Anne Miller, Sci Med Network - Dowsing, A Review
Anne Miller, Sci Med Network - Dowsing, A Review
Anne Miller, Cambridge, England
Dowsers have recently defined dowsing as 'the art of knowing'. This reflects the fact that it
was traditionally known as water divining and was a commercially important means of
locating water and minerals, but it is often used today to detect a much wider range of
apparently 'unknowable' information, from medical diagnosis to the location of lost objects.
Although I suspect that I am not alone among members of the SMN in finding that the
'scientist within' at times protests at cases of apparent uncritical faith in dowsed
information, this should not mask the underlying reality of this fascinating, complex and,
under some conditions, surprisingly reproducible phenomenon.
This review article aims to cover the history of dowsing and the key theories, controversies,
research and references. However, as with many areas of interest to SMN members, the
story is by no means cut and dried, so I hope this article will initiate a discussion via e mail
and the SMN web site, so that those interested can continue to share ideas.
As will become very clear, the understanding of dowsing is in that early stage in which it is
very difficult to decide which parameters and results are relevant. We are in the equivalent
state to the early days of the investigation of electromagnetism in the 19th Century, when
the research and understanding had to push its way through confusion, misinterpretation of
results, irrelevant coincidences and the claims of charlatans so as to uncover genuine
phenomena. I have tried to cut through the confusing plethora of reported results and
theories, but will inevitably have thrown out some of the baby with the bathwater.
What is the evidence that dowsing is real?
I will primarily consider the evidence for basic 'on site' dowsing, where the dowser walks
over the site of interest, and the dowsing rods respond when the dowser is over the target. I
will then move on to remote dowsing.
I find on‐site dowsing particularly interesting. Unlike remote dowsing, which seems to be
more related to psiphenomena, about 90 per cent of the population can do it at a basic level
and it is relatively easy to replicate results; yet the phenomenon is largely ignored by the
scientific community. It is also nothing to do with the type of dowsing rods used and in fact it
works quite well with no rods at all. On this basis, it therefore seems to be a basic human
neurophysiological response to an unknown stimulus. Since dowsing is also widely used as
an adjunct to arguably more psychic techniques of gaining information remote from the site,
the stimulus may well be subliminal and internal as much as external and 'physical'.
Eight thousand years of dowsing
Engineers tend to be a pragmatic bunch. If something doesn't work, we tend not to use it for
long. I therefore find it significant that engineers appear to have used dowsing for at least
8,000 years.
The first recorded use is thought to be a cave painting at Tassili N'Ajjer in the Sahara, dated
at about 6000BC. There are other references by the Egyptians c. 3000BC, the Hebrews c.
2000BC and in the Bible, while CICERO recorded the use of the virgula divinatorium, the
dowsing rod, in AD50.
MARTIN LUTHER denounced dowsing as the work of the devil in AD1528. In 1556 a German
metallurgical text commented on the common use of dowsing to detect metallic ores while
the author, AGRICOLA, pointed out that the dowsing instrument did not move of its own
accord, but only in the hands of sensitive persons. In 1632 and 1640 the Baroness of
BEAUSOLEIL, who seems to have made a thorough investigation of dowsing, published
reports on it in connection with the utilization of France's mineral wealth. Shortly
afterwards, in 1665, the well known scientist BOYLE referred to the possible reality of
dowsing in a paper to the Royal Society.
More recently, the Cornish tin industry started when dowsers came over from the Harz
mountains of Germany to teach the techniques of dowsing for tin.
By the turn of the century, dowsing rods were a standard part of a water engineer's toolbox
and featured in catalogues along with pumps and valves, while extensive scientific
investigation were carried out by MABY (1939) and TROMP (1949) focusing on potential
physical explanations.
Use has declined since, with the growth of alternative techniques, but it is still used by water
boards, the military, farmers and private companies. Walker's Crisps and Roche
Pharmaceuticals both use dowsing for locating water supplies for their factories, while
Honda even brought dowsers from Japan to identify the best site for their new factory in
Swindon. We may not know how dowsing works, but it certainly seems to have been in use
for a long time.
Scientific research
Most dowsing research was either carried out before the development of the concept of
double blind controlled trials, or has been done by enthusiasts who dispense with the
complexities it involves in the excitement of investigating their theories. As a result, the
experiments are often very vulnerable to claims that the dowser subconsciously generated
the desired response, and they are frustratingly poorly documented. However, some
excellent work has been done, which in my view offers convincing proof of the reality of the
phenomenon.
1. Novice dowsers can get repeatable results. In 1971 CHADWICK and JENSEN of Utah State
University investigated the abilities of novice dowsers to replicate each others' results. One
hunderd and fifty novice dowsers, mostly staff and students of the University walked along
four test paths with dowsing rods, placing blocks at the points where they detected a
reaction. The position of the blocks was measured and they were then removed before the
next dowser.
To (the initially sceptical) Chadwick and Jensen's surprise, the dowsers seemed to get
responses at the same points along the path. For three of the tests the results were
significant at the 0.05 per cent probability level, the fourth at 6 per cent.
Chadwick and Jensen were electrical engineers and also compared the dowsing results with
a magnetic survey carried out after the last trial. It is possible that there is some correlation
between the results, as more dowsing reactions occurred where the magnetic field gradient
was over 1.6 mTm ‐1 than where the gradient was less, but the results are less convincing
than the striking ability of the novice dowsers to get responses at the same places.
Similar results have been obtained by TROMP (1949) and the research group of the British
Society of Dowsers (BSD), who achieved p < 0.1‐1% in a series of double blind trials in 1997.
It therefore seems that even novice dowsers are genuinely detecting something at a
particular position, although it is not clear what it is.
2. Experienced dowsers are twice as successful at detecting water than conventional
geophysical techniques.Much the most significant recent study is a 10 year research
program in the 1980s on the application of dowsing to the location of water in arid regions,
sponsored by the German government. This was led by Professor BETZ of the University of
Munich.
The results were striking. In 691 test drillings in Sri Lanka, dowsers achieved an overall
success rate of 96 per cent, where a success rate of only 30‐50 per cent would be expected
by conventional techniques. It was not only the success rate that was impressive, but also
that in hundreds of cases the dowsers successfully predicted the depth of the well and yield
of the well to within 10‐20 per cent. These results far exceeded what would have been
expected by lucky guesses. In some cases the dowsers successfully located sources 30 m
down, which were so narrow that an error of on metre would have resulted in missing the
source.
These results support the experience of Soviet Geologists in the 1960s and 1970s, where
dowsers achieved a 91.5‐94 per cent success rate in siting water wells in Chelyabinsk and
successfully used dowsing from aeroplanes to locate mineral ores in Kazakhstan, Karelia and
Tadzhikistan.
3. Experienced and sensitive dowsers can sometimes dowse successfully for information
without being at the site . Dowsing can also be used to find information without being on
site. Map dowsing is quite frequently used by experienced dowsers as a precursor to an on
site survey as it can often save time, although it is less accurate. In this technique, the
dowser uses a map of the site and 'asks' the rod or pendulum to respond at the co‐ordinates
what was sought while the dowser moves a finger along the sides of the map. Related
techniques have been used to diagnose diseases or find a virtually unlimited range of
information.
However, although various studies have been done on remote dowsing or dowsing
purporting to require psi ability, (summarized by HANSEN 1982) most experiments produced
negative results or were inconclusive. Nevertheless, as with many paranormal phenomena,
individual occurrences can be extremely impressive.
In one well documented example, PETER STEWART (SMN member) was asked to assist in
finding the location of a crashed aircraft. Using map dowsing, Peter identified a crash site in
the sea. This initially seemed improbable, as the site he suggested had been searched
without success. However, three months later a fishing boat brought up a piece of the
aircraft in its nets, very close the identified point.
Remote dowsing for information is generally agreed to be a more difficult and less reliable
process than on site dowsing, although dowsing is still much easier than trying to
use psi abilities to find the answer to unknown information. This suggests that remote
dowsing probably involves more 'psi' capability than on site dowsing, but that the near
digital nature of the dowsing response makes it easier to access
subconscious 'psi' information than trying to generate a more complex clairvoyant 'image' of
the information.
What can be detected?
Novice dowsers find it relatively easy to detect steel and other electrically conducting
materials, geological water, (particularly moving water), but they often find the results very
confusing as there are too many responses and they cannot tell the difference between
them. Experienced dowsers can detect almost anything at any distance, probably by
utilizing psi capabilities, but minerals, oil, and disturbed ground such as archaeological sites
and caves seem to be relatively easy. Wet sands and clays seem to reduce the 'penetration'
of the dowsing ability through the ground.
The situation is confused for the novice by the tendency of buried structures (e.g. a pipeline)
to create a series of parallel dowsing lines, similar, though not identical, to diffraction
pattern. However, with experience the dowser learns to 'focus on the question' and can
then get a reaction only at the centre line, without being confused by the parallels.
Interestingly, the spacing of these parallels oscillates with the diurnal cycle, reaching a
maximum at about 1500h local time, thus suggesting a possible link with the normal daily
variation of earth's magnetic field which reaches a minimum at about 13‐1400h.
LYONS (SMN) has identified these parallels as parts of contiguous three‐dimensional toroids
surrounding the object (in one experiment this was a cable carrying electric current). He
reports that the spacing between successive shells reduces by the ratio of 0.891 as one
moves further away from the object and draws a parallel with the diatonic scales in music
and vorticity.
Very complex patterns of lines have been described (UNDERWOOD, 1968), including spirals
and intertwined lines, a flow direction, positive or negative lines and grids of lines
(HARTMANN, CURRY).
Dowsers interested in geopathic stress have identified some of these zones as beneficial or
harmful to human health. Most of the scientific work in this area seems to have been done
in Central Europe following a major study by VAN POHL in 1922. He was invited to
investigate by the town of Vilsbiburg where cancer deaths were above the national average.
A group of doctors and dowsers mapped zones of severe geopathic disturbance in 565
houses in the town and correlated these with the town's medical and death records. The
study concluded that earth radiation of the type detected by dowsers was the prime cause
of the most serious diseases. In 1989 Austrian researchers completed a two‐year study on
985 subjects, which showed changes in the serum values of serotonin, zinc and calcium after
10 minutes' exposure to a 'pathogenic' site. RIGGS (1993) and others have suggested that
this is due to the influence of the dowsing zone creating a change in the local electric,
magnetic and radio fields in turn causing a deficiency of ATP (the main energy releasing
agent in cells) and thus depression of the immune system.
Many attempts to demonstrate dowsing experimentally are probably frustrated by
experimenters not recognizing that a substance seems to need time to 'imprint' a 'dowsing
zone' into the ground. For example, it is much easier to detect a well established natural
dowsing zone, as used in the Utah experiment, than something that has only been present a
short time, like a hosepipe full of water.
Equally confusingly, the dowsing imprint can remain when the original object that caused it
is removed. For example, this imprint can be detected when a steel scaffolding pole is left in
situ on the ground for some months, and then removed.
Sometimes it is very hard to understand what is being detected. For example, I am not a very
sensitive dowser, but last summer I mapped a series of very strong dowsing lines through
almost all the stone circles I visited in SW Ireland. I have no idea what I was detecting, but as
a scientist, I am certain that I was detecting something.
Given the well recognized coincidence of the position of standing stones and patterns of
dowsing lines, there is debate as to whether megalithic sites were deliberately built on pre‐
existing dowsing lines or whether the lines were 'generated' subsequently. GRAVES (1976)
reports a case in which stones have been moved by up to half a mile but still remain 'linked'
to the other stones by dowsing lines (one example is in St Stephen's churchyard in St
Albans), which would suggest that in some way the stones create the lines. It has been
suggested that this capability may in some way be linked to the magnetic properties of the
stone used.
I was once involved in a double blind controlled trial with the dowser HARRY LOVEGROVE, in
which a fan of permanent dowsing lines was produced by a 60W 'black box' that Harry had
designed. The box was pointed over a 5 × 5m test square, switched on for one minute and
then removed before Harry and I were shown the test site. We then plotted the fan of lines
and successfully located where the box had been positioned, 30 m away. After the
experiment, the lines seemed not to fade with time, and continued for miles. We had no
conventional explanation for how this might work (even after looking inside the box).
I have no idea what caused this imprinting effect, or how one Joule of energy could have
such a significant effect, but the phenomenon was clearly real. It may also be involved in
various reports that lines can generated by thought and detected by a dowser with no
knowledge of the position of the line. It is very tempting to speculate that there is some
parallel with the imprinting of homoeopathic remedies where, once again, it would seem
that energy levels are too low to be involved, but that interesting properties of water
molecules may perhaps be important.
How might dowsing work?
Physiological responses
It is almost universally accepted that dowsing is a neurophysiological response and that the
rods or pendulums are only present as a mechanical amplifier of otherwise unnoticeable
small tilts and movements of the hand. The material and type of the rod doesn't matter, but
some designs are mechanically more sensitive to small disturbances and individuals have
their preferences. Rural dowsers seem to like the traditional sprung forked sticks because
the very definitive spring action is unaffected by cross wind, engineers like L‐rods which are
less tiring to use, while medics seem to prefer pendulums which have a greater range of
potential responses.
The most common response is a subtle twitch of the wrist or arm, and learning to hold the
rods with a particular extension and tension in various muscle groups is used to increase the
magnitude of the response. When using the L‐rods and a tensioned forked stick, the dowser
is using a position of static instability to amplify the small movements. In other cases, such
as when holding a swinging pendulum or allowing L‐rods to perform complete rotations
about the vertical axis, the dowser seems to rely on changes in the dynamic instability.
A range of other neurophysiological responses has been reported. It is quite common to feel
a tingling in arms or solar plexus, or a shudder down the back, while occasional responses
include an eye blink, a clicking in the ears, seeing a blue light coming out of the ground, or
even vomiting! This range of responses suggests to me that the dowsing reaction may be a
response to stimulation of various parts of the nervous system, but is perhaps not confined
to a single 'sensor'.
It is worth noting that a minority of dowsers dislike the neurophysiological viewpoint and
feel certain that the rods move independently of the dowser, perhaps as a form of
psychokinesis (PK). In many cases this is because they fail to recognize how effectively the
rods amplify very small movements, or else fail to recognize that even though an L‐rod may
be free to rotate in its handle, this does not mean that it cannot be rotated by the hand. This
common fallacy can easily be demonstrated by tilting the handle away from the vertical and
letting the L‐rod swing under gravity. Although I personally favour the neurophysiological
viewpoint and know of no definitive evidence to support the PK viewpoint, it is possible that
in some cases it could be involved. HANSEN reports that in the 1970s an electrical engineer,
Kaufmann, used a strain gauge to measure the bending force on a rod during the dowsing
reaction and found that the force was higher than could normally be accounted for,
although Kaufmann's report gives few details.
Even when the rod has moved, it is not always easy to interpret the result. Dowsing is a
technique designed to pick up subtle responses and hence it is very easy for the dowser's
expectations to influence the results. Experienced dowsers recognize this effect and will
always check results to try to eliminate this effect, but it is very easy to fool oneself.
This also means that, when trying to gather experimental data, it is very important that the
dowser has no possible clues to draw on and does not know the location of what is being
sought. In some experiments (e.g. BSD, 1997) the dowsers are blindfolded. This often causes
complaints amongst dowsers who feel that they need to be able to see their L‐rods to get
the correct response. Personally, I find this a very reasonable possibility, as the rods will only
act as sensitive amplifiers if they are held virtually horizontally, but without some level of
visual feedback it is very difficult to maintain this.
Interpreting the result is also complicated by the fact that there is typically a time delay in
the dowsing response after passing over dowsing zone. The delay is generally in the range
0.1‐0.5 s, depending on the chosen detection threshold. This would suggest that the brain
must be involved in processing the dowsing signal and that the response is not a simple
reflex action.
The size of the dowsing response seems also to depend on the rate of change of the signal,
so that the dowser can produce a bigger response by walking faster over the zone.
Interestingly, the same effect is seen correlating the dowsing response with the rate of
change of the magnetic field surrounding the dowser.
It is noticeable that most dowsers find that their ability to pick up and interpret subtle
signals improves with practice. It is as if the motor output is not only being imprinted (as
when learning to play the piano) but the 'concept' for what is being sought also becomes
clearer, thus making the subconscious recognition process easier. Perhaps this is analogous
to one's ability to see something only when one has a concept of what one is seeing, or to
pick out a familiar voice in a noisy room.
Dowsers use a variety of techniques to establish the depth of water, or to help focus
attention. I suspect that, as has been proposed for the healing effect, the details of the
technique may be less important than the degree to which the dowser has become
accustomed to it.
The mental state of the dowser seems to be important. For good results the dowser should
be in a calm, relaxed but focused state of mind, very similar to the meditative state, and also
to the state conducive to psi experiences. GEOFF BROOKS, a psychologist and dowser, has
reported measurements showing an increase in his theta waves while dowsing.
Dowsing also seems to relate to the electrical characteristics of the body. TROMP (1949), a
Dutch geophysicist, carried out a very extensive two‐year research program on dowsing and
found that sensitive dowsers have a lower palm to palm skin resistance than non dowsers.
For sensitive dowsers it would be about 50,000 ohms (measured with 4.5V DC, 3 mm
electrodes) while non dowsers it is often 10‐60 times higher. Similar results have been found
by other workers in 1953 and 1964.
Tromp also claimed that washing the hands, which reduces the skin resistance, temporarily
increases dowsing sensitivity. Other investigators have found that there is a significant
change in the skin potential measured between the wrists of dowsers, when passing over a
'dowsing zone' while HANSEN (1989) reports this can be as high as 100 mV for a good
dowser or 10‐30 mV for non dowsers.
Experimentally induced dowsing responses
Physical theories of dowsing are attractive to those who prefer to stay near the shores of
'conventional' science: they tend to consider it either as a response to electromagnetic field
gradients (for example from a magnet or a current in a coil), or as a response to
electromagnetic radiation from the earth or even as a response to the influence of a
complex combination of geomagnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation and other factors. As
far as I am aware, this later viewpoint was first suggested by Tromp. I find it very attractive,
in that it provides potential scope for the apparent information content of dowsed
information and the variety of physiological responses. It may also explain why, although
both the 'field' and 'radiation' theories have been fairly successful, it seems that neither can
explain all the results, yet neither can be ignored.
The field theories are attractive because there is some correlation between dowsing
responses and magnetometer results (and perhaps electric fields), while magnetic field
gradients can be used to generate an artificial dowsing response in the laboratory. Birds are
known to use the declination of the magnetic field during long distance navigation,
suggesting similar physiological receptors might be involved in dowsing.
The electromagnetic radiation viewpoint is attractive since the dowser is (almost always)
above the source, and the patterns of dowsing lines are often similar, but not identical, to a
diffraction pattern. The hypothetical electromagnetic radiation can also be used to generate
an artificial dowsing response in the laboratory.
1. Electromagnetic fields. The most convincing demonstration of the induction of a dowsing
response by an electromagnetic field was carried out in 1978 by HARVALIK.
This was a double blind trial on the response of 14 reputed dowsers to a low power high
frequency electromagnetic field, switched on and off at random. The results were extremely
significant, in that out of 694 trials, the dowsers scored 95 per cent hits in comparison with
the chance level of 50 per cent.
Aluminium sheet was then used on various portions of the body to shield the 'dowsing
sensors'. Harvalik concluded that the dowsing sensors are in the region of the kidneys and
the brain, possibly the pineal gland. I find it interesting that others (e.g. SMN member
SERENA RONEY‐DOUGAL) have suggested a link between the pineal gland and psi .
2. Electromagnetic radiation. In one of my experiments with the dowser, Harry Lovegrove, I
stood him with his dowsing rods facing a non reflective curtain. Behind him I made a 3 mm
slit between two sheets of steel lying on the ground, above which I had a 300 mm square
mirror at 45° on a height stand. Harry couldn't see the mirror. By moving the mirror up and
down the stand, I could therefore 'project' a beam of this hypothetical dowsing energy onto
his back. Harry would tell me when he felt a dowsing response and I would note down the
height then select and move the mirror to a new position. The results were extremely
statistically significant: Harry got a dowsing reaction only when I was projecting the 'energy'
onto an area of his spine between the shoulder blades, at about T2‐T4. Although not a
double blind trial, I find it hard to see how Harry could have known where the 'beam' was
directed, other than by dowsing.
Similar results have been reported independently in 1995 by JENNISON, who used an
aluminium plate as the reflector but located the dowsing zone as being on the lower spine.
He also obtained reactions when projecting microwaves of various wavelengths onto his
back. However, Jennison's results seemed to suggest that the wavelength was in the cm
range, while my results suggested a wavelength of 0.1‐0.3 mm.
Both are maybe involved, but I personally find the sub millimetre range very interesting as,
although it has only recently been possible to generate or detect it, silica (and thus probably
most rock) is transparent to it, while water is highly absorbing. Body tissue is selectively
absorptive. (Bell Labs have recently demonstrated using this for non‐ invasive imaging of the
body). It is also a wavelength at which the thermal radiation from the earth's mantle might
be expected to be great enough to generate a potential of perhaps 10 mV in an antenna of
suitable dimensions. This could well be significant, as the longitudinal dendrites in the spinal
column seem to have the correct dimensions, while a 10 mV voltage swing is quite
significant in comparison to the normal 120 mV swing when a neurone fires.
(As an aside, I am struggling to understand and calculate how one might expect radiation at
this wavelength to be diffracted round conducting objects (a pipeline), while passing through
a permeable, non‐uniform, dielectric medium (the soil), under the influence of (the earth's)
external electromagnetic fields. If any members know how to do this, I'd love some help!)
Others have suggested a wide range of other potential causes for the dowsing reaction
ranging from ionization (MABY, 1935), radio waves (RIGG), electrostatic fields, 'W‐radiation'
(WüST, 1934) to radioactivity.
As mentioned above, I personally find it attractive to envisage that the complex neural
network within the body is affected by a wide range of electromagnetic influences including
magnetic and electric fields as well as electromagnetic radiation. Thus the dowser's 'art of
knowing' involves learning to recognize and respond at a subliminal level to the
characteristic 'spectrum' or signature of what is sought. This might explain both the ability to
focus and pick out particular signals and the range of physiological responses, including the
potentially damaging 'geopathic' effects of extended exposure.
The relationship between dowsing and psi
Although I initially approached dowsing in the expectation that there would be a purely
'physical' explanation, I have increasingly come to the conclusion that closely linked
phenomena such as map dowsing imply that it must also involve some form of wider
consciousness relating to psi capabilities. It is remarkable that almost all dowsers and
dowsing researchers that I have spoken to have reached the same conclusion.
Parapsychologists have found that there seems also to be a link between psi capabilities and
electromagnetic conditions, as even though electromagnetic screening cannot mask
out psi transmissions, electromagnetic fields can adversely influence performance
in psi experiments. For example, DEAN RADIN (1997) has reported statistically significant
data showing that payout percentage in casinos increases when the geomagnetic conditions
are quiet. The head of Sony's parapsychology lab told me that they have observed that when
they are doing experiments on clairvoyance, the more electronic equipment they have
switched on round the experimental subject, the worse the results! (Not a result that would
please Sony Marketing department!)
In an attempt to provide a mechanism for psi 'transmissions', it has been suggested
that psi information is shared by a form of quantum entanglement or psi ‐field. I have
developed the following mental picture: when one uses telepathy or clairvoyance to obtain
information from the psi‐ field, it is like looking at a reflection on a still pond, while the effect
of electromagnetic 'noise' might be like the breeze that breaks up the image into a confusion
of ripples, although it does not itself carry the information.
Continuing this analogy, when the novice dowser detects a large dowsing signal it is perhaps
analogous to a small boat being buffeted by the wake from the invisible speedboat on the
far side of the pond.
Could the concept of the interconnecting psi‐ field also move us towards explaining how
experienced dowsers seem to be able to receive information from a remote site, or
information that seems unknowable? Maybe the subtle signature of the dowsing signal is
actually data from a psi ‐field, detected by its interaction with the complex, chaotic
electromagnetic system that is our nervous system? A system in which practice at detecting
the larger signals helps raise the dowser's sensitivity threshold to smaller signals.
Dowsing therefore seems to offer a fascinating bridge between psi capabilities and a
replicable physiological effect, which can be experienced by about 90 per cent of the
population and is probably grounded in the complex interactions between the
electromagnetic environment and neurophysiology. Further research should therefore be
very productive, but experimenters will have to endure the complexities of working under
double blind conditions for this work to be useful.
Further discussions: subscribe to smn_dowsing@cis.plym.ac.uk or post your comments in
the Dowsing Chatroom of the web site.
Further reading: Where out of print, they can be obtained from the BSD or copyright
libraries.
References
TOM GRAVES, Dowsing Techniques and Applications , 1976, Turnstone Books. A good
introduction to the practicalities.
G.P. HANSEN: 'Dowsing: a review of experimental research'. Journal of the Society for
Psychical Research 1982. Vol 51 No 792, pp. 343‐367. An excellent review, including
biophysical and parapsychological work.
MABY and FRANKLIN: The Physics of the Divining rod , 1939, Bell. An extensive and classic
survey of research. Well worth reading, even though the experimental details are only
summarized.
S.W. TROMP: Psychical Physics , Elsevier, 1949. Another great classic on dowsing research
and potential mechanisms. Well worth reading, although it almost contains too much
information.
UNDERWOOD. The Pattern of the Past , 1968, Pitman. Detailed descriptions of dowsing lines.
http://www.inria.fr/agos‐sophia/sis/dowsing/dowsdean.html John Wilcock: A review of
research and some experimental work on cave location.
/consiousness/position.papers/PS010.htm James Lyons.