CHAPTER II

REVIEW LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

This chapter contains the related literature and reviews of studies culled by the

researcher that support the current study.

Disaster Preparedness

Disaster preparedness is both a condition and a choice. While the knowledge of disaster

could be a condition for learning their eventual management, the selection of capacities to build

is directly proportional to the degree of disaster risk reduction which the researchers may deem

acceptable or tolerable to a specific community. In being so, disaster preparedness may yet

persuade be the one, single factor which finally would institute the much-needed resilience also

as change-internal and external-for the social development of the town of Valencia City, or of

the other city, for that matter. For the selected barangay of this study, it could otherwise be the

framework in its transform its own condition of vulnerability into capability and switch its own

choice of mere self-preservation into managed self-livelihood. Thus, the PDRRM Act of 2010

have sought to take under consideration all the comprehensiveness and sensitiveness,

complexities and perplexities, improvement also as impediments which are all involved within

the preparation of a highly-exposed urban community to all or any sorts of disaster.

A review of literature and related studies, therefore, is of primary concern to the

researcher in order that they are going to be able to understand more about the issues, and thru

a gentle process of elimination and validation, find out how to shortly proceed with the hunt

for a reputable set of summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations. It is should be

researcher say a significant organ of this researcher’s own development plan. This review

therefore shall present the legal basis, local and foreign literature, related studies, still synthesis,
it’s the fervent prayer of the researcher that the great amount of literature gathered for this study

shall not only work for the end-result of answering the issues presented during this research,

but also as a good source of additional knowledge which may be developed for the

advancement of disaster management as an instructional subject or course , in general, and for

the enhancement of community disaster preparedness.

Importance of Disaster Preparedness

Disaster preparedness is vital to reduce the impact of disasters on vulnerable

populations, to ready a corporation for an influx of activity, and to style a coordinated plan that

reduces the waste of resources, time, and efforts. Disasters aren't bizarre anomalies; they're

natural, normal events. Tornado, earthquakes, Floods, etc. happen because that's how the world

"works". And, during a similar way, intentional and accidental infrastructure failures (power

grid collapse are one example) are inevitable consequence of humans' nature as fallible

creatures. So don't be one among the various dazed and helpless victims of the subsequent

inevitable, normal bad turn of events. Become one among those that understand and expect

disasters to happen because that's just how the planet works. Be able to calmly manage

whatever comes, and to assist your dazed, helpless neighbours and co-workers. They'll need

you.

It is also an honest idea to own an exit plan just in case there's a rapid rise within the

water level. The most reason for being prepared is to own some peace of mind while you and

your family weather the storm. Disaster management efforts aim to scale back or avoid the

potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance to the victims of a

disaster, and achieve a rapid and effective recovery. Disaster management becomes even more

important for hospitals because the health sector has been particularly at risk of the damage

caused. Consistent with (Salamati, 2017) this paper evaluates the importance of disaster
management for Barangays and also the challenges that require to be considered during the

disaster response.

Disaster Planning

The barangays achieved the greatest focuses on capacity advancement exercises

appearing that the barangays ought to prioritize and fitting more reserves on trainings and

aptitudes advancement for proficient calamity administration and benefit conveyance to the

community. Basically, this topical zone is about community preparation and support. And

participatory approach is perfect way, the most perfect way to form the community realize how

helpless they are. Hence, the BDRRMCs ought to empower people’s interest to productively

oversee fiascos or crises which is the quintessence of the R.A. 10121. Emergency Planning &

Disaster Supplies Disaster Plan- Family

Know the natural or man-made hazards that might affect your community, and seek

advice on the way to best inure or mitigate these hazards. Post emergency telephone numbers

by the phone and teach children how and when to use them. Ensure everyone within the

household knows the way to shut off gas, water and electricity at the most switches. Plan how

your household would stay in reality with one another if separated. Teach your child how and

when to need help. Check the phone directory for local emergency phone numbers and post

these phone numbers by all telephones.

Disaster Response

Under this locale are the frameworks on departure, consolation dissemination

instrument, coordination, quick harm assessment and wants investigation, and on time

detailing of the barangay to appropriate organizations. This topical area manages what the

barangay ought to do at a few points of crises and calamities. This demonstrates that the
barangays are geared up and are competent of appear their usefulness within the course of

calamity. Based on its definition and the by and large execution of the BDRRMCs, an effective

response is thru an effective machine of managing with a catastrophe or a crisis (Antonio,

2017).

On proper response during emergencies would help the barangays to be effective on

disaster response. This implies that effective disaster preparedness will result to effective

disaster response. Hence, successful response measures are indication of successful

preparations. This denotes the importance and interrelatedness of each thematic area with each

other. The performance of the barangays on one area will have an effect on their performance

on the other areas. This is true in disaster response. If the people know what to do and follow

the specified early warning and evacuation procedure or disaster preparedness the need for

emergency services and public assistance in times of disaster would be reduced or disaster

response.

Related Literature

A study conducted by Hoffmann and Muttarak (2017) entitled Learn from the Past,

Prepare for the Future: Impacts of Education and Experience on Disaster Preparedness in the

Philippines and Thailand. Within the past a long time the world has witnessed a critical global

increase within the concentrated and recurrence of extraordinary weather events such as floods,

dry spells, and tropical storms, which are anticipated to extend indeed advance in a future hotter

climate (Field et al., 2012). There have as of late been enhancements in national disaster risk

diminishment endeavours particularly after major calamity events such as the 2004 Indian Sea

Tidal wave (Birkmann et al., 2008) or the 2013 Tropical storm Haiyan within the Philippines.

A study of Hoffmann and Muttarak is similar with the present study in terms of

preparedness of the disaster (2017) entitled Learn from the Past, Prepare for the Future: Impacts
of Education and Experience on Disaster Preparedness in the Philippines and Thailand. Within

the past a long time the world has witnessed a critical global increase within the concentrated

and recurrence of extraordinary weather events such as floods, dry spells, and tropical storms,

which are anticipated to extend indeed advance in a future hotter climate (Field et al., 2012).

There have as of late been enhancements in national disaster risk diminishment endeavours

particularly after major calamity events such as the 2004 Indian Sea Tidal wave (Birkmann et

al., 2008) or the 2013 Tropical storm Haiyan within the Philippine.

This study conducted by Bagarinao (2016) entitled Households’ Natural Disaster

Preparedness: A View from a Second Class Municipality in a Developing Country. The study

was conducted to characterize households’ respondents through to utilize of chosen socio-

demographic factors. It also aimed to decide their appropriation of pre-determined catastrophe

readiness plans and in the event that an observational relationship could be built up between

the selections of arrange and the chosen family socio-demographic factors. Utilizing a

stimulus-response system, a common fiasco readiness overview convention with accentuation

on households’ preparedness plans was created and executed from May-July 2015 in one of

the tropical storm and flood-prone regions in the Philippines. With 577 respondents, the normal

family units within the think about location comprise of 5 individuals are underneath estimated

poverty threshold, and dwelling within the range for more than 30 a long time.

Another study related in the field of disaster risk preparedness by Bagarinao (2016)

Aimed to decide their appropriation of pre, determined catastrophe readiness plans and in the

event that observation relationship could be built up between the selections of arrange and the

chosen family socio-demographic factors.

This study conducted by Lim and Uy (2016) entitled A household-level flood

evacuation decision model in Quezon City, Philippines. This study investigates the effects of
various factors determining evacuation decision. A discrete choice model is proposed using the

data collected through a face-to-face post-event survey from flood-affected households in

Quezon City, Philippines. The model allows a choice among three alternatives of full, partial,

and no evacuation. Findings in the study provide insights that can be considered by policy-

makers in preparing for future evacuations.

The study of Lim and Uy (2016) investigates the effect of various factors determining

evacuation decision in the present study they have a similarity it collected through face-to-face

post-event survey form or in a form of questionnaire.

This study conducted by Huang and Xiao (2015) in entitled Geographic Situational

Awareness: Mining Tweets for Disaster Preparedness, Emergency Response, Impact, and

Recovery. This paper makes an initial effort in coding social media messages into different

themes within different disaster phases during a time-critical crisis by manually examining

more than 10,000 tweets generated during a natural disaster and referencing the findings from

the relevant literature and official government procedures involving different disaster stages.

Moreover, a classifier based on logistic regression is trained and used for automatically mining

and classifying the social media messages into various topic categories during various disaster

phases. The classification results are necessary and useful for emergency managers to identify

the transition between phases of disaster management, the timing of which is usually unknown

and varies across disaster events, so that they can take action quickly and efficiently in the

impacted communities. Information generated from the classification can also be used by the

social science research communities to study various aspects of preparedness, response, impact

and recovery.

This study conducted by Huang and Xiao (2015) entitled Geographic Situational

Awareness are similar with the present study in terms of identifying the large number of
household who are being prepared of calamity. However, the related study analysed developing

knowledge of disaster risk reduction. Moreover, a classifier based on logistic regression is

trained and used for automatically mining and classifying the social media messages into

various topic categories during various disaster phases. This also classify the results which are

necessary and useful for emergency managers to identify the transition between phases of

disaster management. They need to be prepared in possible disaster. by knowing both the

benefits and possible outcome of associated with disaster.

This study conducted by Managi, Shin and Onuma (2017) entitled Household

preparedness for natural disasters: Impact of disaster experience and implications for future

disaster risks in Japan. This paper analyses the impact of disaster experience on household

preparation of emergency supplies for natural disasters using originally collected Japanese data

from 2013 and data cover more than 20,000 households from all parts Japan and include areas

with recent disaster experiences as well as areas with low disaster risks. We generate indices

for three categories of preparedness using data on household preparation of nine emergency

items: Basic Preparedness (BP), Energy/Heat Preparedness (EHP), and Evacuation

Preparedness (EP). We use regression analyses to measure the effect of disaster experiences on

the preparation of categories of emergency supplies. The results show that experience with

disaster damage increases preparedness, but the magnitude of the impact varies among the item

categories.

The Study conducted by Managi, Shin and Onuma (2017) entitled Household

preparedness for natural disasters are similar with the present day in terms of analysing the

impact of disaster experience and implications. This also collecting data from households to all

parts of Japan and include areas with recent disaster experiences as well as areas with low

disaster risks. However, this related study analysed the disaster preparedness experiences.

Moreover, they use regression analyses to measure the effect of disaster experiences on the
preparation of categories of emergency supplies. The results show that experience with disaster

damage increases preparedness, but the magnitude of the impact varies among the item

categories.

This study conducted by Borga, De Marchi and Scolobig (2012) entitled The missing

link between flood risk awareness and preparedness: findings from case studies in an Alpine

Region. In this paper, we challenge this assumption by reporting on the results of a sociological

research in four communities exposed to flood risk in the Eastern Italian Alps. Results revealed

that residents felt both slightly worried about flood risk and slightly prepared to face an event.

Considerable differences were found between the evaluations of individual subjects as opposed

to overall communities. There was also a clear discrepancy between the actual adoption of

household preparatory measures and the willingness to take self-protection actions. The

improvement of residents’ knowledge about their environment and the residual risk seemed to

be crucial to increase risk awareness, and the same was true for the strengthening of local

support networks to foster preparedness. Results revealed instead the complexity of residents’

perspectives, attitudes, behaviours and decisions about risk-related issues.

Another study related in the field of disaster preparedness is conducted by Borga, De

Marchi and Scolobig (2012) entitled The missing link between flood risk awareness and

preparedness: findings from case studies in an Alpine Region. In terms of residents felt both

slightly worried about flood risk and slightly prepared to face an event to overall communities.

actual adoption of household preparatory measures and the willingness to take self-protection

actions. The knowledge of the residence seemed to be crucial to increase risk awareness and

for the strengthening of local support networks to foster preparedness risk-related issues.

Israel and Bunao (2016) conducted a study entitled Research on urban resilience to

natural disasters of households, firms, and communities in the Philippines. The paper looks into
the current socioeconomic research on resilience to natural disasters among urban households,

firms, and communities in the Philippines. It reviews the related analytical frameworks,

methodologies, and empirical studies already available with the end purpose of identifying

research gaps and recommending studies and actions that can be undertaken to address them.

The paper explains that the Philippines and Manila, at present, are among the least resilient

countries and cities in the world, respectively. It also shows that there are foreign and locally

developed analytical frameworks and methodologies on urban resilience that have been used

in research, it found also that there are already a number of empirical studies covering resilience

of households, firms, and communities, particularly to natural disasters, then have been

conducted in specific urban areas like Metro Manila and other Philippine cities.

Another study related in the field of disaster preparedness is the study of Israel and

Bunao (2016) which is similar with the present study because both studies analysed the parents’

knowledge regarding Disaster. The paper looks into the current socioeconomic research on

resilience to natural disasters among urban households, firms, and communities in the

Philippines. It also uses foreign and locally developed analytical frameworks and

methodologies on urban resilience.

Bankoff (2012) conducted a study entitled Storm over San Isidro: “Civic Community”

and Disaster Risk Reduction in the Nineteenth Century Philippines. Using a detailed archival

account of a typhoon‐induced flood, this paper examines Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) as

practised in a late nineteenth century provincial town in the Philippines. Culture is an important

determinant when considering DRR for any community as the roots of its present‐day resilience

as well as the causes of its vulnerabilities may lie in its history. The flood of 1887 and the

account of the actions taken by the community in San Isidro challenge any assumptions about

DRR in the past and hint at the origins of the vibrant civil society that is such a characteristic

of Filipino society today.

Community” and Disaster Risk Reduction in the Nineteenth Century Philippines. Is similar in

terms considering disaster risk reduction for any community as the roots of its present‐day

resilience as well as the causes of its vulnerabilities may lie in its history. And also the related

study is closely similar in terms of tracing the history regarding disaster calamities. Which

enable the households to have enough knowledge to increase risk reduction.

Wang (2018) conducted a study entitled Influences of Risk Perception and Sense of

Place on Landslide Disaster Preparedness in South-western China. This study investigated

such relationships in hazard-threatened areas of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in south

western China. Data were collected from 348 farming households in landslide-prone areas.

Binary logistic and Tobit regression models were constructed to determine whether risk

perception and sense of place influence landslide preparedness. The results show that: (1)

Farming households’ awareness of the need to prepare for disasters was relatively low, and

disaster preparedness behaviours were mainly based on self-learning. Among the 348 sampled

households, 67% exhibited no disaster preparedness behaviour, and only 2% adopted four of

the five types of disaster preparedness behaviours. About a quarter of farming households

consciously learned disaster-related knowledge.

The study of Wang (2018) is similar to the present study because it uses statistical

analyzation to determine the levels of awareness regarding to disaster risk reduction in which

they find out that most of the household did not did not have enough knowledge regarding on

disaster preparedness moreover, few of them adopted four of the five types of disaster

preparedness behaviours. It also investigated such relationships in hazard-threatened areas in

order to determine if the households are aware regarding on disaster risk preparedness.
 Marpa (2016) conducted a study entitled Environmental Awareness and Practices

among High School Students: Basis for Disaster Preparedness Program. This study on

environmental awareness and practices among high school students was conducted and to

address this problem, the researchers used descriptive-correlational method utilizing the

developed research instrument administered to the 935 participants. Findings of the study

revealed that high school students’ extent of awareness and practices was great while moderate

in the greening of the environment. Likewise, the same results were obtained when participants

were grouped according to the selected variables. Furthermore, significant differences among

high school student’s environmental awareness and practices were observed on the greening of

the environment, elimination of pollutants, and maintaining ecological balance.

The study of Marpa (2017) is similar with the present study since both cover the

preparedness practices among high school students in comes of disaster. The related study is

more focused on high school student’s environmental awareness and practices while the

present study indicates that the awareness should be information regarding disaster.

A study conducted by Viloria and Mamon (2014) entitled Barangay Government

Disaster Preparedness: The case of Typhoon Sendong affected Iligan Communities. The study

reveals that most of the barangays are not prepared for the disaster due to lack of budget, which

apparently resulted to negligence and over-confidence; only one barangay was able to

implement its Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (BDRRMP). The lack

of proper information-based systems and the ignorance of the residents have contributed to

their unpreparedness. Delayed response and relief are due to impassable roads, among other

things. In the aftermath, barangay government officials have helped in the distribution of the

relief goods and have coordinated with the city and national governments, the NGOs, and other

private sector groups regarding their barangay long term rehabilitation.

Disaster Preparedness: The case of Typhoon Sendong affected Iligan Communities. This study

reveals that there is a huge connection between lacking of financial budget in terms of the

awareness of disaster preparedness resulted to negligence and over-confidence in which every

barangay needs to implement its Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan

(BDRRMP). That will give them a proper information-based system and also needs

coordination with the city and national governments.

A study conducted by Evasco (2010)] entitled Disaster preparedness measures in the

high-risks barangays [villages] of the province of Albay [Bicol, Philippines]. This paper looks

into the preparedness of the different identified high-risk barangays [villages] in the Province

of Albay. Specifically dealt with in this paper are the status of the disaster management

program, and the level of preparedness of the province along the different phases of the disaster

management cycle.

Another study conducted by Evasco (2010) entitled Disaster preparedness measures in

the high-risks barangays village of the province of Albay Bicol, Philippines. It gathers data

from the different identified high-risk barangays and in villages which also identifies their

status in the disaster management program in different phases of the disaster management

cycle. Which helps the household to have awareness in disaster risk reduction.

A study conducted by Espadilla, Labiano and Navidas (2016) entitled Disaster

Preparedness in Select Barangays in Cagayan de Oro City. This study sought the extent of

disaster preparedness of the select Barangay in Cagayan de Oro City. The independent

variables were age, gender, educational attainment, the length of stay in the barangay, monthly

income of both barangay officials and  residents. The dependent  variables were the  terms

in  disaster preparedness of the select Barangay of Cagayan de Oro City.

since the present study Sought the extent of disaster preparedness of the select Barangay in

Cagayan de Oro City. However, Espadilla, Labiano and Navidas (2016) limited their analysis

on the independent and dependent variable were age, gender, educational and the monthly

income of both barangay official and residents in Barangay of Cagayan de Oro City.

Becker and Paton (2012) conducted a study entitled A model of household preparedness

for earthquakes: how individuals make meaning of earthquake information and how this

influences preparedness. This study focused on understanding the influence individual

cognitive processes have on the earthquake preparedness process but has been limited in

identifying other influences posed by the wider social contextual environment (Johnston and

Rona (2012).

Another study conducted by Becker and Paton (2012) entitled A model of household

preparedness for earthquakes: how individuals make meaning of earthquake information and

how this influences preparedness, is similar to the present study because, individuals influence

regarding social environment gives a big impact in disaster preparedness in which the

households has an understanding regarding disaster risk reduction (Johnston and Ronan, 2012).

Becker (2013) conducted a study entitled Salient Beliefs About Earthquake Hazards

and Household Preparedness. The study also explored how beliefs and competencies at

personal, social, and environmental levels interact to influence people's risk management

choices. Three main categories of beliefs were found: hazard beliefs; preparedness beliefs; and

personal beliefs. Several salient beliefs found previously to influence the preparedness process

were confirmed by this study, including beliefs related to earthquakes being an inevitable and

imminent threat, self‐efficacy, outcome expectancy, personal responsibility, responsibility for

others, and beliefs related to denial, fatalism, normalization bias, and optimistic bias.
 The study of Berker (2013) is similar with the present study since both environmental

levels interact to influence people's to be prepared in comes of disaster. However, the study of

Berker (2013) influence the preparedness process were confirmed by this study, including

beliefs and awareness earthquakes being an inevitable and imminent threat, self‐efficacy,

outcome expectancy, personal responsibility, responsibility for others.

Another study conducted by Becker (2013) which is entitled Salient Beliefs About

Earthquake Hazards and Household Preparedness is similar to the present study. This study

tackles about beliefs and competencies at personal, social, and environmental levels interact to

influence people's risk management choices. In which three main categories of beliefs were

found: hazard, preparedness and also personal beliefs. Including beliefs related to earthquakes

preparedness and risk reduction.