Lesson 1- Surveying Concepts

Learning Objectives: To understand the concepts, definition, major division and kind of
surveying,
Definition of Surveying
Surveying is an art and science of making measurements necessary to determine the
relative position of points above, on, or beneath the surface of the earth, or to establish such
points.

Major Division of Surveying

a. Plane surveying - involves surveys that are of limited extent. It considered the portion
of the earth being surveyed to be a plane surface.
b. Geodetic Surveying - a category of surveying that is applicable to large areas, long
lines and in establishing a network of points which are precisely located with respect
to position and elevation.

Kinds of Surveys
a. Topographic Surveys - surveys made for the purpose of securing field data from
which may be made a map representing the three-dimensional relations of the earth
surface.
b. Hydrographic surveying - refers to surveying of lakes, streams, reservoir, oceans and
other bodies of water.
c. Land Surveys - undertaken to establish boundaries, calculate land areas, and to
provide records and maps which show the proper location and subdivision of lands.
d. Route Surveying - surveys that supply data necessary to determine alignment, grades,
and earthwork quantities in connection with the location and construction of
engineering projects.
e. Cadastral Surveys - are urban and rural surveys that are undertaken for the purpose of
locating property lines and improvements in detail, primarily for use in connection
with the ownership, extent, value, and transfer of land.
f. Mine Surveying - are surveys necessary to fix surface boundaries of mining claims, to
establish position of all underground excavations and surface structures of mines, to
fix the positions and directions of shafts, tunnels and drifts.
g. Photogrammetric Surveying - are surveys in which photographs, either terrestrial or
aerial, are used in connection with any of the kinds of surveys.
h. City Surveying - are surveys of the areas in and near a city for the purpose of
planning city improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments, and
determining the physical features and configuration of the land.
i. Construction Surveys - are surveys that are undertaken to provide data regarding
locations and elevations and structures that are of concern to engineers, architects and
builders.
j. Industrial Surveying - the use of surveying techniques in aircraft and other industries
where very accurate dimensional layouts are required.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 1
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Activity 1 - Definition of Important Terms

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Define or describe each of the following terms:

a) Surveying f) Diopter
b) Plane Surveying g) Groma
c) Hydrographic Surveying h) Libella
d) Photogrammetric Surveying i) Gunter's Chain
e) Surveying Field Notes j) Vernier

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 2
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 2 - Most Probable Value

Learning Objectives: To explain general Laws of probability and to solve problems related to
most provable value

General Laws of Probability:

a) If small errors occur more than large errors, they are more probable.
b) Large errors occur infrequently and are therefore less probable.
c) Positive and negative errors of the same size occur with equal frequency. They are
equally probable.

Most Probable Value (mpv) - the average or arithmetic mean of a group of repeated
measurements made under similar conditions.

Example #1:
The following values were observed in a series of rod readings taken under identical
conditions. What is the most probable value?

Trial Rod Readings On Point X

1 3.187
2 3.182
3 3.179
4 3.181
5 3.184
6 3.176
7 3.186
8 3.183
9 3.178
10 3.181
11 3.188
12 3.179
Sum 38.184

n = 12
most probable value = Sum/n
= 38.184/12
mpv = 3.182

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 3
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Activity 2 - Same Quantities Under Identical Conditions

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

After all systematic errors have been eliminated. The several measured lengths of a line
are: 132.56, 132 43, 132.91, 132.87, 132.41 and 132.32 meters. Determine the most probable
value of the length of the line.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 4
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Example #2
The angles about a point have the following observed values: 130º15'20", 142º37'30",
and 87º07'40". Determine the most probable values of the three angles.

130º15'20"

87º07'40"

142º37'30"

Solution:
n=3

Sum = 130º15'20" + 142º37'30" + 87º07'40"

Sum = 360º00'30"

Discrepancy = 360º00'30" - 360º = 30"

Correction Distribution = 30"/n = 30"/3 = ± 10"/angle (to be subtracted)

Angle Observed Values Correction mpv

1 130º15'20" -10" 130º15'10"
2 142º37'30" -10" 142º37'20"
3 87º07'40" -10" 87º07'30"
Sum 360º00'30" -30" 360º00'00"

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 5
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Activity 3 - Related Quantities Under Identical Conditions

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Measurements of three angles about a point P are: APB = 15º32' 45", BPC = 38º28'24",
and CPD = 49º33'27". If the measurement of the single angle APD is 103º34', determine the most
probable values of the angles. Assume that all the four angular measurements were taken in a
clockwise direction.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 6
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 3 - Correction for Temperature

Learning Objective: To correct taping errors caused by the effect of temperature.

Formula for temperature correction for determining change in length:

Cx = KL(T-To)
Where:
Cx = Correction for change in length due to effect of temperature
K = Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Steel (0.00000645/1ºF or
0.0000116/1ºC)
L = Length of tape or measured length (ft. or m.)
T = Temperature of tape during taping (ºF or ºC)
To = Temperature at which tape is of standard length (ºF or ºC)

Example:
A steel tape, with a coefficient of thermal expansion of 0.0000116/1ºC, is known to be of
standard length at 20ºC. If a line measures 1,234.56m using this tape, determine the correction
for temperature and the correct length of the line if the temperature of tape during taping is: a)
8.5ºC, b) 56.4ºC.

Solution:
a) Cx = KL(T - To)
= 0.0000116(1234.56)(8.5º - 20º) = -0.16m
Note: The negative sign indicates that tape occurs since the temperature during taping is
less than the temperature for which tape was standardized.

Correct length of measured line = Measured length - |Cx|

= 1234.56 - 0.16
= 1234.40m.
Note: In measuring, when the tape is too short, the absolute value of the correction is
subtracted from the measured length to determine the correct length of line.

b) Cx = KL(T - To)
= 0.0000116(1234.56)(56.4º - 20º)
Cx = +0.52m
Note: The positive sign indicates that tape lengthening occurs since the temperature
during taping is greater than the temperature for which the tape was standardized.
Correct length of measured line = Measured length + |Cx|
= 1234.56 + 0.52
Correct length of measured line = 1235.08m.
Note: In measuring, when the tape is too long, the absolute value of the correction is
added to the measured length to determine the correct length of the line.
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 7
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Activity 4 - Correction for Temperature

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

A line measured with a 50-meter long steel tape was found to be 543.21 meters when the
temperature was 28ºC. If the tape is of standard length at 20ºC, determine the correct length of
the line.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 8
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Activity 5 - Correction for Temperature

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

A steel tape with a coefficient of thermal expansion of 0.0000116/ºC is known to be 30.00

meters long at 20ºC. The tape was used to measure a line which was found to be 5320.14m long
when the temperature was 32ºC. Determine the following:
a) Temperature correction per tape length.
b) Temperature correction for the measured line.
c) Correct length of the line.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 9
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 4 - Correction for slope

Learning Objective: to apply correction caused by slope errors in taping operation

Rules in Applying Corrections to taping operations:

Measuring: When corrections are applied to the observed length of a line measured
with a tape that is too long, the correction is added.
Laying out: When a required distance is laid out with a tape that is too long, the
correction is subtracted from the required distance to determine the distance to be laid out.

Correction for slope: B

ground surface

S h

A θ C

d Ch
S

a) Since figure ABC is a right triangle:

h2 = s2 - d2
h2 = (s - d)(s + d)
For gentle slopes (less than 20 in 100), assume s = d, and since Ch = s - d;
h2 = Ch(2s) or
Ch = h2/2s
b) Employing the Binomial Expansion the equation expands to:
Ch= h2/2s + h4/8s3 Slope correction formula (approx.) used for steeper slopes. (greater
than 20 in 100)
c) Ch = s - d and since d = s cosθ; C = s - s cosθ or
Ch = s(1 - cosθ) slope correction formula (exact) used for both gentle and steep slopes

Where:
Ch = correction for slope distance
h = difference in elevation between A and B (determined by leveling)
s = slope distance between A and B
d = horizontal distance between A and B, d = s - Ch
θ = angle of inclination
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 10
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Example:
Slope distances AB and BC measures 30.49m and 60.97m, respectively. The differences
in elevation are +1.22m for points A and B, and 0.06m for points B and C. Using the
approximate slope correction formula, determine the following:
a) Total slope correction for the measured line.
b) Horizontal distance of the measured line.

Figure:

S2 = 60.97m h2 =-0.06m

h = +1.22m C

A
d1 d2
HD = d1 + d2

Solution:
a) Ch1 = h12/2S1
= (1.22)2/(2)(30.49)
Ch1 = 0.0244m

Ch2 = h22/2S2
= (0.06)2/(2)(60.97)
Ch2 = 0.000029m

Ch = Ch1 + Ch2
= 0.0244 + 0.000029
Ch = 0.024429m

b) HD = d1 + d2
= (S1 - Ch1) + (S2 - Ch2)
= (30.49 - 0.0244) + (60.97 - 0.000029)
HD = 91.43557m say 91.44m

Activity 6 - Correction for Slope

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 11
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

A line AB measures 120.48 meters on the slope. If the difference in elevation between the
end points is 1.52 meters determine the following:
a) Slope correction for the measured line.
b) Horizontal distance of the measured line.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 12
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Activity 7 - Correction for Slope

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

A line ABC measured on the slope totals 2325.64 meters. The line was measured in two
increments with slope distances of 1123.25 m for AB and 1202.39 m for BC. The difference in
elevation between A and B is 4.25 m and that between B and C is 6.24 m. Using the approximate
slope correction formula, and assuming that the slope of the lines are gentle, determine:
a) Total slope correction for the measured line.
b) Horizontal distance of the measured line.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 13
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 5 - Correction for Tension or Pull

Learning Objective: to correct errors caused by tension or pull in taping operation

The standard tension or pull for a steel tape varies from 10 to 12 lbs. When a steel tape is
pulled with a tension greater or less than the standard pull, it elongates or shortens accordingly in
an elastic manner. Corrections due to tension or pull can be determined by the following formula:
Cp = (P - Po)L/AE
Where:
Cp = the elongation or shortening in one tape (ft.)
P = applied tension or pull (lbs).
Po = tension for which tape is standardized, or the standard pull (lbs).
L = length of tape (ft.)
A = cross-sectional area of tape (sq. inch)
E = elastic modulus of steel (lbs/sq. inch)
Usual value: 28,000,000 to 30,000,000 psi

Example:
A steel tape having a modulus of elasticity of 29,000,000 lbs/sq. inch is 100.0 ft. long
under a pull of 12 lbs, and has a cross-sectional area of 0.005 sq. inches. If a constant pull of 20
lbs is applied in the measurement of a line 872.54 ft. long, determine the correct length of the
line.
Given:
P = 20 lbs.
Po = 12 lbs.
L = 100 ft.
A = 0.005 sq. inch.
E = 29,000,000 lbs/sq. inch
Correct length of the line = ?
Solution:
Cp = (P - Po)L/AE
= (20 - 12)100/(0.005)(29,000,000)
Cp = +0.005517 ft. correction per tape length

By Ratio and Proportion:

0.005517/100 = Cp/872.54
Cp = 872.54(0.005517)/100
Cp = +0.048 say +0.05 correction for measured line

Correct length of measured line (CLML):

CLML = Measured Length + Cp
= 872.54 + 0.05
CLML = 872.59 ft.

Activity 8 - Correction for Tension

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 14
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

A 100 ft. steel tape weighing 2.2 lbs is of standard length under a tension of 10 lbs,
supported for full length. This tape was used in measuring a line (found to be 4500.00 ft) on
smooth level ground under a steady pull of 18 lbs. Assuming E = 29 x 10 6 psi and that 3.53 cubic
inches of steel weighs 1.0 lbs, determine the following:
a. Cross-sectional area of tape
b. Correction for increase in tension per tape length; for the whole length measured
c. Length of the line measured, corrected for the effect of increased tension.

Lesson 6 - Sag Correction

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 15
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Learning Objective: to correct errors caused by sag in taping operartion

When fully supported a tape is of standard length but if it is only supported at its ends, it
will sag because of its own weight. The effect of sag always causes shortening of tape. It is
always a negative value.

The Effect of Sag on Taping Operations:

0-M mark steel tape 30-M mark

P P Tape Supported Throughout

0-M mark steel tape 30-M mark

P P Tape Supported at end points
only
Cs
0-M mark steel tape 30-M mark
P P
Tape supported at ends and
mid-point
Cs= Cs1 + Cs2

Correction for Sag:

Cs = w2L3/24P2 = W2L/24P2

Where:
Cs = correction between points of support due to sag (ft.)
w = weight of tape (lbs/ft)
L = the interval distance between supports (ft)
P = the applied tension (lbs)
W = total weight of tape between supports

Example:
A 50-ft. steel tape weighing 0.03 lbs per ft. is constantly supported at mid-length and at
its end points, and is used to measure a line with a pull of 15 lbs. If the measured length is
2,000.00 ft. determine the following:
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 16
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 a. Correction for sag between supports and per tape length.
b. Total sag correction for the whole length measured.
c. Length of the line corrected for the effect of sag.

P 0' mark 25' mark 50' mark

Support at end support at mid point support at end

W1= 0.75 lbs W2= 0.75 lbs

L= 25 ft. L2= 25 ft.

Solution:
W1= wL1
= 0.03(25)
W1= 0.75 lbs.
W1= W2

a)
Cs1= W12L1/24P2
= (0.75)2(25)/(24)(15)2
Cs1= 0.0026 ft. (sag correction between supports)
Since: W1 = W2 and L1= L2, Cs1 = Cs2
Cs = Cs1 + Cs2 = 0.0026 + 0.0026 = 0.0052 ft. ( sag correction for one tape length)
b) By Ratio and Proportion:
0.0052/50.00 = Total Cs/2000.00
Cs = (2000)(0.0052)/50 = 0.208 ft. (Total sag correction for measured length)

c) Correct Length of Measured Line = Measured Length - Total Cs

= 2000 - 0.208
Correct length of Measured Line = 1,999.79 ft.

Note: Since the effect of sag always causes shortening of tape, the total correction is
subtracted from the measured length to get the correct length of line.

Activity 9 - Correction for Sag

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 17
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 A 30-meter steel tape weighs 1.2 kgs and is supported at its end points and at the 5 and
15-meter marks. If a pull of 6.0 kgs is applied, determine the correction due to sag:
a) Between the zero and 5-meter marks.
b) Between the 5 and 15-meter marks.
c) Between the 15 and 30-meter marks.
d) For one tape length.

Activity 10 - Sag Correction

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 18
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 A 30-m steel tape supported at the ends only, and under a steady pull of 5.5 kgs is used to
measure the length of a dam. If the tape weighs 0.70 kg and it took three full tape lengths and
one partial tape length of 7.46 m to measure the whole length of the dam, compute:
a. the correction for sag for a full tape length.
b. The correction for sag for the partial tape length.
c. The length of the dam after correction for sag is applied.

Lesson 7 - Normal Tension

Learning Objective: To apply normal tension in correcting errors in taping operation

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 19
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Normal tension is the amount of required pull to apply to a suspended length of tape in
order to remove corrections for the effect of sag. In normal tension, the suspended tape will
measure its true length.
Formula for normal tension:
Cp = C s
(P - Po)L/AE = W2L/24P2
P2 = W2 LAE/24(P - Po)L
= W2 AE/24(P - Po)
P = √W2 AE/24(P - Po)
= W√AE/4.8989794√P - Po
= 0.204W√AE/√P - Po
let P = PN
PN = 0.204W√AE/√PN - Po
Example:
Determine the tension at which the effect of sag will be eliminated by the elongation of
the tape due to increased tension. Assume a 100-ft tape having a cross-sectional area of 0.005 sq.
inches, weighing 1.75 lbs, with an elastic modulus of 29,000,000 psi, standardized at a pull of
elastic modulus of 29,000,000 psi, standardized at a pull of 12 lbs, and supported at both ends.

Solution:
P = 0.204W√AE/√PN - Po
= 0.204(1.75)√(0.005)(29,000,000)/√PN - 12
PN = 135.94155/√PN - 12
Try PN = 34
PN = 135.94155/√34 - 12
34 ≠ 28.98

Try PN = 31
PN = 135.94155/√31 - 12
31 ≠ 31.19

Try PN = 30
PN = 135.94155/√30 - 12
30 ≠ 32.04

Try PN = 31.1
PN = 135.94155/√31.1 - 12
31.1 = 31.1
Activity 11 - Normal Tension

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

A 100-ft. steel tape supported at its ends weighs 0.02 lbs/ft and is of standard length
under a pull of 13.0 lbs. If the elastic modulus of steel is 30 x 10 6 psi and its weight density is

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 20
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
490 lbs/cu ft, determine the tension at which the effect of sag will be eliminated by the
elongation of the tape due to increased tension.

Activity 12 - Normal Tension

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

A 100-ft steel tape supported at its ends weighs 0.02 lbs per ft and is standardized at a
pull of 12 lbs. If the elastic modulus of steel is 29,000,000 psi and the cross-sectional dimension

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 21
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
of the tape is 5/16" by 0.016", determine the tension (P N) at which the effect of sag will be
eliminated by the elongation of the tape due to increased tension.

Lesson 8 - Combined Corrections

Learning Objective: to apply combined corrections in taping operation
Corrections for tension, temperature and sag may be combined as a single net correction
per tape length as long as conditions during taping remain constant.
Example:

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 22
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 A 100-ft steel tape weighing 1.65 lbs is of standard length under a pull of 15 lbs and at 70˚F. Under a steady
pull of 20 lbs and at an average temperature of 80˚F during taping, a line is measured with the tape being constantly
supported at the following tape marks: 0, 15, 40, and 100 ft. The length of the line measures 2,500 ft. Using the
following properties of steel: Coefficient of Thermal Expansion = 0.00000645/1˚F, Elastic Modulus = 28,500,000
lbs/sq inch, and Weight Density = 490 lbs/cu ft, determine the following:
a. Cross-sectional area of the tape.
b. Correction for temperature: per tape length; for the measured line.
c. Correction for tension: per tape length; for the measured line.
d. Correction for sag: per tape length; for the measured line.
e. Length of the line corrected for the combined effects of temperature, tension, and sag.
Given: L = 100 ft. W = 1.65 lbs Po = 15 lbs To = 70˚F P = 20 lbs
T = 80˚F M.L. = 2,500 ft K = 0.00000645/1˚F E = 28,500,000 psi
Wt. Density = 490 lbs/cu ft

P = 20 lbs 0' mark 15' mark 40' mark 100' mark P = 20 lbs

S1 S2 S3 S4

W1 = 0.2475 W2 = 0.4125 lbs W3 = 0.9900 lbs

L1 = 15' L2 = 25' L3 = 60'
Solution:
a. A = unit weight/wt. density
= (1.65 lbs/100 ft)/(490 lbs/cu ft)
A = (1.65 sq ft)(144 sq in)/(100)(490)(1 sq ft)
A = 0.00485 sq in
b. Temperature correction per tape length: Temperature correction for measured line:
Cx = KL(T - To) Cx = KL(T - To)
= 0.00000645(100)(80 - 70) = 0.00000645(2,500)(80 - 70)
Cx = + 0.00645 Cx = + 0.16125 ft.
c. Pull correction per tape length: Pull correction for the measured length:
Cp = (P - Po)L/AE Cp = (P - Po)L/AE
Cp = (20 - 15)100/(0.00485)(28,500,000) Cp = (20 - 15)2,500/(0.00485)(28,500,000)
Cp = +0.00362 ft Cp = +0.0904 ft
d) w = W/L = 1.65 lbs/100ft = 0.0165 lbs/ft (Unit weight of steel tape)
W1 = wL1 = 0.0165(15) =0.2475 lbs (weight of tape between 0 and 15 ft mark)
W2 = wL2 = 0.0165(25) = 0.4125 lbs (weight of tape between 15 and 40 ft mark)
W3 = wL3 = 0.0165(60) = 0.9900 lbs (weight of tape between 40 and 100 ft. mark)
Solution check:
W = W1 + W2 + W3
1.65 = 0.2475 + 0.4125 + 0.9900
1.65 = 1.65
Cs = -Cs1 - Cs2 - Cs3 = -W12 L1/24P2 - W22 L2/24P2 - W32 L3/24P2
=- (0.2475)2 (15)/24(20)2 - (0.4125)2 (25)/24(20)2 - (0.99)2 (60)/24(20)2
Cs = -0.00666ft (sag correction per tape length)
-0.00666/100 = Cs/2,500
Cs = -0.1665ft (sag correction for the measured length)
Correct Length of Measured Line = Measured length + Cx + Cp + Cs = 2,500 + 0.16125 + 0.0904 - 0.1665 = 2,500.09 ft.
Activity 13 - Combined Corrections
Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 23
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 A 100-ft steel tape weighing 1.65 lbs is of standard length under a pull of 15 lbs and at
70˚F. Under a steady pull of 20 lbs and at an average temperature of 80˚F during taping, a line is
measured with the tape being constantly supported at the following tape marks: 0, 15, 40, and
100 ft. The length of the line measures 2,500.00 ft. Using the following properties of steel:
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion = 0.00000645/1˚F, Elastic Modulus = 28,500,000 lbs/sq inch,
and Weight Density = 490 lbs/cu ft, determine the following:
a. Cross-sectional area of the tape.
b. Correction for temperature: per tape length; for the measured line.
c. Correction for tension: per tape length; for measured line.
d. Correction for sag: per tape length; for the measured line.
e. Length of the line corrected for the combined effects of temperature, tension, and sag.

Lesson 9 - Angles and Directions

Learning Objectives: To interpret angles and directions

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 24
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 In the fields, angles are measured directly by using some devices such as a compass,
transit, theodolite, sextant, or by plane table and alidade. Directly, an angle may be measured by
the tape method and by computing it form the relation of known quantities in a triangle or other
geometric figure.
Example 1:
Compute the angles AOB, COD, and EOF from the given magnetic bearings:
a. OA, N39˚25'E b. OC, N34˚14'E c. OE, N15˚04'E
OB, N75˚50'E OD, N83˚22'E OF, S36˚00'E
N
A

75˚50' B
39˚25' Angle AOB =75˚50' - 39˚25' = 36˚25'

W E
O
S
N C

83˚22'

34˚14' D Angle COD = 83˚22' - 34˚14' = 49˚08'

W E
O

S
N E

15˚04' Angle EOF = 180˚ - (15˚04' + 36˚00')

= 128˚56'
W O E

36˚00'

S F
Activity 14 - Angles and Directions
Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 25
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Following are the observed magnetic bearings of a compass traverse: AB, N38˚45'E; BC,
N85˚25'E; CD, S56˚44'E; DE, S80˚50'E; EF, N59˚40'E and FG, Due East. Compute the true
bearing of its line if the magnetic declination in the locality is 02˚50' East.

Example 2:

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 26
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 In 1776 a line AB had a magnetic bearing of N22˚15'W. The declination of the needle at
that place in 1776 was 02˚25' west. In 1976 the declination was 04˚25' east. What was the
magnetic bearing of the line in 1976? Its true bearing?

Figure:

TN TN
MN Decln = 4˚25'E

Decln = 2˚25'W
Line mag. Brng.
22˚15' B
B true brng.
True bearing
A A

Year 1776 Year 1976

Solution:

True bearing of line AB = N(Magnetic Bearing + declination)W

= N(22˚15' + 2˚25')W
= N 24˚40'W

Magnetic bearing of line AB in 1976 = N(true bearing + declination)W

= N(24˚40' + 4˚25')W
= N29˚5'W

Activity 15 - Angles and Directions

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 27
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

In an old survey, a line had a magnetic bearing of S78˚12'E when the magnetic
declination was 4˚35' West. In a survey performed in 1980, the declination in the same locality
changed to 02˚55' East. Find the true bearing of the line and its magnetic bearing based on the
new survey.

Lesson 10 - Bearing and Azimuth of a Line

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 28
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Learning Objectives: to investigate bearing and azimuth

Bearing of a line:
The bearing of a line is the acute horizontal angle between the meridian and the line. It is
measured from either north or south toward the east or west and may within any of the four
quadrants such as the northeast (NE), northwest (NW), southeast (SE) or southwest (SW).

N A Example:
44˚ Bearing of Lines in the figure:
F 20˚ OA = N44˚E
OB = S30˚E
W O E OC = Due South
OD = S50˚W
OF = N20˚E

D 50˚
C 30˚ B
S

Azimuth of a Line:
Another term used to indicate the direction, azimuth of any line is the clockwise angle
designated as being measured between either the north end or south end of the reference
meridian and the line in question. It may have any value from 0 to 360 degrees and do not
require letters to identify the quadrants.

180˚
A Example:
150˚ Azimuth reckoned from north:
F 40˚ OA = 40˚
OB = 150˚
W O E OC = 180˚

103˚ Azimuth reckoned from south:

D 50˚ OD = 50˚
B OF = 103˚
C

Activity 16 - Angles and Directions

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 29
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

The following magnetic azimuths of an open compass traverse are reckoned from north:
AB, 182˚07'; BC, 277˚43'; CD, 314˚24'; and DE, 00˚26'. What are the corresponding true
bearings if the magnetic declination is 04˚30' within the locality?

Activity 17 - Angles and Directions

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 30
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Following are the observed magnetic bearings of a compass traverse:

AB: N48˚42'E CD: S66˚44'E EF: 79˚40'E
BC: N80˚35'E DE: S83˚56'E FG: Due South
Compute the true azimuth (reckoned from south) of each line if the magnetic declination
in the locality is 3˚25' West.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 31
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Activity 18 - Converting Bearings to Azimuths
Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Convert the following bearings to azimuth (reckoned from south):

a. N17˚42'E c. S57˚28'W e. N09˚19'W
b. S24˚35'E d. N76˚31'W f. Due West

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 32
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Activity 19 - Converting Azimuths to Bearings
Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Convert the following azimuths (reckoned from north) to bearings:

a. 52˚22' c. 219˚54' e. 05˚20'
b. 135˚42' d. 337˚18' f. 180˚00'

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 33
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 11 - Adjustment of an Open Compass Traverse

Learning Objective: to familiarize a technique of adjusting open compass traverse

The traverse line free from local attraction is a basis for the adjustment of the open
compass traverse. The traverse angles are computed from observed bearings and starting from
the unaffected line or the "best line", the correct bearings of successive lines may be computed.
Example:
Given in the tabulation below are the observed forward and back bearings of an open
compass traverse. Plot the traverse and adjust the forward and back bearings of each course.
Tabulate answers and show accompanying computations.

Sketch of the traverse:

N
B

25˚40'
20˚30'
400.63
450.22 G
25˚45'
A
20˚25' 21˚55'

C
700.05

35˚30'
22˚05'
500.89

35˚30' 545.41
58˚50' 58˚15'
D 640.46 75˚25'

75˚30' E

Tabulated Solution:

Line Length Adjusted Bearings

Forward Back
AB 400.63m N25˚45'E S25˚45'W
BC 450.22 S20˚25'E N20˚25'W
CD 500.89 S35˚30'W N35˚30'E
DE 640.46 S75˚30'E N75˚30"W
EF 545.41 N58˚45'E S58˚45'W
FG 700.05 N22˚35'E S22˚35'W

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 34
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Activity 20 - Adjustment of an Open Compass Traverse
Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:________________
_
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

The following are magnetic bearings taken for an open compass traverse. Adjust the
observed directions of each line and tabulate values.
Line Observed Bearings
Forward Back
1-2 N47˚15'E S46˚30'W
2-3 S55˚30'E N56˚15'W
3-4 S31˚00'E N31˚45'W
4-5 Due West N89˚30'E
5-6 N45˚30'W S45˚30'E
6-7 N01˚00'W Due South

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 35
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 12 - Adjustment of a Closed Compass Traverse
Learning Objectives: to familiarize a technique of adjusting close compass traverse
In the adjustment of a closed compass traverse, the method used in the adjustment of an open compass
traverse may be extended to include the effect of observational errors.
a) The interior angle at each station is computed from the observed bearings. The computed value will be
free from local attractions.
b) The sum of interior angles should equal (n-2)180˚ in which n is the number of sides in the traverse.
c) Since the error of observing a bearing is accidental, the error of closure of the traverse is assumed to be
distributed equally, and the interior angles are corrected accordingly.

Example:
The following are observed bearings of a closed compass traverse. Compute the interior
angles and correct them for observational errors. Assuming the observed bearings of the line AB
to be correct ("best line"), adjust the bearings of the remaining sides.
Line Length Observed Bearings
Forward Back
AB 46.50 S30˚40'W N30˚40'
BC 75.15 S83˚50'E N84˚30'W
CD 117.35 N02˚00'W S02˚15'E
DE 74.92 S89˚30'W Due Est
EA 60.25 S28˚50'E N28˚˚00'W

D
74.92
90˚00' 89˚30'

E 02˚15' E
28˚50' 74.92 89˚20'
60.25 89˚20' D
117.35 28˚05'
60.25 01˚10'
28˚00'
A
28˚05' 117.35
30˚40' A
46.50
30˚40' 02˚00' 30˚40'
B 46.50
75.15 84˚30'
83˚50' C 30˚40' 01˚10'
B
75.15 83˚45'
N 83˚45' C

Sketch of the Traverse Sketch of the Adjusted Traverse

Station Computed Corrections Adjusted Line Adjusted Bearings

Interior Angle Interior Angle Forward Back
A 238˚40' +05' 238˚45' AB S30˚40'W N30˚40'E
B 65˚30' +05' 65˚35' BC S83˚45'E N83˚45'W
C 82˚30' +05' 82˚35' CD N01˚10'W S01˚10'E
D 91˚45' +05' 91˚50' DE N89˚20'W S89˚20'E
E 61˚10' +05' 61˚15' EA S28˚05'E N28˚05'W
Sum 539˚35' +25' 540˚00'
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 36
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Activity 21 - Adjustment of a Closed Compass Traverse
Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:________________
_
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Given in the tabulation are the observed forward and back bearings of a closed compass
traverse and the length of each course.

Line Length Observed Bearings

Forward Back
1-2 538.50m S29˚55'W N30˚30'E
2-3 808.65 S83˚45'E N83˚45'W
3-4 1041.25 N01˚00'W S01˚15'E
4-5 780.10 N89˚15'W S89˚40'E
5-1 560.15 S28˚15'E N29˚00'W

a. Compute the interior angles and correct for observational errors.

b. Adjust the bearings of the traverse.
c. Tabulate all given and calculated values accordingly.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 37
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 13 - Interior-Angle-Traverse

Learning Objectives: to familiarize with interior angle traverse and apply in problem solving

In interior-angle-traverse, the vernier of a transit is set at zero at each station and a

backsight to the preceding transit station is taken. The instrument is then turned on its upper
motion until the forward station is sighted and the interior angle is read.
Example:
The observed interior angles of a five sided closed traverse are as follows: A = 118˚30'; B
= 95˚33'; D = 134˚10'; and E = 140˚50'. Angle C is not measured.
a) Compute the angle at C, assuming the given values to be correct.
b) What are the computed bearings if the bearing of AB is N15˚30'E.
Solution:
a) n = 5
sum of interior angles = (n - 2) 180˚ = (5 - 2)(180) = 540˚
A + B + C + D + E = 540˚
C = 540˚ - (A + B + D + E)
C = 540˚ - (118˚30' + 95˚33' + 134˚10' + 140˚50')
C = 50˚57'
b) Determining Bearings:
B

θ = 95˚33' - 15˚30' = 80˚03'

Bearing of BC is S80˚03'E
95˚33' C
15˚30' θ

B 80˚03'
C
50˚57' θ = 180˚ - (50˚57' + 80˚03') = 49˚00'
Bearing of CD is S49˚00'W
θ

θ 49˚00' C
θ = 134˚10' - 49˚00' = 85˚10'
134˚10' Bearing of DE is N85˚10'W
E
D

A θ
140˚50' θ = 140˚50' + 85˚10' - 180˚ = 46˚00'
Bearing of EA is N 46˚00'W

E D

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 38
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 85˚10'
Activity 22 - Interior Angle Traverse
Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:________________
_
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

The interior angles of a five-sided closed traverse as follows: A = 118˚32', B = 95˚48', C

= 147˚53', and D = 133˚22'. Assuming the given values to be precisely observed, compute the
value of the angle at station E. If the traverse stations are labeled in a clockwise direction,
determine the deflection angles at the following stations: A, B, C, D, and E

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 39
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 14 - Deflection-Angle-Traverse

Learning Objectives: to familiarize with deflection-angle-traverse and apply in problem solving

A deflection angle is not complete without the right (R) of left (L) designation and it
cannot exceed 180˚. Using a transit, it is measured by back sighting on a back line with the
telescope in reversed position and the vernier reading at zero. The telescope is then pointed in the
direction of the forward line by loosening and turning the upper motion then the value of the
deflection angle is read.
Example:
Following are deflection angles of traverse A to F: B, 32˚12'L; C, 10˚22'L; D, 62˚30'R; E,
14˚08'L. The true bearing of AB is S35˚52'E. Compute the bearings of the remaining lines.
Sketch of the traverse:
A

35˚52'

32˚12'L C
D
10˚22'L

62˚30'R

14˚08'L

A B F

B
32˚12'L C
35˚52' C 10˚22'L
68˚04'
θ θ D
θ = 35˚52' + 32˚12' = 68˚04' θ = 68˚04' + 10˚22' =78˚26'
Bearing of BC is S68˚04'E Bearing of CD is S78˚26'E
D
C

D E
62˚30'R 14˚08'L

78˚26' 15˚56'
θ F
θ E
θ = 78˚26' - 62˚30' = 15˚56' θ = 15˚56' + 14˚08' = 30˚04'

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 40
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Bearing of DE is S 15˚56'E Bearing of EF is S30˚04'E
Activity 23 - Deflection Angle Traverse
Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:________________
_
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

The following are the observed deflection angles of a closed traverse: A = 86˚22'L, B =
10˚10'R, C = 82˚30'L, D = 62˚26'L, E = 35˚18'L, F = 73˚54'L, and G = 29˚47'L. Determine the
error of closure.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 41
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 15 - Angle to the Right Traverse

Learning Objectives: to familiarize with angle to the right traverse and apply in problem solving

Angle to the Right Traverse is measured clockwise from the backsight on the back line to
the forward line and lie anywhere from 0˚ to 360˚.
Figure of an Angle to the Right Traverse: Open Traverse

D
θB
θC
B
A C

Example:
A closed traverse proceeds in a clockwise direction and the angles to the right at each
station were observed as follows: A = 269˚50', B = 269˚38', C = 193˚02', D = 256˚40', E =
270˚25'.
a) Determine the error in the sum of the angles (error of closure).
b) Adjust the angular values observed on the assumption that the error is the same for
each angle.

Solution:
n=5
sum = (n+2)180˚
(n+2)180˚ = A + B + C + D + E
(5+2)180˚ = 269˚50' + 269˚38' + 193˚02' + 256˚40' + 270˚25' = 1260˚ ≠ 1259˚35'

Error of Closure = 1260˚ - 1259˚35' = 25'

Correction = Error of Closure/n = 25'/5 = 05'

Adjusted angles:

Station Angle Correction Adjusted Angle

A 269˚50' +05' 269˚55'
B 269˚38' +05' 269˚43'
C 193˚02' +05' 193˚07'
D 256˚40' +05' 256˚45'
E 270˚25' +05' 270˚30'
Sum 1260˚00'
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 42
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Activity 24 - Angle to the Right Traverse

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

A closed traverse proceeds in a clockwise direction and the angle to the right at each
station where observed as follows: A = 269˚50', B = 269˚38', C = 193˚02', D = 256˚40', and E =
270˚25'. Determine the error in the sum of the angles (error of closure). Adjust the angular values
observed on the assumption that the error is the same for each angle.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 43
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 16 - Azimuth Traverse
Learning Objectives: to familiarize with azimuth traverse and apply in problem solving
In azimuth traverse the angles may lie anywhere between 0˚ and 360˚ and the azimuths are measured
clockwise either from the north or south end of the meridian to the line.
Figure of an Azimuth Open Traverse:
N
N C AZ CD

AZAB
A N
AZ BC

D
Example: B
The following magnetic azimuths of an open traverse from A to F are reckoned from the south: AB = 185˚13', BC =
272˚44', CD = 315˚08', DE = 0˚46' and EF =70˚02'. What are the angles to the right at stations B, C, D, and E.

AZBC = 272˚44'
B AZ CD = 315˚08'

C
AZAB = 185˚13' D

AZ DE = 0˚46'
E
Solution: ØB
θBC
AZ EF = 70˚02'
B C F

θAB ØB = (180˚ - θAB) + θBc

θAB = (180˚ - 05˚13') + 92˚44' θ CD = 135˚08'
= 267˚31'
A C
θBC Ø D = 44˚52' + 180˚ + AZDE
44˚52' = 44˚52' + 180˚ + 0˚46'
B 87˚16' 44˚52' = 225˚38'
ØC
D ØD
θ CD = 135˚08' D
87˚16' C

D AZ DE = 0˚46' AZDE = 0˚46'

ØC = 87˚16' + θCD
= 87˚16' + 135˚08' E
= 222˚24'
E ØE
Ø E = AZEF + 180˚ - AZDE
= 70˚02' + 180˚ - 0˚46'

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 44
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 = 249˚16'
F
AZ EF = 70˚02'
Activity 25 - Azimuth Traverse

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

A closed traverse proceeds in a clockwise direction and the angle to the right at
each station where observed as follows: A = 269˚50', B = 269˚38', C = 193˚02', D = 256˚40', and
E = 270˚25'. Determine the error in the sum of the angles (error of closure). Adjust the angular
values observed on the assumption that the error is the same for each angle. Determine the
azimuth traverse.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 45
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 17 - Latitudes and Departures

Learning Objectives: To define and interpret latitudes and departures

The Latitude of a line is its projection a north-south direction (reference meridian). Its
magnitude is computed by the formula: latitude = length of the course multiplied by the Cosine
of bearing angle.
The departure of a line is its projection on an east-west line (reference parallel). Its
magnitude is computed by the formula: departure = length of the course multiplied by the Sine of
bearing angle.
Figure:

Reference Meridian (N-S Line)

C' c C

Length BC
+ Latitude

β Bearing Angle

B' B b

W B" C" Reference Parallel

E
+ Departure

+ Latitude of BC = B'C' = Bc = BC cos β

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 46
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 + Departure of BC = B"C" = Bb = BC sin β

Example 1:
Determine the latitude and departure on each course of a given traverse.

Course Bearing Length (meters)

AB N15˚23'E 14.47
BC N80˚03'E 37.03
CD S26˚34'W 33.32
DE S65˚51'E 45.64
EF S35˚32'W 32.33
FG N23˚32'W 86.35

Computation of Latitude on each course:

AB = (14.47)(cos 15˚23') = + 13.95
BC = (37.03)(cos 80˚03') = + 6.40
CD = (33.32)(cos 26˚34' = - 29.80
DE = (45.64)(cos 65˚51') = + 18.67
EF = (32.33)(cos 35˚32') = - 26.22
FG = (86.35)(cos 23˚32') = + 79.17

Computation of departure on each course"

AB = (14.47)(sin 15˚23') = + 3.84
BC = (37.03)(sin 80˚03') = + 36.47
CD = (33.32)(sin 26˚34' = - 14.90
DE = (45.64)(sin 65˚51') = + 41.64
EF = (32.33)(sin 35˚32') = - 18.73
FG = (86.35)(sin 23˚32') = - 34.48

Tabulated Solution:
Course Bearing Length (meters) Latitude Departure
AB N15˚23'E 14.47 +13.95 +3.84
BC N80˚03'E 37.03 +6.40 +36.47
CD S26˚34'W 33.32 -29.80 -14.90
DE S65˚51'E 45.64 -18.67 +41.64
EF S35˚32'W 32.33 -26.22 -18.73
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 47
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 FG N23˚32'W 86.35 +79.17 -34.48

Activity 26 - Latitudes and Departures

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

The following are the observed data of a deflection traverse. Deflection Angles: Station
A, 89˚55'R; Station B, 118˚30'R; Station C, 40˚10'L; Station D, 101˚15'R; and Station E,
90˚30'R. Course Lengths: AB, 263.22m; BC, 244.32m; CD, 456.42m; DE, 164.16m; and EA,
690.53m. If the azimuth (reckoned from south) of course AB is 205˚30,, determine the latitude
and departure of each course. Tabulate computed values accordingly.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 48
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Lesson 18 - Determining Linear Error of Closure and Bearing of the Side of Error
Learning Objectives: to interpret and compute linear error of closure and bearing of the side of error
A' (Final Point) To Other Station

Є e
Total error in Lat. (CL)

Unadjusted closing line

A (Initial Point)

Total Error in Departure (CD)

True Closing Line

To Other Station
Formula:
CL = ΣNL + ΣSL
CD = ΣED + ΣWD
e = √ CL2 + CD2
Tan Є = -CD/-CL
Example:
In a given closed traverse the sum of the north latitudes exceeds the sum of the south
latitudes by 3.41 meters and the sum of the west departures exceeds the sum of the east
departures by 4.11 meters. Determine the linear error of closure and the bearing of the side of
error.

Solution:
CL = + 3.41 m
CD = - 4.11 m

Linear Error of Closure:

L.E.C. = √ CD2 + CL2
= √ (-4.11)2 + (+3.41)2
L.E.C. = 5.34 m.

Bearing of the Side of Error:

Tan Є = -CD/-CL
= - (-4.11)/-(+3.41)
= +4.11/-3.41
Tan Є = - 1.205278592
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 49
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Є = 50˚19'05"

Therefore the Bearing is S 50˚19'05"E

Activity 27 - Determining Linear Error of Closure and Bearing of the Side of

Error

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Given below are the observed data for a closed traverse obtained from a transit-tape
survey:
Course Azimuth Reckoned from North Length (meters)
AB 228˚20' 161.46
BC 267˚43' 180.49
CD 352˚01' 171.83
DE 82˚12' 229.70
EA 131˚48' 130.55
a. Compute the following: Latitude and departure of each course, linear error of closure,
direction of the side of error, and the relative error of closure.
b. Tabulate values observed and computed.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 50
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Activity 28 - Error of Closure

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Given the traverse notes tabulated below. Determine the following: a) error of closure in
Latitude, b) error of closure in departure, c) linear error of closure, d) bearing of the side of error,
e) relative error of closure.
Line Bearing Distance
1-2 N00˚42'00"E 1221.2m
2-3 S85˚57'00"E 541.3
3-4 S03˚04"00"W 795.4
4-1 S52˚51'00"W 646.8

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 51
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 19 - Adjustment of Latitudes and Departures

Learning Objectives: to apply techniques of adjusting latitudes and departures

Latitude Correction: Departure Correction:

cl/CL = d/D or c1 = (d/D)CL cd/CD = d/D or cd = (d/D)CD
Where: Where:
c1 = correction to be applied to the latitude of any course. cd = correction to be applied to the departure.
CL = Total Correction in latitude C D = total correction in departure
d = length of the course d = length of the course
D = Total length of the traverse D = total length of the traverse.

Example:

Balance the traverse data tabulated below.

Line Length (meters) Bearing
AB 20.25 S56˚12'E
BC 18.36 S32˚40'W
CD 32.33 N64˚26'E
DA 38.18 N70˚40'

Solution:

Corrections for Latitude: A

cl = (d/D)CL
cAB = (20.25/109.12)5.93 = 1.10 56˚12' 20.25
cBC = (18.36/109.12)5.93 = 1.00 38.18
cCD = (32.33/109.12)5.93 = 1.76 60˚40' B
cDA = (38.18/109.12)5.93 = 2.07

Corrections for Departure: 32˚40'

cd = (d/D)CD D 18.36
cAB = (20.25/109.12)11.04 = 2.05 64˚26'
cBC = (18.36/109.12)11.04 = 1.86 32.33
cCD = (32.33/109.12)11.04 = 3.27
cDA = (38.18/109.12)11.04 = 3.86 C

Tabulated Solution:
Line Bearing Distance Latitude Departure Correction Corrected Corrected
Latitude Departure Latitude Departure
AB S56˚12'E 20.25m -11.26 +16.83 +1.10 -2.05 -12.36 +14.78

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 52
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 BC S32˚40'W 18.36m -15.46 -9.91 +1.00 +1.86 -16.46 -11.77
CD N64˚26'W 32.33m +13.95 -29.16 -1.76 +3.27 +12.19 -32.43
DA N60˚40'E 38.18m +18.70 +33.28 -2.07 -3.86 +16.63 +29.42
Total 109.12m +5.93 +11.04 0 0

Activity 29 - Adjustment of Latitudes and Departures by Compass Rule

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Balance the traverse data tabulated below: Show tabulation of your solution.

Course Bearing Distance (meters)

AB N10˚15'W 60.23
BC N26˚43'E 40.45
CD S83˚14'E 50.55
DE S15˚35'E 30.36
EA S55˚53'W 106.01

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 53
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 20 - Adjustment of Lengths and Bearings

Learning Objectives: to apply techniques of adjusting lengths and bearings

Adjusted Length:
Adj. L = √(adj. Lat.)2 + (adj. Dep.)2

Adjusted Bearing:
Tan θ = adj. Dep./adj. Lat.

Example:
Given in the tabulations are the adjusted latitudes and adjusted departures of a closed
traverse. Determine the adjusted lengths and bearings.

Corrected Corrected
Line Latitude Departure

AB -12.36 +14.78
BC -16.46 -11.77
CD +12.19 -32.43
DA +16.63 +29.42

Solution:
Adjusted lengths:
Adj. L = √(adj. Lat.)2 + (adj. Dep.)2
Adj. LAB = √(-12.36) 2 + (+14.78)2 = 19.27m.
Adj. LBC = √(-16.46)2 + (-11.77)2 = 20.23m.
Adj. LCD = √(+12.19)2 + (-32.43)2 = 34.64m.
Adj. LDA = √(+16.63)2 + (+29.42)2 = 33.79m.

Adjusted Bearings:

Tan θAB = adj. Dep./adj. Lat.

Tan θAB = 14.78/12.36 ; θAB = 50˚06'

Tan θBC = 11.77/16.46 ; θBC = 35˚34'
Tan θCD = 32.43/12.29 ; θCD = 69˚15'
Tan θDA = 29.42/16.63 ; θDA = 60˚31'

Tabulated Solution:
Line Adjusted Length (meters) Adjusted Bearing

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 54
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 AB 19.27 S50˚06'E
BC 20.23 S35˚34'W
CD 34.64 N69˚15'W
DA 33.79 N60˚31'E

Activity 30 - Adjustment of Lengths and Bearings

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Determine the adjusted length and bearing of each course in a problem given in activity
29.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 55
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 21 - Calculating Coordinates

Learning Objectives: to apply the rules in computing coordinates

Rules in Computing Coordinates.

1. The total latitude of any point is the algebraic sum of latitudes of lines lying between
the point and the reference parallel passing through the origin.
2. The total departure of any point is the algebraic sum of departures of lines lying
between the point and the reference meridian passing through the origin.

Example:
Given in the tabulations are the adjusted latitudes and adjusted departures of a closed
traverse. Compute the coordinates (total latitudes and total departures) of each traverse station
assuming that the reference parallel and reference meridian passes through station A.

Corrected Corrected
Line Latitude Departure

AB -12.36 +14.78
BC -16.46 -11.77
CD +12.19 -32.43
DA +16.63 +29.42
Solution:
Computation of Total Latitude:
Station A = 0.00
Station B = 0.00 - 12.36 = -12.36
Station C = -12.36 - 16.46 = -28.82
Station D = -28.82 + 12.19 = -16.63
Station A = -16.63 + 16.63 = 0.00

Computation of Total Departure:

Station A = 0.00
Station B = 0.00 + 14.78 = + 14.78
Station C = + 14.78 - 11.77 = + 3.01
Station D = + 3.01 - 32.43 = -29.42
Station A = - 29.42 + 29.42 = 0.00
Tabulation of Solution:
Station Coordinates
Total Latitude Total Departure
A 0.00 0.00
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 56
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 B -12.36 +14.78
C -28.82 +3.01
D -16.63 -29.42
A 0.00 0.00

Activity 31 - Calculating Coordinates

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Compute the coordinates of each traverse station in a problem given in activity 29.
Assume that the reference parallel and reference meridian passes through station A (the origin).

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 57
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 22 - Cases of Omitted Measurements for Adjoining Courses

Learning Objectives: to apply cases of solving omitted measurements for adjoining courses
Case 1 - Length and Bearing of one side Omitted.
Example 1:
Given the following data for a closed traverse, compute the length and bearing of
unknown side BC.
Course Bearing Length
AB S25˚13'E 25.65m
BC Unknown Unknown
CD N64˚54'W 45.66m
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m
A

54.67m
25˚13'
25.65m

63˚15'
B
D

θ=?
BC = ?
45.66m
64˚54'

Course Bearing Length Latitude Departure

AB S25˚13'E 25.65m -23.21 +10.93
BC Unknown Unknown - -
CD N64˚54'W 45.66m +19.37 -41.35
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m +24.61 +48.82
Sum +20.77 +18.40
Length of BC:
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 58
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 BC = √(CL)2 + (CD)2
BC = √(+20.77)2 + (+18.40)2 = 27.75m.
Bearing of BC:
Tanθ = -CD/-CL = -(+18.40)/-(+20.77) = +0.885893115
θ = 41˚32'
θ = S41˚32'W
Activity 32 - Omitted Measurement for Adjoining Courses (Case 1)

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Given the following data for a closed traverse, compute the length and bearing of
unknown side BC.
Course Bearing Length
AB N23˚13'E 56.45m
BC Unknown Unknown
CD S63˚25'W 62.01m
DA N15˚54'W 46.23m

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 59
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Case 2: Length of one side and bearing of another omitted.
Example 2:
Given the following data for a closed traverse, for which the length CD and bearing of
DA have not been observed in the field. Determine the unknown quantities.
Course Bearing Length
AB N47˚43'W 67.54m
BC N38˚35'E 54.56m
CD S42˚32'E Unknown
DA Unknown 53.54m

Course Bearing Length Latitude Departure

AB N47˚43'W 67.54m +45.44 -49.97
BC N38˚35'E 54.56m +42.65 +34.03
Sum +88.09 -15.94

Length of CA:
CA = √ (CL)2 + (CD)2
CA = √ (+88.09)2 + (-15.94)2 = 89.52m
C
Bearing of CA:
Tan θ = -CD/-CL = -(-15.94)/-(+88.09)
Tan θ = -0.180951299
θ = 10˚15' 42˚32'
θ = S10˚15'E 10˚15'

β = 32˚17'
BC =54.56m CD = ?

38˚35'

D
α

67.54m
Φ
53.54m
47˚43'
ß = 42˚32' - 10˚15' = 32˚17'

A
Consider triangle ADC and by sine law:
AD/Sine ß = AC/sine α
53.54/sine 32˚17' = 89.52/Sine α
α = 63˚15'
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 60
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Bearing of DA = S [180˚ - 42˚32' - 63˚15']W = S74˚13'W
Φ = 180˚ - ß - α = 180˚ - 32˚17' - 63˚15'
Φ = 84˚28'

Determine length of CD by sine law:

CD/sine Φ = AD/sine ß
CD/ sine 84˚28' = 53.54/sine 32˚17'
CD = 99.78m
Activity 33 - Omitted Measurement for Adjoining Courses (Case 2)

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Given the following data for a closed traverse, compute the length and bearing of the
unknown quantities.
Course Bearing Length
AB S73˚46'E 1,103.00m
BC S14˚12'W 1,460.32m
CD S66˚04'W 1,199.74m
DE N27˚35'W Unknown
EA Unknown 1,718.28m

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 61
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Case 3 - Length of Two Sides Omitted
Given the following data of a closed traverse, for which the length of sides CD and DA
have not been observed in the field. Determine the unknown quantities.
Course Bearing Distance
AB S25˚13'E 25.65m
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m
CD N64˚54'W Unknown
DA N63˚15'E Unknown

DA = ? ß
25˚13'
25.65m

63˚15'
B
D Ω

Φ 41˚32'
BC = 27.75
CD = ?
64˚54'

Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure

AB S25˚13'E 25.65 -23.21 +10.93
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40
Sum -43.98 -7.47

Length of CA:
CA = √(CL)2 + (CD)2 = √(-43.98)2 + (-7.47)2 = 44.61
Bearing of CA:
Tan θ = - CD/-CL = -(-7.47)/-(-43.98) = 0.169849931
θ = 9˚38' = N9˚38'E
Computation of Angles:
Ω = 180˚00' - 64˚54' - 63˚15' = 51˚51'

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 62
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Φ = 64˚54' + 9˚38' = 74˚32'
ß = 180º - 51º51' - 74º32' = 53º37'
Compute CD by Sine Law:
CD/Sine 53˚37' = 44.61/sine 51˚51'
CD = 45.67m
Compute DA by Sine Law:
44.61/sine 51˚51' = DA/sine 74˚32'
DA = 54.67m
Activity 34 - Omitted Measurement for Adjoining Courses (Case 3)

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Given the following data for a closed traverse, compute the length of the unknown
quantities.
Course Bearing Length
AB S73˚46'E 1,103.00m
BC S14˚12'W 1,460.32m
CD S66˚04'W 1,199.74m
DE N27˚35'W Unknown
EA N66˚45'E Unknown

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 63
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Case 4 - Bearing of two adjoining sides omitted.
Given the following data of a closed traverse, for which the bearing of sides CD and DA
have not been observed in the field. Determine the unknown quantities.
Course Bearing Distance
AB S25˚13'E 25.65m
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m
CD Unknown 45.67m
DA Unknown 54.67m
A

DA = 54.67 ß
25˚13'
25.65m

B
D Ω

Φ 41˚32'
BC = 27.75
CD = 45.67

Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure

AB S25˚13'E 25.65 -23.21 +10.93
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40
Sum -43.98 -7.47

Length of CA:
CA = √(CL)2 + (CD)2 = √(-43.98)2 + (-7.47)2 = 44.61
Bearing of CA:
Tan θ = - CD/-CL = -(-7.47)/-(-43.98) = 0.169849931
θ = 9˚38' = N9˚38'E
By cosine law:
(AC)2 = (CD)2 + (DA)2 - 2(CD)(DA)CosΩ
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 64
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
(44.61)2 = (45.67)2 + (54.67)2 - 2(45.67)(54.67)cosΩ
Ω = 51˚51'
Compute Φ by sine law:
54.67/sine Φ = 44.61/sine 51˚51'
Φ = 74˚32'
Bearing of CD = N74˚32' - 9˚38'W = N64˚54'W
Bearing of DA = N180˚ - 51˚51' - 64˚64'E = N63˚5'E
Activity 35 - Omitted Measurement for Adjoining Courses (Case 4)

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Given the following data for a closed traverse, compute the bearing of the unknown
quantities.
Course Bearing Length
AB S73˚46'E 1,103.00m
BC S14˚12'W 1,460.32m
CD S66˚04'W 1,199.74m
DE Unknown 1,180.80m
EA Unknown 1,203.60m

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 65
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 23- Cases of Omitted Measurements for Non Adjoining Courses

Learning Objectives: to apply cases of solving omitted measurements for non-adjoining courses

Steps in solving cases of omitted measurements involving non-adjoining sides.

1. Move a line from one location to a second location parallel to the first by which its latitude and departure remain
unchanged.
2. The algebraic sum of the departures and the algebraic sum of the latitudes of any systems of lines forming a
closed figure is zero.
Case 1 - Length of One Side and Bearing of Another Side Omitted.
Example:
Given the following data of a closed traverse, for which the bearing of side CD and length of AB have not been
observed in the field. Determine the unknown quantities.
Course Bearing Distance
AB S25˚13'E Unknown
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m
CD Unknown 45.67m
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m
A

DA = 54.67
25˚13'
AB = ?

E B
D
Φ

41˚32'
BC = 27.75
CD = 45.67 α

C
Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m +24.61 +48.82
AE S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40
Sum +3.84 +30.42
Length of ED:
ED = √(CD)2 + (CL)2 = √(+3.84)2 + (+30.42)2 = 30.66m.
Bearing of ED:
Tan θ = -CD/-CL = -(+30.42)/-(+3.84) = 7.921875 By Sine Law:
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 66
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
θ = S82˚48'W ED/Sine α = CD/sine Φ
Φ = 82˚48' + 25˚13' = 108˚1' 30.66/Sine α = 45.67/sine 108˚1'
Compute EC by cosine law: α = 39˚40'
(EC)2 = (CD)2 - (ED)2 + 2(EC)(DE)CosΦ
(EC)2 = (45.67)2 - (30.66)2 + 2(EC)(30.66)cos 108˚1' Bearing of CD = N39˚40' + 25˚13'W = N64˚53'W
(EC)2 + 18.97(EC) -1145.71 = 0
By quadratic Formula:
EC = AB = 25.67m
Activity 36 - Omitted Measurement for Non Adjoining Courses (Case 1)

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Given the following data for a closed traverse, compute the unknown quantities.
Course Bearing Length
AB S73˚46'E 1,103.00m
BC S14˚12'W 1,460.32m
CD S66˚04'W Unknown
DE N25˚16'W 1,180.80m
EA Unknown 1,203.60m

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 67
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Case 2 - Length of two sides omitted.
Example:
Given the following data of a closed traverse, for which the length of sides CD and AB have not been
observed in the field. Determine the unknown quantities.

Course Bearing Distance

AB S25˚13'E Unknown
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m
CD N64˚53'W Unknown
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m

DA = 54.67 41˚32'
25˚13'
AB = ?
EA = 27.75

63˚15'
E B
D
β Φ EC = AB =?

41˚32'
BC = 27.75
CD = ? α 64˚53'

Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure

DA N63˚15'E 54.67m +24.61 +48.82
AE S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40
Sum +3.84 +30.42

Length of ED:
ED = √(CD)2 + (CL)2 = √(+3.84)2 + (+30.42)2 = 30.66m.
Bearing of ED:
Tan θ = -CD/-CL = -(+30.42)/-(+3.84) = 7.921875
θ = S82˚48'W
Φ = 82˚48' + 25˚13' = 108˚1'
α = 64˚53' - 25˚13' = 39˚40'
Compute CD by Sine Law:

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 68
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
CD/Sine Φ = ED/Sine α
CD/Sine 108˚1' = 30.66/Sine 39˚40'
CD = 45.68m.
β = 180˚ - Φ - α
β = 180˚ - 108˚1' - 39˚40' = 32˚19'
Compute AB by Sine Law
AB/sine β = ED/sine α
AB/sine 32˚19' = 30.66/sine 39˚40'
AB = 25.68m
Activity 37 - Omitted Measurement for Non Adjoining Courses (Case 2)

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Given the following data for a closed traverse, compute the unknown quantities.
Course Bearing Length
AB S73˚46'E 1,103.00m
BC S14˚12'W 1,460.32m
CD S66˚04'W Unknown
DE N25˚16'W 1,180.80m
EA N35˚43'E Unknown

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 69
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Case 3 - Bearing of two sides omitted.
Example:
Given the following data of a closed traverse, for which the bearing of sides CD and AB have not been
observed in the field. Determine the unknown quantities.

Course Bearing Distance

AB Unknown 25.68m
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m
CD Unknown 45.68m
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m

DA = 54.67 41˚32' ?

AB = 25.68m
EA = 27.75

63˚15'
E B
D
β Φ EC = AB = 25.68m

41˚32'
BC = 27.75
CD = 45.68m α ?

Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure

DA N63˚15'E 54.67m +24.61 +48.82
AE S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40
Sum +3.84 +30.42

Length of ED:
ED = √(CD)2 + (CL)2 = √(+3.84)2 + (+30.42)2 = 30.66m.
Bearing of ED:
Tan θ = -CD/-CL = -(+30.42)/-(+3.84) = 7.921875
θ = S82˚48'W
Compute α by cosine law:

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 70
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
(ED)2 = (EC)2 + (CD)2 - 2(EC)(CD)cosine α
(30.66)2 = (25.68)2 + (45.68)2 - (2)(25.68)(45.68)cosine α
α = 39˚40'
Compute β by sine law:
25.68/sine β = 30.66/sine 39˚40'
β = 32˚19'
Φ = 180˚ - 32˚19' - 39˚40' = 108˚1'
Bearing of EC and AB = S108˚1' - 82˚48'E = S25˚13'E
Bearing of CD = N25˚13' + 39˚40'W = N64˚53'W
Activity 38 - Omitted Measurement for Non Adjoining Courses (Case 3)

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Given the following data for a closed traverse, compute the unknown quantities.
Course Bearing Length
AB S73˚46'E 1,103.00m
BC S14˚12'W 1,460.32m
CD Unknown 1,756.35m
DE N25˚16'W 1,180.80m
EA Unknown 1,899.67m

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 71
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 24 - Area by Triangles
Learning Objectives: to solve area of close traverse by triangle method

Dividing into a series of triangles, making necessary measurements and calculating the
areas using the following trigonometric formulas can find areas of any fields:
1) Area = √s(s - a)(s -b)(s - c)
Where:
a,b and c are sides of the triangle.
s = (a + b + c)/2
2) Area = 0.5(a)(b)sine C
Where:
C is the angle included between sides a and b.
Example:
In the quadrilateral ABCD the sides were measured as follows:
AB = 756.67m AD = 456.78m
BC = 543.63m BD = 568.90m
CD = 467.34m
Determine the area of the quadrilateral.

A1
A2
B

Solution:

Compute A1:
S1 = (BC + CD + DB)/2 = (543.63 + 467.34 + 568.90)/2 = 789.935m.
A1 = √S1(S1 - BC)(S1- CD)(S1 -DB) = √(789.935)(789.935 -543.63)(789.935 - 467.34)(789.935 -568.90)
A1 = √(789.935)(246.305)(322.595)(221.035) = 117,785.45 sq.m.

Compute A2:
S2 = (AB + BD + AD)/2 = 756.67 + 568.90 + 456.78)/2 = 891.18m.
A2 = √S2(S2 - AB)(S2 - BD)(S2 - AD) = √(891.18)(891.18 - 756.67)(891.18 - 568.90)(891.18 - 456.78)
A2 = √(891.18)(134.51)(322.28)(434.4) = 129,545.28 sq.m.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 72
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Compute Total Area:
A = A1 + A2
A = 117785.45 + 129545.28
A = 247330.73 sq.m.

Activity 39 - Computing Area by Triangles

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Compute the area of a close traverse using the following data:

AB = 435.67m EA = 567.76m
BC = 534.23m AD = 845.34m
CD = 467.45m AC = 796.45m
DE = 412.12m

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 73
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 25 - Area Calculation by Method of Coordinates

Learning Objective: to compute area by coordinate method

Computing the area of a closed traverse by method of coordinates is based on the

following rule:
1) The area is equal to one-half the sum of the products of each ordinate multiplied by the
difference between the two adjacent abscissas always subtracting the preceding from the
following abscissa.
Example:
Determine the following from given notes of a closed traverse:
a) The coordinates of each traverse station if the known coordinates of point A are 300 (total
latitudes) and 500 (total departures).
b) The area of the traverse by coordinate method, employing determinants.

Course Bearing Distance

AB S25˚13'E 25.68m
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m

Solution:
a) Coordinates of each traverse station:

Computed latitude and departure of each course:

Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure
AB S25˚13'E 25.68m -23.23 +10.94
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m +19.39 -41.36
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m +24.61 +48.82

Computation of Total Departures: Computation of Total Latitudes:

Station A = 500.00 Station A = 300.00
Station B = 500.00 + 10.94 = 510.94 Station B = 300.00 - 23.23 = 276.77
Station C = 510.94 - 18.40 = 492.54 Station C = 276.77 - 20.77 = 256.00
Station D = 492.54 -41.36 = 451.18 Station D = 256.00 + 19.39 = 275.39
Station A = 451.18 + 48.82 = 500.00 Station A = 275.39 + 24.61 = 300.00

b) Determining Area by coordinate Method Employing Determinants:

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 74
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Area = 1/2│X1/Y1 X2/Y2 X3/Y3 X4/Y4 X1/Y1│

Area = 1/2│500/300 510.94/276.77 492.54/256.00 451.18/275.39 500.00/300.00│

A = 1/2 [(500)(276.77) + (510.94)(256.00) + (492.54)(275.39) + (451.18)(300.00) - [(300.00)(510.94)

+ (276.77)(492.54) + (256.00)(451.18) + (275.39)(500.00)]]
A = 1/2 [138385 + 130800.64 + 135640.59 + 135354.00 - 153282.00 - 136320.30 - 115502.08 - 137695.00]
A = 1309.58 sq.m.
Activity 40 - Computing Area by Coordinates

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Determine the following from given notes of a closed traverse:

Course Bearing Distance (meters)
AB N10˚15'W 60.23
BC N26˚43'E 40.45
CD S83˚14'E 50.55
DE S15˚35'E 30.36
EA S55˚53'W 106.01

a) The coordinates of each traverse station if the known coordinates of point A are 400 (total
latitudes) and 550 (total departures).
b) The area of the traverse by coordinate method, employing determinants.
Given the following data for a closed traverse, compute the unknown quantities.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 75
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 26 - Area Calculation by Double Meridian Distance (DMD) Method

Learning Objective: to compute area by double meridian method

The general rule for computing the area by DMD method is stated as the following:
The DMD of any course is equal to the DMD of the previous course, plus the departure
of that course, plus the departure of the course itself considering their algebraic signs in adding.
The DMD of the last course is numerically equal to the departure of the course but with opposite
sign.

Example:
From the given data compute the area of a closed traverse by DMD method.

Course Bearing Distance

AB S25˚13'E 25.68m
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m

Solution:

Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure DMD Double Area

AB S25˚13'E 25.68m -23.23 +10.94 +10.94 -254.14
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40 +3.48 -72.28
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m +19.39 -41.36 -56.28 -1091.27
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m +24.61 +48.82 -48.82 -1201.46
Sum 0 0 -2619.15
2A = 2619.15
A =1309.58 m2.

Computation on the DMD of each course:

AB = +10.94
BC = +10.94 + 10.94 - 18.40 = + 3.48
CD = +3.48 -18.40 - 41.36 = -56.28
DE = -56.28 - 41.36 + 48.82 = -48.82
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 76
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Computation on the double area of each course:
AB = (-23.23)(+10.94) = -254.14
BC = (-20.77)(+3.48) = -72.28
CD = (+19.39)(-56.28) = -1091.27
DA = (+24.61)(-48.82) = -1201.46
Activity 41 - Area Computation by DMD Method

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Determine the area of a closed traverse from the given notes by DMD Method.
Course Bearing Distance (meters)
AB N10˚25'W 60.23
BC N26˚43'E 40.45
CD S83˚14'E 50.55
DE S15˚35'E 30.36
EA S55˚58'W 106.01

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 77
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 27 - Area Calculation by Double Parallel Distance (DPD) Method

Learning Objective: to compute area by double parallel distance method

The general rule for computing the area by DPD method is stated as the following:
The DPD of the first course is equal to the latitude of that course while the DPD of any
course is equal to the DPD of the previous course plus the latitude of the preceding course plus
the latitude of the course itself considering their algebraic signs in adding. The DPD of the last
course is numerically equal to the DPD of the course with opposite sign.

Example:
From the given data compute the area of a closed traverse by DMD method.

Course Bearing Distance

AB S25˚13'E 25.68m
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m

Solution:

Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure DPD Double Area

AB S25˚13'E 25.68m -23.23 +10.94 -23.23 -254.14
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40 -67.23 +1237.03
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m +19.39 -41.36 -68.61 +2837.71
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m +24.61 +48.82 -24.61 -1201.46
Sum 0 0 -2619.14
2A = 2619.14
A =1309.57 m2

Computation on the DPD of each course:

AB = -23.23
BC = -23.23 - 23.23 - 20.77 = -67.23
CD = -67.23 - 20.77 + 19.39 = -68.61
DA = -68.61 + 19.39 + 24.61 = -24.61

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 78
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Computation on the double area of each course:
AB = (+10.94)(-23.23) = -254.14
BC = (-18.40)(-67.23) = +1237.03
CD = (-41.36)(-68.61) = +2837.71
DA = (+48.82)(-24.61) = -1201.14

Activity 42 - Area Computation by DPD Method

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Determine the area of a closed traverse from the given notes by DPD Method.
Course Bearing Distance (meters)
AB N10˚25'W 60.23
BC N26˚43'E 40.45
CD S83˚14'E 50.55
DE S15˚35'E 30.36
EA S55˚58'W 106.01

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 79
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 28 -Area Computation by Trapezoidal Rule

Learning Objectives: to compute area by trapezoidal rule

The general rule in computing the area by trapezoidal rule is that add the average of the
end offsets to the sum of the intermediate offsets. The product of the quantity thus determined
and the common interval between offsets is the required area.

Area = d[(h1 + hn)/2 + h2 + h3 + h4 + … + h(n-1)]

Where:
AB = traverse line or reference line
CD = irregular boundary
h1, h2, h3,…hn = offsets from the traverse line to the boundary
d = regular interval between offsets

D C

h1 h2 h3 h4 hn
traverse line
A B
d d d d d

Example:
A series of perpendicular offsets were taken from a transit line to an irregular boundary.
Theses offsets were taken 3.0 meters apart and measured in the following orders: 0.00, 2.4, 4.5,
3.2, 2.8, 4.7, 5.1, 1.2, 6.0 meters. By the trapezoidal rule find the area included between the
transit line, the curved boundary, and the end offsets.

h1 = 0.00 h2 = 2.4 h3 = 4.5 h4 = 3.2 h5 = 2.8 h6 = 4.7 h7 = 5.1 h 8= 1.2 h9 = 6.0

d d d d d d d d

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 80
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Solution:
Area = d[(h1 + h9)/2 + h2 + h3 + h4 + h5 + h6 + h7 + h8)
A = 3[(0.0 + 6.0)/2 + 2.4 + 4.5 + 3.2 + 2.8 + 4.7 + 5.1 + 1.2]
A = 32.9 sq.m.
Activity 43- Area Computation by Trapezoidal Rule

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

A series of perpendicular offsets were taken from a transit line to an irregular boundary.
Theses offsets were taken 3.5 meters apart and measured in the following orders: 0.00, 3.4, 5.5,
2.2, 3.8, 4.7, 6.8, 9.8, 7.8, 3.4, 5.7, 2.1, 1.2, 5.0 meters. By the trapezoidal rule find the area
included between the transit line, the curved boundary, and the end offsets.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 81
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 29 - Area Computation by Simpson's One-Third Rule

Learning Objective: to compute area by Simpson’s one-third rule

Simpson's one-third rule may be stated as the area is equal to one-third of the common
interval between offsets multiplied by the sum of the first and last offsets plus two times the sum
of the other odd offsets plus four times the sum of the even offsets. The rule is applicable only
for an odd number of offsets.

Portion of curved boundary

E F G

D C

h1 h2 h3

A B

d d

Area = d/3[h1 + hn + 2(h3 + h5 +…+ h(n-2)) + 4(h2 + h4 +… + h(n-1))]

Where:
AB = Portion of traverse line or reference line.
DFC = Portion of the curved boundary (assumed to be arc or parabola).
h, h, h = Any three consecutive offsets from the traverse line to the boundary.
d = regular interval between offsets
Example:
From a transit line to the edge of the river a series of perpendicular offsets were taken as
follows: 0.8, 1.2, 3.5, 5.3, 7.6, 8.4, 3.2, 5.5, and 2.7 meters. By Simpson's one-third rule compute
the area included between the transit line, the river's edge, and the end offsets if the offsets were
spaced 5.0 meters apart.

h1 = 0.8 h2 = 1.2 h3 = 3.5 h4 = 5.3 h5 = 7.6 h6 = 8.4 h7 = 3.2 h8 = 5.5 h9 =2.7

d d d d d d d d

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 82
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Solution:
A = d/3 [ h1 + h9 + 2(h3 + h5 + h7) + 4(h2 + h4 + h6 + h8)]
A = 5/3 [0.8 + 2.7 + 2(3.5 + 7.6 + 3.2) + 4(1.2 + 5.3 + 8.4 + 5.5)]
A = 189.5 sq.m.
Activity 44- Area Computation by Simpson's One-Third Rule

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

From a transit line to the edge of the river a series of perpendicular offsets were taken as
follows: 0.8, 3.3, 2.2, 9.9, 10.1, 7.3, 6.5, 1.2, 3.5, 5.3, 7.6, 8.4, 3.2, 5.5, and 2.7 meters. By
Simpson's one-third rule compute the area included between the transit line, the river's edge, and
the end offsets if the offsets were spaced 4.0 meters apart.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 83
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 30 - Partition of Land (Case 1)
Learning Objective: to apply partition of land by case 1
Case 1: Dividing a Tract of Land into Two Parts by a Line Between Two Points.
Example:
Given the following data of a tract of land, determine the area east and west of line running from C to A and calculate
the length and bearing of CA.

Course Bearing Distance

AB S25˚13'E 25.68m
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m
A

D
A1 A2
B

C
Solution:
Compute the area of the whole lot.
Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure DPD Double Area
AB S25˚13'E 25.68m -23.23 +10.94 -23.23 -254.14
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40 -67.23 +1237.03
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m +19.39 -41.36 -68.61 +2837.71
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m +24.61 +48.82 -24.61 -1201.46
Sum 0 0 -2619.14
2A = 2619.14
A =1309.57 m2
Compute for length and bearing of line CA:
Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure
AB S25˚13'E 25.68m -23.23 +10.94
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40
Total -44.00 -7.46
Bearing of line CA: Length of Line CA:
Tanθ = -(-7.46)/-(-44.00) CA = √(7.56) 2 + (44.00)2
θ = 9˚37' CA = 44.64 m.
Bearing of line CA is N9˚37'E
Compute for the Area of tract ABCA (A2):
Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure DPD Double Area
AB S25˚13'E 25.68m -23.23 +10.94 -23.23 -254.14
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40 -67.23 +1237.03
CA N9˚37'E 44.64 m. +44.00 +7.46 -44.00 -328.24
Total 0 0 2A2 = 654.65
A 2 = 327.32 sq.m.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 84
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Compute for the Area of tract CDAC (A1):
A1 = A - A 2
A1 = 1309.57 - 327.32
A1 = 982.25 sq.m.

Activity 45- Partition of Land (Case 1)

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________
Given the following data of a tract of land, determine the area of tract ABCA and tract
ACDEA. Determine also the length and bearing of the dividing line AC.
Course Bearing Distance (meters)
AB N10˚25'W 60.23
BC N26˚43'E 40.45
CD S83˚14'E 50.55
DE S15˚35'E 30.36
EA S55˚58'W 106.01

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 85
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 31 - Partition of Land (Case 2)

Learning Objective: to apply partition of land by case 2

Case 2 - Dividing a Tract of Land by a Line Running in a Given Direction

Example:
Given the following data of a tract of land, find the area of each of the two parts by which
the tract is divided by a line through B with a bearing of N 81˚20'W.
Course Bearing Distance
AB S25˚13'E 25.68m
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m

E E
144˚35'
81˚20' 25˚26' 9˚59'
D B
D B

Solution: C
Consider tract BCDB:
Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m +19.40 -41.36
Total -1.37 -59.76
Bearing of DB: Length of DB:
Tanθ = -(-59.76)/-(-1.37) DB = √(59.76)2 + (1.37)2
θ = N88˚41'E DB = 59.78 m.
Consider Triangle DEB and by Sine Law Compute DE and EB:
DE/sine 9˚59' = 59.78/sine 144˚35' = EB/sine 25˚26'
DE = 17.88 m. ; EB = 44.30m.
Determine the Area of Tract BCDEB
Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure DMD Double Area
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40 -18.40 +382.17
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m +19.40 -41.36 -78.16 -1516.30
DE N63˚15'E 17.88m +8.05 +15.97 -103.55 -833.58
EB S81˚20'E 44.30m -6.68 +43.79 -43.79 +292.52
Total 0 0 2A = -1675.19
A BCDEB = 837.60 sq.m.
Compute the area of the whole lot.
Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure DPD Double Area
AB S25˚13'E 25.68m -23.23 +10.94 -23.23 -254.14
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40 -67.23 +1237.03
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m +19.39 -41.36 -68.61 +2837.71
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 86
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 DA N63˚15'E 54.67m +24.61 +48.82 -24.61 -1201.46
Sum 0 0 -2619.14
2A = 2619.14
A =1309.57 m2
Compute for the area of tract ABEA:
AABEA = A - ABCDEB = 1309.57 - 837.60 = 471.97 sq.m.
Activity 46 - Partition of Land (Case 2)

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

Given the following data of a tract of land, find the area of each of the two parts by which
the tract is divided by a line through A with a bearing of N 47˚20'E.
Course Bearing Distance (meters)
AB N10˚25'W 60.23
BC N26˚43'E 40.45
CD S83˚14'E 50.55
DE S15˚35'E 30.36
EA S55˚58'W 106.01

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 87
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 32 - Partition of Land (Case 3)
Learning Objective: to apply partition of land by case 3
Case 3 - To cut off a required area by a line through a given point.
Example:
A tract of land with a data given below is to be subdivided into two lots of equal area.
Find the length and direction of the dividing line which is to pass through corner B.
Course Bearing Distance
AB S25˚13'E 25.68m
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m

E
E
25˚25' h ß
D F B
D B 59.78

C
Compute the area of the whole lot.
Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure DPD Double Area
AB S25˚13'E 25.68m -23.23 +10.94 -23.23 -254.14
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40 -67.23 +1237.03
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m +19.39 -41.36 -68.61 +2837.71
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m +24.61 +48.82 -24.61 -1201.46
Sum 0 0 -2619.14
2A = 2619.14
A =1309.57 m2
Determine the area of each lot:
ABCDEB = AABEA = 1309.57/2 = 654.78 sq.m.
Determine the length and direction of the trial line:
Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m +19.39 -41.36
Total -1.38 -59.76
Bearing of Line DB: Length of Line DB:
Tan θ = -(-59.76)/-(-1.38) DB = √(1.38)2 + (59.76)2
θ = N88˚40'E DB = 59.78 m.
Determine the area of tract BCDB:
Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure DMD Double Area
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40 -18.40 +382.17
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m +19.39 -41.36 -78.16 -1515.52
DB N88˚40'E 59.78m +1.38 +59.76 -59.76 -82.47
Total 0 0 2ABCDB =-1215.82
ABCDB = 607.91 sq.m.
ABDEB = ABCDEB - ABCDB = 654.78 - 607.91 = 46.87 sq.m.

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 88
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
A = (1/2)(DB)h = (1/2)(59.78) h = 46.87
h = 1.57 Bearing of BE = S88˚40' - 1˚36'W = S87˚04'W
tan 25˚25' = 1.57/FD Length of line BE:
FD = 3.31m. Cosine 1˚36' = 56.47/BE
BF = 59.78 - 3.31 = 56.47m BE = 56.49m.
Tan ß = h/BF = 1.57/56.47
ß = 1˚36'

Activity 47 - Partition of Land (Case 3)

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

A tract of land with a data given below is to be subdivided into two lots of equal area.
Find the length and direction of the dividing line which is to pass through corner B.

Course Bearing Distance (meters)

AB N10˚25'W 60.23
BC N26˚43'E 40.45
CD S83˚14'E 50.55
DE S15˚35'E 30.36
EA S55˚58'W 106.01

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 89
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
 Lesson 33 - Partition of Land (Case 4)
Learning Objective: To cut off a required area by a line running in a given direction.
Example:
A tract of land with a data given below is to be divided into two equal parts by line FE a
north-south line. Compute the length of the dividing line, and determine the distances from the
line to the adjacent traverse station.
Course Bearing Distance
AB S25˚13'E 25.68m
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m
H G
G A A 26˚45'
E E
G 53˚38'
116˚45'

44.63
D B
9˚37'
F
F
C C I 25˚7' C
Solution:
Compute the area of the whole lot. d
Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure DPD Double Area
AB S25˚13'E 25.68m -23.23 +10.94 -23.23 -254.14
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40 -67.23 +1237.03
CD N64˚53'W 45.68m +19.39 -41.36 -68.61 +2837.71
DA N63˚15'E 54.67m +24.61 +48.82 -24.61 -1201.46
Sum 0 0 -2619.14
2A = 2619.14
A =1309.57 m2
Area of tracts FDEF and EABFE = 1309.57/2 = 654.78 sq.m.
Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure
AB S25˚13'E 25.68m -23.23 +10.94
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40
Total -44.00 -7.46

Length of CA = √(44.00)2 + (7.46)2 = 44.63 Bearing of CA = tan -1 -(-7.46)/-(-44.00) = N9˚37'E

GC/sin53˚38' = 44.63/sin116˚45' = AG/sin 9˚37' ; GC = 40.24m ; AG = 8.34m
Area of tract GABCG:
Course Bearing Distance Latitude Departure DMD Double Area
GA N63˚15'E 8.34 +3.76 +7.46 +7.46 28.05
AB S25˚13'E 25.68m -23.23 +10.94 +25.86 -600.73
BC S41˚32'W 27.75m -20.77 -18.40 +18.4 -382.17
CG Due North 40.24 +40.24 +0.00 0.00 0.00
2AGABCG = -954.85 sq.m.
AGABCG = 477.42 sq.m.
AEGCF = AEABFE - AGABCF = 654.78 - 477.42 = 177.36 sq.m.
AEGCF = (GC)d - (1/2)(d)2(tan25˚7') - (1/2)(d)2(tan26˚45')
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 90
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
177.36 = (40.24)(d) - 0.49d2
d2 - 82.12d + 361.96 = 0
by quadratic formula:
d = 4.67m
EF = GC - IF - HE = 40.24 - (4.67)(tan25˚7') - (4.67)(tan26˚45') = 35.70m.
Distances of Points F and E from adjacent stations.
DF = 45.68 - 4.67/cos25˚7' = 40.52m
DE = 54.67 - 8.34 - 4.67/cos26˚45' = 41.10m.

Activity 48 - Partition of Land (Case 4)

Name:_____________________________________________Course/Year:_________________
Date Submitted:_____________________________________

A tract of land with a data given below is to be divided into two equal parts by line FG a
north-south line. Compute the length of the dividing line, and determine the distances from the
line to the adjacent traverse station.

Course Bearing Distance (meters)

AB N10˚25'W 60.23
BC N26˚43'E 40.45
CD S83˚14'E 50.55
DE S15˚35'E 30.36
EA S55˚58'W 106.01

Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 91
Research and Publishing Center. 1987
Reference: Juny Pilapil La Putt. Elementary Surveying. Third Edition. Baguio City: Baguio 92
Research and Publishing Center. 1987