command economy to the free
market driven economy in the year 1987 GC. In order to accommodate the new changes in
the environment, the Ethiopian Electric Light and Power Authority was transformed to the
Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation by recognizing its functions on the basis of the
principles of commercialization and decentralization. And also, EEPCO is changed into EEU
in 2014 GC, even if now a days for the week of doing well, Ethiopian electric utility is
branched in to two departments those are EEP (which works on generation and transmission)
and EEU (the purpose of the utility is distributing and selling electrical energy to the
costumers) under the Ministry of Water and Energy. The purpose of the corporation is to
engage in the business of producing, transmitting,

Distributing and selling electrical energy. Currently Ethiopia has very good conditions for
generating electricity through hydropower, wind power and geothermal power, all them is
characterized by a very low carbon dioxide emission. The country is permanently increasing
its number of power stations with an increasing amount of power stations in operation and
under construction. The amount of power stations in planning stage is even larger. Ethiopia
fully focused on renewable energies, mainly from hydro power and wind power to increase
its installed electricity production capacity.

Figure 1.1 Re organization of EEP

1.3 Vision, Mission, Value and Principle of EEP

1.3.1 Vision of EEP

To be a first-class provider of quality electric power for the whole country and a competitive
exporter of energy in the region and earning a valuable foreign currency for the country.

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1.3.2 Mission of EEP

To provide adequate and quality electricity generation, transmission through continuous
improvement of management practice responsive to the socio-economic development and
environmental protection need of the public.

1.3.3 Values and principles of EEP

EEP has values and principles in detail. But briefly, the values and principles of EEP are:

 Transparency
 Openness
 Accountability
 Responsibility
 Integrity
 Honesty
 Impartiality
 Loyalty, etc.

1.4 Objectives of EEP

EEP has clearly stated objectives and goals that based on the role that the organization plays
in fast growth and transformation of our country. The objective of the plan is to lay down
electric power infrastructure that will support the country’s ambitious plan of becoming a
middle-income country by the year 2025. Some of the objectives are:

 To bring institutional change by implementing the capacity building program.

 To increase the generation capacity to ensure adequate and reliable power supply by
implementing the generation program.
 To have reliable transmission network to transmit the power produced from power
plants to consumers by implementing the power transmission program.
 To ensure quality and reliable power distribution to consumers by implementing the
power distribution program.
 To enhance the financial capacity of the corporation by executing all scheduled
projects within specified budget and time.

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1.5 Services and products of EEP

The electricity supply system in Ethiopia is hydro dominated with currently 95% of the
country’s installed capacity comes from hydro‐power plants. But there are other appearing
means of production of power like wind power, geothermal power, etc. these means are
stated below:

Hydro Power

Ethiopia’s plentiful hydropower resources are distributed in nine major river basins and their
innumerable tributaries is estimated to generate an economically affordable energy of about
260 TWH. Ethiopia’s Hydro potential (45,000 MW) constitutes 20% of the total technically
feasible potential in Africa. With this potential Ethiopia is usually referred as the power
house of Africa. However, Ethiopia has utilized less than 5% of its potential so far.

Wind

Ethiopia has total wind energy resource reserve of 3,030 Giga Watt and the potential
exploitable quantity of is 1,350 Giga Watt. For technical and economic reasons appropriate
wind regions for grid-based electricity generation are those with wind density of 300W/m2
(wind speed 6.5 m/s) and above. Based on this there is a good start in trying to exploit the
wind capacity that the country has.

Geothermal

Geothermal energy is typically considered as a clean, renewable and environmentally friendly

source of energy which can be used as a stable and reliable source of power and due to the
assumed high geothermal resources in Ethiopia becomes an important option for the
diversification of power. This is reflected in the recently developed Power System Expansion
Master Plan which envisages an increase of geothermal capacity from currently 7 MW
(Aluto-Langano pilot plant) to 5,000 MW in 2037 (or 15.5% of the total installed capacity). It
is expected that the majority of the additions of the geothermal capacities will take place in
the years following 2025. A total of 16 geothermal resource areas have been identified by
various studies. These resource zones are all located within the rift valley system.
(AlutoLangano, TulluMoyeTendaho, Danakil Depression….)

Ethiopian system will move from a hydro system to a mixed hydro- renewable – thermal
system. Renewable will comprise geothermal plus some wind & solar- mixed system with

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

dispatch able plant (thermal and geothermal) will need sophisticated modelling to optimize
operation.

But Ethiopia hasn’t exploited the energy to produce power from her energy sources yet.
Below there is a table which illustrates the amount of energy that the country has and the
amount of energy that has been exploited.

Resource Unit Exploitable %exploited

resource
Hydro power MW 45000 <5
Solar/day KWh/m2 5.5 <1
Wind GW 1350 <1
Geothermal MW 7000 <1
Wood Millions tone 1120 50
Agricaltural waste Millions tone 15-20 30
Natural gas Billions m3 113 0
Coal Millions tone 300 0
Oil shale Millions tone 253 0

Table 1.1 Amount of energy the country has and exploited

As the table above tells Ethiopia has a bright future in production of power from those huge
energy sources as many generation projects are under construction. Grand Ethiopian
Renaissance damp project is one of the projects. It has 6000 MW installed capacity.

In addition to this EEP has the responsibility for: generating, transmitting, distributing and
selling of electricity to consumers throughout the country. It supplies to about 1620 cities,
towns, villages and settlements across the country.

1.6 Overall Organization and Work Flow of the Substation

In this substation there are many workers works on the operation and control of the
substation. Operators are under control of the manager.

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

Management Board

Internal Audit Board

Chief Process Executive

Corporate Planning Corporate

Process Communication

Executi Executiv Executi Executi Executi Execut Execu Executiv Execut Executi
ve e ve ve ve ive tive e Officer ive ve
Officer, Officer, Officer, Officer, Officer, Officer Office Officer Officer
Generat Generati , , ,
Transmi Transmi Distribu , Sales r,
ion on Corpora Corpor Service
ssion ssion tion Proces UEAP
Constru Operatio SN tion HR ate Proces
Constru Operati System s
ction n Process proces s
ction on

Figure 1.2 Overall Organizations and Work Flow of the Substation

1.7 Main Customers (End Users)

From this substation many end users served such as:

 Residential
 Public building
 Commercial
 Industrial entity etc.

Public buildings include religion establishments such as churches, Mosque, educational

centres such as school, collages, health care centres such as clinic, health centres and
Hospitals. Entertainment centres such as theatre, cinema houses, art gallery, sport fields and
gymnastic buildings, commercial building include hotels, restaurants and cafe. Industrial
establishments include small to large scale manufacturing and production facilities. Electrical
load in this consumer include lighting appliance such as cookers, stoves, refrigerator, boilers
and electric motor.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

1.8 Production Process of the Company

Ethiopia strives to be the hub of renewably energy source in the region and beyond. Ethiopian
Electric Power (EEP) is instrumental to this ambitious plan. EEP is a sole provider of bulk
electricity to users, mainly to the Ethiopian Electric Utility (EEU); direct industrial
customers; and exports to neighbouring countries like, Djibouti and Sudan are connected to
Ethiopia by a high-voltage power line. A 400MW energy purchase agreement was signed;
and a 500kV HVDC line between Kenya and Ethiopia is under construction. EEP rates and
maintains more than 12 hydropower and three wind power plants distributed in different parts
of the country with installed capacity of more than 4290MW; including the Gibe III plant
(1870MW). There are two major hydropower projects under construction, namely the Grand
Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (6000MW) and GenaleDawa 3 (254MW). EEP operates and
maintains all high-voltage transmission lines across the country, which covers more than
9,000km with varying voltage levels ranging from 500kV to 132kV; and more than
90substations with the above-mentioned voltage levels. Huge transmission line expansion is
planned to extend the system and cover the whole country including border crossing power
lines.

EEP has its own transmission & substation construction unit task force, which has more than
30 years of experience and developed construction and commissioning capacity of high-
voltage lines up to 230KV and substations. EEP has a portfolio management unit with a track
record in managing and administrating more than seven mega generation and transmission
projects at a time in the last 10 years.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

CHAPTER TWO
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 Objectives of the Internship

The institute believes that the internship program is used to create well performed and
productive students. To achieve this, the institute arranges internship program for its students
to be built skilled man power in engineering aspects. The four-month internship program
comprises of general and specific objectives, in order to produce skilled man power in
engineering aspects.

2.1.1 General Objectives

Our university aimed at providing this internship chance to students with some sort of main
objectives. These are:

 Having an actual work experience in the field of study in order to test one´s
theoretical knowledge.
 Getting the experience in order to solve a real-life problem by applying theoretical
knowledge.
 Understanding how work is organized in different establishments and the work
processes.

2.1.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this internship are as follows:

 Identifying some existing problem and trying to find a solution.

 Acquiring new knowledge or skill that one did not get at class room.
 Developing personal habits and social skills to deal with work
situation.
 Adaptation of the work environment and determination of future field
to work and further study.
 Developing students interaction with other people

2.2 Work Flow and Operation of Grebe Guracha Substation

There are many workers and three work flows in the substation. These are: - Operation,
maintenance and control work. The operator and control worker are under the substation
manager. Operation and control workers in every shift have to write the things which have

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

done on the logbook during his/her work time from the SCADA. Then every worker has to
read the logbook before doing anything that is to know the progress of the whole process to
continue or finish works also they had observed the voltage level of the transformer to
increase or decrease. The substation also under goes inspection for every four hours to check
the healthiness of each equipment.

2.3 How I Did Get into the Company

After I had taken the request paper of internship paper from the Industrial linkage of DILLA
University Institute of technology at the end of January 2012 E.C, I distributed the request
paper to many companies related to my department. From those companies, Ethiopian
Electric Power Corporation was the first company which accepted my requesting internship
paper for four months starting from October 10 to January 29 of 2012 E.C.

2.4 The Activities and Tasks I Have Been Observed in the

Substation
After I joined the substation, the substation manager and operators gives brief information
about substation rules, ethics and work flows. So, according to the internship program by
considering my time, I have focused more on control room and all over operation of
substation as they will.

2.5 The Section of the Organization That I Have Been Working

Since the EEP and EEU is associated with three functions of electricity supply, which are
Generation, Transmission and Distribution. I was performing in the distribution section of
oromia region in grebe guracha substation.

Work flow: - During fault conditions the operator will first turn of the circuit breaker and
write the time, cause and types of fault. When fault is cleared they will communicate with
line workers if they are at work or not. Then after getting information they firstly reset the
relay and close circuit breaker of each outgoing feeders.

On formal reporting: - I had observed that before writing report the substation worker
conducted different works that are important for the report

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2.6 Overall System Components and Operations of Substation

The electric power system provides a means of generating, transmitting and distributing
energy in the form of electric current to the ultimate users. The load generation, transmission,
distribution and load constitute are the four basic element of subsystem of an electrical power
system.

Generation: The generation of electric power involves the conversion of energy from a
nonelectrical form (such as thermal, hydraulic, wind or solar energy) to electric energy.
Electric Power is generated in the range of 11kV to 25kV, which is increased by step up
transformer to the main transmission voltage (66kV to 400kV or higher).

Transmission: the bulk transfer of power by high voltage links between main load centres.
The transmission lines are the connecting links between all the generating stations and the
distribution systems.

Figure 2.1 Transmission line

Distribution: the conveyance of power to the consumers by means of low voltage networks.
A distribution system connects all the individual loads in a given area to the transmission
lines.

2.7 Working Experience

For the past four months I have been working on gerbeguracha substation. I got a lot of working
experience at this substation. I would like to define the overall workflow of gerbegurachasubstation
equipment from my working experience starting from what substation is.

2.7.1 Substation
Substation is a station in the power transmission system at which electric power is
transformed to a conveniently usable form. The Substation may be defined as assembly of

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

apparatus which transforms the characteristics of electrical energy from one form to another,
say for example, from A.C. to D.C. and from one voltage to another. For example, the
consumers do not use high voltage, so this high voltage must be stepped down to low voltage.
The stepping up and stepping down of voltage is done in the substations. Its main function is
to receive energy that transmitted at high voltage from the generating station, and step-up or
step down for convenient use.

Gerbeguracha Substations generally have:

 Switching equipment
 Protection equipment
 Control equipment
 six transformers
 acid battery cell
400kv

Sululita

Debremarko
ss
Gerbe Guracha
Gerbeurac
ha
Fitche
v
33/66k

Factory Guatsion

Figure 2.2 Gerbeguracha main incoming and outgoing line

2.7.1.1Types of substation

Substations can be classified according to many criteria. Some of these criteria are:

 Voltage level that substation carry

 Types of equipment’s used in substation
 Where substation operate

According to voltage level:

 Low Voltage: Below 1000 Volts ….LV

 Medium high voltage: Between 1000 Volts and 33 KV….MV

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

 High Voltage: Above 33 KV and up to 132 KV…. HV

 Extra High Voltage: 220 KV, 400 KV …. EHV
 Ultra-High Voltage: 760 KV …. UHV

According to types of equipment’s used:

 Outdoor type with air insulated equipment

 Indoor type with air insulated equipment
 Outdoor type with gas insulated equipment
 Indoor type with gas insulated equipment
 Mixed technology substations
 Mobile substation

According to substation operates:

The first type is the substation at generating station. These substations connect the
generators to the utility grid and also provide offsite power to the plant. Is simply switching
station where different connections can be made between various transmission lines.

Second type of substation is typically known as the customer substation. This substation
functions as the main source of electric power supply for one particular business customer.
The technical requirements and the business case for this type of facility depend highly on the
customer’s requirements, more so than on utility needs.

Third type of substation involves the transfer of bulk power across the network, and is
referred to as a system substation. Some of these stations provide only switching facilities (no
power transformers) whereas others perform voltage conversion as well. These large stations
typically serve as the end points for transmission lines originating from generating
switchyards and provide the electrical power for circuits that feed transformer stations. They
are integral to the long-term reliability and integrity of the electric system and enable large
blocks of energy to be moved from the generators to the load centres.

Fourth type of substation is the distribution station. These are the most common facilities in
power electric systems and provide the distribution circuits that directly supply most electric
customers. They are typically located close to the load centres, meaning that they are usually
located in or near the neighborhoods that they supply, and are the stations most likely to be
encountered by the customers.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

Grebeguracha substation in which I have been performing is customer substation and extra
high voltage at 400KV. It is also comprised of indoor air insulated and outdoor air insulated
equipment. This substation contains many equipment starting from very huge 400 KV to
small 33 KV control and protection devices like relays. I will discuss most of them below
with their maintenance price Gerbegurachas substation gets power from two 400kv incoming
units. As 400KV substations work in ring system, the incoming unit becomes out-going when
it is needed. From the above 33KV units Fitche, Gerbeguracha, guwatsionare only were
outgoing. There is 66KV outgoing line for cement factory. In addition, Gerbeguracha
substation has eight 33KV outgoing line (L1, L2, L3, L4, L5, L6, L7 and L8).

THE BRIEF LAYOUT OF GREBE GURACHA SUBSTATION

Main LA VT Isolator CT BREAKER

incoming line

ISPLATOR CT Breaker Isolator 400KV ISOLAT

BUS OR

400KV to
CT Arrestor 230KV Arrestor Isolator
transformer

Breaker Arrestor Isolator BREAKER CT

CT Arrestor 230KV to 66KV transformer

Isolator

66KV,33KV
Isolato Breake CT Isolato Arrestor
bus bar
r r r

Out
Isolat Break CT Break VT LA
Going
or er er

Figure 2.3 Brief layout of Gerbe Guracha substation

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

2.7.2 Transformer
Transformer is a static device which transforms A.C electrical power from one voltage to
another voltage keeping the frequency same by electromagnetic induction. It is the basic and
most important part of substation.

The following data is essential to specify transformer:

 Number of phase, number of windings
 Frequency
 MVA or KVA rating
 Voltage ratio
 Connection (vector) group
 cooling methods
 tap changing requirements
 Rated insulation level of winding.

2.7.3 Autotransformer
It is a transformer with one winding only, part of this being common to both primary and
secondary. Obviously, in this transformer the primary and secondary are not electrically
isolated (connected directly together) from each other as is the case with a 2-winding
transformer. But its theory and operation are similar to those of two winding transformer or
power transformer. Because of one winding, it uses less copper and hence is cheaper. It is
used when transformation ratio differs little from unit. The equipment’s of Autotransformer
and power transformer are the same.

Figure 2.4 Autotransformer

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2. 7.4 Power Transformer

Power transformers are necessary between consecutive voltage levels to stepping-up or
stepping-down the AC voltage. The KVA rating of power transformers covers wide range
from few KVA to several MVA (from 5KVA to 650MVA or above). The choice of KVA
rating of power transformers in a particular installation depends up on KVA load. There are
two different power transformers depending on tap changer. These are ON-LOAD Tap-
changer Transformer and OFF-LOAD Tap-changer Transformer. A transformer tap changers
a connection point along a transformer winding that allows a certain number of turns to be
selected. This means, a transformer with a variable turn’s ratio is produced, enabling voltage
regulation of the output. The tap selection is made via a tap changer mechanism. If only one
tap changer is required, tap points are usually made on the high voltage, or low current, side
of the winding to minimize the current handling requirements of the contacts. However, a
transformer may include a tap changer on each winding if there are advantages to do so. The
tap selection may be made via an automatic or manual tap changer mechanism.

Figure 2.5 power transformer

Parts of Auto and Power Transformer

a) Primary Winding: is the winding which is connected to the supply. If it is to operate on

high voltage (as compared to other winding), it is known as HT (high tension) winding. For
distribution system transformer the number of primary winding is higher than the secondary
winding.

b) Secondary Winding: is the winding of the transformer which is connected to the load, if
it is to work on low voltage as compared to the primary winding ,it is called LT (low tension)
winding. For distribution system transformer the number of secondary winding is less than
the primary winding.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

c) Transformer Tank: it is a metallic container in which transformer oil (mineral oil) is

filled for cooling the winding. The oil after taking the heat from the winding gives it to
surface of the tank for cooling.

d) Temperature Gauge: it is temperature indicating device which is used to indicate the

temperature of the transformer oil and it’s fitted to the side of the tank.

e) Insulation Oil: Most transformers cores and windings are contained within a tank filled
with insulation oil. This oil is chemically fabricated for transformer protection only. This oil
uses for both insulating and cooling of the transformer.

f) Cooling System: The transformer loss produce a rise in temperature in both core and
winding which is transferred to the surrounding oil where the oil circulates by natural
convection this designated by ON(oil natural), where the oil is forced through the winding
and radiator banks connected to transformer tank this is designated of OF(oil forced). The
transformer tank and radiators where fitted, can transmit the heat to the ambient air naturally
(AN) or the radiator for banks can further cooled by motor operated fans forcing across the
radiator.

g) Tap Changer: A tap changer is a device fitted to distribution transformers for regulation
of the output voltage to required levels. The problem of voltage control can be solved by
employing this method. In this method the number of tapping are providing on the secondary
of transformer. The voltage drop in the line is supply by changing the secondary E.M.F of the
transformer through the adjustment of its number of turns. This is normally achieved by
changing the ratios of the transformers on the system by altering the number of turns in one
winding of the appropriate transformer.

On Load Tap Changer

In supply system, tap changing has normally to be performed on load, so there is no

interruption to supply. On load tap changer is a tap changer that changes the tap position
during the operation of the transformer

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

Off Load Tap Changer

off load tap changer is the tap changer that changes the tap position during the transformer is
not in operation.

The tapped portion of the winding may be located at one of the following locations,
depending upon the type of winding:

a) At the line ends of the winding;

b) In the middle of the winding;

c) At the star point.

The most common positions are b and c. Three reasons for tap changer necessity:

 To supply a desired voltage to the load.

 To counter the voltage drops due to loads.
 To counter the input supply voltage changes on load.

Tap changers are always fitted to the high-voltage windings, where the current is lower thus
enabling smaller contacts to be used.

From the above two types of tap changers grebe guracha substation uses on load tap changer.

h) Breather: is to prevent entry of moist air in the transformer tank after its breath out .even
a small amount of moistures absorbed by the oil reduces the insulating properties of
theoilconsiderably.
i) Explosion Vent: it also known as emergency pressure release valve. It is projected pipe
one end of which is fitted at the top of the tank and the other end left open to the atmosphere
through a diaphragm. When an excessive high pressure is developed inside the tank due to
internal fault pressure breaks the diaphragm and oil thus goes out through the broken
diaphragm

j) Conservator: a drum containing transformer oil is mounted at the top of the transformer
tank and connected to the transformer tank by a pipe and which uses for store the oil to flow
to radiator. Oil in the transformer tank expands and contracts according to the heat developed
and cause the level of the oil in the conservator to rise and fall.

Conservator performance:

 It maintains the oil level in the tank.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

 It provides space for the expansion of oil when the temperature of the transformer
varies from (20 to90)degree centigrade
 It prevent transformer oil from moisture (which reduces dielectric strength of oil)
when it breaths.

k) Drain Valve: This valve is used for taking damaged Oil from the oil tank for the proper oil
collection this Valve is situated under the oil tank.

l) Radiator: This one used for cooling oil which circulated hot and cool oil can be transfer to
the conservator.

M) Silica Gel: used to absorb moisture from the transformer tank.

2.7.5 Instrument Transformer

In power system, the currents and voltages are very large. Therefore; their direct
measurements are not possible. The solution is to step-down these currents/voltages with the
help of Instrument Transformer So that, they could be metered with instruments of moderate
size. Instrumentation transformers are mainly used for measurement and protection in power
system.

There are two main instrument transformers i have seen in gerbeguracha substation

1. Current Transformer (CT)

Current transformers are designed to provide a scaled down replica of the current in the HV
line and isolate the measuring instruments, meters, relays from the high voltage power circuit.
Current transformers are always connected in series. I.e. the main current carrying conductor
must pass through it. This transformation is made possible by copper coils wrapped around
an iron core, with the ratio between primary and secondary currents determined by the ratio
between the number of primary and secondary turns.

Figure 2.6 Current transformer

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

Types of Current Transformer

Based on the function performed by the current transformer, it can be classified as follows:

1. Measuring current transformer: these current transformers are used along with the
measuring devices for the measurement of current, energy, and power.

2. Protective current transformer: these current transformers are used along with the
protection equipment such as trip coils, relays, etc.

Based on the function construction, it can be classified as follows:

1. Bar type: this type consists of a bar type suitable size and material forming an
integral part of the transformer.
2. Wound type: this type has primary winding more than one full turn wound over the
core.
3. Window type: this type has no primary winding. The secondary winding of the CT is
placed around the current flowing conductor. The magnetic electric field created by
current flowing through the conductor induces current in the secondary winding,
which is used for measurement.

How Does Current Transformer Work?

The basic working principle of is the same as that of power transformer. Like the power
transformer, the current transformer also contains primary and secondary winding. Whenever
an alternating current flow through the primary winding, alternating magnetic flux is
produced, which then induces alternating current in the secondary winding? In the case of
current transformer, the load impedance or “burden” is very small. Therefore, the current
transformer operates under short circuit conditions. Also, the current in the secondary
winding does not depend on the load impedance but instead depends on the current flowing
in the primary winding. When current flows through the primary winding, the following
actions occur:

 The iron core inside the transformer is magnetized.

 The magnetic field in the iron core induces a voltage in the secondary
coils.
 If the secondary circuit is closed, a current flow through the secondary
circuit in proportion to the CT ratio.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

The current transformer basically consists of an iron core upon which the primary and
secondary windings are wound. The primary winding the transformer is connected in series
with to the load and carries the actual current flowing to the load, while the secondary
winding is connected to the measuring devices or to relays.

The ratio of primary current to the secondary current is known as the current transformation
ratio of CT. usually the current trans formation ratio of CT is high. Normally the secondary
rating is of order 5A, 1A, 0.1A, whereas the primary rating vary from 10A to 3000A or more.
Maintenance of CT

Most of the time instrument transformers are considered to be maintenance free and have
long service life. But there are some preventive maintenance measures to be taken. These are:

a) Checking of Oil level & leakage, rectify the same immediately.

b) Checking of Insulation Resistance.

c) Power connection tightness.

d) Secondary connection tightness.

e) Cleaning of Bushings / Insulators.

f) Check the proper earthing of Body connection.

2 Voltage transformer (VT)

The voltage transformer may be defined as an instrument transformer used for the
transformation of voltage from a higher value to a safe limit value which can be easily by
ordinary low voltage instrument like a voltmeter, wattmeter and watt-hour meters, etc.

Figure 2.7 Voltage transformer

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

How Does Voltage Transformer Work?

The basic working principle of voltage transformer is same as that of power transformer.
voltage transformer mainly consists of well laminated core and windings (primary) and
secondary windings). The primary winding has a lot of turns and it is directly connected to
the power circuit whose voltage is to be measured. The diameter of the wire from which the
winding is comprised is larger than of secondary winding. The secondary terminal of the
voltage transformer is connected to the measuring instruments like voltmeter, wattmeter, etc.
the secondary winding of the VT is magnetically coupled through the magnetic circuit of the
primary winding. In grebe guracha substation the secondary winding carries 100V which can
be accommodated by the measuring instruments.

Maintenance of Voltage Transformer

There are some maintenance measures to VT. These are:

 Checking of oil level & leakage, rectify the same immediately.

 Checking of Insulation Resistance.
 Power connection tightness.
 Secondary connection tightness.
 Cleaning of Bushings / Insulators.
 Check the proper earthing of body connection.

2.7.6 Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. Its basic function is to
detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity, to immediately discontinue electrical
flow. A circuit breaker must also be able to interrupt a wide variety of other currents at
system voltage such as capacitive currents, small inductive currents, and load currents.

The following is required from a circuit breaker:

 In the closed position it must be a good conductor;

 In the open position it must behave as a good isolator between system
parts;
 It must be able to change from the closed to open position in a very
short period of time (typically in less than 0.1 second);

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

 It does not cause over voltages during switching;

 It is reliable in its operation.

Figure 2.8 Circuit breaker

Types of Circuit Breakers

Circuit breakers are generally classified according to interrupting medium used to cool and
elongate electrical arc permitting interruption. There are different types of circuit breakers
that developed throughout the century. Now a day some of them are not on use. Types of
circuit breakers that are in use today are classified bellow as follows.

1) SF-6 (Sulphur Hexafluoride) Breaker

The SF6 gas is an electro negative gas and has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The
contacts of the breaker are opened in a high pressure flow of SF6 gas and an arc is struck
between them. The conducting free electrons in the arc are rapidly captured by the gas to
form relatively immobile negative ions. This loss of conducting electrons in the arc quickly
builds up enough insulation strength to extinguish the arc Apart from being a gas, it is no
inflammable, non-poisonous and odourless. This type of circuit breaker generally employs
SF-6 (Sulphur hexafluoride) as an interrupting medium and sometimes as an insulating
medium. It is used in stations that carry 36 kV to 765 kV.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

2) Vacuum Circuit Breaker

Vacuum circuit breakers use an interrupter that is a small cylinder enclosing the moving
contacts under a high vacuum. When the contacts part, at the first current zero, dielectric
strength across the contacts builds up at a very much higher rate than that obtained with
conventional circuit breakers. Vacuum circuit breakers are widely employed for metal-clad
switchgear up to 36 kV class. The small size of the breaker allows significant savings in
space and material compared to earlier designs employing air magnetic technology.

3) Air Circuit Breaker

This type of circuit breaker uses air as an interrupter for extinction of arc. It is used in
substations that carry voltage up to 12 KV.

The type of circuit breaker that uses at grebe Guracha substation is the one that I mentioned
on the first place, SF-6 circuit breaker. The substation chose this type of circuit breaker
because if its paramount advantages over the other types. These advantages are:

 Due to outstanding arc quenching property of SF6, the arcing time is very small.
This reduces contact erosion.
 Using SF6 gas at low pressure and low velocity; the current chopping can be
minimized.
 During arcing of SF6 breaker, no carbon dioxide is formed and hence no
reduction of dielectric strength.
 SF6 breaker is silent in operation and moisture ingression into the gas cycle is
almost nil.
 SF6 breaker performance is not affected due to variation in atmospheric
conditions.
 SF6 breaker is compact in size and electrical clearances are drastically reduced.

How Does Circuit Breaker Work

SF6 circuit breaker consists of two parts, namely (a) the interrupter unit and (b) the gas
system.

Interrupter Unit – this unit consists of moving and fixed contacts comprising a set of
current carrying parts and an arcing probe. It is connected to SF6 gas reservoir. This unit

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

consists of slide vents in the moving contacts which permit the high-pressure gas into the
main tank.

Gas system – this unit consists of high- and low-pressure chambers.

The part of the breakers assembled in one phase is called a pole. A circuit breaker suitable for
three-phase system is called a triple pole circuit breaker in which all the three poles operate
simultaneously. Each pole comprises one or more interrupters or arc quenching chambers.
The interrupter is mounted on support insulators. The interrupter encloses a pair of fixed and
moving contact. The moving contact can be drawn apart by means of the operating
mechanism. The operating mechanism gives the necessary energy for opening and closing of
contacts of the breakers. The arc produced by the separation of current carrying contacts is
extinguished by a suitable medium. When a fault occurs in the protected circuit, the relay
connected to the CT actuates and closes its contacts. D.C. current flows from the source in
the trip circuit. As the trip coil of the breaker is energized, the circuit breaker operating
mechanism is actuated & it operates for the opening operation automatically. The spring in
the operating mechanism is charged by electrically or manually. Breaker auxiliary switches
are mechanically attached with the operating mechanism of breaker. The contact changeover
takes place as per breaker operation. Auxiliary contacts are used for breaker operation circuit,
indication circuit, and trip circuit supervision circuit.

Figure 2.9 Controlling path of circuit breaker

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

Maintenance of Circuit Breaker

The maintenance crew in grebe guaracha substation uses preventive maintenance approach.
After the failure of the equipment there is no maintenance rather the equipment is discarded.
There are some preventive maintenance measures. These are:

a) Tightness of power connections & control wiring connections.

b) Cleaning of Insulators, lubrication of moving parts.

c) Checking of contact resistance, close-open timing, Insulation resistance

d) Checking of gas pressure for SF6 circuit breaker (leakages if any)

e) Checking of air pressure for pneumatic operated breaker (leakages if any)

f) Checking of Controls, Interlocks & Protections like checking of pole discrepancy system

2.7.7 Lightning (Surge) Arrester

According to most definitions lightning arrester is a device, used in power system that
contains billons of electronic switches that divert lightning and switching surge current
around the sensitive equipment and saves them from damage. The lightning arrester is a non-
linear device that acts as an open circuit to low potentials, but conducts electrical current at
very high potentials.

There are other similar devices to lightning arrester, but it differs from them by some aspects.
Lightening arrester is can be used in power systems above 1KV (1000V) where as others,
like: SPD (surge protective device) is a surge diverter that used in power systems well below
1KV (1000V), TVSS (transient voltage surge suppressor) is also a surge diverter that used in
power systems very well below 1KV (1000V). it is also not a lightning rod. Although
lightning rods are devices that divert lightning surges to ground, they are simple conductive
terminals that are always at ground potential and are never energized.

Lightning arrester is very important tool in the substations and it plays a vital role by
shielding the essential equipment’s by diverting the surge. In Ethiopia lightening arrester is
very important because, as Ethiopia is one of tropical countries, Ethiopia is exposed to
lightning. In most tropical countries lightning and storm activity is very high. For example, in
the equatorial belt ten degrees north and south of the equator, thunders day statistics may vary
from 150 to 200 days per year which is very huge number compared to temperate region 25

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

to 30 thunders day per year. The amount of energy contained in a lightning stroke is very
high and it can be extremely destructive, even a single stroke to a distribution line can be
sufficient to cause a blackout throughout a feeder. For this reason, lightning protection
against both direct and indirect lightning strikes at critical cites in tropical regions the world
like Ethiopia is very mandatory.

Figure 2.10 Lightning arrestor

How does lightning arrester works?

 It does not absorb the lightning.

 It does not stop the lightning.
 It does divert the lightning to ground.
 It does clamp (limit) the voltage produced by the lightning.
 It only protects equipment electrically in parallel with it.

There are many types of arresters that developed throughout century, as the first lightning
arrester development was along the line of telegraph protection, since the inception period of
power system. Surge arresters used for protection of exterior electrical distribution lines will
be either of the Metal Oxide Surge Arrester (MOSA), with resistors made of zinc oxide (No)
blocks, or gapped type with resistors made of Silicon-Carbide (Sic). Metal-oxide (MO) surge
arresters are widely used as protective devices against switching and lightning over-voltages
in power systems. Arrester that used in grebe guracha substation is metal-oxide (MO)
arrester. Because using such type of arrester has advantages over using other types. The
distinctive features of the MO arresters are their extremely non-linear voltage-current or V-I
characteristic, ignorable power losses, high level reliability in the operation time, high speed
response to the over-voltages, simplicity of design, easier for maintenance and long-life time.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

The heart of arrester that used in grebe guracha substation is metal oxide arrestor (MOV)
which is in the disk form inside the porcelain insulator. The MOV Disk is a Semiconductor
that is sensitive to Voltage, voltage dependent and non-linear device which have an electrical
behaviour similar to backstop-back sander diode. It is composed mainly of zinc oxide and
several kinds metal oxide additives. At normal Voltages the MOV disk is an insulator and
will not conduct current. But at higher voltages caused by lightning it becomes a conductor.
The MOV Disk is a very fast acting electronic switch. It is an open switch to standard system
AC voltages and a closed switch to lightning voltages. The MOV Grains and their Junctions
are the Electronic Switches that turn on and off in unison to divert the lightning around the
equipment. These are voltage sensitive switches that switch on at about 3 volts. If there are
1000 junctions from top to bottom of a disk, it will have a total turn on voltage of about 3000
volts. A lightning arrester is essentially a collection of billions of microscopic junctions of
Metal Oxide Grains that turn on and off in microseconds to form a current path from the top
terminal to the ground terminal of the arrester

Maintenance of Lightning Arrester

Lightning Arrester plays an important role in ensuring safety of electrical equipment’s as well
as working personal from Lightning surges in Traction Installations. The proper maintenance
of this equipment is very essential to ensure regular power supply to different areas that are in
need.

In grebe guracha substation different measures have been taken in order to make the services
of the lightning arrester available and consistence. The substation has separate maintenance
crew that perform according to the prescription which was given by the company that
manufactures equipment. the substation follows preventive maintenance approach as well as
break-down approach whenever needed.

The main preventive maintenance measures taken to lightening arrester are:

 Insulator cleaning
 Checking Connections tightness
 Checking of Earthling connections
 Reading of leakage current on daily basis to be taken. If current shoots in red zone,
then that particular LA is to be replaced as early as possible.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

2.7.8 Isolator (Disconnect)

The isolator can be defined as; it is one type of mechanical switch used to isolate a fraction of
electrical circuit when it is required. Its main function is to make sure that a circuit is totally
not triggered in order to perform the preservation and operate an electrical circuit in the no-
load condition. it is not supposed to be opened while current flows the line. Generally,
isolator is employed on circuit breaker both the ends thus the circuit breaker repair can be
done easily without any risk. These switches are applicable in industrial, distribution of
electrical power ,etc.

Figure 2.11 isolator

How Does Isolator Work?

The operation of electrical isolators can be done by the following two operational methods
namely opening and closing.

Opening operation of electrical isolator: in this operation, at the beginning, the major
circuit breaker must be opened then the load from a system has to be divided with isolator
opening. Then close the earth switch that can become with an interlock system with isolator.
That means when the isolator is open only that time when earth switch can be closed.

Closing operation of electrical isolator: in this operation first detach the earth switch, then
shut the isolator and finally, shut the circuit breaker.

Opening operation of electrical isolator: in this operation, at the beginning, the major
circuit breaker must be opened then the load from a system has to be divided with isolator
opening. Then close the earth switch that can become with an interlock system with isolator.
That means when the isolator is open only that time when earth switch can be closed.

Closing operation of electrical isolator: in this operation first detach the earth switch, then
shut the isolator and finally, shut the circuit breaker.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

Maintenance of Isolator

There are some maintenance measures for isolator. These are:

 Checking of the male / female contacts for good condition and proper connections.
 Checking proper alignment of male & female contacts & rectify if required.
 Cleaning of Insulators.
 Lubrication of all moving parts on regular basis.
 Tightness of all earthling connections.
 In case of Isolator with Earth switch, check electrical and mechanical interlock i.e.
Isolator can be closed only when earthling switch is in open condition & vice versa.
 As Isolators are operated on No load, hence check the interlock with Circuit Breaker,
if provided i.e. Isolators can be operated when Breaker is in OFF condition.
 The motor operating mechanism box, in case of motor operated isolators, should be
checked for inside wiring, terminal connectors, etc.

2.7.9 Bus bar

An electrical bus bar can be defined as a conductor or a group of conductors used for the
collection of electric power from the incoming feeders and distributes them to the outgoing
feeders. In another words, it is a type of electrical junction in which all the incoming and
outgoing electrical current meets. The bus bar consists the isolator and circuit breakers. On
the occurrence of the fault, the circuit breaker is tripped off and the faulty section of the bus
bar is easily disconnected from the circuit. Bus bar can be made up of copper and aluminium
and it is available in rectangular, cross-sectional, round and many other shapes. Bus bars may
be outdoor or indoor. The outdoor bus bars that are in use in grebe gurachasubstation are
manufactured from aluminium and have round shape. The indoor ones are made up of copper
and they have rectangular shape.

Figure 2.12 bus bar

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Types of Bus Bars

There are four types of bus bars. These are

a) Single bus bar: It is used in small substations where continuity of the supply is not
essential. The arrangement of such type of system is very simple and easy. The system has
only one bus bar along with the switch. All the substation equipment like the transformer,
generator, and the feeder is connected to this bus bar only through isolators and circuit
breakers.

b) Double bus bar arrangement: This type of arrangement uses two bus bars. And also uses
bus coupler which connects the isolating switches and circuit breaker to the bus bar. The bus
coupler is also used for transferring the load from one bus to another in case of overloading.
To transfer loads from one bus bar to another, first the potential of both the bus bar kept same
by closing the bus coupler and then the bus bar on which the load is transferred is kept close
and then finally open the main bus bar. Thus, the load is transferred from the one bus to
another bus.

c) Double bus bar with bypass: This is a double bus bar type in which there is a third bus bar
use for maintenance purpose in the substation. This bypass bus bar is used when a failure
occurs in one of the two bus bars.

d) Single and half bus bar: In this type of bus bar three circuit breakers are used for
controlling two circuits that is incoming and out-going lines. One breaker is between two
lines and the other two breakers are between line to each bus bar.it mostly used for high
voltage switch yard. Normally, both the bus bars are in service. This scheme is suitable for
those substations which handle large amounts of power on each circuit. The scheme has been
widely used in substations operating at 330KV and above. A fault on any bus is cleared by
the opening of the associated circuit breakers without affecting the continuity for supply. its
operation is simple because, all load transfer is done by the breaker. Some features of one and
half breaker is reliable, costly, complex control philosophy.

2.7.10 DC Batteries and Battery Charger

For controlling various operations of substation equipment, suitable DC supply is required.
Grebe guracha substation is comprised of many protection and communication equipment
that need DC power supply. The substation has DC lead batteries that use hydrochloric acid
as an electrolyte. These batteries are used when the substation loses power for energizing

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

communication and protection equipment. Each battery supplies 1.75 average voltage. The
substation has 24 batteries that deliver 48V for communication and 208 batteries that provide
around 416V for protection.

In battery charger panel, AC 1 phase or 3 phases is given, which converts AC to DC supply.

This DC supply is given to various control panels of substation and for charging the batteries
through DC Distribution Board (DCDB). In case of AC supply failure, batteries provide DC
supply for controlling the operations of substation equipment in normal or abnormal
conditions.

Figure 2.13 DC Batteries and Battery charger

Maintenance of batteries

 Batteries should be cleaned regularly.

 Cell voltages & Specific gravity is to be recorded as per schedule.
 Batteries should be charged in a well-ventilated place, so that the gases and the acid
fumes are blown away.

Precautions with batteries

 Do not disturb any connection with charger on, as there is risk of sparking.
 If acid or electrolyte gets spattered into the eyes, wash them immediately with large
quantity of clean, cold water.
 Tighten connections periodically. Apply petroleum jelly to terminals to prevent
corrosion.
 Maintain level of the electrolyte
 Add only the distilled water and Add electrolyte only if some of the electrolyte spills
out.

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2.8SUBSTATION EARTHING SYSTEM

The process of transferring the immediate discharge of the electrical energy directly to the
earth by the help of the law resistance wire is called electrical earthling. In kality-1 substation
there are two types of earthling system. These are neutral (system) earthling and equipment
earthling.

1) Neutral earthling: the neutral points of all transformers on the star side are connected to
the ground.

2) Equipment earthling: such type of earthling provided non-current carrying parts of

equipment such as structures, overhead shield wires, tanks, frame etc. to earth.

What Is the Importance of Earthling (Grounding)?

A substation earthling is very important for safety of personal and needs careful attention

While designing, erection and routine maintenance. It protects a person from short circuit and
equipment from damage due to high voltage surge as well as lighting discharge.

Rectifier

Rectifier is a device used to convert alternating current into direct current. In grebe guaracha
substation auxiliary transformer is used to supply power to equipment. This transformer
supplies only AC power. But there is much equipment that requires DC power supply. For
this, rectifier is used to convert AC power to DC. Also, it gives DC power to the charger that
charges DC batteries which supplies power to the equipment in absence of power in the
substation.

2.9 CONTROL ROOM

It is a room from where the entire substation load and the switchgear equipment are
controlled through grounding wire or underground cable. This room is equipped with panels
which are connected with the associated switchgear equipment. The line voltage, line current,
phase voltage, power factor etc. values are monitored in this room. These values are recorded
in a note book. Any notification alarm due to fault, connecting and disconnecting loads,
accepting order from LDC, communicating and such like activities are operated in this room.
So, the main equipment installed in control room is listed below:

1. Feeder line panel

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

2. Measurement and
3. protection Bus-bar coupling
4. Relay panel
5. SCADA system

Protective Relays

Protective relay is a device that responds to signal from the transducers by quickly initiating
or allowing a control action to be implemented in order to prevent damage to the faulted
equipment to restore a service as soon as possible. The relay is said to pick up when it
operates to open its normally closed (NC) contact or to energize it’s normally open (NO)
contact in response to the disturbance to produce a desired control action. The relays detect
the abnormal conditions in the electrical circuits by constantly measuring the electrical
quantities which are different under normal and fault conditions.

The electrical quantities which may change under fault conditions are voltage, current,
frequency and phase angle. Having detected the fault, the relay operates to close the trip
circuit of the breaker. This results in the opening of the breaker and disconnection of the
circuit. There are different types of relays classified depending on different criteria. But
according to function the types of relays that kality-one substation uses are briefly explained
below.

Over-current relay: this type of relay actuates when the quantity of the current equals or
exceeds its minimum value or picks value.

Differential relay: the most common application is current differential relaying, in which the
current entering and leaving the protected elements are compared. If the difference exceeds
the minimum value of the relay, it operates to trip the breakers to isolate the element.

Frequency relay: this relay actuates when over or under frequency happens throughout the
line or in the protected element.

Distance relay: In distance relay, a voltage and a current are balanced against each other and
the relay responds to the ratio of the voltage to the current, which is the impedance of the
transmission line from the relay location to the point of the interest. The distance relay picks
up whenever the measured impedance is less than or equal to the selected minimum value.

Earth-fault relay: this type of relay responds or actuates when earth fault occurs.

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Terminal Cabinet

Terminal cabinet is the electrical device in substation which used to synchronize two
transmission lines by controlling one breaker or dis-connector and to connect the control
panel with the circuit breaker and dis-connector to open or close and voltage transformer and
current transformer. it is used to trace and tract the fault.

Here are some uses of terminal cabinet:

 Allows an easy installation or retrofitting of wiring.

 Cost-saving terminal arrangements according to the customer's specification
 Speed up the total installation time.

Wave Trap

Wave trap is an instrument using for tripping of the wave. The function of this trap is that it
traps the unwanted waves. Its function is of trapping wave. Its shape is like a drum. It is
connected to the main incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous
to the instruments here in the substation.

2.10 Conductors/ Cables

They are media used for conducting an electric current from source to load. Our substation
grebe guracha uses non insulated Aluminium wire for carry power and insulated copper wire
for controlling purpose. Non-insulated wire lies above the tower but insulated cables are in
and on the ground.

Fuses: - fuses act as both a protective and a disconnecting device basically consist of a
metallic element which melts and becomes discontinuous at a relatively high current, thus
preventing the further passage of such a high current. The fuses have their own current rating
capacity, if the needed current more than the rating they sacrifice themselves and protect the
device.

Line insulators: the aim of using the line insulator in an overhead line is to hold the live
conductor and to prevent leakage of current from the conductor to the pole.

Blackout

Blackout is the total crash of power grid due to an imbalance between power generation and
power consumption. I have seen one blackout situation in the last three months in kality-1

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

substation. This blackout arises due to outage of gibie-3 power house generation station.
When gibie-3 outage from supply, its load 300MW turns to another station bus bar. The other
stations are not tolerating this load additional to their own load carrying capacity. As a result
all power station in our country are out of system. it lasts for four hours.

How to restore Blackout?

1. Observation

2. Record the fault cause and type

3. Reset relay alarming light

4. Disconnect all lines in ascending order

5. Report to LDC

6. Accept the order that from LDC that fault cause or 300 MW load are out of the system. 7.
Synchronize if needed and connect all lines in descending order

8. Report the situation to LDC 9. Result 10.Normal operation.

2.11 My Performance at the Company

There were some challenges that I had to face during my internship programs. These are:

 Most equipment in substation is very new and most operation is very difficult to
understand.
 Substation is a little far away from a city, since there is transportation problem.
 It is hard to often move with maintenance groups, because the substation and the
utility far from each other rand the maintenance group enter in utility and most
maintenance occurs at the top of tower so I have less access to see I when I got
there.
 I cannot read some equipment specification that imports from china, because the
written specification is in Chinese.
 It takes time to communicate with different kind of workers.
 The weather was sunny so that I was sometimes not able to do work in site.
 There is no engineer at this substation ,all workers and operator are comes from
TTC so there is not enough theoretical knowledge about all devices

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2.12 Challenges I Faced While Performing My Work Task

During my stay we have faced some problems even if I spent most of our time properly with
defending. To list some of it: -

Lack of transportation to travel to grebe guracha .The weather was sunny so that I were
sometimes not able to do work in site. It takes time to communicate with different kind of
workers. I cannot see same project done in that company, because of the people who work
that project are Chins and it is hard to communicate. I faced the problem of receiving pocket
money in time. There was only operation work so I cannot gain Extra knowledge

Measures I Took To Solve the Challenges

Here are some measures I took in order to overcome the challenges I already stated above.
These are:

 I became close friend to everyone as much as possible. I tried to share everything

what I want from them and they want from me.
 I spent most of my time by revising what I have learnt, reading different modules and
operation manuals to know about new equipment’s. Additionally, I ask my supervisor
about each machine.
 I always try to smile so that I could communicate easily with the workers.
 By being patient I try to resist the weather condition.

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CHAPTER THREE

3. BENEFITS GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP

3.1 In Terms of Improving Practical Skill

Internships have been hailed for integrating classroom education with practical experience in
enabling to develop my professional knowledge and professional skills. In classroom I take
different courses theoretical for the last four years. Hence the internship improve and make it
practical implement that different theoretical knowledge. Therefore I gain knowledge of the
qualifications and duties of a position in a field. As a result of my practical skills gain from
the company I can do the following tasks:

 Replacing SF6 gas of CB when the level is low.

 Replacing silica jell for transformers by observing colour changes of the crystal.
 Recording data in the control room (which is submitted to the LDC canter).
 Responding to the messages sent from LDC centre.

3.2 Improving theoretical knowledge

There was also, the time of improving theoretical knowledge besides gaining practical skills.
My supervisor tried to give some presentations about instruments during our discussion time
theoretically. I’ve got a lot of theoretical knowledge other than that I got in classroom by
asking the professional at the work place and referring to different text books suggested by
my supervisor and others.

3.3 Improving Interpersonal Communication Skills

Taking time to reflect on how you have changed and developed as a result is an important
aspect of learning through the working environment. My supervisor helps me to achieve
extracurricular activities and job-sharing employment. Explore this option with my
professions service or placement office. Hence this internship program develops the owner
interpersonal communication skills in addition to professional skills.

3.4 Improving team playing skill

Working in a team is very essential in that it helps the individual share their knowledge each
other .I got good knowledge whenever I work with the company colleagues. In addition I

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

developed knowledge sharing habit to others and asking openly about the terms that I do not
understand. Moreover, another skill I developed in team work is that taking care for safety
while working together as some of the workers among us may make mistakes which expose
us to danger.

3.5 Improving Leadership Skills

During this internship program I have meeting with different EEP leaders and employers.
What I gain from the internship regarding improving leadership is that to be good and
respected leader

I should have the following qualities.

 Knowledge and ability Respecting customers

 Know myself and seek self-improvement
 Be technical proficient and seek responsibility and take responsibility for actions
 Make sound and timely decisions and know peoples and look out for their well –
being

3.6. Understanding about Work Ethics Related Issues

The internship is not considered complete until the internship evaluation is completed, signed
and stamped by the employer. Students are advised to be punctual and show professional
behaviour during their internship, in a way that reflects a professional image. I should follow
the Attendance Policies and Procedures of the training company as absences may principal to
course withdrawal. Owner should understand work Ethics, follow the protocols of
professional meetings (i.e. must have safety material like helmet, safety shoes, etc.) . In order
to create good working environment everybody should have common sense about the
company’s ethical values like

 Avoid miss use of power (position) & company property.

 Punctual and being cooperative.
 Being clever with different types of company policies.
 Honesty , obeying and respecting colleagues

3.7 Entrepreneurship Skills

During my semester internship at grebe guracha substation, I have been an entrepreneur in a
variety of ways. This approach has helped me to learn, grow, and connect during my future

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

work time. There’s a lot of value in thinking entrepreneurially in any setting. Here are a few
tips from my personal experience on how to be an entrepreneur in internship program: Be
innovative: Take advantage of what makes you unique and do not try to fill the same roles as
your full-time co-workers. Think about ways you can be innovative in your role and focus on
the advantages and different perspectives an intern can bring. Adapt: I use internship as an
opportunity to learn new skills and test out my knowledge. Working on side projects can be a
great way to develop new capabilities and explore other fields or roles within the company. I
uses internship as an opportunity to gain the skills I need and change it in to a path that better
fits our interests, skills, and goals meeting others within the company can be helpful in this
transition.

I understood that to have a good entrepreneurship skill one must have the following
characters:

 Self-Motivation
 Self Confidence
 Ethics and Morals.
 Time Management....etc.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

CHAPTER FOUR

4. Automatic Cable Stripper

4.1. Abstract
Automatic Cable Stripper is a machine used to separate core from coaxial cable for different
purpose. This project is intended to give the overall mechanism in which automatic cable
stripping machine works and detail design of machine components with relevant relations and
calculations. The working principle up on which the machine operate is stated as well.
Specifications and brief description of each and every part of the machine are illustrated in a
clear manner. 3D design and simulation by using CATIA V5 is included for further provision
of information of the machine and to show performance of the machine. In theory the
expected result was the Automatic Cable Stripper will strip and separate between core and
coaxial cable automatically.

4.2. Problem statement

Most of cable unveiling for different purposes in Ethiopia is done by hand (manually) which
is tiresome and time consuming. The tools used for doing this (knives, razors) are sharp and
can harm the working personnel seriously and may result in diseases like tetanus and loss of
body parts (as the materials are metal). Also, the copper/aluminium wire inside the insulation
is dangerous if the body of workers get pierced. This has adverse effect on the performance
and productivity of the organization. The development of this machine can save the time and
labour and ensure the safety of workers. Additionally, development of this machine can also
open the door for recycling. as the data illustrates solid waste management in Ethiopia is very
poor, especially in densely populated cities like Addis Ababa. Among different solid wastes,
an electric cable covered with different types of insulations contributes in huge amount for
solid waste. The main reason behind electric cables get disposed to dumpster is the
unavailability of stripping machine. This is also apparent in substation we have been
performing for the past three months. There are too many bundles of wires discarded
(approximately, occupied 10 square meter) in to the garbage. It became the shelter for
animals like rats (can cut small diameter wires which bring information about the substation
to control room), termites, snakes (danger for working personnel) which can put the

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

operation of substation in danger. In order to decrease these problems, I found out that
separating the coaxial wire from core wire using Automatic cable stripper in order to recycle
both is prominent step. Beside cleaning the environment and increasing the fertility of the
farm lands, recycling them may bring a huge amount of foreign exchange to the country. The
development of this machine can also open the door for recycling.

4.3. Objectives of the Project

4.3.1. General Objective

The main objective of this project is to design a simple and portable Automatic cable stripper
machine which separates coaxial wire from core wire efficiently.

4.3.2. Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this project are:

 To save time and labour for stripping the insulations of cables

 To achieve low stripping and cutting cost
 To clean the environment from disposed electric cables and use the separated coaxial
cable for recycling processes.

4.4. Feasibility of the Project

The proposed machine design in this project is simple and portable. Most of its components
can be purchased from local equipment shops. Materials like iron metal, steel metals, screw,
bolts, nuts even can be purchased without going so far to get them or can be sponsored by
automotive shops if well proposed. The total money that could be expended not exceeds 60
USD. After the machine is fully got ready to the work, the cost of selling could be up to 300
USD. So, the project is economically feasible. The machine is not against the adopted law of
the country. The manufacturing and operational processes of the machine do not impose any
danger on personnel as well as on the environment; rather it greatly contributes for using the
insulation of the cable for recycling purposes. Also, it plays a vital role in cleaning the
environment from disposed cables. So, this project is legally feasible. The machine is also
simple to operate by using only buttons provided on it. It does not require the special skill and
knowledge in order to operate. So, the project is operationally feasible.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

4.5. Brief Description of the Components of the Machine

Automatic cable stripper is comprised of different components that made from different
materials. In this sub-topic, except the specification, I would like to describe the components
briefly as follows.

1. Single phase induction motor: This is the critical part of the machine which drives
the shaft with the groove mounted up on it. The specifications of this component are
viewed in detail in design sub-topic.
2. Stripping Blade: This is the sharp component mounted at the bottom end of
adjustable screw. It is used to strip the insulation of wire when the wire passes at the
bottom.
3. Adjustable Screw: Not all wires that our machine stripes have the same diameter.
the machine stripes wires with in diameter range 15cm – 60cm. So; the stripping
blade must be adjustable in order to cut the wire that needed to be stripped. This
component moves the stripping blade up and down since the blade is mounted on it.
4. V-grooved Grip: is the spinning component mounted on the shaft of the machine. It
is used to hold the wire on for the stripping. The spinning of this component allows
the wire to move freely minimizing the wear and friction on the cable. 5 Stripping
Blade Shaft: this is used for holding the stripping blade when stripping takes place. 6
Base: this carries the overall part of the machine. 7 Strands: these are very useful part
of the machine by which the shafts of the machine are supported. It also holds the
metal pieces that which guide the up and down movement of stripping machine.
These parts rest vertically on the base. 8 Main Shaft: the rotary motion of motor is
transmitted to the V-groove grip by this component of the machine. It also holds V-
grooved grip. 9 Speed reduction gear: this part is comprised of gears used to reduce
the speed of motor. 10 Stripping blade Holder: is mounted ate hade of the adjustable
screw and holds the Blade through Blade shaft. 11 Bolts and Nuts: these are used to
assemble different components together by tightening. 12 Guiders: are mounted at the
back and front of the strands in order to guide stripping Blade when adjusted by the
screw 13 Grabbing Knob: is on the top of the adjustable screw to drive the screw up
and down with holding it.

4.6. Detail Specification the Equipment

The specifications of components that are used to comprise the machine are follows.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

1) Single phase induction motor

 Quantity = 1
 HP (horse power) = 0.33
 Speed (N) = 1500 rpm
 Voltage = 220 V

2) Stripping blade

 Quantity = 1
 Internal diameter = 22mm
 External diameter = 80mm
 Thickness = 4mm
 Thickness of the sharpened part = 1mm
 Material used = high carbon steel

3) Main Shaft

 Quantity = 1
 Length = 350mm
 Material used = 45C8

4) Adjustable screw

 Quantity = 1
 Length = 200mm
 main diameter = 30mm
 Head length = 10mm with diameter of 40mm.
 material used = 45C8

5) Bases

 Quantity = 2
 Length of each base = 100mm
 Width =100mm
 Mass=11Kg
 Material used = wrought iron

6) Stripping blade Shaft

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

 Quantity = 1
 Material used = 40C8
 Length = 220mm
 Diameter = 20mm

7) Speed reduction gear Box

 Quantity = 1
 We used gear box that reduces the speed of motor by 1/15

8) V-grooved grip

 Quantity = 1
 Diameter = 100mm
 Inclination of groove teeth = 45
 The width of tooth = 5mm
 Pitch of the groove = 10mm
 Material used = 45C8

9) Strands:

 Quantity = 2
 Height = 450mm
 Thickness = 40mm
 Width = 60mm
 Material used = wrought iron

10) Stripping Shaft Holder:

 Thickness = 25mm
 Width = 60mm
 Material used = 40C8

11) Bolts and nuts:

 Quantity = 12 M12 bolts and 4 nuts

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

4.7. Working Principle

Automatic cable stripper works by help of different components as started in the previous
subtopics. At the beginning, single phase motor starts and rotates its own shaft with rated
speed. This rated speed is reduced by gear box to the required value because the high speed
of motor may damage the components of the machine and bring difficulties to strip (if the
speed is very high the stripping process could not be executed). The gear box drives the main
shaft and V-grooved grip

With reduced speed. When the main shaft rotates the stripping blade stripes the wire placed
on V grooved grip. The stripping blade can be adjusted in order to strip wires with different
diameters by moving adjustable screw up and down. Stripping blade shaft holder and guiders
makes the blade to move as required.

4.8. Detailed Design and calculation

Figure 4-1: Proposed design of Automatic cable stripe

Materials Selection

We selected materials based on the following properties.

 Machining and casting
 Welding
 Strength
 Suitability for the working condition in service

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

 Cost

For our project we utilize steel and iron according to the following Mechanical properties of
steel:

 Availability
 Toughness
 high tensile strength

Methodology of the Design

We used different methods to get information for our design such as;

 Data collection
 also, by asking senior persons in the profession

1) Force required to cut the insulator:

The analysis of this force is the back bone to design other parts of our project. Now a days,
most of wire insulating material is thermoplastics known as PVC (polyvinyl-chloride). The
tensile yield strength of

PVC: Syt = 55158.3984N/m2, the sharpen area of cutting blade A=1mm2

F=Syt*A = 55158.3984*10-6 = 0.551584N

2) Stripping Blade

Figure 4-2: Stripping blade

The material selected is 45C8 carbon steel.

Sy t= 350MPa, assumption contacting area to insulation A = 1mm2.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

The maximum force which the blade can with stand

F=Sty*A=350*1=350N.

3) Main Shaft design:

Figure 4-3: Main shaft

We have designed the shaft by maximum load on it. This shaft is subjected to torsional shear
stress and bending stress.

F = 0.55158N, = 0.3*Sut = 105MPa

The shaft is made of steel so it is ductile. Diameter of shaft is determined by maximum shear
stress theory.

T = F*r = 0.55158*d/2…………………………………………………… (1)

𝝉 𝟏 𝟑𝟐×𝑴 𝟐 𝟏𝟔𝑻 ………………………….(2)

𝒎𝒂𝒙=𝟐√( ) +𝟒( )
𝝅×𝒅𝟑 𝝅𝒅𝟑

Where:

T= Twisting moment (or torque) acting upon the shaft

r=radius of shaft

d=diameter of shaft

= allowable Tensional shear stress,

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

M=bending movement of the shaft

The bending movement of the shaft is determined from the v-groove weight and shaft weight.

Mass of v-groove shaft = 5Kg, L = 100mm

M=W*L, where L is load to bearing distance, w is weight.

M = 5*9.81*0.1 = 4.905Nm.

Substitute equation 1, M value, and 𝝉max value in to equation 2

d=30mm

4) Selection of Motors.

The torque required by the load was found. We decide the motor speed according to the
consideration of the machine material type, vibration, load translating capacity and faller.

From motor catalogue we have single phase ac motor with 1800rpm which is available in our
country which has o.33hp.

5) Speed Reduction Gear Box:

This gear box reduces the speed of motor from 1800 rpm to 120 rpm.

5) Stripping Blade Shaft

This shaft is subjected to tensional stress due to the force of insulation material. Use 40C8

Syt = 320 Mpa τ = 0.3 Syt = 96Mpa

𝑇 𝜏 𝜋𝑑4
=𝑟 But j= 32
𝑗

𝜋
T=16 𝜏𝑑 3 ………………… (1)

Where T= Twisting moment (or torque) acting upon the shaft,

J = Polar moment of inertia of the shaft about the axis of rotation,

τ= Tensional shear stress, and

T=F*r where r=radius of shaft centre.

T=0.55158 *r……………2 from equation 1 and 2

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

d=17.742mm approximately 20mm

7) Base

The base must be hard and vibration resistant. So, we use wrought iron as it is subjected to
the whole load on the machine.

The stress analysis is as follows. Syt = 220N/mm2, mass of stripping blade shaft with its
holder and adjustable screw=2.5kg.

Load on base w=mg=2.5*9.8= 24.5N.

The maximum force that the base with stand:

F=Syt*A=220*80*20=352KN.24.5N<<352KN. The design is safe. But the gap between the

weight on the base and allowable force on the base is very huge. This is the intended result.
Because we need to account for the vibrational and centrifugal effects that emanate from the
rotation of the motor and other rotary parts of the machine.

4.9. Results and Discussion

The overall design of the machine is accomplished as intended and its operation is expected
to be as needed when its manufactured. Simulation of the operation of the machine, done by
using CATIA V5 software, runs nicely. Manufacturing and owning this machine provide a lot
of benefits and solutions to the problems stated in “problem statement” subtopic. We found
out it is possible to design and manufacture this machine by adding different features and
components in more advanced way that has other additional work abilities. We will try it for
our final project in next year.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

CHAPTER FIVE

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
I spent some remarkable days at Grebe guracha during the internship program. The internship
program had been provided such a great experience in terms of highlighting with the practical
applications of power engineering. During this period of time, I was able to grasp adequate
knowledge regarding the practical tasks, improve theoretical knowledge and also I was able
to understand the working condition and the work ethics on the site. As it is known, the
objective of the internship was to acquire good working skills knowledge, and provide an
opportunity to integrate theory and practice in my professional education, by encouraging the
exchange of insights between the professional agency and me. During my stay in Ethiopian
Electric Power in Oromia region substation system, I conclude that how internship is
important for engineering students.

On my part I have tried to make use of this chance so as to develop some of my skills. At the
time I have spent at Grebe guaracha substation, I understood much knowledge and I also
gained many skills on different aspects like transformers, circuit breakers, isolator, bus-bar
and etc. Generally I understand the principle of transmission and substation of electric power.
I come in contact with many electrical drawing, electrical equipment, electrical maintenance
and electrical machines like transformers.

4.2 Recommendation
I recommended that for the Grebegurach substation at first time when new person come in to
the company the first given is safety, but this company did not teach us about safety therefore
they should teach safety first and some employers are work without safety materials this is
not good for a person it may lead to death and property damage The following points should
be developed

 Transformer oil and silica gel should be checked after one month or any types of fault
occur any time. Oil should be changed if it is decomposed.
 All cable should be cheek before use or any kinds
 They use manually based equipment, if they use PLC based equipment then the
system will be easier.

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INTERNSHIP REPORT AND PROJECT

 They use new technology then the system loss will be reduced.
 Inspection and data recording should be done with in specified time.
 All Grebe guaracha substation property should be recorded and documented.
 Life span of the entire equipment should be known; and replace them with new
equipment at the right time.

Some of the technicians are not educated and they did not have the knowledge about how the
system should be done, considering all loses of power, proper use of materials and doing
without care to the long period of time. The company should gave them effective training
based all their work including all the effects on electric power distribution system, lack of
continuous and promising supply in the proper quantity and amount required of materials. I
recommend, the company whatever be the cause, it should solve the problem too soon by
creating stable work environment where raw materials won’t be scarce anymore creating
problems on the customers.

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References
[1] XIAO Guobin, “Research on Line Arrester Applications on Improving lightning
withstand level of AC Transmission Line. Insulators and Surge Arresters”, web of
conference, pp 27-29, 2003.

[2]. Mohit Kumar Singh, ChintanJilka, and et al as,” A Review on Selection of Proper Busbar
Arrangement for Typical Substation (Bus-Bar Scheme)”, IRJET Volume: 04 pp 1191-1194:
02 | Feb -2017.

[3]. NurIskandar bin Hamzah, Suleiman bin Mazlan, and et al as,” Types of Circuit Breaker
and its Application in Substation Protection”, Indonesian journal, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 213 ~
220, October 2017.

[4]. TuranGönen, “Electrical power Transmission system Engineering”, 2001

[5]. B._L_THAREJA,”Electrical Technology Volume I and II” S. chand, 1997.

[6]. Jean SANCHEZ, Malden BANOVIC,”Basics of Power Transformers”,

TECHNOBASICS, Volume1, PP 91-1O2

[7]. Debaprya Das. “Electrical Power Systems”,2nd Edition, 1998

[8]. Manuals and Technical specification of the Kaliti One substation.

Websites

[9]. Official Web site of Ethiopian Electric Power, ”www.eep.gov.et”

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