WEEK 1

October 15 – 18

Communication - is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through

a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior.

Types of Communication

1. ACCORDING TO MODE
A mode, quite simply, is a means of communicating.

a. VERBAL - NON-VERBAL Communication

Verbal communication is the use of sounds and words to express yourself,

especially in contrast to using gestures or mannerisms (non-verbal communication).
An example of verbal communication is saying “No” when someone asks you
to do something you don’t want to do.

Nonverbal communication is the process of sending and

receiving messages without using words, either spoken or written.

TYPES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Judee Burgoon (1994) has identified seven different nonverbal dimensions:

1. Kinesics or body movements including facial expressions and eye contact;
2. Vocalics or paralanguage that includes volume, rate, pitch, and timbre;
3. Personal appearance;
4. Our physical environment and the artifacts or objects that compose it;
5. Proxemics or personal space;
6. Haptics or touch.
7. Chronemics or time. To this list, we would add signs or emblems.

b. VISUAL Communication

Visual Communication is a communication where the ideas and information can be

read or viewed through the means of visual aid.

2. According to CONTEXT
Context is the circumstances surrounding a message. The circumstances might include
the setting, the value positions of the people, and appropriateness of a message. This
means considering your audience, the forum under which you are speaking, the era, and
accepted norms.
a. Intrapersonal communication can be defined as communication with one's self,
and that may include self-talk, acts of imagination and visualization, and even recall
and memory (McLean, 2005).
b. Interpersonal communication is the process by which people exchange
information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal messages: it is
face-to-face communication.
c. Organizational Communication - the sending and receiving of messages among
interrelated individuals within a particular environment or setting to achieve individual
and common goals. Organizational communication is highly contextual and culturally
 dependent. Individuals in organizations transmit messages through face-to face,
written, and mediated channels.
There are three general types of directional communication that take place in
organizations.
 Downward communication flows from superiors to subordinates. This typically
takes the form of orders, instructions and policy directives to people at lower levels in
the company. Examples include feedback on job performance and information about
policy and procedures.
 Upward communication flows from subordinates to superiors. This is the
opposite of downward communication; it originates from people at lower levels and is
directed to those who are above them. Examples include suggestion statements,
reactions, reports and proposals.
 Horizontal communication flows from people who are on the same level of the
organization. This type of directional communication enables people to interact with their
peers without involving people at other levels in the company. Examples include the
communication between subordinates of one boss or between managers.
d. Intercultural communication refers to the communication between people from
two different cultures. (Chen & Starosta, 1998:28)
Intercultural communication is a symbolic, interpretive, transactional, contextual
process, in which people from different cultures create shared meanings. (Lustig
& Koester, 2007:46)
Intercultural communication refers to the effects on communication behavior,
when different cultures interact together. Hence, one way of viewing intercultural
communication is as communication that unfolds in symbolic intercultural spaces.
(Arasaratnam, 2013:48)

3. According to PURPOSE AND STYLE

1. FORMAL Communication - Formal communication is associated with the formal
organizational structure of the company. Ideally, communication flows smoothly,
accurately and timely through the proper channel appropriate to the specific company.
For instance, seniority will dictate how communication will flow from one department
to another or from specific managers to specific employees. Certain tools and
technologies are often used to aid in formal communication.
Formal communication can have several forms.
 Meetings
 Conferences
 Telephone calls
 Company newsletters
 Performance reviews
The strength of formal communication is that it standardizes communication, ideally
benefiting the clarity of each message. Its primary weakness is that it undermines the
free and uninterrupted flow of communication, which is what defines informal
communication.

2. Informal communication includes casual, social and personal messages in the

organization. Also referred to as the grapevine, informal communication and messages
involve person-to-person communication networks of employees that are not officially
sanctioned by the organization. This type of communication cannot be prevented. The
strength and weakness of informal communication is that it is spontaneous and quick.
This can lead to meaningful insights or inaccurate, misinterpreted and distorted
information.
References:
- https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/intercultural-communication/0/steps/11039
- https://www.google.com/search?q=intercultural+communication&oq=intercultural+&aqs=chrome.
0.0j69i57j0l3j69i61.3714j0j9&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
- https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=657&ei=XoelXfizE86ymAWkgIqQCw&q=organiza
tional+communication&oq=organizational+communication&gs_l=psy-
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wiz.......0i71j0i30j0i5i30j0i8i30.AWqGclzcOXY&ved=0ahUKEwj42rum8J3lAhVOGaYKHSSAArIQ4
dUDCAs&uact=5
- https://www.google.com/search?q=define+extended+communication&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE9q6
6753lAhUpxosBHZGbDS4Q1QIoAHoECA0QAQ&biw=1366&bih=657
- https://www.google.com/search?q=intrapersonal+communication&oq=intrapersonal+communicati
on&aqs=chrome.0.69i59j0l5.4101j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
- https://www.skillsyouneed.com › ips › interpersonal-communication