ZOOM

Technologies

Autonomous System ZOOM

Technologies

With in AS IGP works ex. AS

RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, ISIS

AS

Between AS
EGP works
BGP

AS

• Autonomous System is a set of routers under a single technical

administration, using an interior gateway protocol and common
metrics to route packets within the AS
Single-homed Autonomous Systems ZOOM
Technologies

Internet
/
Other AS

When to use BGP ZOOM

Technologies

• BGP is more appropriate if one of the following condition

exist
– A.S. working as transit A.S. (Ex. ISP)
– A.S. connected to multiple A.S.
– Data traffic path entering or leaving A.S. need to
manipulated
When not to use BGP ZOOM
Technologies

• BGP is not recommended if one or more following

condition exist
– If it is Single-home A.S
– Lack of recourses like memory and less processing
power in routers
– Low bandwidth link between A.S
– Limited understanding about BGP route filtering and
path selection processes

BGP Features ZOOM

Technologies

• Open Standard

• Advance distance vector protocol

– Path vector protocol

• Classless.

– Support FLSM, VLSM, CIDR, auto and manual

summary (BGP-4)

• It is Exterior Gateway protocol

• Designed to scale huge inter-network like internet.

• Updates are incremental and trigger

BGP Features (continued) ZOOM
Technologies

• It send updates to manually defined neighbor as unicast

• BGP is application layer protocol uses TCP for reliability,

TCP port 179

• Metric = Attributes

• Administrative distance

– 20 External updates

– 200 Internal updates

• BGP is not designed for load balancing. Uses only one

path per network

Path Vector ZOOM

Technologies

AS2003
AS200
AS path :
2003, 200, 2007
11.0.0.0/8
12.0.0.0/8

AS 2007
AS805
11.0.0.0/8 AS path :
12.0.0.0/8 2019, 799, 2007
11.0.0.0/8
12.0.0.0/8

AS799 AS2019
Path Vector ZOOM
Technologies

AS2003
AS200
AS path :
2003, 200, 2007
11.0.0.0/8
12.0.0.0/8

AS 2007
AS805
11.0.0.0/8 AS path :
12.0.0.0/8 2019, 799, 2007
11.0.0.0/8
12.0.0.0/8
• IGPs announce networks and cost to reach those networks.
• BGP announces pathways and the networks thatAS2019
AS799 are
reachable at the end of the pathway. BGP uses Attribute as
Metric.
• AS Path is one of the attribute of BGP. Path with less AS hop is
best path.

BGP Databases ZOOM

Technologies

• Neighbor table

– List of BGP neighbours

• BGP forwarding table/database

– List of all networks learned from each neighbor.

– Can contain multiple pathways to destination

networks

– Database contains BGP attributes for each pathway

• IP routing table

– List of best paths to destination networks

BGP Message Type ZOOM
Technologies

OPEN

Keep-Alive

Update

Notification

BGP Neighbors ZOOM

Technologies

• BGP neighbors are routers forming TCP connection

for exchanging BGP updates. Also called as BGP
Peers or BGP Speakers.

• Two type of BGP neighbor relationship.

– IBGP

– EBGP
BGP Neighbors ZOOM
Technologies

S1
S0 A
AS 110
S2
S2
IBGP
S0 B S0 C S1
S0 S1
S1 EBGP EBGP S0
D

F E
AS 5252 AS 2121

IBGP: Router Forming neighbor relationship within A.S.

IBGP neighbors doesn't need to be directly connected
EBGP: Router Forming neighbor relationship between two
different A.S.
EBGP neighbors needs to be directly connected

BGP Configuration ZOOM

Technologies

Configuring BGP Routing Protocol

Router(config)# router bgp <AS no.>

Configuring BGP Routing Protocol

Router(config-router)# network <network ID>

[mask <subnet mask>

• Only one instance of BGP per Router

• Same network prefix must exist in routing table
• Network may not need to be directly connected
• Network without subnet mask will take classfull mask
BGP Configuration ZOOM
Technologies

Configuring BGP Routing Protocol

Router(config-router)# neighbor <IP-Address>

remote-as <AS No.>

• Router should have a route to reach neighbor

• Same command for IBGP and EBGP neighbor

BGP Routing Issue ZOOM

Technologies

OSPF S1
S0 A
AS 110
S2
IBGP RouteS2 EBGP Route
11.0.0.0/8
IBGP 11.0.0.0/8
S0 B S0 C S1
S0 S1
S1 EBGP EBGP S0
D
EBGP Route
11.0.0.0/8
F E
11.0.0.0/8 AS 2121
AS 5252
BGP Routing Issue ZOOM
Technologies

OSPF S1
S0 A
AS 110
S2
Routing Table
S2
IBGP Pro
DATA for
Network Int
11.0.0.1
S0 B BS0 C
11.0.0.0/8 S0
S1
S0 Routing Table S1
DATA for
Pro Network Int
S1 11.0.0.1 EBGP S0
EBGP D
11.0.0.0/8 route ? Routing Table

Pro Networkfor
DATA Int

B 11.0.0.1
11.0.0.0/8 S0
F E
11.0.0.0/8 AS 2121
AS 5252

Solution :
• Redistribute BGP into IGP (Not recommended)
• Run BGP in All transit routers (routers coming in path
from one A.S to other)

Split Horizon in BGP ZOOM

Technologies

OSPF S1
S0 A
AS 110
S2
IBGP RouteS2
11.0.0.0/8
IBGP
S0 B S0 C S1
S0 S1
S1 EBGP EBGP S0
D
EBGP Route
11.0.0.0/8
F E
11.0.0.0/8 AS 2121
AS 5252

Split Horizon :
• Updates coming from IBGP neighbor cannot be
forwarded to other IBGP neighbors
Full Mesh IBGP Neighbor ZOOM
Technologies

OSPF S1
S0 A
AS 110
S2
IBGP
S2 IBGP EBGP Route
IBGP Route
Route
11.0.0.0/8
11.0.0.0/8 11.0.0.0/8
S0 B S0 C S1
S0 S1
S1 EBGP EBGP S0
D
EBGP Route
11.0.0.0/8
F E
11.0.0.0/8 AS 2121
AS 5252

Solution:
• Configure full mesh IBGP neighbor relationship
• Use Route Reflector

BGP - Star Topology ZOOM

Technologies

OSPF S1
S0 A
AS 110
S2
S2
S2 IBGP
IBGP Route
11.0.0.0/8
S0 S0 C S1
B S0

S1 EBGP EBGP S0
D
EBGP Route
11.0.0.0/8 EBGP
F E
11.0.0.0/8 AS 2121
AS 5252
F
AS 5251
Problems :
• In Star topology same routing updates to different router need to pass
through hub router
• This creates repetition of same updates
• BGP in full mesh creates (n X (n -1))/2 IBGP Neighbor relationship
Route Reflector ZOOM
Technologies

IBGP Route R R Server

OSPF 11.0.0.0/8 S1
S0 A
AS 110
S2
S2
IBGP RouteS2 IBGP
R R Client 11.0.0.0/8 R R Client
S0 B S0 C S1
S0

S1 EBGP EBGP S0
D
EBGP Route R R Client
11.0.0.0/8 EBGP
F E
11.0.0.0/8 AS 2121
AS 5252
F
AS 5251
Solution :
• Client updates server.
• Server updates remaining clients.

BGP States ZOOM

Technologies

Idle

Connect Active

Open Sent

Open Confirm

Establish
BGP Synchronization ZOOM
Technologies

OSPF S1
S0 A
AS 110
S2
IBGP RouteS2 IBGP
11.0.0.0/8
S0 B S0 C S1
S0 S1
S1 EBGP EBGP S0
D
EBGP Route
11.0.0.0/8
F E
11.0.0.0/8 AS 2121
AS 5252

BGP Synchronization Rule :

• If updates is received from IBGP neighbor, It cannot be
used in routing table nor send to other EBGP neighbor
till same update come from Interior Gateway Protocol.