Meo Class 4 Kochi Study Material
Meo Class 4 Kochi Study Material
Types of TEV and Explanations
2.Steering gear air purging procedure
3.Hunting gear mechanism
Why spring links are incorporated in the hunting gear?
1. The spring called buffer spring is incorporated in the hunting gear links to take up any excess movement beyond the
maximum stroke of the pump. This extra movement is stored by the compressed spring and reset when hunting gear
approaches the noeffect point to prevent the mechanical damage of the pump.
2. Also buffer spring will take up the shock movement of rudder due to heavy sea, thus preventing excessive hunting
action of pump.
4.ME LO system diagram
5.Cochran boiler diagram
OGEE RING
Here as you can see, the furnace is connected to a “Seamless Hemisphere crown”
This seamless hemisphere crown is connected to the boiler shell via an Ogee ring
GUSSET STAYS
The combustion chamber on top requires support – which is given by GUSSET
STAYS
6.Difference between 2S & 4S by looking
1) Under piston area.
2) Exhaust v/v
3) Aux blower
4) Tie rod
5) 3structure ( cyl head , Aframe, bed plate) while 4S is two structure.
7.Antipolishing ring
*In a diesel engine burning residual fuel, the piston top land (the area between the top ring and
the top of the piston crown) can be subject to a build up of carbon.
*This build up of carbon will have the effect of polishing the bore of the liner, reducing its oil
retention capabilities and increasing wear.
*To prevent this happening, the liner can be fitted with a replaceable anti polishing ring.
*This is a steel ring which fits in the top of the liner and is of smaller diameter than the liner, but
slightly larger than the piston crown.
*As the piston passes over TDC the ring removes any build up of carbon.
*This encourages a build up of carbon on the liner circumference above the top ring position at
TDC.
*This build up of carbon removes from the piston top land.
8.Lube oil properties
Alkalinity:
When fuel burns, the exhaust carries sulphuric acid which can cause acidic corrosion. For
neutralizing this, alkalinity is used.
Oxidation resistant:
Lube oil is always in contact with air and thus oxygen presence in oil is inevitable.
Moreover, at high temperature of the oil, the oxidation rate increases. After 85̊
degree C temperature, the increase in every 10̊ degree C of oil oxidation rates doubles itself
leading to sludge formation, acid production and bearing corrosion. Hence additives are added to
maintain keep these things in check
Load carrying capacity
It is also one of the important characteristics of lube oil which mainly depends upon the viscosity
of the oil. The load subjected to different internal parts of the marine engine is very high; hence
the load carrying capacity must be enough to withstand the pressure inside the engine. If this is
not achieved then oil will be forced out and metal to metal contact will result in wiping out and
wear down of the machine.
Thermal conductivity
The internal parts of marine engine are always in movement producing heat energy. This heat
energy has to be carried away or else it might lead to wear down due to thermal stresses. The
lube oil must cool down the internal parts to avoid such a situation and must have a good thermal
conductivity.
Detergency
Detergency of the oil is obtained by adding some metallic based additives which will prevent the
buildup of small deposits in the metal surface. In two stroke engine, the cylinder oil detergency
is very important as it removes the deposits from the ring pack area and keeps the combustion
space as clean as possible.
Disperency
It is the property of the lube oil which prevents impurities to mix up with itself and keeps them
suspended on the surface. This makes it easy for the separator or clarifier to remove it from the
oil.
High Flash Point
The flash point is the minimum temperature at which the oil vaporizes to give an ignitable
mixture of air. The flash point should always be on the higher side so that in case of increase in
temperature of the oil, fire hazard can be avoided. Normally for marine engine lube oils, the flash
point is always higher than 220̊ C.
Low Demulsification Number
It is not practically impossible to completely avoid contamination of oil with water. The low
demulsification number of the oil helps in easy separation of water from the oil in the separator
or when stored in the settling tank.
9.Onboard Lube oil tests
Testing of Lube oil onboard ship:
Following are the point for which lube oil tests are carried out:
To monitor the deterioration of oil with time
To check for contamination with other oil, water and bacterial attack
To avoid damage to the lubricating part of the machinery
To determine any leak or source of contamination of oil
To understand the performance of the supplied lube oil
Time interval between testing of lube oil:
Testing onboard – every month
Sending for shore – every 3 months for spectro analysis
Taking sample:
The onboard lube oil tests are carried out by taking samples from the sampling point(Inlet
to the engine), which should be located after the system, with the system in running
condition. Before taking the sample, oil must be drained so that stagnant oil in the
sampling point is removed.
The sample must be kept within control room for cooling it down to normal atmospheric
temperature. While doing this, the lid on the sample bottle must be half open else vapour
condensing during cooling process will get back into the sample.
Different types of lube oil testes onboard:
Water Content test:
5 ml of sample is taken inside digital water content meter mixed with 15 ml of reagent
containing paraffin or toluene. Before closing the lid of the digital meter, a sealed sachet
containing calcium Hydride is kept and container closed tight. The meter is shaken by hand and
the pressure rise due to the chemical reaction in the test container is shown as water percentage
in the digital display.
PH Test
It is done by using a pH paper which changes colour once in contact with oil and it is then
compared with standard values. This test determines the reserve alkalinity of the oil sample.
Viscosity Test
This test is performed by using a Flow stick in which two paths are provided for flow of oil side
by side. In one path fresh oil is filled and in other side path used sample oil is filled. Now the
flow stick is tilted allowing oil on both paths flowing in the direction of the tilt due to gravity. A
finish point is provided along with reference points along the flow stick and the position of used
oil is checked when fresh oil reaches the finish point.
This method shows the contamination of lube oil which may be due to diesel oil, heavy oil or
sludge resulting in change in viscosity.
Spot test
In this test a drop of lube oil is put on the blotter paper and it is then dried for few hours. The dry
spot is then compared with the standard spot available which determines the insoluble
components in lube oil.
Flash point test(this is not carried out onboard)
This is performed by using Pensky Martin closed cup apparatus which determines the
temperature at which the vapour will flash up when an external ignitable source is provided. As
per the regulation, this apparatus generally carried on passenger ships.
Water Crackle test
It is another method of determining water presence in the lube oil where the oil sample drops are
heated in an aluminium container over a flame. If water is present crackling sound will come.
10.Scavenge fire actions
SCAVENGE FIRE:
The combinations of following three things lead to scavenge fire.
Oxygen this is available plenty in the scavenge space.
Heat source this could happen because of blowing by of gases between piston rings and liner or
as a result of any rubbing between two surfaces.
Fuel this can be from unburnt fuel, carbon or cylinder lubricating oil leaked into the space
Causes of scavenge fire
1. Excessive wear of the liner.
2. The piston rings might be worn out or have loose ring grooves.
3. Broken piston rings or rings seized in the grooves.
4. Dirty scavenge space.
5. Poor combustion due to leaking fuel valves or improper timing.
6. Insufficient or excess cylinder lubrication.
Indications of scavenge fire
1. Scavenge temperature will start increasing.
2. The turbochargers will start surging.
3. High exhaust temperature.
4. Loss of engine power and reduction in rpm.
5. Smoke coming out of the scavenge drains.
6. The paint blisters will be formed on the scavenge doors due to high temperature but this
will occur only in large fires and extreme cases.
7. Black smoke in the funnel due to insufficient air for combustion.
Actions to be taken
1. Start reducing the engine rpm and reduce it to slow or dead slow.
2. Increase the cylinder lubrication of the affected unit. Special attention to be given for this as
this does not feed the fire. In case of increase of fire do not increase the lubrication.
3. Cut off the fuel for that affected particular unit.
4. Keep scavenges drain closed.
5. Keep monitoring the scavenge and exhaust temperatures and let the fire starve and wait for it
to burn itself out.
6. if fire still there, stop the engine immediately and engage turning gear, and keep engine
rotating with turning gear.
7. Put the aux. blower in stop mode.
8. Cover the turbocharger suction filter.
9. Extinguish the fire with fixed fighting system for scavenge fire. This may be co2 system or a
steam connection for smothering the fire.
10. Once after confirming that the fire is extinguished. The scavenge space is allowed to cool
down and later opened for inspection and cleaning of the scavenge space and check for any
metal deformation and visible damage.
Safety devices provided for Scavenge fire:
1. Scavenge high temperature alarm
2. Scavenge space relief valve
3. Fixed firefighting equipment(steam)
11.Types of liner wear
Types of wear in cylinder liner:
1) Friction.
2) Corrosion.
3) Abrasion
4) Scuffing or Adhesion
5) Clover leafing
6) Microseizure
Frictional Wear:
Frictional wear takes place between the sliding surfaces between the cylinder liner and
piston rings, and can somewhat controlled by adequate cylinder lubrication, but is also affected
by:
Materials of construction
Surface finish
Choice of cylinder lubrication
Piston speed
Engine load
Corrosion wear:
Corrosion occurs mainly in engines burning heavy fuels, particularly those with high
sulphur content. It is caused by the acid formed during combustion, and this may be neutralized
by the use of high alkaline cylinder oil. The production of acids will be more if sulfur content is
more, leading to the formation of sulphuric acid. Sulphuric acid is formed due to absorption of
the condensate or moisture present inside the combustion space with sulphur. This can be
prevented by maintaining jacket temperature above the corresponding dew point
Clover leafing
Clover leafing is a form of wear on cylinder liners due to high sulphur content in the fuel
oil. Clover leafing takes place between each pair of lubricating quills.
Cylinder oil is injected with maximum alkalinity from the quills and as it passes down,
the alkalinity reduces and acidity increases. This results in acidic etching on the liner surface in
the form of leaf scales along the sides of lubricating quills.
Sulphuric acid corrosion is found more in the lower part of the liner as the temperature of
jacket water is very low. Corrosion due to sulphur will be high due to the presence of water in
fuel and condensate in the air. This wear is generally seen between the quills. The wear near the
quills enlarge and gives a characteristic of the clover leaf shape to the wear pattern. This
phenomenon is called clover leafing.
Abrasion wear:
Abrasion is caused from metal particles, both from the splintering of piston rings and fuel
oil, ash being present in some heavy fuels, along with catalytic fines that will act as an abrasive.
These hard particles act as an abrasive material between the piston rings and the cylinder liner
causing liner abrasive wear.
Adhesion/Scuffing wear or Micro seizure:
Adhesion or scuffing or micro seizure is a form of local welding between particles of the
piston rings and liner due to failure of lubrication oil film between piston rings and liner,
insufficient supply or incorrect distribution of oil, and piston blowby.
How Cylinder Liner Wear is measured:
The cylinder liner wear is measured by a standard template, which consists of
strategically positioned holes, wherein the micrometer is placed and the readings are
taken.
The readings are taken for both port starboard and forward aft positions. This is done
because the wear is not same in both direction and the ovality is checked.
The wear rate will be different in the liner. The wear will be more in the top one third
parts as combustion takes place there and temperatures and pressure is also very high at
the top.
An approximate normal wear rate of the liner is about 0.1 mm per 1000 running hours.
The wear rate increases if the engine is overloaded. Generally the liner has to be replaced
when the wear is about 0.60.8% of the bore diameter or as per the manufacturer’s
recommendation.
12.What all clearance taken in Main engine
MAIN BEARING CLEARANCE:
This clearance is taken between journal and upper bearing shell.
Methods used:
By using Telescopic or Swedish Feeler Gauge:
This is the method mostly used in MAN B & W engines.
First bring the crank web in horizontal position for easy access.
The clearance can be measured by extending feeler gauge into the gap between journal
and upper shell of bearing.
By using Dial type depth gauge:
This is also used in MAN B & W SMCC engines.
The lube oil pipe connection screw hole is in the bearing keep which can be accessed
from the hole on the bearing shell.
Insert the depth gauge into the groove and measure the clearance.
CRANKPIN OR BOTTOM END BEARING CLEARANCE:
· Turn the crank to BDC
· Measure the clearance between bottom of the bearing shell and crank pin in both the sides by
means of feeler gauge.
CROSSHEAD BEARING CLEARANCE:
All clearances are taken by feeler gauge.
Crosshead pin bearing clearance:
This is taken between crosshead pin and upper shell of bearing by using feeler gauge.
Guide shoe clearance:
· There are two clearances are measured here.
· One clearance is taken between guide bar and guide shoe by feeler gauge in port and starboard
side.
· Second clearance is taken between guide bar and guide shoe by feeler gauge in forward and aft
side.
Crosshead pin thrust clearance:
This is taken between thrust piece and crosshead pin by feeler gauge
13.Superheated steam
Superheated steam is steam that is at a temperature higher than the saturation temperature for
the steam pressure. For example, steam at a pressure of 3 bar g has a saturation temperature of
143.762°C. If further heat was to be added to this steam and the pressure remained at 3 bar g, it
would become superheated. This extra heat results in steam which:
Is higher than saturation temperature.
Contains more energy than saturated steam.
Has a greater specific volume than saturated steam.
14.Ship side valve material
Valve & Spindle Spheroidal graphite cast iron /Brass (Cu + Zn) / Bronze (Cu + Sn) / Cast Steel /
Stainless Steel
body Cast Iron
15.Main engine crankcase inspection
Safety Precautions:
1. Inform bridge and Chief Engineer.
2. If in port, take Immobilization certificate.
3. Get propeller clearance from the duty officer.
4. Shut off starting air valve.
5. Put “Men at Work” tag.
6. Stop lube oil pump.
7. Indicator cocks to open.
8. Turning gear should be engaged
9. Wear proper PPE, Shoes & helmet.
10. No naked lamp to be taken inside.
11. Open the crankcase door taking it as a shield.
12. Ventilate the crankcase door properly.
13. No items should be inside the pockets of boiler suit.
Inspection:
a. Check the condition of lube oil, for any smell, discoloration, degradation.
b. No paint parts to be there in the sump.
c. Turn the engine to BDC and under stuffing box area for any black oil.
d. Check piston rod for any scoring & roughness.
e. Check piston palm bolts & locking.
f. Check the guide shoes and the area around it.
g. Check guide shoe end cover bolts.
h. Check Xhead bearing general condition.
i. Check all bearing for white metal.
j. Check oil pan area of every unit for any sludge formations, bearing metals & foreign particles.
k. Check top & bottom of connecting rod bolts, nuts & locking device.
l. Check the axial movement of bottom end bearing.
m. Check slippage of web & journal by reference marks.
n. Check the teeth of transmission gear.
o. Check the tightness of chain drive.
p. Check c/case relief door spring tension, wire mesh & sealing ring.
q. Check & clear the O.M.D sampling pipes.
r. Start the lube oil pump & check flow .
s. Check c/case door sealing condition & close it c/case door.
t. Make sure no foreign matter or tools should be left inside the c/case.
16.Back pressure valve
BACK PRESSURE V/V TO KEEP DIFFERENT TEMP OF DIFFERENT ROOMS. WE USE IT IN
VEG. ROOM. WE SET BACK PRESSURE, SO IT INCREASE THE BACK PRESSURE IN VEG
ROOM LINE. AND SO THE SATURATION TEMP. INCREASE. SITUATED AT VEG ROOM
DIsCHARGE.
back pressure valve is fitted at the outlet of veg room. the reason being that the veg room is maintained at
a temperature of +4 5 degree while fish room is at about 12 to 15 degrees and the flow and amount of
refrigerant at fish room and meat room is greater as compared to that of veg room.
hence if back pressure valve is not fitted then when refrigerants will come at the outlet of all the three
rooms then the refrigerant will tend to flow towards veg room. hence to avoid it a back pressure valve is
fitted which will allow refrigerant to flow out only if the pressure inside the veg room outlet will be
greater than the outlet from the main line.
17.Purpose of 2 valves in refrigerant cylinder
CHARGING CYL. HAS 2 V/V ONE RED IS CONNECTED TO DIP TUBE AND IS FOR LIQUID
CHARGING. AND A BLUE V/V IS FROM TOP AND DON’T HAVE DIP TUBE AND IT IS FOR
GAS CHARING.IN BOTH CONDITION CYL. WE KEEP CYL. UPRIGHT.
IF ONLY ONE V/V THEN WE NORMALLY WE DON’T HAVE DIP TUBE AND IN THIS WHEN
LIQUID THEN TURN DOWN BY HEAD.
18.Air in reefer system
indication:
• this may cause the refrigeration compressor to overheat, with a high discharge pressure and normal
condensing temperature.
• there are possibilities of small air bubbles in the liquid sight glass of the condenser.
• condensing pressure of the refrigerant in the condenser may be high.
• if there is excessive air, it may reduce the cooling capacity of the system, making the compressor to run
for the extended period of time.
• it may cause the gauge pointer of the condenser to jump indefinitely.
causes:
• during charging, air may enter in to the system.
• if freon12 is used air may leaks in to the suction line because the working pressure of the freon12
refrigerant is less than the atmospheric pressure.
action:
• air in the system can be removed by collecting the system gas in the condenser, leaving the condenser
cooling
water on and venting out the air from the top of the condenser because air will not be condensed in the
condenser but remains on top of the condenser above the liquid refrigerant.
• connect the collecting cylinder to the purging line of the condenser, open the valve, and collect air in the
cylinder.
• after purging the air from the system don’t forget to shut the purging valve.
How to ensure air is removed
• pumping down, close condenser inlet valve, cooling water at full flow, when cw inlet and outlet temp
become
equal, see what is the condensing pressure and from compressor suction gauge find out saturation temp at
that corresponding condensing pressure, if it is equal to cw temp then it means air has been removed.
restart
the compressor with all safety precautions.
19.Shell & Tube cooler leak test
Tube leakage can result from corrosion.
This can be checked for, or iden fied, by having the shell side of the cooler circulated while the cooling
water is shut off and the end covers removed. Any seepage into the tubes will indicate the leak.
It is also possible to introduce fluorescent dyes into the shell‐side liquid: any seepage will show
under an ultraviolet light as a bright green glow. Leaking tubes can be temporarily plugged at each end
or removed and replaced with a new tube.
20.Shell & Tube cooler end cover checks
1.Protec ve coa ng
2.Sacrificial anode (SW cooled)
3.Gasket
4.Bolts
21.Crankcase relief door
IMO SOLAS Chapter II1 and IACS Unified Requirements
1.Crankcases for engines having a cylinder bore greater than 200mm and above or having a
crankcase gross volume exceeding 0.6m3 are to be provided with explosion relief valves.
2.Crankcases for engines having a cylinder bore exceeding 300mm are required to have at least
one crankcase explosion relief valve at each crankthrow.
3.An additional explosion relief valve is required on separate crankcase spaces such as gear or
chain cases for camshaft drives where the gross volume exceeds 0.6m3
4.The free area of each crankcase relief valve is to be not vi. less than 45cm2.
5.The combined free area of all crankcase relief valves is to be not less than 115cm2 per m3 of
crankcase gross volume.
6.Crankcase explosion relief valves are required to open quickly at an overpressure not
exceeding 0.2bar in the crankcase and close quickly to avoid inrush of air into the crankcase
following an explosion.
7.Crankcase explosion relief valves are required to be of an approved type.
8.The discharges from crankcase explosion relief valves are to be shielded to reduce the possible
danger from emission of flame during an explosion.
Because the valve must be fully open at 0.2 bar, it will start to open at pressures well below
this ( as the spring is compressed, the force required to open the valve increases). Typical
opening pressure is about 0.05 bar
Function
To relieve excess pressure inside the crankcase thereby normalizing the pressure
To prevent the flames inside the crankcase from coming out and causing further damage
Testing of crankcase relief valve
When engine is stopping, after removing the flame trap and press up the valve disc and check the
action of opening and closing. The valve must be opened smartly and closed positively and
rapidly. The valve must be oil and gas tight. When the engine is running we must only check the
oil leakage that the v/v is seal or not.
It consists of a light spring loaded non return disc valve of simple construction. The valve disc is
of aluminum alloy which reduces its mass and the inertia to be overcome when opening or
closing valve rapidly. The large “diameter” light spring holds the valve closed against its seat.
The valve landing must make a gas and oil tight seal when closed and a nonstick oil and heat
resisting rubber ring is fitted to the disc face. A deflector is fitted on the outside of the engine to
safeguard personnel from the out flowing gases, an inside the engine, other valve opening, and
oil wetted gauze acts as a flame trap to stop any flames leaving the crank case after operation the
valve will close automatically under the action of the spring. When wet with oil the gauze
dissipated heat at greater rate and become more effective as a flame trap.
22.Air bottle safety
Relief valve: A relief valve is fitted on the air bottle to relieve excess pressure inside the
bottle.
Drain valve: A drain valve is fitted at the bottom of the bottle to drain accumulated
condensate from the receiver.
Fusible plug: A fusible plug is fitted in the bottle with a separate connection leading out
of the engine room so that in the event of fire, this plug will melt and relieve all the air to
the outside atmosphere.
Low air pressure alarm.
23.Types of rudder
24.Rudder pintle
The rudder is supported by pintles which fit into the gudgeons.The upper part of
each pintle is tapered and fits into a similar taper in the rudder gudgeons.The pintle
is pulled hard against the taper by means of a large nut with some suitable locking
device , such as a lock nut or split pin. A brass liner is fitted round the lower part
of
the pintle. Lignum vitae or laminated plastic is dovetailed into the sternframe
gudgeon to provide a bearing surface for the pintle ,allowing the pintle to turn but
preventing any side movement.A head is fitted to the upper pintle to prevent undue
vertical movement of the rudder.This is known as a locking pintle.The bottom
pintle is known as a bearing pintle since it rests on a hardened steel pad shaped to
suit the bottom of the pintle.A hole is drilled in the gudgeon, with a smaller hole in
the bearing pad, to allow for the free circulation of water which acts as a lubricant
for the lignum vitae ,and allows the bearing pad to be punched out when worn.
The rudder is turned by means of a stock which is of forged steel, opened out
into a palm at its lower end.The stock is carried through the rudder trunk and keyed
to the steering engine.It is essential that the centerline of stock and centerline of
pintles are in the same line, otherwise the rudder will not turn.A watertight gland
must be fitted round the stock where it penetrates the deck.Many ships,however,
are fitted with rudder carriers which themselves form watertight glands.The
bearing surfaces are formed by cast iron cones, the upper cone being fitted to the
rudder stock.As the bearing surfaces of the lower pintle wear, the weight of the
rudder will be taken by the carrier.and therefore the vertical wear down should be
very small.
25.Rudder wear down & measurement
26.Propeller drop
The propeller shaft in the aft peak tank is provided with inboard and outboard seals. These seals contain
nitrile rubber or viton lip seal, which seals against the cast iron propeller shaft.
After a few years it creates grooves on them and naturally looses sealing and sea water easily find its way
inside. This reduces the lubrication effect and creates wear in the bronze liner. Now there is enough
clearance the shaft will come down by certain amount because of propeller weight.
This drop in propeller shaft is termed as propeller drop.
27.How to check Fuel injection timing in A/E
28.Centrifugal pump Drawing
29.Centrifugal pump priming arrangement
30.Centrifugal pump overhaul procedure
1 Isolate pump electrical circuit breaker on main switch board and attach a warning notice. (Do
Not OperateMen at Work).
2. Switch off and lock pump supply at its local supply panel. Attach a warning notice to pump
local supply panel.
3. Close suction and discharge valves, chain and lock hand wheels.
4. Open pump suction and discharge pipe drain valves to bilge and when water ceases to flow;
crack open the pipes / pump flange joints carefully to ensure that pump has drained off and is
safe for opening.
5. Fix a shackle to lifting pad eye above pump and hang chain block; ensuring SWL of block,
slings and shackles are satisfactory.
6. Use a centerpunch to match/mark coupling and casing, then remove the coupling bolts.
7. Disconnect, fix i/d tag and remove motor supply cables; taping over bare ends with insulating
tape.
8. Connect shackle and sling to motor eyebolt and lift motor clear of pump using overhead chain
block. Lay motor on its side out of harm’s way, protecting machined surfaces on both pump and
motor coupling halves against damage. (Cardboard and masking tape is quick and efficient
method.)
9. Disconnect all external fittings from pump casing e.g. cooling pipe, pressure gauge, oil
reservoirs and air cock.
10. Remove bolting from top cover and remove cover. Scrape off old gasket and check mating
surfaces, and renew gasket on assembly. (Light smear of grease on gasket / faces)
11. The pump shaft with impeller can be lifted out of casing.
12. Dismantle the impeller, and remove the wear ring.
13. Remove the gland packing and disregard; replacing it on rebuild. Remember to cut ends of
packing at 45° and stagger joints when repacking gland.
31.Centrifugal pump checks after overhaul
1. Impeller, pump shaft and internal volute/casing can now be inspected for erosion, pitting and
wear.
2. If required rectify pitting or erosion in the impeller and casing with two – part alloy epoxy
putty. (See my article in the Reference section)
3. Check main drive shaft bearings and thrust bearings for wear and replace if required.
4. Check wear ring clearance using feeler gauges; in my day at sea it was general practice is to
replace with new rings at major overhaul.
5. Check impeller / shaft key and keyways for damage and undue wear, Unscrew impeller shaft
securing nut and check threads are in satisfactory condition; retighten to manufacturers torque
settings.
6. Give all parts a good clean removing any dirt/ medium residue before re assembly using new
parts as required.
7. Enter date of overhaul and parts renewed in the pump maintenance record card.
32.Wear ring & clearances
Wear rings are replaceable rings a ached to the impeller or the pump casing to allow a small running
clearance between the impeller and the pump casing the wear of actual impeller and the pump casing.
It will prevent water leaking from HP side to LP side.
Two sets of rings are usually found on a simple pump although some mes the impeller itself act as one
of the wear ring.It is made of aluminium bronze.
How to check clearance
33.Purifier overhaul
Here is a basic step: (For Mitsubishi)
1. Purifier should be completely stopped.
2. Aply a bowl brick if such exists.
3. Remove F.W. inlet,fuel oil pipes and the nut under it in order to release upper cover from the
bowl.
4. Lift the upper cover and secure it.
5. Loose the locking ring of gravity disc and then locking ring of a bowl with cording tools. Pay
attention to the marks on a locking ring and the edge of a bowl. Loosening direction is
clockwise.
6.Take out distributor pipe
7. Remove the bowl cover and then Bowl inner parts are available for you to clean them.
8.Remove pilot valve assembly
34.FWG drawing
35.FWG maintanance
36.Rapson slide mechanism
37.Increased LO consumption in compressor
1.Oil scraper ring worn out.
2.Worn piston and liner.
3.Oil leak
4.Too high running temperature. A higher temperature will lower the oil viscosity (it becomes
thinner), which results in more oil carryover
5.Incorrect grade of oil
6.Restricted air intake
38.Main engine slowdown & shutdown
Main engine auto slow down
1. Cylinder cooling fresh water pressure low
2. Piston coolant no‐flow
3. Oil mist in crankcase
4. Cylinder exhaust gas high temperature
5. Cylinder cooling fresh water high temperature
6. Cylinder lub. Oil no‐flow
7. Scavenge air box fire
8. Stern tube bearing high temperature
Main engine auto shut down
1. Engine lub. Oil pressure
2. Over‐speed
3. Camsha lub. Oil pressure
4. Thrust bearing/pad temperature high
5. Emergency stop push‐bu ons
39.Why bottom end serrated in Aux engine
The split between the connecting rod and bottom end is at 45° to the con rod centre line. The
location of the two parts is done by serrations. Although this design prevents the typical cyclic
stressing experienced by the bottom end bolts.
It is also used to increase the contact surface area to provide more load carrying capacity.
40.Main engine cooling water test
Nitrite Recommended Limits can be in the range of 7002400 ppm as NO2. Please refer to the inhibitor
Product Data Sheet for product specific control limits. The nitrite concentration should be maintained
within the above recommended limits to effectively inhibit any corrosive or scaling action within a closed
cooling system. Too high a concentration should be avoided to minimize the cost to maintain the system.
Insufficient dosage can set up a condition where accelerated corrosion can occur in areas which become
unprotected.
pH Recommended Limits 8.310. The effectiveness of a corrosion inhibitor is restricted to within a
certain pH range. Treatment ensures that this pH range is observed when the nitrite level is sufficiently
maintained to prevent corrosion.
Chlorides Recommended limit max. 50 ppm. The chloride value of the cooling water should be kept as
low as possible, any increase in value whether sudden or gradual, will be an indication of sea water
contamination. Check with engine manufacturer for other specified limits. If the chloride level exceeds 50
ppm, the possibility of corrosion in the system increases because chlorides have a negative effect on the
passivation film created by nitrites. Therefore, until corrective action has succeeded in bringing the
chloride level back down below 50 ppm, the nitrite level should be kept close to the upper limit (2400
ppm).
41.Main Engine cylinder head removal
42.Main Engine exhaust bellow
For expansion bellows are fitted.
Consist of two steel plates fixed at one end and other end is free to expand
Steel plate prevents carbon deposit on bellows. Otherwise carbon deposit will
damage the bellow and it will lose its ability to expand.
43.Main engine specifications
44.Explain types of Turbocharging
Turbocharging is one kind of supercharging by using exhaust gas turbocharger. In which the energy in the
exhaust gas expelled from the engine cylinder is utilized in driven in gas turbine, which is connected to a
centrifugal air blower and air is supplied to scavenge air trunk.
Constant Pressure System Turbocharging
Exhaust gas from all cylinders into a common large manifold where pulse energy is
largely dissipated.
The gas flow will steady rather than intermittent and at a constant pressure at turbine inlet.
Turbocharger Arrangement in Constant Pressure System
No exhaust grouping
Exhaust gases enter into large common manifold and then to turbine
Firing order not considered
Advantages and Disadvantages for Constant Pressure System
Advantages
1. Good performance in high load (Efficient when Bmep is above 8 bar)
2. More suitable for high output engine.
3. There is no need to group the cylinders exhaust into multiple of three. (Simple piping system)
4. No exhaust grouping
5. High turbine efficiency due to steady flow of exhaust.
6. The work transfer at the turbine wheel is smooth.
7. Reduction in SFOC (Specific Fuel Oil Consumption) of 5% – 7%
Disadvantages
1. When running at reduced speed and starting up low available energy at turbine. Thus it supplies
inadequately air quantity of the scavenge pressure necessary for efficient scavenging and
combustion.
2. It require scavenge assistant (Auxiliary Blowers).
3. Poor response in changing load.
Pulse System of Turbocharging
Makes full use of the higher pressure and temperature of the exhaust gas during the blow down
period
While rapidly opening the exhaust valves, exhaust gas leave the cylinder at high velocity as
pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy to create the pressure wave or pulse in exhaust
These pressure waves or pulses are lead directly to the turbocharger
Exhaust pipe, so constructed in small diameter, is quickly pressurized and boosted up to
form pressure pulse or wave
Pressure waves reach to turbine nozzles and further expansion takes place.
Turbocharger Arrangement in Pulse System
Interference exists between exhausting and scavenging among cylinders
To prevent this, cylinders are grouped relatively with connections to two or more exhaust pipes
Pipes are arranged, in small diameter to boost up pressure pulse and in short, straight length to
prevent energy loss
Number of exhaust branch depends upon firing order, number of cylinders and turbocharger
design
Advantages and Disadvantages of Pulse System
Advantages
1. At low load and low speed it is more efficient (Still efficient when Bmep is < 8 bar)
2. No need assistant of scavenge pump and blower at any load change.
3. It is highly response to change engine condition giving good performance of all speed of engines.
4. High available energy at turbine
5. Good turbocharger acceleration
Disadvantages
1. The exhaust grouping is complicated.
2. Different sizes of exhaust pipes are needed for spare.
3. High pressure exhaust from one cylinder would pass back into another cylinder during the low
pressure scavenging period thus adversely effecting the combustion efficiency.
45.Shroud ring in Turbocharger
Function of shroud ring in turbocharger
Shroud ring is a component in turbochargers which forms a part of the inner exhaust gas casing
adjacent to the turbine.
The area around the turbine is always in contact with highly corrosive exhaust gases. If no shroud
ring is fitted, the turbine inner casing will be slowly wasted and complete housing to be renewed
for repair. Otherwise only shroud ring can be replaced with new one.
Minimize maintenance cost.
The radial clearance between turbine blades and shroud ring to be maintained within manufacture
tolerance limits. This is very difficult in absence of shroud ring since casing can go for uneven
wear.
46.How to Cut off Damaged Turbochargers
Engines with one turbocharger (Engines with exhaust bypass)
1. Stop the engine.
2. Lock the turbocharger rotor.
3. Remove the blanking plate from the exhaust bypass pipe.
4. Remove the compensator between the compressor outlet and the scavenge air duct. This reduces
the suction resistance.
5. Run engine with 15% of MCR load and 53% speed.
Engines with one turbocharger (Engines without exhaust bypass)
1. Stop the engine.
2. Remove the rotor and nozzle ring of the turbocharger.
3. Insert blanking plates.
4. Remove the compensator between the compressor outlet and the scavenge air duct. This reduces
the suction resistance.
5. Run engine with 15% of MCR load and 53% speed.
Engines with two or more turbochargers
1. Stop the engine.
2. Lock the rotor of the defective turbocharger.
3. Insert orifice plates in the compressor outlet and the turbine inlet. (A small air flow is required to
cool the impeller, and a small gas flow is desirable to prevent corrosion)
4. Run engine with 20% of MCR load and 58% speed.
47.Turbocharger washing
What is the main purpose of turbocharger water washing ?
To ensure efficient functioning of turbocharger.
To protect the compressor and turbine from contamination (Deposits).
How will you carry out turbocharger turbine and blower side water washing ?
Blower side water washing
1. It can be done when M/E on full load.
2. Fill up the warm fresh water to hopper and closed the cover.
3. Open the valve and water will flow into the blower casing and mechanically attack the blower
blades and clean the deposit.
4. Close the valve, open the cover and check the cleaning water must be empty.
Turbine side water washing procedure
1. Turbine side water washing can be made with hot fresh water.
2. Inform to the bridge
3. Reduce the M/E rpm to recommended speed and hence turbocharger rpm.
4. Check the water washing injection nozzle if fitted. (directly aim to the exhaust grips
before entering to the turbocharger)
5. Open turbocharger drain valve.
6. Open the water supply about 1 bar to turbine side.
7. Water washing must be made until the clean water comes out.
8. Close the water supply and remove the nozzle.
9. Exhaust side drain can be closed after all water is drained out and dried.
10. Inform to the bridge and increase the M/E rpm gradually to sea speed.
11. The turbine side water washing is usually at departure after manoeuvring time.
12. For usual practice cleaning is done at every 500 hr, running hour depending on the cleanliness of
the turbocharger .
Grit Washing or Dry Cleaning of Turbocharger
1. Turbine side cleaning is superseded by walnut shell, with grain size of 12 to 34 mesh
2. No speed reduction required and cleaning can be done at full speed, once every day
3. Compressed air of (3 5 bar) is used to help the grains strike the deposited Turbine Blades and
Nozzles, giving effective cleaning of hard particles
4. Air supply pipe is fitted to solid grain container, and grains are injected into exhaust system by air
pressure, at the same point (as in water washing ) just after exhaust grids
5. Turbine casing drain kept open during cleaning time (about 2 minutes only)
48.Tappet clearance
Tappet clearance is a space between the top of the valve stem and the rocker arm. Its purpose is to allow
for some mechanical expansion and lengthening of the valve stem and push rods as the engine warms up.
This clearance is also called valve lash.
If insufficient valve lash is set when the engine is cold the valves will not properly close when the engine
warms up. If too much lash is provided (additional clearance) then even after the engine warms up there
will be some clearance, which will result in lost motion. Lost motion mean that as the cam tries to open
the valve the push rod and rocker arm moves to first take up the clearance before touching the valve to
open the valve. The result is late opening of the valve.
When checking tappet clearance on marine engines, we have to ascertain that the piston is at TDC.
Though markings are provided on the flywheel, the marine engineer must know the other methods for this
like inspection of the camshaft and the fuel pump window.
During the maintenance of a four stroke marine diesel engine there are times when we must know
whether the particular unit’s piston is at the top dead center of not. For example when checking the tappet
clearances of the engine it is important to know which unit is at TDC.
Referring to the flywheel would indicate two units, but only one can be at injection TDC. So which one is
it?
Flywheel Method:
The flywheel is the simplest method to know which unit is at TDC. If the flywheel shows two units,
simply open the bonnet covers and checks visually. The unit at TDC will have both the inlet and the
exhaust valve closed and hence relaxed springs; the other unit would have both the arms of the rocker arm
at different levels. In addition the push rods of the unit at TDC would be loose and can be turned by hand
because of the release of the clearances. There is a word of caution however: this method is only useful in
a working generator, which you have just stopped to check the tappet clearances. In case you have
removed the rocker arms for any reason the spring height and the push rod freeness check would lead you
nowhere and misguide you.
Dial Gauge Method:
In this method the fuel injector is taken out and from the opening a dial gauge is put inside. Then the
turning gear is engaged and the engine turned over. The pointer of the dial gauge will move in one
direction and then stop and start in opposite direction. The moment the pointer of the dial gauge stops and
changes its direction of movement is the TDC of the unit. This method is not normally used in daytoday
practice, but may be used in the calibration of the flywheel if it is not calibrated, or after some repairs
Camshaft Method:
The camshaft window of the engine can be opened up and the camshaft inspected. The cam of the engine
has a base circle, and acceleration and dwell periods. If the roller of the follower is at the base circle, then
the particular valve is closed by spring action. When both the exhaust valve and the inlet valve follower
are on the base circle, then the unit is also at TDC. It must be remembered that as a fourstroke engine has
two rotations of the crankshaft there is one injection TDC where the injection and the combustion take
place. The second time the piston is at TDC is when the exhausting of the flue gases takes place. It is very
important to identify the combustion TDC, as tappets have to be adjusted at that point.
Crankcase Method:
In this method the crankcase doors are opened up and the piston is visually checked whether is going up
or down. This is the surest method, but a bit cumbersome. It should be used when you have a strong
doubt about the other methods.
Valve Spring Method:
This is not an independent method but is used in conjunction with the flywheel method. In this method if
the flywheel is indicating two units, you can check the springs of both the units. The unit in which the
springs are loose is the one at TDC. The caution is that this method is useful for an engine in use. If you
have removed the rocker arms during the overhaul and thereafter you want to use this method then it can
cause errors.
Push Rod Method:
This method is like the spring method and you check that the push rods are free to turn. The unit at TDC
will have loose springs. The care that must be taken is that it should be used along with the flywheel
method and should be used in a working engine. By a working engine, I mean the engine that was
running and has been stopped for tappets adjustment.
Loosen the lock nut of the rocker arm.
Now adjust the tappet clearance between the rocker arm & valve stem by tightening or loosing the nut
below the lock nut.
If tappet clearance is less:
I. Valve will open early & close late
ii. Air induced through inlet valve may leak out. So less air for combustion.
iii. Power will be reduced.
iv. Fuel consumption will increase, engine may become unbalanced, exhaust temp. will be very high.
v. In worst condition, valve may remain open, resulting in loss of compression pressure, burning of
exhaust valve, T/C fouling will increase.
If tappet clearance is more:
I. Valve will open late & close early.
ii. Lesser heat energy to T/C, so reduction in scavenge air & hence power.
iii. No proper removal of gases.
iv. Hammering of valve stemmay cause damage to valve stem.
49.AE not starting on air
1. Air pressure in starting air receiver too low.
2. Main valve(s) closed.
3. Pinion does not engage with the flywheel.
4. Air motor runs, pinion engages but does not rotate. (Shaft broken)
50.Humidity & Relative humidity
Humidity is a term used to describe the amount of water vapor present in air. Measured by hygrometer.
Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor present in a given volume or mass of air. It does not
take temperature into consideration.
Relative humidity is ratio of amount of water in air as compared to the maximum amount of water that air
can absorb. Measured by Psychrometer
A psychrometer, or wetanddrybulb thermometer, consists of two thermometers, one that is dry and one
that is kept moist with distilled water on a sock or wick.[5] At temperatures above the freezing point of
water, evaporation of water from the wick lowers the temperature, so that the wetbulb thermometer
usually shows a lower temperature than that of the drybulb thermometer. When the air temperature is
below freezing, however, the wetbulb is covered with a thin coating of ice and may be warmer than the
dry bulb.
Relative humidity is computed from the ambient temperature as shown by the drybulb thermometer and
the difference in temperatures as shown by the wetbulb and drybulb thermometers. Relative humidity
can also be determined by locating the intersection of the wet and drybulb temperatures on a
psychrometric chart.
50.Humidifier & Dehumidifier
A humidifier is a device that increases humidity (moisture) in a single room or an entire
building
Humidifier in ship
A vaporizer (steam humidifier, warm mist humidifier) heats or boils water, releasing steam and
moisture into the air. A medicated inhalant can also be added to the steam vapor to help reduce
coughs. Vaporizers may be healthier than cool mist types of humidifiers because steam is less
likely to convey mineral impurities or microorganisms from the standing water in the
reservoir.[10] However, boiling water requires significantly more energy than other techniques.
The heat source in poorly designed humidifiers can overheat, causing the product to melt, leak,
and start fires
A dehumidifier is an electrical appliance which reduces and maintains the level of humidity in
the air, usually for health or comfort reasons, or to eliminate musty odor and to prevent the
growth of mildew by extracting water from the air. It can be used for household, commercial, or
industrial applications
Electric refrigeration dehumidifiers are the most common type of dehumidifiers. They work by
drawing moist air over a refrigerated evaporator with a fan. There are 3 main types of
evaporators. They are coiled tube, fin and tube, and microchannel technology.
The cold evaporator coil of the refrigeration device condenses the water, which is removed, and
then the air is reheated by the condenser coil. The now dehumidified, rewarmed air is released
into the room. This process works most effectively at higher ambient temperatures with a high
dew point temperature. In cold climates, the process is less effective. Highest efficiency is
reached above 20 °C (68 °F) and 45% relative humidity. This relative humidity value is higher if
the temperature of the air is lower.[citation needed].
This type of dehumidifier differs from a standard air conditioner in that both the evaporator and
the condenser are placed in the same air path. A standard air conditioner transfers heat energy
out of the room because its condenser coil releases heat outside. However, since all components
of the dehumidifier are in the same room, no heat energy is removed. Instead, the electric power
consumed by the dehumidifier remains in the room as heat, so the room is actually heated, just as
by an electric heater that draws the same amount of power.
In addition, if water is condensed in the room, the amount of heat previously needed to evaporate
that water also is rereleased in the room (the latent heat of vaporization). The dehumidification
process is the inverse of adding water to the room with an evaporative cooler, and instead
releases heat. Therefore, an inroom dehumidifier will always warm the room and reduce the
relative humidity indirectly, as well as reducing the humidity more directly, by condensing and
removing water.
Diagram showing airflow through a heatrecovering dehumidifier
Warm, moist air is drawn into the unit at A in the diagram above. This air passes into a crossflow
plate heat exchanger (B) where a substantial proportion of the sensible heat is transferred to a
cool supply air stream. This process brings the extracted air close to saturation. The air then
passes to the plenum chamber of the extract fan (C) where a portion of it may be rejected to
outside. The amount that is rejected can be varied and is determined either by legislation on fresh
air requirements, or by the requirement to maintain a fresh, odour free environment. The balance
of the air then passes into the evaporator coil of the heat pump where it is cooled and the
moisture is condensed. This process yields substantial amounts of latent energy to the
refrigeration circuit. Fresh air is then introduced to replace the amount that was extracted and the
mix is discharged by the supply fan (G) to the crossflow plate exchanger (B) where it is heated
by the extract air from the pool. This prewarmed air then passes through the heat pump
condenser (F) where it is heated by the latent energy removed during the condensation process as
well as the energy input to the compressor. The warm dry air is then discharged to the room
51.Properties of refrigerant
Following are the desirable properties of a primary refrigerant.
1. The liquid has to vapourise at the evaporator coil to cause cooling. The liquid at the
evaporator coil should therefore vapourise easily, otherwise the compressor will have to
create too much of vacuum to cause the liquid to vapourise. Thus, ‘Boiling Point’ of the
refrigerant should be low.
2. Pressure to which compressor has to compress the drawn gases, to convert them back into
liquid at the condenser, should be low. Therefore the refrigerant vapors should be easily
condensible.
3. Every kilogram of liquid refrigerant vapourised at the evaporator coil should take away a
large amount of heat, i.e. ‘Specific Enthalpy of Vaporisation’ (latent heat) of refrigerant
should be high. Otherwise mass flow rate will be high.
4. Once the evaporated gas is compressed, the temperature of seawater should be low
enough (below critical temperature of the refrigerant) to be able to condense these gases
to liquid form. Thus ‘Critical Temperature’ of the refrigerant should be high.
5. Vapor produced after vapourisation of the liquid at the evaporator coil should occupy
minimum volume, to keep pipeline diameter, compressor size, etc. small and
compact. Thus refrigerant vapor should have low ‘Specific Volume’.
6. NonCorrosive
7. Stable
8. Nonflammable and Nonexplosive
9. Compatible with crank case oil, oil seals, gaskets, metal involved, etc.
10. Easy leak detection possible
11. NonToxic
12. Environmental friendly
13. Cheap
14. Easily available
15. Easily stored.
52.CCAI
For residual fuel, the ignition quality is measured by the Calculated Carbon Aromaticity Index (CCAI).
It is an empirical equation based on the density and viscosity of the fuel. CCAI is normally in the range of
800870. The higher the CCAI, the longer fuel takes before it starts ignition in the engine. In other words,
ignition delay for a fuel with low CCAI is minimal.
Changing to a fuel with a higher ignition quality or lower CCAI index means early ignition of fuel, higher
peak pressures, excessive load on the bearings (especially cross head bearings) and loss of engine power.
Similarly, using a fuel with higher CCAI index or lower ignition quality will cause late ignition, causing
after burning which damage exhaust valve, fouling of turbocharger, burning of piston crown and liner,
and loss of engine power.
53.Tie rod
Entablature, Aframe and bedplate are held together by tiebolt.
They transmit the combustion gas load from top of the cylinder to the bed plate
cross members.
Tightened to prestress the structure maintaining them in compression.
Gas load from cyl head is transferred to the cyl block by studs, cyl block
transfers load to bed plate through Tie bolt.
TWIN BOLT IN MC ENGINE
On the MAN B&W MCC engine the tie bolts do not pass through the bedplate
transverse girder in the traditional way. Instead there are two pairs of tie bolts fitted
either side of the single plate A frame and screwed into the bedplate transverse girder.
This, it is claimed, reduces the distortion of the bedplate during engine operation
PINCH SCREW
It is provided at the foot of cylinder jacket to stop the tie rod from vibrating during normal
running of engine.
It is fitted at the anti nodal point
54.Labyrinth seal
Function of Labyrinth Seals
The bearings are separated from the blower and turbine by labyrinth seals.
These seals are sealed by air supply from the discharge of blower to prevent oil entering the
blower and to prevent contamination of the oil by the exhaust gas.
In case of defective labyrinth seals on blower side, oil is leaked into the air system the cooling
surfaces are covered with oil which are insulators and the cooling efficiency will be
reduced. Also there will be deposits on the blower and the blower efficiency will be reduced.
In case of defective labyrinth seals on turbine side, the oil is leaked into the exhaust side and
there will be carbon deposits on the nozzle and turbine blades. Reduce blower efficiency and fire
in the exhaust piping. It will cause turbocharger surging. Oil will contaminate with exhaust gas.
55.How main engine is working
The working principle is based on dual cycle.
The dual combustion cycle is a thermal cycle that is a combination of the Otto cycle and the
Diesel cycle
It consists of two adiabatic and two constant volume and one constant pressure processes.
The dual cycle consists of following operations:
Process 12: Isentropic compression
Process 23: Addition of heat at constant volume.
Process 34: Addition of heat at constant pressure.
Process 45: Isentropic expansion.
Process 51: Rejection of heat at constant volume.
Heat is added partly at constant volume (isochoric) and partly at constant pressure (isobaric),[2]
the advantage of which is that more time is available for the fuel to completely combust
56.Rotary vane steering Normal and emergency operation
57.Power calculation in Main engine
The indicator diagram (pv diagram: work diagram), illustrates the pressure variations in the engine
cylinder as a function of the main piston position.
The diagram area can be integrated by means of a planimeter or mid ordinate rule(simson), and
the mean indicated pressure calculated.
The power developed in the particular cylinder can then be found by multiplication by the engine speed
and the cylinder constant.
Calculation of the indicated and effective engine power consists of the following
steps:
Calculate:
– The mean indicated pressure, pi
– The mean effective pressure, pe
– The cylinder constant, k2
– The indicated engine power, Pi
– The effective engine power, Pe
The mean indicated pressure
pi = A / (L X Cs)
where:
A (mm2) = area of the indicator diagram, as found by planimeter
L (mm) = length of the indicator diagram (= atmospheric line).
Cs (mm/bar) = spring constant (= vertical movement of the indicator stylus (mm) for a 1 bar pressure rise
in the cylinder).
How to draw Atmospheric line:
– Keep the indicator valve closed.
– Press the stylus against the paper.
– Release the stylus when the indicator drive
has turned the drum one or two times.
The mean effective pressure
pe = pi – k1 (bar)
where
k1 = the mean friction loss
The mean friction loss has proved to be practically independent of the engine load. By experience, k1 has
been found to be approx. 1 bar.
The cylinder constant
k2 is determined by the dimensions of the engine, and the units in which the power is wanted.
For power in kW : k2 = 1,30900 × D2 ×S
For power in BHP : k2 = 1,77968 × D2 × S
where:
D (m) = cylinder diameter
S (m) = piston stroke
The indicated engine power
Pi = k2 × n × pi (ikW or ihp)
where
n (rpm) = engine speed.
The effective engine power
Pe = k2 × n × pe (kW or bhp)
where
n (rpm) = engine speed.
Due to the friction in the thrust bearing, the shaft power is approx. 1% less than the effective engine
power.
58.Main engine exhaust valve rotation
Why need to rotate
The valve spindle is fitted with a winged valve rotator. The kinetic energy in the exhaust gas
rotates the valve a small amount as it passes. This keeps the valve at an even temperature and
helps reduce the build up of deposits on the valve seat.
How to check
This check is carried out when engine was running. first pull up the indicator rod placed at the top of the exhaust
valve and turn it to 90 degree and let it rest on air piston.
As the air piston moves the indicator will follow its movement. during rotation of the valve spindle, the top position
of the indicator will change about 6 mm, because of the groove in the piston.
During engine operation, the spindle must rotate in the range of 0.5 to 5 rpm.
Arrangement
59.How to reduce NOx emission
The presence of NOx in marine engine’s exhaust emission is due to high combustion temperature
which reacts with nitrogen in the air supplied for combustion.
Following are the methods to reduce NOx emission from ship:
1. Humid Air Method: In this method, water vapour is mixed in the combustion air before
supplying it to the cylinder. Air from the T/C blower is passed through a cell that humidifies and
chills the hot air taking moisture from the cooling water until air saturation is
achieved. Generally saline sea water is utilized in this method by heating it with jacket water
and turbo charger heat, and the left over brine is disposed back to the sea. This method can
achieve reduction of NOx by 7080%.
2. Exhaust Gas Re circulation (EGR): As the name suggests, some amount of engine exhaust
gases are send back to the scavenge space to mix up with the air to be supplied to cylinder for
combustion. This reduces the oxygen content of the air and hence reduces formation of NOx.
3. Water Injection and Water emulsion: In this method, water is added to reduce the
temperature of combustion leading to low NOx emission. In water emulsion, fuel is blended with
water and in water injection a separate fresh water injector is mounted in the cylinder head which
injects water. This method has a drawback of increasing the specific fuel oil combustion with
reduction in NOx by only 2045%.
4. High Scavenge Pressure and Compression Ratio: With high scavenge pressure and
compression ratio, large amount of air can be introduced inside the cylinder to lower combustion
temperature and NOx emission.
5. Selective Catalytic Reduction: The SCR is the most efficient method to reduce NOx
emissions from ships (up to 9095% of reduction). In this method, low sulphur fuel oil is used
and exhaust temperature is maintained above 300 deg C. The exhaust gas is mixed by water
solution of urea and then it is passed through catalytic reactor. The only disadvantage of SCR is
its expansive installation and operating cost.
6. Two Stage Turbocharger: ABB’s latest two stage turbocharger can reduce the exhaust
temperature in the intercoolers and also the NOx content in the emitted exhaust. Read more
about 2 stage turbochargers here.
7. Engine Component Modification: It is better to design an engine which has a property to
reduce the NOx formation during combustion process rather than investing on expensive
secondary measures. Integration of slide valve type fuel injector with almost zero sack volume
eliminates any chance of fuel dripping and after burning, leading to cylinder temperature and
NOx formation.
New designs like Green Ultra long stroke engine from MAN (GME series) with reduced mean
piston speed gives more time for excess air and proper combustion to lessen NOx formation
60.Compressor valve overhauling
1. Stop the compressor.
2. Remove the fuses and put a tally “MEN AT WORK”
3. Shut the compressor outlet valve.
4. Make sure it is depressurized and keep the drain open.
5. Open the valve cover and clean the valve pocket for any carbon
deposits.
6. Pull the valve out form the pocket and remove the gasket.
7. Remove the split pin and open the castle nut.
8. Dismantle all the parts and soak in kerosene or clean diesel oil.
9. Clean all the parts with a soft brush. In case of a hard deposit a copper
plate of washer can be used for the scraping action.
10. Check the valve plates and the valve seats for any damage and cracks.
If any signs of fatigue cracks on the valve plates are present, then the
valve plate must be replaced with new ones. The valve plate must never
be turned over and used as it can lead to fatigue failure.
11. The valve plate and the valve seat must be separately lapped on a
surface plate using fine and extra fine grinding paste.
12. Thereafter all the parts must be washed with diesel and cleaned with
compressed air.
13. The valve should then be assembled, with the lapped surface of the
valve plate and the valve seat facing each other.
14. After the assembly of the valve the operation of the valve should be
checked by a soft wooden stick.
15. After the overhaul the valves have to be checked for leakage. The
space above the valve plate should be filled up with water or light oil like
kerosene. If after a few minutes no drop in level or leakage is there then
the valve is satisfactory for the use.
16. Pocket has to be cleaned and then put a new gasket.
17. Put the valve in the pocket and turn it by hand then put the cover.
18. Tighten the holding bolt just to touch the valve.
Testing procedure :
Wipe out the valve (both suction and discharge valve) with clean cloth, and check deposits of carbon or
sticking of foreign maters. If foreign matter is stuck, disassemble with the valve and carefully clean it
with soft cloth
Valve plate
Push the valve plate from the valve seat side using a driver or steel bar and check abnormality of valve
plate, face and action of spring. If valve plate is worn, replace it with new one.
Spring
Disassemble the first stage side spring to check its damage or wear. Check the appearance of the second
stage side spring if there is no damage or wear. Replace the damage or worn spring with new one.
Leak test
We can do leak test by pouring some water on the valves and we can check for any leakage from the
other side by holding.
61.AE connecting rod checks
62.Indicator diagrams
Indicator Diagrams
The indicator diagram is very important to know the combustion in the cylinder and
also to adjust the engine.
The diagram is taken periodically from the indicator valve equipped on he cylinder
head and combustion condition is to be confirmed.
The compression pressure and maximum pressure in the cylinder can
be presumed from the indicator diagram.
Engine indicator is the device used to take the indicator diagram, which can be
considered as a 'stethoscope' for diesel engines.
Indicator diagrams give efficiency of combustion in the cylinder, condition of the
running gear, irregularities in fuel pumping and injection and a lot of things.
Power Card
Power card is taken with the indicator drum rotating in phase with the piston
movement
The area within this diagram represents the work done during one complete cycle to
scale
Mean Indicated Pressure (MIP) is obtained from this diagram to calculate power
produced in the cylinder
Compression Diagram
Compression diagram is taken in similar manner to the power card but the fuel shut
off in the cylinder
The height of this curve shows maximum compression pressure
If the compression and expansion line coincide, it indicates that indicator is correctly
synchronized with the engine
Reduction in height of this diagram shows low compression which may be due to
worn cylinder liner, faulty piston rings, insufficient scavenge air or leaky exhaust valve
Draw card is taken in a similar manner to power card with fuel pump engaged but
with the indicator drum 90 degree out of phase with the piston stroke
This diagram illustrates more clearly the pressure changes during fuel combustion.
Fuel timings or injector faults may be detected from its shape
Light spring diagram is taken similar to the power card and in phase with the engine
and with a light compression spring fitted to the indicator
This diagram shows pressure changes during exhaust and scavenge to an enlarged
scale
It can be used to detect faults in these operations
63.Uptake fire
An Exhaust Gas Boiler is a type of heat recovering system on ships which allows the exhaust heat of the
main engine to produce steam while going out in the atmosphere.
Every system, which is operated at high temperature, always has a risk of fire. This applies to EGB which
has the inlet temperature of exhaust gases @ 300400 deg. C. The most common type of Exhaust Gas
Boiler (EGB) used on ships are water tube boilers.
In water tube type of arrangement, the water passes through tube stack, which is arranged in the path of
exhaust gas inside the exhaust gas trunking of the main engine. The exhaust gas flows over the tube
stacks and heats the water, thus producing steam.
The main constituent of the soot deposit is particulates but in addition, some unburnt residues of
fuel and lubricating oils may be deposited in the boiler.
Soot deposit and fire in the EGB can be
1. Due to the poor combustion of fuel in the main engine
2. Due to prolong slow steaming
3. Long maneuvering of the ship
4. Frequent starting and stopping of the engine
5. Poor grade of fuel oil/ cylinder oil
6. Low exhaust gas velocity passing the EGB
7. Low water inlet velocity in the water tubes
8. Low circulation water flow ratio
Types of Exhaust Gas / Soot fire in the Exhaust Gas Boiler (EGB)
For a better understanding, it is better to distinguish the EGB fire in stages rather than in types.
EGB fires can be differentiated in two or three stages depending upon the intensity of the fire.
Stage 1: Normal Soot fire
Stage 2: Hydrogen Fire
Stage 3: Iron Fire
Stage 1: Normal Soot Fire:
Soot is deposited in the water tube of the exhaust boiler. When the ship is at slow speed, the
exhaust temperature of the main engine may vary from 100 to 200 deg C. This temperature is
enough to ignite “wet soot” whose ignition temperature is around 150 deg. C.
If the soot is “dry”, it will not get ignited at such low temperature (150 deg. C) but when the
engine is running at higher speed and the temperature of gases reaches to above 300 deg. C, then
in the presence of excess oxygen the deposits of combustible materials will liberate sufficient
vapor, which can be ignited by a spark or a flame.
The above soot fires are called small or normal soot fire because the heat energy is conducted
away by the circulating boiler water and steam. Also, the sparks remain inside the funnel or
diminish while passing through the flame arrestor in the funnel top.
Stage 2: Hydrogen Fire
Hydrogen fire in an EGB occurs when the chemical reaction of dissociation of water takes place
at a temperature above 1000 deg. C. This leads to the formation of Hydrogen (H2) and Carbon
monooxide (CO) which are both combustible in nature.
2H2O= 2H2 + O2 (Dissociation of water Leading to formation of hydrogenH2)
H 2 O + C =H 2 + CO (Reaction of water with carbon deposit leading to formation of carbon
monoxideCO)
Stage 3: Iron Fire
At this stage, the chain reaction of oxidation of iron metal starts at a high temperature of 1100
deg. C which means at such high temperature the tube will start burning itself, leading to
complete meltdown of tube stacks.
2Fe + O2 2=FeO+ heat
It is strictly advised not to use water or steam at this stage to fight the fire because the overheated
iron will react with water to continue this reaction.
Fe + H2O =FeO+ H2 + heat
Steps for Prevention of Fire
Avoid slow steaming of the main engine
Ensure good fuel combustion in the main engine
Ensure fuel is treated and is of good quality while supplying to the engine
Do regular soot blow of boiler tubes
Do water washing in ports at regular interval
Ensure design of exhaust trunk to be such to provide uniform heat to complete tube stack
Preheated circulating water to be supplied to boiler mainly at the time of startup
Circulating pump should not be turn off at any time while the main engine is running
Do not stop circulating pump for at least two hours after the main engine is stopped
Start circulating pump prior to 2 hours before starting the main engine
How to Tackle EGB Fire?
The response for tacking EGB fire will be different for different stages.
When there is stage 1 fire, i.e. normal soot fire:
a) Stop the main engine, and thereby the oxygen supply to the fire
b) Continue operating the watercirculating pump. Never stop the pump
c) Never use soot blowers for firefighting whatever type it is – Steam or Air as both will
accelerate the effect of fire
d) Ensure all the exhaust valves in the stopped Main engine are in closed position so as to cut
any chance of air supply to the soot fire
e) Cover the filter of turbocharger
f) Water washing, if fitted, may be used to extinguish the fire. This is normally connected to the
ship’s firefighting water system
g) External boundary cooling can be done
For Major Fire:
a) Stop the main engine, if it is not stopped already
b) Stop the circulating water pump.
c) Shut all the inlet and outlet valves on the water circulation line
d) Discharge the (remaining) water from the exhaust gas boiler sections by draining
e) Cool down with plenty of splash water to boundary cool the heart of the fire (Take care not to
splash water in other parts as water can accelerate the reaction)
64.Main engine fuel pump parts and diagram
65.AE fuel pump overhauling
66.Why disc stack in purifier
With plate we increase the surface area so lesser distance to travel and more effective separation.
67.Difference between purifier and clarifier
PURIFIER
• THE LOWER DISC HAS HOLES
• SEPARATES WATER & HEAVY SOLID IMPURITIES
• TWO OUTLETS ON TOP, EACH FOR WATER & OIL
• TOP DISC WITH NECK.
• GRAVITY DISC ON TOP OF DISC STACK.
• REQUIRE SEALING WATER WHILE STARTING.
• PROVIDED WITH AUTOMATIC CLEANING ARRANGING.
CLARIFIER
• THE LOWER DISC HAS NO HOLES.
• SEPARATES ONLY FINER PARTICLES.
• THERE IS ONLY ONE OUTLET ON TOP.
• DISC WITHOUT NECK
• CLARIFIER DISC WITH SMALLER NECK
• DOES REQUIRE SEALING WATER.
• TO BE CLEANED MANUALLY
68.How to convert purifier to clarifier
1.Shut sealing water
2.Put disc without hole
3.Top disc has to be without neck
4.Remove gravity disc & put bush
69.New oil came with less specific gravity. which gravity disc to be used small or
bigger. Why
Replace the gravity disc, which is smaller than that of present oil.
As the sg decreases the interface will move inside so we need to put smaller disc.
70.If new oil has sg more than 1 can we separate by purifier
We cannot separate by normal purifier.But we can seperate by ALCAP.
Alfa Laval Clarifier And Purifier – ALCAP
71.Explain ALCAP working
Conventional purifiers handle fuel oil densities of up to 991 kg/ m3 at 15°C and require manual
adjustment of the gravity disc to achieve optimum separation results.
Alcap separators handle fuel oil densities of up to 1010 kg/ m3 at 15°C, automatically adjusting
operation to the nature of the oil.
Operating principle
Dirty, preheated oil is continuously fed to the ALCAP separator, which essentially operates as a
clarifier. Clean oil is continuously discharged from the cleaned oil outlet. Separated sludge and
water
accumulate at the periphery of the bowl.
When separated water approaches the disc stack, traces of water start to escape with the cleaned
oil. This minor increase in water content of the cleaned oil is detected by the transducer, which is
installed in the cleaned oil outlet.
The transducer continuously measures changes in water content. No absolute values of water
content or volume are involved. The transducer measures the deviation from a noncalibrated
reference value and transmits a signal to the EPC 60 process controller for interpretation.
The EPC 60 process controller stores a new reference value after the transducer stabilization
time that follows every sludge discharge sequence has elapsed.
At the trigger point, which is when the water content in cleaned oil reaches its maximum
allowable deviation of approximately 0.2 percent in water content, the EPC 60 process controller
initiates an automatic discharge of the water that has accumulated in the separator bowl.
Transducer operating principle
The transducer includes a cylindrical capacitor through which the full flow of cleaned oil passes,
forming a dielectric medium. The working principle of the transducer exploits the large
difference
between the dielectric constants of mineral oil and water.
Dielectric constant (Approximate values)
Mineral oil: 2–4
Water: 80
The dielectric constant of oil contaminated with water increases when the water content of the
oil increases, and vice versa. Changes in the dielectric constant of the cleaned oil are very
sensitive, convenient measures of changes in its water content.
72.Lambda controller
The purpose with the lambda controller is to prevent injection of more fuel in the combustion chamber of
an auxiliary engine on the ship, than can be burned during a momentary load increase. This is carried out
by controlling the relation between the fuel index and the charge air pressure. The Lambda controller is
also used as stop cylinder.
Advantages of Lambda Controller
The lambda controller has the following advantages:
Reduction of visible smoke in case of sudden momentary load increases on auxiliary engines.
Improved load ability.
Less fouling of the engine’s exhaust gas ways.
Limitation of fuel oil index during starting procedure.
Principle of Lambda Controller
Figure above illustrates the controller’s operation mode. In case of a momentary load increase, the
regulating device will increase the index on the injection pumps and hereby the regulator arm (1) is
turned, the switch (2) will touch the piston arm (3) and be pushedb downwards, whereby the electrical
circuit will be closed.
Thus the solenoid valve (4) opens. This valve is supplied with compressed air and the same is supplied to
assist the turbocharger. When this jet system is activated, the turbocharger accelerates and increases the
charge air pressure, thereby pressing the piston (3) backwards in the lambda cylinder (5). When the
lambda ratio is satisfactory, the jet system will be deactivated. At a 50% load change the system will be
activated for about 38 seconds.
If the system is activated more than 10 seconds, the solenoid valve will be shut off and there will be a
remote signal alarm for “jet system failure”.
Fuel Oil Limiting During Start Procedure
During the start procedure the lambda controller is used as an index limiter. Hereby heavy smoke
formation is prevented during start procedure and further the regulating device cannot overreact. The jet
system is blocked during the starting procedure until the engine has reached about 110 RPM.
73.AE Starting air line diagram
In air motor star ng system, the engine is started by a star ng air motor which is operated by
compressed air. Figure below shows the compressed air system for star ng, stopping and fuel limi ng
for auxiliary engines on ships.
Refer to the figure above. Compressed air reaches the auxiliary engine at 30 bar pressure. The air pressure
is reduced to 6 bar with a reduction valve. A safety valve is also fitted in the line after reducing valve to
protect the air starting system components. Air then enters air starting valve (5) and wait there. When
‘START’ button on the control panel is activated, starting solenoid valve (5) is opened to supply
compressed air into the starting air motor (1). Then, the pinion of the air starting motor is engaged with
the gear rim of the engine flywheel. As the pinion moves, relay valve (2) is supplied with air and it allows
air to the starting air motor turbine wheel. Now air motor turns crankshaft of the engine. When the engine
rotating speed reaches predetermined speed, fuel oil is injected into the combustion chamber. Then,
starting is completed and the pinion of the air starting motor is disengaged from the gear rim at
predetermined speed.
74.Bendix drive
A Bendix drive is a type of engagement mechanism used in starter motors of internal combus on
engines. The device allows the pinion gear of the starter motor to engage or disengage the flywheel of
the engine automa cally when the starter is powered or when the engine fires
Eg. Generator engine air motor
75.Hydrodynamic lubrication
Hydrodynamic Lubrication: In this type of lubrication, the oil forms a continuous oil film of adequate
thickness between the moving surfaces. The film is formed due to the motion of the moving parts and the
selfgenerated pressure. For example, journal bearings of Main Engine have hydrodynamic lubrication. A
film is formed between the main bearing and the journal of the crankshaft with the help of a wedge
formed by the rotating shaft. Thrust bearings with tilted pad design also have this type of lubrication as
they form a converging wedge to obtain hydrodynamic lubrication
https://www.marineinsight.com/tech/shipsmainenginelubricationsystemexplained/
76.Cetane number & Octane number
CETANE NUMBER
It is an index of ignition quality of the fuel which defines the way of combustion proceeds in the engine.
It is the percentage of cetane contained in the fuel.
The higher the cetane number better is the fuel, shorter is the ignition delay.
As the density increases cetane number also increases.
OCTANE NUMBER
It is the measure of knock rating of the fuel combustion in engine.
Better the fuel higher the octane number.
77.Superlong stroke advantages
1. Increased stroke / bore ratio: 3:1
2. Reduced SFOC about 6 %.
3. Improved propeller efficiency about 2 %.
4. Simple liner construction, and low cost.
5. Thin walled liner and improved jacket cooling efficiency.
6. Simple cooling water sealing.
7. No temperature gradients across scavenge ports and exhaust valve.
8. Shorter piston skirt.
9. With uniflow scavenging, improved scavenge efficiency
78.Boiler mountings
BOILER MOUNTINGS
Various valves and other fittings are required for the proper working of the boiler. Those attached directly
to the pressure parts of the boiler are referred to as boiler mountings. In general all these mountings must
be carefully designed to perform their function correctly. They must be positioned so as to be readily
accessible both for maintenance and operation, the later being performed either directly, or indirectly by
means of extended rods, spindles, etc. For a water tube boiler the mountings usually consists of the
following items:
Safety Valves
These are fitted to protect the boiler from the effects of overpressure. The DOT demand that at least two
safety valves are fitted to each boiler, but in practice it is usual to fit three safety valves – two on the
steam drum, and one on the steam drum, and one on the super heater outlet header. This latter valve must
be set to lift before the drum safety valves so as to ensure a flow of steam through the super heater under
blow off conditions, it is normally of the same basic type fitted on the drum.
Main Stop Valve
This is mounted on the super heater outlet header and enables the boiler to be isolated from the steam
line. If two or more boilers are fitted supplying steam to a common line, the stop valve on each boiler
must be a screw down, nonreturn type. This is to prevent steam from the other boilers flowing into a
damaged boiler in the event of a loss of pressure due to a burst tube. In some cases the main stop valve
incorporates an automatic closing device, designed to operate in emergency conditions, to shut off steam
from the main turbines.
Auxiliary Stop Valves
This is basically a smaller version of the main stop, fitted for the purpose of isolating the boiler from the
auxiliary steam lines. Again these must be screw down, non return type valves if necessary to prevent
steam flowing back into the boiler in the event of damage. The valve will be mounted on the super heater
outlet header; a desuper heater can be used to reduce the steam temperature as required.
Feed Check Valves
These are fitted to give final control over the entry of feed water into the boiler. They must be screw
down, nonreturn valves so that in the event of a loss of feed pressure the boiler water cannot blow back
into the feed line. Main and auxiliary feed checks are fitted. The main check is often fitted to the
economizer inlet header; if not, like the auxiliary check, it will be mounted directly on the steam drum.
Extended spindles are usually fitted so the valves can be operated from a convenient position. Care must
be taken to ensure the valve can be operated easily and quickly, and that a positive indication of the open
and closed positions for the valve is given.
Boiler Feed Water Regulator
The water level in a boiler is critical. If it is too low, damage may result from overheating; too high and
priming cab occur with resultant carry over of water and dissolved solids into super heater, steam lines,
etc. Automatic feed regulators are therefore fitted to control the flow of water into the bolero and
maintain the water level at its desired value.
They are fitted in the feed line, before the main feed check. In most cases they use a float or thermal
means of operation and thus must have a direct connection to the steam and water spaces as required. The
regulator can be attached directly to the boiler shell, or alternatively mounted in an external chamber with
balance connections to the steam drum, or boiler shell. In the case of water tube boilers with their high
evaporation rate and small reserve of water the control of the water level is so critical that the
classification societies demand that some form of automatic feed regulator must be fitted.
Water Level Indicators
The DOT demand that at least two water level indicators must be fitted to each boiler. In practice the
usual arrangement consists of two direct reading water level gauges mounted on the steam drum, and a
remote reading indicator placed at a convenient control position.
Low Water Alarms
The classification societies demand that these should be fitted to reduce the risk of damage in the event of
a loss of water in the boiler due to a burst tube or failure of the feed supply. In some cases they are
mounted inside the steam drum, but many are mounted externally. Various types are available, either
steam or electrically operated. Some versions also incorporate high water level alarms.
Blow Down Valves
These are fitted to the water drum to enable water to be blown from the boiler in order to reduce the
density. When the boiler is shut down these valves can be used to drain it. They usually consist of the
valves mounted in series, arranged so that the first valve must be full open before the second can be
cracked open; i.e., sufficient to give the required rate of blow down. In this way the seating of the first
valve is protected from damage, so reducing the risk of leakage when the blow down valves are closed.
These blow down valves discharge into a blow down line leading to a shipside discharge valve.
Scum Valves
These should be fitted when there is a possibility of oil contamination of the boiler. They are mounted on
the steam drum, having an internal fitting in the form of a shallow pan situated just below the normal
water level, with which to remove oil or scum from the surface of the water in the drum. These valves
discharge into the blow down line.
Drain Valves
These are fitted to headers, etc., so enabling the boiler to be completely drained. They must not be used to
blow down, only being opened when the boiler is shut down.
Air Vents
These are fitted to the upper parts of the boiler as required to release air from drums and headers, either
when filling the boiler, or raising steam.
Super Heater Circulating Valves
These are fitted so that when raising steam they can first release air from the super heater, and then
provide enough circulation to prevent overheating by allowing sufficient steam to blow off to the
atmosphere or to a suitable drain system. They should only be closed when there is enough demand for
superheated steam to provide the minimum circulation of steam required to prevent overheating.
Chemical Dosing Valves
These are fitted to the steam drum to enable feed treatment chemicals to be injected directly into the
boiler.
Salinometer Valves
These are fitted to the water drum to enable samples of boiler water to be drawn off so that the tests
required for the control of the feed treatment can be carried out. At high pressures it is necessary to
provide some means of preventing flash off taking place as the pressure over the sample is reduced to
atmospheric. This is usually done by passing the water from the salinometer valve through a cooling coil,
which reduces its temperature to a value below 100 degrees Centigrade.
Soot Blower Master Steam Valves
These are usually mounted on the super heater outlet header to ensure the super heater is not starved of
steam while blowing tubes. In some cases two valves are fitted in series, with a drain valve between them
in order to prevent steam leaking into the soot blower steam supply lines when these are not in use.
Pressure Gauge Connections
Fitted as required to steam drum, super heater outlet header, etc., to provide the necessary pressure
readings. In addition suitable connections must be provided for the pressure sensing points required for
automatic combustion control systems, etc.
Thermometers
Pockets must be provided in super heater headers, etc. for the fitting of either direct or remote reading
thermometers.
79.Hot corrosion
Vanadium is a naturally occurring element in marine fuel oils in soluble form, which means, it
will not be separated even when the fuel is treated in the centrifuge. Vanadium, when combined
with Sodium, can cause damage to the engine under elevated temperature. Sodium and
Vanadium compounds are formed at a high temperature, which plays a crucial role in hot
corrosion.
The availability of abundant oxygen in the combustion chamber during the burning of fuel
results in the oxidation of vanadium to form VO and VO2. During the temperature drop in the
further combustion process, VO2 undergoes further oxidation resulting V2O5.
V2O5 has a low melting point and becomes semiliquid, sticky in nature and adhere to the
surface they come into contact with.
Sodium in the fuel reacts with water vapour during combustion to generate NaOH. This, in turn,
combines with SO2 forming sodium sulphate.
Sodium sulphate condenses at a temperature approx. below 890 deg. C and will adhere to
surfaces with already present V2O5. This resultant deposits block gas passages and corrode
metal surfaces. If the ratio of Va:Na is 3:1, the resulting complex melting point is at it’s lowest,
which is about 350 – 450 deg C, and there is an increased likelihood of deposit formation.
Fuels with high vanadium and sodium will increase the tendency for deposit formation in the
exhaust passages. At higher temperature (>600 deg C), ash deposits can accelerate corrosion of
metals and fouling of gas passages.
Effect of Hot Corrosion
1. Erosion: It mainly takes place along the exhaust gas passages, as ash and carbon deposits
from hightemperature exhaust gases wear metals. Because of this, the exhaust valve is
profoundly affected.
2. Fused salt corrosion: At high temperature, Na and Va form corrosive fluxes, attacking and
corroding exhaust valves, turbocharger nozzles and blades. The salts dissolve the protective
oxide layers, facilitating further gas phase oxidation.
3. Gas phase oxidation: It is the effect of oxygen on metal engine surfaces in the hot exhaust
How to control hot corrosion?
• Maintain exhaust temperature well below melting point of Na and Va complex (about 400c)
• Use of Sterlite coating or Nimonic steels on exhaust valve seat for protection from corrosion
• Use exhaust valve rotators to smoothen radial temperature distribution and to prevent repeated
impact damage at a single point on the valve face
• Fuel additives like ash modifiers can be used which can modify and increase the melting point
temperature of Na and Va complex formed when the ash is not in a molten form and not
corrosive
• Controlling fouling of exhaust passages and machinery, i.e. regular cleaning and inspection of
the exhaust manifold, frequent water washing of turbocharger, overhauling of the exhaust valve,
etc.
https://www.marineinsight.com/tech/understandinghotcoldcorrosionmarineengines/
80.M/E fuel valve test
1.Flushing and jet control
A. Objective: To remove air in the system and check the fuel jet.
B. Procedure: Slowly increase the working pressure until straight jets of oil are ejected from the
nozzle holes (no atomization).
C. Acceptance criteria: There is to be a continuous jet of oil through all of the nozzle holes.
2.Atomization test
The reason is that the atomization test may damage the valve because it makes the needle
oscillate, with a small lift at a very high frequency. The high pressure drop across the cutoff
edge and the high contact pressure between slide and fuel nozzle, in combination with the poor
lubricity of the test oil, increase the risk of seizures between cutoff slide and nozzle.
3.Opening pressure
A. Objective: To check the opening pressure.
B. Procedure: Increase the oil pressure until oil is admitted through the nozzle holes.
C. Acceptance criteria: Check the opening pressure on the pressure gauge. (350 bar)
4.Sealing test and sliding function
A. Objective: To check the needle valve seat for tightness and the slide for correct closing.
B. Procedure: The control handle must be in the OPEN position. Slowly increase the oil pressure
to about 50 bar below the opening pressure. Maintain the builtup pressure by moving the control
handle into the CLOSED position. Repeat the procedure two or three times.
C. Acceptance criteria: Oil must not flow from the nozzle holes. The pressure drops relatively
slowly to about 15 bar, after which it drops quickly to 0 (the slide is pressed against the conical
seat and opens for circulation oil).
5.Pressure test, Oring sealings
A. Objective: To ensure that the leak oil (circulation oil) remains in the closed system.
B. Procedure: The control handle is to be in the OPEN position.
Build up a working pressure of about max. 10 bar until oil flows out of the leak oil outlet.
C. Acceptance criteria: Close the leak oil outlet with a gasket and plug screw. Increase the
working pressure to about 100 bar. Move the control handle to the CLOSED position. The
builtup pressure of about 100 bar should be maintained.
D. Cause of fault: If oil leaks out at the union nut, the Oring inside the fuel valve head is
defective, and must be replaced.
81.Liner lacquering
It is the formation of a layer of lacquer on liner covering the Honing pattern, resulting in loss of
oil control. It is mainly found in highly loaded engine with low sulpher gas oil. Lacquer probably
originates partly due to decomposition of alkaline oil additives and partly due to decomposition
at high pressure and temperature.
Phenomenon of Lacquering:
When the fuel oil comes in contact with lub oil of high alkaline content then fuel react
chemically with the alkaline of lub oil to form lacquer. Now due to high temperature the
compound form burns and volatile part of the compound formed gets evaporated and leaving
carbonic hard part. This hard part when rubbed with piston rings gets break and along with it
some particles of liner also breaks leading to wear of liner
82.Duplex filter changeover procedure
Filters are mounted in pairs as a duplex system so that one can be used and other is kept on
standby at a time. The filter can be utilized both in low pressure (suction) and discharge (high
pressure) side of the system and is used to remove the smallest part of dirt which is carried away
in the system. The cleaning frequency of filters depends on the type of the filter and is decided
by the manufacturer. The schedule is generally included in the planned maintenance system on
board.
When differential pressure is high filter should be cleaned.
The duplex system features continuous filtering capabilities. When it becomes necessary to clean
or replace filter media during continuous operating conditions, follow the procedure outlined
below:
1. Open balancing valve to fill clean vessel and equalize pressure in both housings.
2. Slowly move the mechanical actuator lever 90 to divert the flow to the clean filter vessel.
3. Close balancing valve.
4. Relieve the pressure from the filter vessel being serviced.
5. Drain housing sufficiently to access filter basket.
6. Remove cover by loosening closure assemblies sufficiently to allow them to swing free. Turn
handwheel on top of housing to lift cover clear of basket retainer plate. Swing cover away
from housing to gain access to strainer baskets and/or filter bags.
7. Remove filter basket and clean thoroughly, remove the filter bag (if applicable) and dispose of
properly.
8. Remove debris and sludge from inside of bag/basket sealing surface and Oring groove to
avoid interference with cover seal or flow of fluid being filtered.
9.Install clean filter basket and filter bag (if applicable). Be sure filter bag is seated inside
the basket retainer plate.
10.Inspect cover gasket for cuts or other signs of failure and make sure it is properly seated.
11.Swing cover back into position, and alternately tighten closure assemblies evenly to ensure
a leak proof seal between cover and housing body. The recommended torque value for
each Multi basket Filter closure assemblies is 160240 ft
83.Boiler water treatment
HARD WATER :
Hard water does not produce good lather or form with soap and consume more soap. The hard
water contains bicarbonates chloride and sulphates of calcium & magnesium.
The hard water when treated with soap i.e. sodium stearate, then no lather will be formed
because sodium stearate of soap reacts with salts of calcium and magnesium giving insoluble Ca
& Mg stearate.
SOFT WATER :
The soft water when treated with soap produces more lather and consume less soap and this is
due to the absence of dissolved salts of Ca & Mg in water.
TYPES OF HARDNESS :
There are two types of hardness.
(1) TEMPORARY HARDNESS
It is due to the presence of only bicarbonate of calcium & magnesium. This type of hardness can
be removed by boiling the water.
(2) PERMANENT HARDNESS
This type of hardness is caused by the presence of chloride and sulphates of calcium &
magnesium. It can not be removed by boiling the water.
The purpose of the boiler water treatment is:
1 To neutralize acid forming salts in boiler water, i.e. maintain a slightly alkaline condition.
2 To provide scale removing and scale preventing chemicals.
3 To precipitate impurities into a sludge which can be removed by bottom and surface blows,
and
4 To prevent corrosion by oxidation.
Chemicals used
1.To maintain Alkalinity :
Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash) For low pressure boilers.
React with non alkaline hardness salts either precipitate them or converted them into sodium
salts.
Na2 CO3 + H2O 2Na OH + CO2
Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic soda) For high pressure boilers.
Sodium Hydroxide reacts with magnesium chloride producing harmless precipitate and sodium
chloride which remains in the solution.
2Na OH + Mg SO4 Mg (OH)2 + Na2 SO4
IF Alkalinity is high it may lead to corrosion.
2.To maintain Phosphate Reserve
Used to Neutralize calcium and magnesium salts.
Disodium Phosphate (Na2 HPO4) is dissolved in water to form neutral solution.It react with
phosphate of calcium and magnesium and converting into sodium salts.
Trisodium Phosphate (Na3 PO4) It dissolves in water to produce an alkaline solution.
3.Oxygen Scavengers
Hydrazine (N2H4) Continues injection about 35%.
It reacts with oxygen and forms nitrogen and water.
Sodium sulphite It reacts with oxygen and forms sodium sulphate.
4.Coagulants (Starch & Tanin)
To avoid build up of sludge.
5.Neutralising amines
To eliminate dissolved CO
6.Blowdown
To reduce chloride content.
84.Boiler water tests
85.How to select gravity disc
The graph shown above is one typical of one found in a purifer instruc on book for selec ng
appropriate gravity disc size. Shown on the diagram is an example of an oil of sg 0.93 at 0'C. The sg at
15'C for use with this graph is found by projec ng along a horizontal line to 15'C. This step would be
omi ed if the sg at 15'C was already known. A line is then drawn parallel to the pre‐drawn sloping lines.
Where the drawn sloping line cuts the appropriate oil supply temperature isothermal then This becomes
the selec on point for the disc. This is found simply by ascertaining which size band the point lies in
86.O2 measurement in IG
The oxygen analyzer is designed for front panel moun ng. The oxygen analyzer measures the content of
oxygen with concentra ons up to 21.0%.
The oxygen analyzer uses a zirconia sensor. The zirconium dioxide sensors have long been established as
industry standards, but this oxygen analyzer uses a new enhanced type of zirconia sensor, which can be
used in a wide range of applica ons.
The most important element of the sensor is the zirconia cell. At high temperatures it functions
like a fuel cell i.e. the oxygen ions can pass through the zirconium dioxide membrane, and the
sensor generates its own voltage. When the membrane is exposed to environments that contains
different amounts of oxygen (i.e. ambient air on one side and flue gas on the other), nature seeks
to balance itself, and the oxygenions will penetrate the membrane which develops an electrical
charge.
This charge depends on the amount of passing oxygen ions i.e. the difference between the partial
pressures of the oxygen in the flue gas versus the oxygen in the ambient air. This voltage will be
detected and converted into a signal that is proportional to the oxygen concentration in the flue
gas. The signal will be processed in the oxygen analyzer and the oxygen concentration of the
sample gas will be shown in the display.
87.Blowdown Ring in boiler
88.Accumulation of pressure test
89.RTA & RTFlex
90.Slide type fuel Injector
The slide type fuel valve is designed for elimina ng the sac volume to prevent any fuel oil from entering
in combus on chamber without being injected.
The combus on is improved. However this func on is assured by the cut off sha “ which is a
fragile piece requiring a special a en on.
The fuel valve consists of a valve head 197, union nut 148 and valve body 124. Fitted within the
valve body are non return valve 220 with a combined slide/valve, thrust spindle 232 with spring
256, thrust foot 268, and spindle guide complete 053.
When the fuel valve is fitted in cylinder cover, the valve parts are tightened together by the
pressure from the nuts being transmitted through valve head, non return valve, thrust spindle, and
spindle guide complete to the valve body, which is pressed into the tapered bore in the cylinder
cover. The union nut keeps valve head and valve body together during dismantling of the fuel
valve.
The spindle guide complete 053 consists of spindle guide 077, nozzle 090, thrust piece 016 and
cut off shaft 028. The spindle guide is assembled with a press fit. The cut off shaft 028 is pressed
against the tapered seat of spindle guide 077 by the action of the spring 256, the spring pressure
being transmitted through the slotted thrust foot 268.
The thrust spring determines the opening pressure of the valve. Optionally, an extra disc can be
inserted to raise the opening pressure by 20 bar. The non return valve 220 consists of housing,
thrust piece, slide and spring. The non return valve is assembled with a press lift.
The slide of the non return valve is pressed by the spring against the tapered valve seat inside the
non return valve. In this position the head of the slide uncovers a small bore arranged for
circulation purposes in the thrust piece.
The functioning of the Fuel Valve.
Position 1.
The electrical fuel oil circulating pump circulates preheated oil through the fuel pump
and fuel valve. In the fuel valve the oil passes through the central bore of the valve
head and continues to the thrust piece in the non return valve, leaving through the
circulation bore of the latter. Thence the oil is passed through the interior of the valve
body to an outlet pipe on the side of the valve head.
If for some reason, cut off shaft 028 should not close during engine standstill, then
the closed spindle of the non return valve will prevent the circulating pump from
pressing oil through the nozzle, and thus obviate the risk of the engine cylinder being
filled with oil.
Position 2.
When, at the beginning of the delivery stroke, the pressure has risen to about 10 bar,
the force of the spring of the non return valve will be overcome and the spindle
pressed back against the shoulder of the thrust piece.
Position 3.
When the spindle of the non return valve is pressed upwards, the circulation bore of
the thrust piece is closed, and the oil passes the seat of the spindle and enters the
space round cut off shaft 028 in the spindle guide. When the pressure has risen to
the preset opening value of the fuel valve, the spindle is lifted, and oil is forced
through the nozzle into the engine cylinder.
At the termination of the delivery stroke first cut off shaft 028 and then the spindle of
the non return valve will be pressed against their respective seats, the injection of
fuel stops, and oil is again circulated through the valve (position).
91.K value in Turbocharger
What is K value in turbochargers?
It is a distance between the rotor shaft end and the flange of bearing cover measured by blower side.
Purpose of K value in turbochargers?
To ensure that rotating impeller does not to touch the stationary blower casing cover in case of thrust
bearing worn out.
Remove the suction cover and measure the critical clearance . It is the distance between the
compressor end cover mounting face and shaft end. Mark it as K .
Pull the rotor shaft towards the compressor side until the impeller comes in contact with the
insert and determine K2.
Impeller clearance L= K K2
Thrust the rotor shaft towards the turbine side until the turbine disc and nozzle ring comes in
contact with each other and measure K1
Disc clearance M=K1K
The above measured clearance is very important as this will determine the proper functioning of the
labyrinth seal between the impeller and exhaust shield and also the alignment of the shaft.
92.AE piston ring clearances
93.AE Liner calibration
Cylinder liner has to be gauged at regular intervals as specified in the maintenance manual. The
records of gauging are kept for each cylinder and the wear rate is calculated.
Generally while taking the measurement the temperature of the liner and micrometer should be
kept
at the same temperature. If the temperature exceeds than that of the liner or vice versa then the
readings have to be corrected by multiplying the value with the correction factor and deducting
the value obtained from the reading taken. The reading obtained at the end will be the correct
readings.
The cylinder liner wear is measured by a standard template, which consists of strategically
positioned
holes, wherein the micrometer is placed and the readings are taken. The readings are taken for
both port starboard and forward aft positions.
This is done because the wear is not same in both directions and the ovality is to be checked. The
wear rate will be different in the liner. The wear will be more in the top one third part as
combustion
takes place there and temperatures and pressures are also very high at the top.
An approximate normal wear rate of the liner is about 0.1 mm per 1000 running hours.
The wear rate increases if the engine is overloaded. Generally the liner has to be replaced when
the wear is about 0.60.8% of the bore diameter or as per the manufacturer’s recommendation.
94.SDNR and screw lift valve
95.Loss of vacuum in FWG
96.Reefer system diagram
97.Scavenge space inspection
98.4 stroke timing diagram
99.2 stroke timing diagram
100.Gauge glass blowdown
Why need to blow down the gauge glass ?
Gauge glass blow down is made to know the boiler and gauge glass connec on is clear or not and to give
the exact water level in the boiler.
Boiler gauge glass blow down procedure ?
1) Shut steam and water cocks than open the drain cock.
2) A er draining water from the sight glass, there is nothing come out, both steam and water cocks are
good in order.
3) Open the steam cock side, blow out the steam.
4) Close the steam cock side, the steam connec on is clear.
5) Open the water cock side, blow out the water.
6) Close the water cock side, the water connec on is clear.
7) Close the drain cock.
8) Open the water cock, water should then gradually come rise up to the top of the gauge glass.
9) Open the steam cock, the water in the glass should fall to the level of the water in the boiler.
# Working posi on – all cocks handle are in downward posi on.
101.Boiler fresh up procedure from cold condition
The boiler is carried out firing from cold condi on to normal working pressure condi on to avoid
thermal stress
.
1) Check the boiler blow down valve in close posi on.
2) Shut the main steam stop v/v.
3) Open the air vent cocks.
4) Open the feed check valve and pumping up to ¼ of gauge glass level.
5) Start the force dra fan with dampers, open correctly to purge the furnace and combus on space of
any foul gas.
6) Light the burner a er closing the recircula ng valve.
7) Normally allow the fire to burn for 5‐minutes and stop for 30 mins. This step con nues un l steam
come out.
8) When steam coming out from the air vent close the air vent.
9) Rise up the working pressure step by step slowly. (Allow the fire to burn for 30 mins and stop the fire
for 10 min.)
10) When the steam pressure reached Is working pressure drain the steam line. (to avoid water
hammer)
11) Main steam stop valve open slowly (crack opening)
102.Crankcase explosion
what is crankcase explosion
An explosion occurs in the crankcase. For an explosion to occur there must be in the crankcase a mixture
of oil mist and air in the ra o that is within the range of flammability.
In addi on there must be a source of high temperature energy sufficient to ini ate combus on.
Explosion occurred. This source is called hot spot.
Cause of crankcase explosion
The normal content of crankcase is air. In this air there are oil globules (droplets) formed by the
mechanical atomiza on of the oil as it s sprayed from the edge of the bearing and other places and as it
is thrown about and churned by the quickly moving parts.
If a hot spot occurs the oil par cles in the neighborhood will evaporate. This evapora on may cause the
forma on of a quan ty of white condense oil mist in the cooler regions. The con nual genera on of
heat at hot spot vaporiza on may proceed a space un l the ra o of vapour to air lies within the range of
flammability.
If hot spot can provide the necessary heat for igni on of vapour, a primary explosion may occur.
What is hot spot, and why occur ?
It is an overheated part, sufficient to ini ate combus on.
A hot spot occur due to –
Failure of lube oil to bearing, sprockets and similar parts.
Hot gas blowing past the pistons may provide spark sufficient to cause an explosion in the trunk type
pistons engine. (Hot spot temp: 280‐400 °C Above the L.O flash point)
How will you know whether hot spot or not ?
1. By hand feel to crankcase door
2. Abnormal noise in crankcase. Irregular running engine
3. Bearing L.O temperature increase
4. Alarm will operate when it reach at oil mist concentra on 2.5 – 5% LEL
5. Smelling & appearance of the dense oil mist when open breather pipe, drain cock.
How to prevent the crankcase explosion ?
To minimize the forma on of explosive mixture.
To prevent the forma on of hot spot in the crankcase.
a. The bearing should be in correct running clearance.
b. Lubrica ng oil should be adequately supplied to bearing , chain with sprocket wheels and other
running parts
c. The piston with rings and cylinders should be in safe working limits.
d. Good fi ng and efficient locking of working parts.
Ac on a er detec ng hot spot
01. Inform C/E & Bridge
02. Reduce the engine speed to reduce the heat genera on
03. Increase lubrica on to the running surfaces
04. Keep clear off crankcase relief door to prevent personnel injury, keep fire ex nguisher ready 7 open
skylight.
05. Inform bridge, stop engine, open indicator cocks, engage turning gear and turn engine with lub oil
circula on con nuing to prevent engine seizure.
06. A er about 30 minutes or more when the engine is sufficiently cooled down , stop lub oil pumps and
open crankcase door.
07. Try to locate the hot spot by hand feeling over and by observa on
08. If the hot spot is located, prevent reoccurrence by making permanent repair
09. Make through inspec on of crankcase.
10. Pay par cular a en on to hot bearings, piston, bo om end bolts, guides and piston rod around
stuffing box.
11. Start lube oil pumps and check for proper flow of oil from every lubrica on point.
12. If everything is found normal, inform bridge, start the engine and gradually increase speed. Outside
feel over sequence to be carried out for sa sfactory opera on.
Crankcase safety devices
1) Breather pipe with flame trip 2) Oil mist detector 3) Crankcase relief doors. 4) Bearing temperature
sensor 6) L.O return temperature sensor 7) Rou ne test on used L.O for viscosity, flash point and
contamina on
103.Naturally aspirated engine
1 Around 10 deg before TDC fuel injection begins.
2 Fuel injection ends
3 Exhaust valve opens
4 Inlet valve opens
5 Exhaust valve closes
6 Inlet valve closes
7 Cycle repeats
104.Lantern ring
Lantern ring are the split rings. They are provided in centrifugal pump between the packing ring so as to
direct the clean fluid between gland packing and seal and lubricate the gland
105.Purifier vertical shaft arrangement
Vertical Shaft accelerates the rotation of Horizontal Shaft in Pinion Gear and rotates bowl
attached to upper part. The vertical shaft is supported by upper and lower bearing parts and a
pinion is provided between them. The upper bearing parts are provided with flat spring and the
lower bearing parts, with lower spring so as to absorb vibration in vertical direction.
Further, the upper bearing parts are supported by upper springs at 6 points in a radial direction
for absorption of vibration in horizontal direction.
106.4 Stroke power card
12 Completion of aspiration
23 compression
345 Fuel injection
56 Expansion
678 Exhaust
8910 overlap
101 aspiration
107.Why propeller shaft is earthed
A difference in electrical potential between the hull and the propeller shaft will be generated due
to the difference in materials and to the propeller being immersed in sea water.
In some cases, the difference in the electrical potential has caused spark erosion on the thrust and
main bearings and journals of the crankshaft of the engine. In order to reduce the electrical
potential between the crankshaft and the hull and thus prevent spark erosion, there must be
installed a highly efficient shaftline earthing device.
The shaftline earthing device should be able to keep the electrical potential difference below 50
mV DC, and there must be installed a shaft to hull monitoring equipment with a mVmeter and
with an output signal to the alarm system so that the potential and thus the correct function of the
shaftline earthing device can be monitored.
Design description of the shaftline earthing device:
The shaftline earthing device consists of two silver slip rings, two arrangements for holding
brushes including connecting cables and monitoring equipment with a mVmeter and an output
signal for alarm.