MA2261 PROBABILITY AND RANDOM PROCESSES 3 1 0

4
(Common to ECE & Bio Medical Engineering)

AIM
This course aims at providing the necessary basic concepts in random processes.
Knowledge of fundamentals and applications of random phenomena will greatly help in
the understanding of topics such as signals & systems, pattern recognition, voice and
image processing and filtering theory.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the students would
• Have a fundamental knowledge of the basic probability concepts.
• Have a well-founded knowledge of standard distributions which can describe real life
phenomena.
• Acquire skills in handling situations involving more than one random variable and
functions of random variables.
• Understand and characterize phenomena which evolve with respect to time in
probabilistic manner.
• Be able to analyze the response of random inputs to linear time invariant systems.

UNIT I RANDOM VARIABLES

9+3
Discrete and continuous random variables – Moments - Moment generating functions
and their properties. Binomial, Poisson ,Geometric, Uniform, Exponential, Gamma and
normal distributions – Function of Random Variable.

UNIT II TWO DIMENSIONAL RANDOM VARIBLES

9+3

Joint distributions - Marginal and conditional distributions – Covariance - Correlation and

Regression - Transformation of random variables - Central limit theorem (for iid random
variables)

UNIT III CLASSIFICATION OF RANDOM PROCESSES

9+3

Definition and examples - first order, second order, strictly stationary, wide-sense
stationary and ergodic processes - Markov process - Binomial, Poisson and Normal
processes - Sine wave process – Random telegraph process.
UNIT IV CORRELATION AND SPECTRAL DENSITIES 9+3
Auto correlation - Cross correlation - Properties – Power spectral density – Cross
spectral density - Properties – Wiener-Khintchine relation – Relationship between cross
power spectrum and cross correlation function
UNIT V LINEAR SYSTEMS WITH RANDOM INPUTS 9+3
 Linear time invariant system - System transfer function – Linear systems with random
inputs – Auto correlation and cross correlation functions of input and output – white
noise.

LECTURES : 45 TUTORIAL : 15 TOTAL : 60 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS

1. Oliver C. Ibe, “Fundamentals of Applied probability and Random processes”,

Elsevier, First Indian Reprint ( 2007) (For units 1 and 2)

2. Peebles Jr. P.Z., “Probability Random Variables and Random Signal Principles”,
Tata McGraw-Hill Publishers, Fourth Edition, New Delhi, 2002. (For units 3, 4
and 5).

REFERENCES
1. Miller,S.L and Childers, S.L, “Probability and Random Processes with applications to
Signal Processing and Communications”, Elsevier Inc., First Indian Reprint 2007.

2. H. Stark and J.W. Woods, “Probability and Random Processes with Applications to
Signal Processing”, Pearson Education (Asia), 3rd Edition, 2002.

3. Hwei Hsu, “Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Probability, Random Variables
and Random Processes”, Tata McGraw-Hill edition, New Delhi, 2004.
4. Leon-Garcia,A, “Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering”, Pearson
Education Asia, Second Edition, 2007.
5. Yates and D.J. Goodman, “Probability and Stochastic Processes”, John Wiley and
Sons, Second edition, 2005.
 EC 2251 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS II 3 1 0 4

AIM
The aim of this course is to familiarize the student with the analysis and design of feed
back amplifiers, oscillators, tuned amplifiers, wave shaping circuits, multivibrators and
blocking oscillators.

OBJECTIVES
On completion of this course the student will understand
• The advantages and method of analysis of feedback amplifiers
• Analysis and design of LC and RC oscillators, tuned amplifiers, wave shaping circuits,
multivibrators, blocking oscillators and time base generators.

UNIT 1 FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS 9

Block diagram, Loop gain, Gain with feedback, Effects of negative feedback – Sensitivity
and desensitivity of gain, Cut-off frequencies, distortion, noise, input impedance and
output impedance with feedback, Four types of negative feedback connections – voltage
series feedback, voltage shunt feedback, current series feedback and current shunt
feedback, Method of identifying feedback topology and feedback factor, Nyquist criterion
for stability of feedback amplifiers.

UNIT II OSCILLATORS 9

Classification, Barkhausen Criterion - Mechanism for start of oscillation and stabilization

of amplitude, General form of an Oscillator, Analysis of LC oscillators - Hartley, Colpitts,
Clapp, Franklin, Armstrong, Tuned collector oscillators, RC oscillators - phase shift –
Wienbridge - Twin-T Oscillators, Frequency range of RC and LC Oscillators, Quartz
Crystal Construction, Electrical equivalent circuit of Crystal, Miller and Pierce Crystal
oscillators, frequency stability of oscillators.

UNIT III TUNED AMPLIFIERS

9

Coil losses, unloaded and loaded Q of tank circuits, small signal tuned amplifiers -
Analysis of capacitor coupled single tuned amplifier – double tuned amplifier - effect of
cascading single tuned and double tuned amplifiers on bandwidth – Stagger tuned
amplifiers – large signal tuned amplifiers – Class C tuned amplifier – Efficiency and
applications of Class C tuned amplifier - Stability of tuned amplifiers – Neutralization -
Hazeltine neutralization method.

UNIT IV WAVE SHAPING AND MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUITS 9

RC & RL Integrator and Differentiator circuits – Storage, Delay and Calculation of

Transistor Switching Times – Speed-up Capaitor - Diode clippers, Diode comparator -
Clampers. Collector coupled and Emitter coupled Astable multivibrator - Monostable
 multivibrator - Bistable multivibrators - Triggering methods for Bistable multivibrators -
Schmitt trigger circuit.

UNIT V BLOCKING OSCILLATORS AND TIMEBASE GENERATORS 9

UJT sawtooth waveform generator, Pulse transformers – equivalent circuit – response -

applications, Blocking Oscillator – Free running blocking oscillator - Astable Blocking
Oscillators with base timing – Push-pull Astable blocking oscillator with emitter timing,
Frequency control using core saturation, Triggered blocking oscillator – Monostable
blocking oscillator with base timing – Monostable blocking oscillator with emitter timing,
Time base circuits - Voltage-Time base circuit, Current-Time base circuit - Linearization
through adjustment of driving waveform.

TUTORIAL= 15 TOTAL = 60

TEXT BOOKS
1. Sedra / Smith, Micro Electronic Circuits Oxford University Press, 2004.
2. S. Salivahanan, N. Suresh Kumar and A. Vallavaraj, Electronic Devices and Circuits, 2 nd
Edition, TMH, 2007.

REFERENCES
1. Millman J. and Taub H., Pulse Digital and Switching Waveforms, TMH, 2000.
2. Schilling and Belove, Electronic Circuits, 3rd Edition, TMH, 2002.
3. Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nasheresky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 9th
Edition, Pearson Education / PHI, 2002.
4. David A. Bell, Solid State Pulse Circuits, Prentice Hall of India, 1992.
5. Millman and Halkias. C., Integrated Electronics, TMH, 1991.
 EC 2252 COMMUNICATION THEORY 3 1 0 4

AIM
To study the various analog communication fundamentals viz., Amplitude modulation
and demodulation, angle modulation and demodulation. Noise performance of various
receivers and information theory with source coding theorem are also dealt.

OBJECTIVE

• To provide various Amplitude modulation and demodulation systems.

• To provide various Angle modulation and demodulation systems.
• To provide some depth analysis in noise performance of various receiver.
• To study some basic information theory with some channel coding theorem.

1. AMPLITUDE MODULATION SYSTEMS 10

Review of Spectral Characteristics of Periodic and Non-periodic signals; Generation and
Demodulation of AM, DSBSC, SSB and VSB Signals; Comparison of Amplitude
Modulation Systems; Frequency Translation; FDM; Non – Linear Distortion.

2. ANGLE MODULATION SYSTEMS 8

Phase and Frequency Modulation; Single tone, Narrow Band and Wideband FM;
Transmission Bandwidth; Generation and Demodulation of FM Signal.

3. NOISE THEORY 8
Review of Probability, Random Variables and Random Process; Guassian Process;
Noise – Shot noise, Thermal noise and white noise; Narrow band noise, Noise
temperature; Noise Figure.

4. PERFORMANCE OF CW MODULATION SYSTEMS

10
Superheterodyne Radio receiver and its characteristic; SNR; Noise in DSBSC systems
using coherent detection; Noise in AM system using envelope detection and its FM
system; FM threshold effect; Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM; Comparison of
performances.

5. INFORMATION THEORY 9

Discrete Messages and Information Content, Concept of Amount of Information,

Average information, Entropy, Information rate, Source coding to increase average
information per bit, Shannon-Fano coding, Huffman coding, Lempel-Ziv (LZ) coding,
Shannon’s Theorem, Channel Capacity, Bandwidth- S/N trade-off, Mutual information
and channel capacity, rate distortion theory, Lossy Source coding.

TUTORIAL 15 TOTAL : 60
TEXT BOOKS

1. Dennis Roddy & John Coolen - Electronic Communication (IV Ed.), Prentice Hall
of India.
2. Herbert Taub & Donald L Schilling – Principles of Communication Systems ( 3 rd
Edition ) – Tata McGraw Hill, 2008.

REFERENCE:

1. Simon Haykin, Communication Systems, John Wiley & sons, NY, 4th Edition,
2001.
2. Bruce Carlson - Communication Systems. (III Ed.), Mc Graw Hill.
3. B.P.Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, Third Edition,
Oxfod Press,2007.
4. R.P Singh and S.D.Sapre, “Communication Systems – Analog and Digital”, Tata
McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, 2007.
5. John G. Proakis, Masoud Salehi, Fundamentals of Communication Systems,
Pearson Education, 2006.
EC 2253 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS 3104

AIM
To familiarize the student to the concepts, calculations and pertaining to electric,
magnetic and electromagnetic fields so that an in depth understanding of antennas,
electronic devices, Waveguides is possible.

OBJECTIVES

• To analyze fields a potentials due to static changes

• To evaluate static magnetic fields
• To understand how materials affect electric and magnetic fields
• To understand the relation between the fields under time varying situations
• To understand principles of propagation of uniform plane waves.

UNIT I STATIC ELECTRIC FIELDS

9

Introduction to Co-ordinate System – Rectangular – Cylindrical and Spherical Co-

ordinate System – Introduction to line, Surface and Volume Integrals – Definition of Curl,
Divergence and Gradient – Meaning of Stokes theorem and Divergence theorem
Coulomb’s Law in Vector Form – Definition of Electric Field Intensity – Principle of
Superposition – Electric Field due to discrete charges – Electric field due to continuous
charge distribution - Electric Field due to charges distributed uniformly on an infinite and
finite line – Electric Field on the axis of a uniformly charged circular disc – Electric Field
due to an infinite uniformly charged sheet.
Electric Scalar Potential – Relationship between potential and electric field - Potential
due to infinite uniformly charged line – Potential due to electrical dipole - Electric Flux
Density – Gauss Law – Proof of Gauss Law – Applications.

UNIT II STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD

9

The Biot-Savart Law in vector form – Magnetic Field intensity due to a finite and infinite
wire carrying a current I – Magnetic field intensity on the axis of a circular and
rectangular loop carrying a current I – Ampere’s circuital law and simple applications.
Magnetic flux density – The Lorentz force equation for a moving charge and applications
– Force on a wire carrying a current I placed in a magnetic field – Torque on a loop
carrying a current I – Magnetic moment – Magnetic Vector Potential.

UNIT III ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS IN MATERIALS

9
 Poisson’s and Laplace’s equation – Electric Polarization-Nature of dielectric materials-
Definition of Capacitance – Capacitance of various geometries using Laplace’s equation
– Electrostatic energy and energy density – Boundary conditions for electric fields –
Electric current – Current density – point form of ohm’s law – continuity equation for
current.
Definition of Inductance – Inductance of loops and solenoids – Definition of mutual
inductance – simple examples. Energy density in magnetic fields – Nature of magnetic
materials – magnetization and permeability - magnetic boundary conditions.

UNIT IV TIME VARYING ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS

9

Faraday’s law – Maxwell’s Second Equation in integral form from Faraday’s Law –
Equation expressed in point form.
Displacement current – Ampere’s circuital law in integral form – Modified form of
Ampere’s circuital law as Maxwell’s first equation in integral form – Equation expressed
in point form. Maxwell’s four equations in integral form and differential form.
Poynting Vector and the flow of power – Power flow in a co-axial cable – Instantaneous
Average and Complex Poynting Vector.

UNIT V ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 9

Derivation of Wave Equation – Uniform Plane Waves – Maxwell’s equation in Phasor

form – Wave equation in Phasor form – Plane waves in free space and in a homogenous
material.
Wave equation for a conducting medium – Plane waves in lossy dielectrics –
Propagation in good conductors – Skin effect.
Linear, Elliptical and circular polarization – Reflection of Plane Wave from a conductor –
normal incidence – Reflection of Plane Waves by a perfect dielectric – normal and
oblique incidence. Dependence on Polarization. Brewster angle.

TUTORIAL 15 TOTAL :
60

TEXTBOOKS

1. W H.Hayt & J A Buck : “Engineering Electromagnetics” TATA McGraw-Hill, 7th

Edition 2007 (Unit I,II,III ).
2. E.C. Jordan & K.G. Balmain “Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems.”
Pearson Education/PHI 4nd edition 2006. (Unit IV, V).

REFERENCES

1. Matthew N.O.Sadiku: “Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics” Oxford University

Press, 4th edition, 2007
2. Narayana Rao, N : “Elements of Engineering Electromagnetics” 6th edition, Pearson
Education, New Delhi, 2006.
3. Ramo, Whinnery and Van Duzer: “Fields and Waves in Communications Electronics”
John Wiley & Sons ,3rd edition 2003.
4. David K.Cheng: “Field and Wave Electromagnetics - Second Edition-Pearson Edition,
2004.
5. G.S.N. Raju, Electromagnetic Field Theory & Transmission Lines, Pearson Education,
2006

EC 2254 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 3 0 0 3

AIM:

To teach the basic concepts in the design of electronic circuits using linear integrated
circuits and their applications in the processing of analog signals.

OBJECTIVES

• To introduce the basic building blocks of linear integrated circuits.

• To teach the linear and non-linear applications of operational amplifiers.
• To introduce the theory and applications of analog multipliers and PLL.
• To teach the theory of ADC and DAC
• To introduce the concepts of waveform generation and introduce some special function
ICs.

UNIT - I IC FABRICATION AND CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION FOR LINEAR ICS

9
Advantages of Ics over discrete components – Manufacturing process of monolithic Ics –
Construction of monolithic bipolar transistor – Monolithic diodes – Integrated Resistors –
Monolithic Capacitors – Inductors. Current mirror and current sources, Current sources
as active loads, Voltage sources, Voltage References, BJT Differential amplifier with
active loads, General operational amplifier stages -and internal circuit diagrams of IC
741, DC and AC performance characteristics, slew rate, Open and closed loop
configurations.

UNIT - II APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 9

Sign Changer, Scale Changer, Phase Shift Circuits, Voltage Follower, V-to-I and I-to-V
converters, adder, subtractor, Instrumentation amplifier, Integrator, Differentiator,
Logarithmic amplifier, Antilogarithmic amplifier, Comparators, Schmitt trigger, Precision
rectifier, peak detector, clipper and clamper, Low-pass, high-pass and band-pass
Butterworth filters.
 UNIT - III ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL 9

Analog Multiplier using Emitter Coupled Transistor Pair - Gilbert Multiplier cell - Variable
transconductance technique, analog multiplier ICs and their applications, Operation of
the basic PLL, Closed loop analysis, Voltage controlled oscillator, Monolithic PLL IC 565,
application of PLL for AM detection, FM detection, FSK modulation and demodulation
and Frequency synthesizing.

UNIT - IV ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS 8

Analog and Digital Data Conversions, D/A converter – specifications - weighted resistor
type, R-2R Ladder type, Voltage Mode and Current-Mode Ladder types -
switches for D/A converters, high speed sample-and-hold circuits, A/D Converters –
specifications - Flash type - Successive Approximation type - Single Slope type - Dual
Slope type - A/D Converter using Voltage-to-Time Conversion - Over-sampling A/D
Converters.

UNIT - V WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL FUNCTION ICs 9

Sine-wave generators, Multivibrators and Triangular wave generator, Saw-tooth wave

generator, ICL8038 function generator, Timer IC 555, IC Voltage regulators - Three
terminal fixed and adjustable voltage regulators - IC 723 general purpose regulator -
Monolithic switching regulator, Switched capacitor filter IC MF10, Frequency to Voltage
and Voltage to Frequency converters, Audio Power amplifier, Video Amplifier, Isolation
Amplifier, Opto-couplers and fibre optic IC.

TOTAL : 45 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Sergio Franco, Design with operational amplifiers and analog integrated circuits, 3rd
Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2007.
2. D.Roy Choudhry, Shail Jain, Linear Integrated Circuits, New Age International Pvt. Ltd.,
2000.

REFERENCES:
1. B.S.Sonde, System design using Integrated Circuits , New Age Pub, 2nd Edition, 2001
2. Gray and Meyer, Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, Wiley International,
2005.
3. Ramakant A.Gayakwad, OP-AMP and Linear ICs, Prentice Hall / Pearson Education, 4th
Edition, 2001.
4. J.Michael Jacob, Applications and Design with Analog Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall
of India, 1996.
5. William D.Stanley, Operational Amplifiers with Linear Integrated Circuits, Pearson
Education, 2004.
6. K Lal Kishore, Operational Amplifier and Linear Integrated Circuits, Pearson Education,
2006.
7. S.Salivahanan & V.S. Kanchana Bhaskaran, Linear Integrated Circuits, TMH,
2008.
EC 2255 CONTROL SYSTEMS 3 0 0 3

AIM
To familiarize the students with concepts related to the operation analysis and
stabilization of control systems

OBJECTIVES

• To understand the open loop and closed loop (feedback ) systems

• To understand time domain and frequency domain analysis of control systems
required for stability analysis.
• To understand the compensation technique that can be used to stabilize control
systems

1. CONTROL SYSTEM MODELING 9

Basic Elements of Control System – Open loop and Closed loop systems - Differential
equation - Transfer function, Modeling of Electric systems, Translational and rotational
mechanical systems - Block diagram reduction Techniques - Signal flow graph

2. TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS

9
Time response analysis - First Order Systems - Impulse and Step Response analysis of
second order systems - Steady state errors – P, PI, PD and PID Compensation, Analysis
using MATLAB

3. FREQUENCY RESPONSE ANALYSIS 9

Frequency Response - Bode Plot, Polar Plot, Nyquist Plot - Frequency Domain
specifications from the plots - Constant M and N Circles - Nichol’s Chart - Use of
Nichol’s Chart in Control System Analysis. Series, Parallel, series-parallel Compensators
- Lead, Lag, and Lead Lag Compensators, Analysis using MATLAB.

4. STABILITY ANALYSIS
9
Stability, Routh-Hurwitz Criterion, Root Locus Technique, Construction of Root Locus,
Stability, Dominant Poles, Application of Root Locus Diagram - Nyquist Stability Criterion
- Relative Stability, Analysis using MATLAB

5. STATE VARIABLE ANALYSIS & DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEMS 9

State space representation of Continuous Time systems – State equations – Transfer
function from State Variable Representation – Solutions of the state equations -
Concepts of Controllability and Observability – State space representation for Discrete
time systems. Sampled Data control systems – Sampling Theorem – Sample & Hold –
Open loop & Closed loop sampled data systems.
TOTAL : 45
PERIODS
 TEXTBOOK:

1. J.Nagrath and M.Gopal,” Control System Engineering”, New Age International

Publishers, 5th Edition, 2007.
2. M.Gopal, “Control System – Principles and Design”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition,
2002.

REFERENCES:

1. Benjamin.C.Kuo, “Automatic control systems”, Prentice Hall of India, 7th Edition,1995.

2. M.Gopal, Digital Control and State Variable Methods, 2nd Edition, TMH, 2007.
3. Schaum’s Outline Series,’Feedback and Control Systems’ Tata McGraw-
Hill, 2007.
4. John J.D’azzo & Constantine H.Houpis, ’Linear control system analysis and design’,
Tata McGrow-Hill, Inc., 1995.
5. Richard C. Dorf & Robert H. Bishop, “ Modern Control Systems”, Addidon – Wesley,
1999.

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