ABSTRACT

Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL) are used to deliver high-rate digital data
over existing ordinary phone-lines. A new modulation technology called Discrete
Multitone (DMT) allows the transmission of high speed data. DSL facilitates the
simultaneous use of normal telephone services, ISDN, and high speed data
transmission, e.g., video. DMT-based DSL can be seen as the transition from existing
copper-lines to the future fiber-cables. This makes DSL economically interesting for
the local telephone companies. They can offer customers high speed data services
even before switching to fiber-optics.
DSL is a newly standardized transmission technology facilitating simultaneous use of
normal telephone services, data transmission of 6 M bit/s in the downstream and Basic-
rate Access (BRA). DSL can be seen as a FDM system in which the available
bandwidth of a single copper-loop is divided into three parts. The base band occupied
by POTS is split from the data channels by using a method which guarantees POTS
services in the case of ADSL-system failure (e.g. passive filters).
 INDEX
PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION 01

1.1 Different variants of DSL 03

1.2 What makes DSLpopular 04
1.3 What are the benefits. 04

CHAPTER 2

ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (ADSL). 06

2.1. The components of an ADSL network include a 07

TELCO and a CPE

CHAPTER 3

ADSL CAPABILITIES. 10

CHAPTER 4

ADSL TECHNOLOGY. 14
4.1. ADSL transceiver – network 15

CHAPTER 5

METHODS TO SPLIT THE SIGNAL. 19

5.1 Carrier less amplitude/phase(cap). 20

5.2 Discrete Multitone 21

5.3. Splitting the signal: filters 22

CHAPTER 6.

ADSL EQUIPMENT. 23

6.1 DSL Equipment: DSLAM 25

CHAPTER 7

STANDARDS AND ASSOCIATIONS. 27

CHAPTER 8

DISTANCE LIMITATIONS. 30

CHAPTER 9

DSL FUTURE. 33

CHAPTER 10
APPLICATIONS. 36

CHAPTER 11

CONCLUSION 38

REFERENCE 39

APPENDIX 41
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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

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1. INTRODUCTION

The past decade has seen extensive growth of the telecommunications

industry, with the increased popularity of the Internet and other data
communication services. While offering the world many more services than
were previously available, they are limited by the fact that they are being
used on technology that was not designed for that purpose.

The majority of Internet users access their service via modems connects to
the Plain Old Telephone System (POTS). In the early stages of the
technology, modems were extremely slow by today's standards, but this was
not a major issue. A POTS connection provided an adequate medium for the
relatively small amounts of data that required transmission, and so was the
existing system was the logical choice over special cabling.

Technological advances have seen these rates increase up to a point where

the average Internet user can now download at rates approaching 50Kbps,
and send at 33.6Kps. However, POTS was designed for voice transmission,
at frequencies below 3kHz, and this severely limits the obtainable data rates
of the system. To increase performance of new online services, such as
steaming audio and video, and improve general access speed, the bandwidth
hungry public must therefore consider other alternatives. Technologies, such
as ISDN or cable connections, have been in development for sometime but
require special cabling. This makes them expensive to set up, and therefore
have not been a viable alternative for most people.

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1.1 DIFFERENT VARIANTS OF DSL

HDSL is the pioneering high speed format, but is not a commercially viable
option due to its need for two twisted pairs and does not have support for
normal telephone services.
SDSL is symmetric DSL, and operates over a single twisted pair with
support for standard voice transmission. The problem with this system is that
it is limited to relatively short distances and suffers NEXT limitation due to
the use of the same frequencies for transmitting and receiving.
IDSL stands for ISDN DSL, and is in many ways similar to ISDN
technology. It's disadvantages are the lack of support for analog voice, and
that its 128kbps rate is not much greater than that offered by standard
56kbps V90 modems.
VDSL provides very high bit rate DSL, up to 52Mbps, but requires shorter
connections lengths than are generally practical. It has been used in
conjunction with an experimental project, FTTC (Fiber to the Curb), but
development in this area has slowed due to commercial viability issues.
ADSL is the most promising DSL technology, proving suitable for personal
broadband requirements and allowing for the same channel to still act as a
traditional POTS service.

Rate Adaptive DSL, RADSL, is a further advancement which is able to

automatically optimize the ADSL data rate to suit the conditions of the line
being used.

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1.2. WHAT MAKES DSL POPULAR

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology provides high-speed Internet
Access using regular telephone lines. It has the ability to move data over the
phone lines typically at speeds from 256K to 1.5Mb - up to 25 times quicker
than the fastest analog modems available today (56,000 bits per second).

1.3. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS?

DSL is Always On, 24 hrs A Day

No Dial-Up Required
Data Security
No Second Phone Line Required
Use the Phone At The Same Time You Are On-Line
No Dropped Connections
Super Fast Speeds
Flat Rate Billing
Upgrade Speed As Your Needs Change
Cost Effective
The Bandwidth You Need To Truly Experience The Internet. In
addition to its very high speed, DSL has many benefits over analog
connections. Unlike dial-up connections that require analog modems to
"dial-in" to the Internet Service Provider every time the user wants to
retrieve e-mail or obtain access to the Internet, DSL connections are always
on.

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CHAPTER- 2

ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (ADSL)

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2. ASYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (ADSL)

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), a modem technology,

converts existing twisted-pair telephone lines into access paths for
multimedia and high-speed data communications. ADSL can transmit up to
6 Mbps to a subscriber, and as much as 832 kbps or more in both directions.
Such rates expand existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without
new cabling. ADSL is literally transforming the existing public information
network from one limited to voice, text and low resolution graphics to a
powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing multimedia, including full
motion video, to everyone's home this century.

ADSL will play a crucial role over the next ten or more years as telephone
companies, and other service providers, enter new markets for delivering
information in video and multimedia formats. New broadband cabling will
take decades to reach all prospective subscribers. But success of these new
services will depend upon reaching as many subscribers as possible during
the first few years. By bringing movies, television, video catalogs, remote
CD-ROMs, corporate LANs, and the Internet into homes and small
businesses, ADSL will make these markets viable, and profitable, for
telephone companies and application suppliers alike.

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technology is

asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth downstream from an NSP's central
office to the customer site than upstream from the subscriber to the central

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office. This asymmetry, combined with always-on access (which eliminates

call setup), makes ADSL ideal for Internet/intranet surfing, video-on-
demand, and remote LAN access. Users of these applications typically
download much more information than they send.

ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber and as much as

640 kbps more in both directions (shown in Figure-1). Such rates expand
existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without new cabling.
ADSL can literally transform the existing public information network from
one limited to voice, text, and low-resolution graphics to a powerful,
ubiquitous system capable of bringing multimedia, including full-motion
video, to every home this century.

2.1. THE COMPONENTS OF AN ADSL NETWORK INCLUDE A

TELCO AND A CPE

FIGURE-1

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ADSL will play a crucial role over the next decade or

more as telephone companies enter new markets for delivering information
in video and multimedia formats. New broadband cabling will take decades
to reach all prospective subscribers. Success of these new services depends
on reaching as many subscribers as possible during the first few years. By
bringing movies, television, video catalogs, remote CD-ROMs, corporate
LANs, and the Internet into homes and small businesses, ADSL will make
these markets viable and profitable for telephone companies and application
suppliers alike.

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CHAPTER- 3

ADSL CAPABILITIES

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3. ADSL CAPABILITIES

An ADSL circuit connects an ADSL modem on each end of

a twisted-pair telephone line, creating three information channels: a high-
speed downstream channel, a medium-speed duplex channel, and a basic
telephone service channel. The basic telephone service channel is split off
from the digital modem by filters, thus guaranteeing uninterrupted basic
telephone service, even if ADSL fails. The high-speed channel ranges from
1.5 to 9 Mbps, and duplex rates range from 16 to 640 kbps. Each channel
can be sub multiplexed to form multiple lower-rate channels.

ADSL modems provide data rates consistent with North

American T1 1.544 Mbps and European E1 2.048 Mbps digital hierarchies
(see Figure 21-2), and can be purchased with various speed ranges and
capabilities. The minimum configuration provides 1.5 or 2.0 Mbps
downstream and a 16-kbps duplex channel; others provide rates of 6.1 Mbps
and 64 kbps for duplex. Products with downstream rates up to 8 Mbps and
duplex rates up to 640 kbps are available today. ADSL modems
accommodate Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) transport with variable
rates and compensation for ATM overhead, as well as IP protocols.

ADSL modems provide data rates consistent with North American T1 1.544
Mbps and European E1 2.048 Mbps digital hierarchies (see Figure 21-2),
and can be purchased with various speed ranges and capabilities. The

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minimum configuration provides 1.5 or 2.0 Mbps downstream and a 16-kbps

duplex channel; others provide rates of 6.1 Mbps and 64 kbps for duplex.
Products with downstream rates up to 8 Mbps and duplex rates up to 640
kbps are available today. ADSL modems accommodate Asynchronous
Transfer Mode (ATM) transport with variable rates and compensation for
ATM overhead, as well as IP protocols.

Downstream data rates depend on a number of factors, including the length

of the copper line, its wire gauge, the presence of bridged taps, and cross-
coupled interference. Line attenuation increases with line length and
frequency, and decreases as wire diameter increases. Ignoring bridged taps,
ADSL performs as shown in Table 1.

Data Rate Wire Distance

Wire Gauge Distance
Size

0.5
1.5 or 2 Mbps 24 AWG 18,000 ft 5.5 km
mm

0.4
1.5 or 2 Mbps 26 AWG 15,000 ft 4.6 km
mm

0.5
6.1 Mbps 24 AWG 12,000 ft 3.7 km
mm

0.4 2.7 km
6.1 Mbps 26 AWG 9,000 ft
mm

TABLE-1

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Although the measure varies from telco to telco, these capabilities

can cover up to 95 percent of a loop plant, depending on the desired data
rate. Customers beyond these distances can be reached with fiber-based
digital loop carrier (DLC) systems. As these DLC systems become
commercially available, telephone companies can offer virtually ubiquitous
access in a relatively short time.

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CHAPTER- 4

ADSL TECHNOLOGY

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4. ADSL TECHNOLOGY

ADSL depends upon advanced digital signal processing and creative

algorithms to squeeze so much information through twisted-pair telephone
lines. In addition, many advances have been required in transformers, analog
filters, and A/D converters. Long telephone lines may attenuate signals at
one megahertz (the outer edge of the band used by ADSL) by as much as 90
dB, forcing analog sections of ADSL modems to work very hard to realize
large dynamic ranges, separate channels, and maintain low noise figures. On
the outside, ADSL looks simple -- transparent synchronous data pipes at
various data rates over ordinary telephone lines. On the inside, where all the
transistors work, there is a miracle of modern technology.

FIGURE-2

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ADSL depends on advanced digital signal processing and

creative algorithms to squeeze so much information through twisted-pair
telephone lines. In addition, many advances have been required in
transformers, analog filters, and analog/digital (A/D) converters. Long
telephone lines may attenuate signals at 1 MHz (the outer edge of the band
used by ADSL) by as much as 90 dB, forcing analog sections of ADSL
modems to work very hard to realize large dynamic ranges, separate
channels, and maintain low noise figures. On the outside, ADSL looks
simple—transparent synchronous data pipes at various data rates over
ordinary telephone lines. The inside, where all the transistors work, is a
miracle of modern technology. Figure 2 displays the ADSL transceiver-
network end. This Diagram Provides an Overview of the Devices That Make
Up the ADSL

4.1. ADSL TRANSCEIVER - NETWORK.

FIGURE-3

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To create multiple channels, ADSL modems divide the available

bandwidth of a telephone line in one of two ways: frequency-division
multiplexing (FDM) or echo cancellation, as shown in Figure 4.

FDM assigns one band for upstream data and another band for
downstream data. The downstream path is then divided by time-division
multiplexing into one or more high-speed channels and one or more low-
speed channels. The upstream path is also multiplexed into corresponding
low-speed channels. Echo cancellation assigns the upstream band to overlap
the downstream, and separates the two by means of local echo cancellation,
a technique well known in V.32 and V.34 modems. With either technique,
ADSL splits off a 4-kHz region for basic telephone service at the DC end of
the band. ADSL Uses FDM and Echo Cancellation to Divide the Available
Bandwidth for Services

FIGURE-4

An ADSL modem organizes the aggregate data stream created by

multiplexing downstream channels, duplex channels, and maintenance
channels together into blocks, and it attaches an error correction code to each
block. The receiver then corrects errors that occur during transmission, up to

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the limits implied by the code and the block length. At the user's option, the
unit also can create superblocks by interleaving data within subblocks; this
allows the receiver to correct any combination of errors within a specific
span of bits. This, in turn, allows for effective transmission of both data and
video signals.

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CHAPTER 5

METHODS TO SPLIT THE SIGNAL

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5. METHODS TO SPLIT THE SIGNAL

There are two competing and incompatible standards for ADSL. The
official ANSI standard for ADSL is a system called discrete multitone, or
DMT. According to equipment manufacturers, most of the ADSL equipment
installed today uses DMT. An earlier and more easily implemented standard
was the carrierless amplitude/phase (CAP) system, which was used on many
of the early installations of ADSL.

5.1 CARRIERLESS AMPLITUDE/PHASE(CAP)

FIGURE -5

CAP operates by dividing the signals on the telephone line into three distinct
bands: Voice conversations are carried in the 0 to 4 KHz (kilohertz) band, as
they are in all POTS circuits. The upstream channel (from the user back to
the server) is carried in a band between 25 and 160 KHz. The downstream
channel (from the server to the user) begins at 240 KHz and goes up to a
point that varies depending on a number of conditions (line length, line
noise, number of users in a particular telephone company switch) but has a

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maximum of about 1.5 MHz (megahertz). This system, with the three
channels widely separated, minimizes the possibility of interference between
the channels on one line, or between the signals on different lines.

5.2 DISCRETE MULTITONE

DMT divides signals into separate channels, but doesn't use two
fairly broad channels for upstream and downstream data. Instead, DMT
divides the data into 247 separate channels, each 4 KHz wide.

FIGURE -6

One way to think about it is to imagine that the phone company

divides your copper line into 247 different 4-KHz lines and then attaches a
modem to each one. You get the equivalent of 247 modems connected to
your computer at once! Each channel is monitored and, if the quality is too
impaired, the signal is shifted to another channel. This system constantly

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shifts signals between different channels, searching for the best channels for
transmission and reception. In addition, some of the lower channels (those
starting at about 8 KHz), are used as bidirectional channels, for upstream

and downstream information. Monitoring and sorting out the information on

the bidirectional channels, and keeping up with the quality of all 247
channels, makes DMT more complex to implement than CAP, but gives it
more flexibility on lines of differing quality.

5.3. SPLITTING THE SIGNAL: FILTERS

CAP and DMT are similar in one way that you can see as a DSL user.

FIGURE-7

If you have ADSL installed, you were almost certainly given small
filters to attach to the outlets that don't provide the signal to your ADSL
modem. These filters are low-pass filters -- simple filters that block all signals
above a certain frequency. Since all voice conversations take place below 4
KHz, the low-pass (LP) filters are built to block everything above 4 KHz,
preventing the data signals from interfering with standard telephone calls.

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CHAPTER- 6
ADSL EQUIPMENT

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6. ADSL EQUIPMENT

ADSL uses two pieces of equipment, one on the customer end and
one at the Internet service provider, telephone company or other provider of
DSL services. At the customer's location there is a DSL transceiver, which
may also provide other services. The DSL service provider has a DSL
Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) to receive customer connections.

Most residential customers call their DSL transceiver a "DSL

modem." The engineers at the telephone company or ISP call it an ATU-R.
Regardless of what it's called, it's the point where data from the user's
computer or network is connected to the DSL line.

The transceiver can connect to a customer's equipment in several

ways, though most residential installation uses USB or 10 base-T Ethernet
connections. While most of the ADSL transceivers sold by ISPs and
telephone companies are simply transceivers, the devices used by businesses
may combine network routers, network switches or other networking
equipment in the same platform.

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FIGURE-8

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6.1 DSL EQUIPMENT: DSLAM

The DSLAM at the access provider is the equipment that really

allows DSL to happen. A DSLAM takes connections from many customers
and aggregates them onto a single, high-capacity connection to the Internet.
DSLAMs are generally flexible and able to support multiple types of DSL in
a single central office, and different varieties of protocol and modulation --
both CAP and DMT, for example -- in the same type of DSL. In addition,
the DSLAM may provide additional functions including routing or dynamic
IP address assignment for the customers.

The DSLAM provides one of the main differences between user service
through ADSL and through cable modems. Because cable-modem users
generally share a network loop that runs through a neighborhood, adding
users means lowering performance in many instances. ADSL provides a
dedicated connection from each user back to the DSLAM, meaning that
users won't see a performance decrease as new users are added -- until the
total number of users begins to saturate the single, high-speed connection to
the Internet. At that point, an upgrade by the service provider can provide
additional performance for all the users connected to the DSLAM.

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CHAPTER- 7

STANDARDS AND ASSOCIATION

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7. STANDARDS AND ASSOCIATIONS

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI), working group

T1E1.4, approved the first ADSL in 1995. It supported data rates up to 6.1
Mbps (ANSI Standard T1.413). The European Technical Standards Institute
(ETSI) contributed an Annex to T1.413 to reflect European requirements.
T1.413 (Issue I) was limited to a single terminal interface at the premise end.
Issue II (T1.413i2), approved in 2001, expanded the standard to include a
multiplexed interface at the premise end, protocols for configuration and
network management, and other improvements.

Work towards an Issue III was ultimately submitted to the

international standards body, the ITU-T, to develop the international
standards for ADSL. The ITU-T standards for ADSL are most commonly
referred to as G.lite (G.992.2) and G.dmt (G.992.1)–both of which are
approved in June of 1999. Having an international standard has aided in
moving towards vendor interoperability and service provider acceptance,
further increasing deployment, and ultimately availability to the consumer.

The ATM Forum has recognized ADSL as a physical layer

transmission protocol for unshielded twisted pair media. The DSL Forum
was formed in December of 1994 to promote the DSL concept and facilitate
development of DSL system architectures, protocols, and interfaces for
major DSL applications. The DSL Forum has expanded its efforts to address
marketing issues surrounding awareness, and enabling high-speed

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applications via DSL. The DSL Forum has approximately 340 members
representing service providers, equipment manufacturers, and content
developers from throughout the world.

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CHAPTER- 8

DISTANCE LIMITATIONS

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8. DISTANCE LIMITATIONS

Precisely how much benefit you see will greatly depend on how far
you are from the central office of the company providing the ADSL service.
ADSL is a distance-sensitive technology: As the connection's length
increases, the signal quality decreases and the connection speed goes down.
The limit for ADSL service is 18,000 feet (5,460 meters), though for speed
and quality of service reasons many ADSL providers place a lower limit on
the distances for the service. At the extremes of the distance limits, ADSL
customers may see speeds far below the promised maximums, while
customers nearer the central office have faster connections and may see
extremely high speeds in the future. ADSL technology can provide
maximum downstream (Internet to customer) speeds of up to 8 megabits per
second (Mbps) at a distance of about 6,000 feet (1,820 meters), and
upstream speeds of up to 640 kilobits per second (Kbps). In practice, the best
speeds widely offered today are 1.5 Mbps downstream, with upstream
speeds varying between 64 and 640 Kbps.

You might wonder, if distance is a limitation for DSL, why it's not
also a limitation for voice telephone calls. The answer lies in small
amplifiers called loading coils that the telephone company uses to boost
voice signals. Unfortunately, these loading coils are incompatible with
ADSL signals, so a voice coil in the loop between your telephone and the
telephone company's central office will disqualify you from receiving
ADSL. Other factors that might disqualify you from receiving ADSL
include:

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Bridge taps - These are extensions, between you and the central
office, that extend service to other customers. While you wouldn't notice
these bridge taps in normal phone service, they may take the total length of
the circuit beyond the distance limits of the service provider.

• Fiber-optic cables - ADSL signals can't pass through the conversion

from analog to digital and back to analog that occurs if a portion of
your telephone circuit comes through fiber-optic cables.

• Distance - Even if you know where your central office is (don't be

surprised if you don't -- the telephone companies don't advertise their
locations), looking at a map is no indication of the distance a signal
must travel between your house and the office.

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CHAPTER-9

DSL FUTURE

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9. DSL FUTURE

ADSL is competing with technologies such as cable-modem

access and satellite Internet access for high-speed connections from
consumers to the Internet. According to IDC, a market-analysis firm based
in Framingham, MA, approximately 330,000 households in the United
States were connected to the Internet via DSL in 1999, compared to
1,350,000 households with cable modems. By 2003, IDC estimates that the
number of households with cable modems will have risen to 8,980,000,
while DSL will have raced into the broadband lead with 9,300,000
households.

Currently, ADSL is limited (by U.S. Federal

Communications Commission regulations) to a maximum of 1.5 megabits
per second. Current technology can provide a theoretical maximum of up to
7 megabits per second, and research promises even greater performance in
the future with protocols like G.Lite and VDSL

ADSL depends on advanced digital signal processing and

creative algorithms to squeeze so much information through twisted-pair
telephone lines. In addition, many advances have been required in
transformers, analog filters, and analog/digital (A/D) converters. Long
telephone lines may attenuate signals at 1 MHz (the outer edge of the band
used by ADSL) by as much as 90 dB, forcing analog sections of ADSL
modems to work very hard to realize large dynamic ranges, separate
channels, and maintain low noise figures. On the outside, ADSL looks
simple—transparent synchronous data pipes at various data rates over

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ordinary telephone lines. The inside, where all the transistors work, is a
miracle of modern technology. Figure (1) displays the ADSL transceiver-
network end.

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CHAPTER 10

APPLICATIONS

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10. APPLICATIONS

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology is a solution to the ever-

increasing demand for more bandwidth by business and residential
consumers. Below are some current applications of DSL:

High-speed Internet access

Corporate Local Area Network (LAN) access
E-Commerce
Telecommuting / Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Distance learning
Video-On-Demand
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) / IP dial tone
Video conferencing
Medical imaging
Real-time information exchange
Entertainment - online gaming

DSL will let you use the Internet as it was meant to be. Web pages will load
onto your computer instantly, files will download with amazing speed and
you'll be able to play network games with relative ease. Soon streaming
audio and video will be a common place application for DSL.

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CHAPTER-11

CONCLUSION

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11. CONCLUSION.

ASDL technology is asymmetric, allowing more bandwidth for

downstream than upstream data flow. This asymmetric technology combined
with always-on access makes ASDL ideal for users who typically download
much more data than they send.

An ASDL modem is connected to both ends of a twisted-pair telephone line

to create three information channels: a high-speed downstream channel, a
medium-speed duplex channel, and a basic telephone service channel. ADSL
modems create multiple channels by dividing the available bandwidth of a
telephone line using either frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) or echo
cancellation. Both techniques split off a 4-kHz region for basic telephone
service at the DC end of the band .

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REFERENCE

www.howstuff.com

www.dsl.net

www.athenet.net

Magazine referred : Electronics For You

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Seminar Report - 2004

APPENDIX

Dept. of Electronics & Communication College of Engg. K i d a n g o o r

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Seminar Report - 2004

Table of Contents
Chapter Goals

Digital Subscriber Line

Introduction
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

ADSL Capabilities
ADSL Technology

Signaling and Modulation

CAP and DMT Modulated ADSL

CAP and DMT Compared

Adaptive Equalization
Power Consumption
Latency
Speed

ADSL Standards and Associations

Additional DSL Technologies

SDSL
HDSL
HDSL-2
G.SHDSL
ISDN Digital Subscriber Line
VDSL

Summary
Review Questions
For More Information
Glossary Terms

Dept. of Electronics & Communication College of Engg. K i d a n g o o r